Bull. Mater. Sci.

(2022)45:243 Ó Indian Academy of Sciences

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-022-02833-y Sadhana(0123456789().,-volV)FT3](012345
6789().,-volV)

Chemically modified graphene oxide with fatty alcohol as antiwear,

antifriction and rheology modifier for lubricating oil

PRIYANKA AGARWAL1, JYOTI PORWAL2, NAVEEN SINGHAL1 and SUHEEL K PORWAL1,*

1
Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
2
Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
*Author for correspondence (skpchemistry@gmail.com)

MS received 25 March 2022; accepted 17 September 2022

Abstract. Graphene oxide is a diverse material for surface modification due to many –OH and –COOH groups present
at terminal positions. This study reported the synthesis of nanoadditive from graphene oxide (GO) and hexadecanol (HD).
The nanoadditive synthesized form was characterized by routine spectroscopic techniques like Fourier transform-infrared,
X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability of a nanoadditive was further examined using
thermogravimetric analysis. After confirming GO-HD formation, it was dispersed in mineral base oil (N-250) in three
different compositions (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% w/v) by ultrasonication method. The nanoadditives doped mineral oil was
evaluated using standard ASTM methods for physicochemical analysis like kinematic viscosity, viscosity index and pour
point. It was observed that GO-HD shows a considerable improvement in viscosity index and pour point at lower
concentrations. Further, the resulting lubricant-doped GO-HD was also analysed for rheological and tribological analysis
using Anton Paar MCR-72 and ASTM D4172 methods. It was observed that nanoadditives-doped lubricant exhibits non-
Newtonian behaviour with respect to the base oil, whereas tribological results indicate a significant reduction in wear scar
diameter *9.5% and coefficient of friction *11.8% as compared to the mineral base oil. Therefore, GO-HD nanoadditive
shows multifunctional behaviour in terms of viscosity index, pour point, rheology and enhancement in antiwear and
antifriction properties. The stable dispersion of chemically functionalized GO-HD provides low resistance sheared
between the contacting surfaces due to the weak van der Waals interaction between their lamellas, thus significantly
reducing both the friction and the wear.

Keywords. Nanoadditives; viscosity index; pour point; rheology modifier; wear scar diameter; coefficient of friction.

1. Introduction layers provides low resistance to shear and reduces friction.

Friction and wear arise due to the resistance between two
moving surfaces in contact with each other in any
mechanical system [1,2]. Thus friction and wear can be
effectively reduced by applying lubricant between the metal
contacting surfaces [3]. The other lubricant functions
besides reducing wear and frictions include anti-corrosion,
antioxidant, cooling and cleaning [4]. But, some oil
requirements need to be fulfilled, like the stability of oil,
volatility, reducing foam formation. To fulfil these
requirements, the base oil is blended with additives to meet
the requirements of the lubricating oil. Thus, the honey-
comb-like two-dimensional graphene nanosheets have
attracted immense interest in their applications as lubricant
additives due to their excellent mechanical, thermal, optical
and electrical properties [5,6]. Chemically modified gra-
phene forms a solid thin film between the contacting sur-
faces, which effectively reduces the friction and adhesion
and is found to be a suitable additive for lubricating oil [7].
The weak van der Waal interaction between the graphene
Thus, the high mechanical stress of graphene protects the
contact surfaces from high tribo-stress and reduces the
wear. Recently, Sumant and group [8] confirmed that a
single layer of graphene provides excellent wear-resistance
on steel substrate and could last for 6400 sliding cycles
under the contact stress of *0.5 GPa [8]. Graphene is
resistant to moisture and air. Thus, it reduces surface cor-
rosion and oxidation processes [9]. After these findings
were revealed, graphene was a suitable candidate for
lubrication in reducing friction and wear between the con-
tacting interfaces [10,11].
However, despite many applications and its vast poten-
tial, graphene sets a major drawback due to the layered
structure causing poor dispersibility in various solvents
[12]. Fortunately, these limitations can be overcome by
modifying graphene into graphene oxide (GO), which effi-
ciently functionalized to improve its dispersibility [13,14].
GO is the monolayer aromatic compound containing mul-
tiple oxygen-based polar functional groups at the edges and
surfaces. Thus, introducing various functional group on GO
243 Page 2 of 11
make it feasible to be utilized in a wide range of applica-
tions [15,16]. These oxygen functionalities make GO the
most suitable precursor for the functionalization of gra-
phene-based material. Vast literature has been reported for
the derivatization of GO, such as grafting of pyrazole [17],
poly(vinyl alcohol) [18,19], poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-
butylene-b-styrene) [20], polyethylene glycol [21], polyhe-
dral oligomeric silsesquioxane [22], triphenylamine-based
polyazomethine [23], 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid [24], fer-
rocene, and chitosan [25,26], by crosslinking through the
oxygen moieties. Ismail and Bagheri [27] have functional-
ized GO using organic moiety via click chemistry and
cycloaddition reaction, thereby improving the base oil’s
dispersion stability and making the functionalized GO an
effective lubricant additive. Zhang et al [28] reported oleic
acid-modified graphene additive, which significantly redu-
ces friction coefficient and wear scar diameter (WSD). Ou
et al [29] synthesized reduced GO on a silicon substrate via
covalent interactions and have found a significant
improvement in their tribological properties.
Nano lubricants are technically important because of
their applications in different industries. Even though lit-
erature has reported the low efficiency of nanoadditives due
to their agglomerations and dispersion stability in the base
oil, it is always needed to improve the lubricant’s efficiency.
Results have shown that GO is not successful as a lubricant
additive due to the instability of the protective tribofilm and
agglomerations at higher temperatures in the lubricant [30].
Interestingly, prior to initiating this work, our group has
developed strategies for the synthesis of waste cooking oil-
derived biolubricant and multifunctional additives for
lubricating oil [31–34]. So far very less reports are available
in the literature for direct functionalization of GO using
fatty alcohol as nanoadditive in lubricant. In this study, GO
was prepared by modified Hummers process followed by
chemical modification using hexadecanol (HD) via forma-
tion of GOCl from thionyl chloride. The hexadecanol
functionalized graphene oxide (GO-HD) and its structural
morphologies were examined by Fourier transform-infrared
(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron
microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The
potential of the GO-HD as a lubricant additive was evalu-
ated by blending the additive in the mineral base oil (N-250)
in three different concentrations, viz. 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% w/v.
Thereafter, the flow behaviour of the nano-lubricant was
studied by rheology followed by physicochemical evalua-
tion, whereas the friction and antiwear property of the
lubricant was examined by tribological performance.
2. Experimental
2.1 Chemicals and materials
Graphite powder was purchased from Molychem, Mumbai,
and thionyl chloride (SOCl2) was purchased from Loba
Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243
Chemie Pvt. Ltd. Hexadecanol (HD) was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich and was used without further purification. The
KMnO4 (99%, Fisher Scientific), NaNO3 (98%, Alfa Aesar),
H2SO4 (98%, Merck) and H2O2 (30% aqueous solution, Loba
Chemie) were used as received for the preparation of the GO.
The mineral base oil N-250 was collected from RBM Oil
Corporation Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra.
2.2 Synthesis of GO-HD
Graphene oxide was synthesized via well-established
modified Hummers process. In the first step, graphite
powder was initially oxidized to graphitic oxide using
strong oxidizing agents H2SO4, NaNO3, KMnO4 and
washed with H2O2 (30% aqueous solution) in 5% HCl
solution. The dark brown precipitate was obtained, soni-
cated and then centrifuged to exfoliate the GO nanosheets.
In the next step, a homogeneous solution of GO (600 mg)
in dimethylformamide (10 ml) was added SOCl2 (30 ml)
under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was refluxed for
120 h at 90°C. Finally, the reaction was terminated by
removing the excess of SOCl2 by distillation. At the end of
the reaction, the acyl chloride of GO obtained was separated
by centrifugation, washed with tetrahydrofuran and dried
under vacuum.
In the final step, the pre-synthesized GOCl (200 mg) was
taken in dry dimethylformamide (10 ml) and toluene (15
ml) followed by HD (10 g) and triethylamine (2.0 ml)
sequentially added. Stirring was continued at 80°C for 120 h
under a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain functionalized GO-
HD. Further, it was washed with ethanol, and the obtained
GO-HD was dried in an oven at 40°C, as depicted in
scheme 1.
2.3 Spectroscopic analysis of GO-HD nanosheets
2.3a FT-IR spectroscopy: The Fourier transform-infrared
(FT-IR) spectrum of GO-HD was recorded using Perkin
Elmer spectrophotometer. The required quantity of sample
was evenly mixed with dry KBr powder to prepare pellets
for determining the FT-IR spectrum in transmittance mode
in the wavenumber range of 400–4000 cm–1.
2.3b XRD analysis: XRD data of GO-HD was collected by a
Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA) D8 Advance X-ray diffrac-
tometer, using Mg Ka radiation (k=1.5406 Å). Diffraction
data were recorded for a 2h angle between 2° and 60° (step
size 0.020°, step time 1 s).
2.3c Thermogravimetric analysis: The thermal decompo-
sition of nanoadditive was determined by SDT-Q600-V8.3
Build-101 thermogravimetric analyzer using alumina cru-
cible in an oxygen atmosphere at a heating rate of
10°C min-1. The percentage weight loss of the GO-HD was
determined with an increase in temperature.
Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243
2.3d Scanning electron microscopy: Microscopic images
of nanoadditive were recorded through a JEOL JSM-7000F
field-emission scanning electron microscope. Samples were
separately sprinkled on a carbon tape to acquire micro-
scopic images of each sample.
2.3e Formulation of GO-HD additive: The synthesized
GO-HD was dispersed in mineral base oil N-250 by ultra-
sonication for 1 h in three different concentrations viz. 0.2,
0.4 and 0.6% w/v. The resultant formulation was further
evaluated for physicochemical, rheological and tribological
analysis.
2.3f Emulsion stability test: Emulsion stability test was
performed using standard ASTM D1401 method. A 40 ml
sample of the test specimen and a 40 ml of distilled water
are stirred for 5 min in a graduated cylinder at 54°C or
82°C, depending upon the viscosity of the test specimen or
sample specification. The time required for the separation of
the emulsion thus formed is recorded either after every
5 min or at the specification time limit. If complete sepa-
ration or emulsion reduction to 3 ml or less does not occur
after standing for 30 min or some other specification time
limit, the volumes of oil, water and emulsion remaining at
the time are reported.
2.4 Performance evaluation
2.4a Viscosity index analysis: Kinematic viscosity of the
GO-HD dispersed base oil in different concentrations was
determined by the standard ASTM D445 method at 40 and
100°C. The viscosity index was evaluated by the standard
ASTM D2270-93 method.
H2SO4 + KMnO4
NaNO3 H2O2
Graphite
Powder GO
Hummers
Process
Evaluation of antifriction Physicochemical and
and antiwear performance rheological analysis
Scheme 1. Representation for the functionalization of graphene oxide.
Page 3 of 11 243
2.4b Pour point evaluation: Pour point of the GO-HD
dispersed base oil in different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6%
w/v) was determined by the standard ASTM D97 method.
2.4c Rheological analysis: The rheology of the GO-HD
dispersed mineral base oil was studied by using standard
Anton Paar MCR-72 method. The relationship between
dynamic viscosity, shear stress and shear rate was analysed
by varying the shear rate between 2 and 200 s-1 and
keeping the temperature constant at 40 and 100°C.
2.4d Tribological analysis: The antiwear performance of
the additive-doped lubricant was analysed to evaluate the
WSD and the coefficient of friction (COF) by the standard
four-ball wear tester using the ASTM D4172 method. Here,
392 N load was applied at 75°C for an hour to measure
WSD. The rotating speed and the diameter of the ball were
maintained at 1200 rpm and 12.7 mm, respectively [34].
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of GO-HD
GO-HD nanoadditive was synthesized by functionalizing
the GO with HD as it contains C-16 hydrocarbon chain that
has a better compatibility with the mineral base oil [13,14].
Thus, GO was prepared by modified Hummers process. In
this process, graphite powder was initially oxidized to GO
using strong oxidizing agents H2SO4, NaNO3 and KMnO4
followed by addition of H2O2 (30% aqueous solution). Then
centrifugation and resultant precipitate was washed with
distilled water and 5% HCl solution to obtain GO nanosh-
eets [35]. The presence of –COOH and –OH groups in the
1. SOCl2, DMF
90 oC, 120 h
2. Hexadecanol
NEt3, Toluene,
DMF, 80 oC, 120 h
Formulations
0.2% 0.4% 0.6%
GO-HD in N-250 mineral oil
243 Page 4 of 11 Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243

Scheme 2. Synthesis of GO-HD nanoadditive from grapheme oxide and hexadecanol.

GO make it an active material towards functionalization by GO has different morphologies than GO-HD due to the
forming a reactive intermediate GO-Cl followed by cou- formation of ester linkages.
pling of HD (C16H33OH) via formation of an ester linkage The thermogravimetric analysis was performed to study
(scheme 2). Thereafter, the formation of GO-HD was con- the thermal stability of the GO functionalized with HD.
firmed by chemical characterizations. Wang et al [36] have synthesized GO-grafted HD and
The FT-IR spectrum of the GO-HD was analysed, and reported the maximum degradation of GO at 150–185°C,
the results were compared with the GO. It has been well- which was credited to the decomposition of labile oxygen
established that GO shows stretching frequencies at moieties in the form of CO2, CO and steam from the
3100–3600, 1722 and 1074 cm-1 due to O–H, C=O and functional groups during the pyrolysis process.
C–O, respectively [36]. However, in the FT-IR spectrum In contrast, GO-HD shows a maximum degradation at
of GO-HD, the band corresponding to 3406 cm–1 indi- 226°C, which agrees with the reported thermal stability of
cates the hydroxyl group, whereas a band between 2914 GO-HD [36]. Thus, stability of the GO-HD has increased,
and 2842 cm-1 represents methylene and methyl which may be due to the introduction of a long alkyl chain
stretching vibrations. The slight shift in the peak at and ester linkages between GO and HD, therefore making
1735 cm-1 from GO confirms the formation of ester the nanoadditives more stable at higher temperature con-
linkage between GO and HD (figure 1). ditions (figure 4).
The FT-IR analysis has strongly revealed the chemical After confirming the formation of GO-HD via chemical
modification of GO with HD. The formation of GO-HD was and morphological characterization, the nanoadditives was
further confirmed by XRD analysis, and the results are uniformly dispersed in N-250 mineral base oil in different
depicted in figure 2. It has been well established that pure
graphite and GO shows a sharp diffraction peak at 26.7° and
11.2°, respectively.
In comparison, sharp diffraction peaks at 21.9° and 24.4°
have been observed for GO-HD [36]. Moreover, the dis-
appearance of the diffraction peak of GO from the GO-HD
spectra indicates the successful functionalization of the GO
with HD.
The morphological images of GO and GO-HD are
shown in figure 3a–c. From figure 3a, GO displays a
rough, flaky layered structure due to polynuclear aromatic
two-dimensional sheets of the particles [13]. In contrast,
GO-HD shows different morphologies compared to GO,
although they possess lamellar structure. However, GO-
HD exhibits the overlapping and interlocking GO sheets
with HD and form a porous and fluffy surface. Such
interpretation confirmed that HD has successfully modi-
fied GO sheets [36]. These images have established that Figure 1. FT-IR spectra of GO-HD.
Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243 Page 5 of 11 243

Figure 2. XRD spectra of GO-HD nanoadditives.

compositions viz. 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% w/v by ultrasonica- Figure 4. TGA plot of GO-HD nanoadditives.
tion and was further examined for physicochemical
evaluation. To achieve the uniform dispersion of
Table 1. Emulsion stability test at different concentrations of
nanoparticles in the base oil, the formulated lubricant was GO-HD in mineral base oil.
kept in an ultrasonicator bath for 1 h at 25°C. It has been
found that the stability of the dispersed nanoparticles was Sample Test performed Result
maintained for 12 h, and then the sedimentation process
was started. Hence good compatibility of the nanoaddi- 0.2% Water separability 5 ml oil, 40 ml water, 35 ml
tives with base oil was established at all temperature emulsion (30 min)
conditions. Moreover, due to the presence of a long alkyl 0.4% Water separability 4 ml oil, 38 ml water, 38 ml
emulsion (30 min)
chain in GO-HD at the terminal positions shows good
0.6% Water separability 3 ml oil, 38 ml water, 39 ml
compatibility with the mineral base oil for a long dura-
emulsion (30 min)
tion, making it feasible for the physicochemical and tri-
bological evaluation.
Emulsion characteristic of the oil in water was deter-
mined by emulsion stability test using standard ASTM for determining the water separation characteristics of the
D1401 method. This test method is used to determine the GO-HD-doped mineral oil to water contamination and
ability of petroleum products and synthetic fluids to turbulence (table 1). Emulsion stability can be calculated
separate from water. It was observed that maximum by the formula:
amount of water was separated at lower concentration (5– Vb  Va
40–35 ml) of GO-HD, whereas maximum emulsion (3– Emulsion stability ¼  100
Vb
38–39 ml) was formed at 0.6% concentration. Thus,
maximum emulsion stability was found at lower con- where, Vb = volume of aqueous phase before emulsification,
centration. The emulsion stability test provides a guide Va = volume of emulsion formed after 30 min.

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy images of (a) GO at 2 lm; (b) GO-HD at 1 lm and (c) GO-HD at 500 nm.
243 Page 6 of 11 Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243

Figure 5. (a) Viscosity index vs. concentration of GO-HD. (b) Pour point vs. concentration of GO-HD.

Figure 6. Plot of viscosity vs. temperature at (a) 0.2, (b) 0.4 and (c) 0.6% concentrations.

The viscosity and viscosity index of GO-HD-doped
mineral oil in different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%
w/v) was evaluated at 40 and 100°C. It is the rate of change
of viscosity with temperature. Typically, the viscosity of the
oil is measured at 40 and 100°C as per ASTM standards
[37]. Hence, from figure 5a, it was observed that viscosity
decreases with an increase in the concentration of the
additive in the mineral base oil (N-250). Thus, GO-HD
shows a better viscosity index at a lower concentration with
respect to the base oil (N-250). The higher viscosity index
at lower concentration is attributed to the coagulation of the
nanoadditives at a lower concentration, which increases the
viscosity. At a higher concentration, the coagulation rate of
nanoparticles increases, which speeds up the sedimentation
Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243 Page 7 of 11 243

Table 2. Physicochemical evaluation of GO-HD-doped mineral The behaviour of GO-HD-doped mineral oil in different
base oil. compositions was evaluated at lower temperature conditions
GO-HD
in terms of the pour point, at which liquid ceases to flow. It
Base oil was observed that at a lower concentration, GO-HD shows
Physicochemical properties (N-250) 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% maximum depression in pour point at –33°C (figure 5b). As
the concentration of nanoadditive increases, pour point
Kinematic viscosity 31.10 30.63 28.95 29.67 remains constant. Therefore, GO-HD has not contributed
at 40°C (cSt) much too depressing the pour point at a higher concentra-
Kinematic viscosity 5.54 5.54 5.29 5.29 tion due to the restricted movement of nanoparticles, which
at 100°C (cSt) may speed up the sedimentation at higher concentrations.
Viscosity index 116 119 115 110
The results of the physicochemical evaluation are summa-
Pour point (oC) –27 –33 –33 –33
rized in table 2.

3.2 Rheological evaluation

process and decreases the lubricant’s viscosity [38]. The
simultaneous decrease in viscosity with temperature was
observed at different concentrations due to the increase in
kinetic energy of the nanoparticles at a higher temperature,
thereby decreasing the viscosity of the GO-HD-doped
mineral base oil (figure 6a–c).
The rheological evaluation of the mineral base oil and its
formulation with GO-HD nanoparticles in varying concen-
trations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% w/v) was performed using Anton
Paar MCR-72. The effect of viscosity change with the shear
rate (20–200 s–1) at a constant temperature was determined,

Figure 7. The plot of viscosity vs. shear rate at 0.2% concentration: (a) at 40°C and (b) 100°C.

Figure 8. The plot of viscosity vs. shear rate at 0.4% concentration: (a) at 40°C and (b) 100°C.
243 Page 8 of 11 Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243

Figure 9. The plot of viscosity vs. shear rate at 0.6% concentration: (a) at 40°C and (b) 100°C.

Figure 10. The plot of shear stress vs. shear rate at 0.2% concentration: (a) at 40°C and (b) 100°C.

Figure 11. The plot of shear stress vs shear rate at 0.4% concentration (a) at 40°C (b) 100°C.

a non-linear relationship was observed, which signifies the
non-Newtonian behaviour of the nanolubricant.
The base oil doped with GO-HD nanoadditives shows an
increase in viscosity between 20 and 70 s–1, and then vis-
cosity decreases at a higher shear rate (70–200 s–1). Thus a
transition in behaviour was observed from shear thickening
to thinning for GO-HD-doped lubricant (figures 7, 8 and 9).
This behaviour change is due to nanoparticles agglomerat-
ing at a lower shear rate to form large asymmetric particles,
which ultimately increases the viscosity of nano-lubricant,
Bull. Mater. Sci. (2022)45:243 Page 9 of 11 243

Figure 12. The plot of shear stress vs. shear rate at 0.6% concentration: (a) at 40°C and (b) 100°C.

Figure 13. (a) Wear scar diameter vs. concentration of GO-HD. (b) Coefficient of friction vs. concentration of
GO-HD.

but as the shear rate increases, these agglomerates may

detangle themselves, thereby decreasing the viscosity of the Table 3. Tribological properties of formulated lubricant at
lubricant. Hence a transition from shear thickening to different concentrations.
thinning was observed. The shear-thickening behaviour of
GO-HD-doped mineral base oil correlates with shear stress Lubricant WSD COF
vs. shear rate plots (figures 10, 11 and 12). Here, t-test was
applied for all the graphs by calculating the value of ‘t’, N-250 0.712 0.0795
which is less than tabulated value at 5% significance level 0.2% 0.680 0.0793
0.4% 0.669 0.0759
of degree of freedom 19. Hence our hypothesis is accepted.
0.6% 0.644 0.0701
Here we are taking the size of sample n=20. Thus, GO-HD-
based nanoadditives were found to be a rheology modifier
for the mineral base oil.

and antifriction property [39,40]. In this study, as shown

3.3 Tribological evaluation
The good dispersibility of the GO-HD nanoadditives in
the mineral base oil (N-250) was confirmed by emulsion
stability analysis and found to be helpful in enhancing the
tribological properties. As reported in previous literature,
GO modified with amine functionalities shows antiwear
in figure 13a, the mineral base oil N-250 without any
additive shows a higher value of WSD, thus, it is unable
to protect the contacting region that leads to an increase
in surface wear with time. But as the concentration of the
GO-HD increases from 0.2 to 0.6%, WSD decreases as
compared to the mineral base oil which may be due to
the low resistance to shear provided by GO-HD
243 Page 10 of 11
nanosheets dispersed in N-250 mineral base oil. The
GO-HD nanoadditives at a higher concentration must
have formed a lubricating thin film between the con-
tacting surfaces, thereby, preventing the undesirable wear
in between the metal surfaces. Furthermore, dispersed
GO-HD in N-250 mineral oil shows a significant reduc-
tion in the COF as the concentration of the nanoadditives
increases (figure 13b). These nanosheets in the mineral
base oil are effortlessly sheared with feebly adhered
nanoadditives between the contacting metal surfaces,
thereby, reducing the friction. The deposit lamella of
nanoadditives between the contacting surfaces reduces the
wear [38]. The results are summarized in table 3.
4. Conclusion
In summing up, a simple and efficient approach was
developed to functionalize GO with a HD as long-chain
fatty alcohol. Chemical and morphological characterization
techniques have confirmed the formation of a covalent bond
between GO and HD. The synthesized nanoadditive was
found to show good dispersion stability with the mineral
base oil (N-250) due to the introduction of long alkyl
hydrocarbon chains appended on GO. The dispersion sta-
bility of GO-HD with the mineral base oil has effectively
shown a significant reduction in the WSD of about *9.5%
and COF *11.8% with respect to the base oil, thereby
confirming the antiwear and antifriction behaviour of the
nanoadditive. Moreover, the nanoadditives have also shown
improved physicochemical properties in terms of rheology,
viscosity index and pour point depressant with respect to the
base oil. Thus, The modified GO with HD carries an
immense potential as a new generation additive for reduc-
tion of friction and wear.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge CSIR-IIP, Dehradun, for extending the
support in molecular characterization. We also thank Dr.
Sandeep Porwal from CSJM University Kanpur and Dr.
Nitin Kamboj from DIT University Dehradun for statis-
tical analysis. Further, we thank DIT University for the
award of research fellowship to Priyanka Agarwal.
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