3 - Chapter 2

Chapter 2 [EE203]
Transient
[Dr.F.MOUHOUCHE]
UMBB/IGEE/2020-2021
1 Introduction
• In addition to voltage sources, current sources, resistors, here we will discuss
the remaining 2 types of basic elements: inductors, capacitors.
• Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and inductors store en-
ergy.
• Thus, these passive elements are called storage elements.
2 Capacitor and inductor

2.1 Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive device that can store energy in the form of an electric
field.The simplest type of capacitor is constructed by separating two metal plates
by some type of insulating material called the dielectric material. Examples of
dielectric materials are ceramic, mica, paraffin-coated paper, and air.
Figure 1
1
Chapter2:Transient IGEE/L03/2021/EE203
• Since the plates of the capacitor are metal, they contain huge numbers of
free electrons.In the neutral state, both plates of a capacitor have an equal
number of free electrons.
• If a dc source is now connected ,electrons are removed from the plate con-
nected to the positive battery terminal and are deposited on the plate con-
nected to the negative terminal.
• This flow of current will continue until a voltage equal to the battery volt-
age is established across the plates of the capacitor.When these two voltages
become equal, the flow of electrons stops.
• The capacitor is now charged as indicated in Figure 2.
Figure 2: capacitor storing charge
2.2 Capacitance
• The amount of charge that a capacitor can store per unit of voltage across its
plates is its capacitance, designated C.That is, capacitance is a measure of a
capacitor’s ability to store charge.
• The more charge per unit of voltage that a capacitor can store, the greater
its capacitance, as expressed by the following formula:
Q charge
C= =
V potential differnce
Where:
C: is capacitance in( Farads).
2
Q:is charge(coulombs).
V:voltage(Volts)
1 coulomb
1f arad =
volt
One farad is defined as the capacitance of a capacitor which requires a charge

of one coulomb to establish a p.d. of one volt between its plates.
• One farad is actually too large for practical purposes. Hence, much smaller
units like microfarad (10−6 F ), nanofarad (10−9 F ) and picofarad (10−12 F )
are generally employed.
2.3 Capacitance of Parallel-plate Capacitor

A parallel-plate capacitor consisting of two plates area Am2 separated by a thick-
ness d metres of a medium of relative permittivity εr is shown in Figure 3.
Then,the capacitance is given by:
Figure 3
A
C=ε ⇒ with ε = ε0 εr
d

εo εr A

in a meduim
C= d
A
εo
 with air as medium
d
3
Where:
ε: is the permittivity of the medium
ε0 :The permittivity of the free space is given by ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F/m
εr :The relative permittivity (also called the dielectric constant)
Table 1: Relative permittivity εr of various dielectrics.
Dielectric εr
Vacuum 1
Air 1.0006
Mica 5
Teflon 2
Glass 7.5
Ceramics 7500
Example : Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having a

plate area of 0.01m2 and a plate separation of 1.27 × 10−5 m . The dielectric
is mica, which has a dielectric constant of 5
Solution :
A (0.01)(5)(8.85 × 10−12 )
C = ε0 εr = = 3.35µF
d 1.27 × 10−5
2.4 Total Capacitance

Capacitors in Parallel
Figure 4
• Connecting capacitors in parallel (Figure 4) has the same effect as increasing

the plate area of one capacitor.
• The total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitances.
4
• The charge on each capacitor is given by: Q1 = V C1 and Q2 = V C2 and

Q3 = V C3
Thus, QT = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = V C1 + V C2 + V C3 + V (C1 + C2 + C3 )
So,QT = CT V
CT = C1 + C2 + C3
Capacitors in Series
Figure 5
• Connecting capacitors in series (Figure 5) has the effect of increasing the

distance between the plates, thus reducing the total capacitance of the cir-
cuit.
• The same charge appears on each capacitor :
Q = V1 C1 and Q = V2 C2 and Q = V3 C3
• Solving for voltages yields:

Q Q Q
V1 = ,V2 = and V3 =
C1 C2 C3
• Applying KVL, we get:
Q Q Q 1 1 1
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = + + = Q( + + )
C 1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
Q
But we have V =
CT
1 1 1 1
= + +
CT C1 C2 C3
5
Example :Find theCeq of the circuit shown in Figure 6. All capacitances are
in µF .
Solution :
14
• Capacitance between C and D=4 k 1 + 2 = µF
3
14
• Capacitance between A and B i.e. Ceq = 3 + 2 k = 4.4µF
3
• A quantity that varies with time (such as a capacitor that takes time to
charge/discharge) is called instantaneous quantity, which is the quantity at
a specific time.
• Usually the lowercase letters symbolize instantaneous quantities, and the
uppercase letters symbolize the constants or average quantities.
• The equation Q = CV in terms of instantaneous quantity is q = Cv.
• Differentiating the equation q = Cv yields:
dq dv
=C
dt dt
dq
• Recall that current is the rate of movement of charges, and has the i =
dt
notation in calculus.
Thus,
dv ∆v
i=C or i = C
dt ∆t
6
• The instantaneous power on the capacitor is given by:
dv(t)
p(t) = i(t)v(t) = Cv(t)
dt
• The energy stored on the capacitor given by:
Z t Z t Z t
dv(λ) 1
w= p(λ) dλ = C v(λ) dλ = C v(λ), dv(λ) = Cv 2 (t)
−∞ −∞ dλ −∞ 2
• If the voltage applied across the capacitor is constant (dc input), the energy
stored on the capacitor is given by:
1
W = CV 2
2
3 Inductor
An inductor is a passive circuit element that can store energy in the form of a
magnetic field.An inductor can be constructed by winding a coil of wire around a
magnetic core as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Inductor
• When there is current in the inductor, a three-dimensional magnetic field is

created.
• A change in current causes the magnetic field to change.
• The changing electromagnetic field causes an induced voltage across the coil
in a direction to oppose the change in current.
• According to Faraday’s Law:
The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate

of change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil
7
dΦ
v=e=N
dt
Where:
N: is the number of turn.
Φ:is the magnetic flux.
Figure 8: Inductor
We know that the flux is directly proportional to current. In this case, then, since
induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of flux, and since flux is pro-
portional to current, induced voltage will be proportional to the rate of change of
current.
Let the constant of proportionality be L. Thus,
v = e = L × rate of change of current

This can be written as:
di
v=e=L (volts, V )
dt
Where:
L: is called the self-inductance (or inductance)and its unit is the henry (H).
• The inductance of an inductor depends on its physical dimension and con-
struction.The inductance of a coil can be determined using the formula:
N 2 µA
L=
l
Where:
• l: is the length of the winding wire in meters(m).
• N:is the number of turns of wire.
8
Figure 9: Physical parameters of an inductor.
• µ: is permeability of the core material in henries per meter (H/m):

• A: is the cross-sectional area in meters squared(m2 ).
• Permeability of the material of the core determines the ability of material

to produce a magnetic field. Different materials have different degrees of
permeability:
µ = µ0 µr / µ0 = 4π × 10−7 (wb/Am) free space
3.1 Total Inductance

Series Inductance
Total inductance is sum of individual inductors (similar to resistors in series)
We have:
di di di i
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 with Vs = LT ,V1 = L1 ,V2 = L2 and V3 = L3
dt dt dt dt
Then,
di di di di di di
LT = L1 + L2 + L3 ⇒ LT = (L1 + L2 + L3 )
dt dt dt dt dt dt
LT = L1 + L2 + L3
9
Prallel Inductance
When inductors are connected in parallel , the total inductance can be found
in a similar manner to finding the total resistance of a parallel circuit. The
reciprocal of the total inductance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of all the
inductors.
We have:
i(t) = i1 (t) + i2 (t) + i2 (t) ⇒
Z t
1
i(t) = v(λ) dλ
LT −∞
Z t Z t Z t Z t
1 1 1 1
v(λ) dλ = v(λ) dλ + v(λ) dλ + v(λ) dλ
LT −∞ L 1 −∞ L2 −∞ L 3 −∞
Z t Z t
1 1 1 1
v(λ) dλ = ( + + ) v(λ) dλ
LT −∞ L1 L2 L3 −∞
1 1 1 1
= + +
LT L1 L2 L3
3.2 The energy stored by an inductor

• The same as a capacitor, an inductor is also an energy storage element.
• When voltage is applied to two leads of an inductor, the current flows through
the inductor and will generate energy, and this energy is then absorbed by
the inductor and stored in the magnetic field as electromagnetic field builds
up.
• The energy stored by an inductor can be derived as follows:
• The instantaneous power on the inductor is given by
10
di di
p(t) = i(t)v(t) = i(t)(L ) = Li(t)
dt dt
• The energy stored on the inductor at time t can be evaluated by integrating
the instantaneous power:
Z t Z t Z t
di(λ) 1
w(t) = L p(λ) , dλ = i(λ) dλ = i(λ) di(λ) = Li2 (t)
−∞ −∞ dt −∞ 2
• if the current through the inductor is constant (dc input), the energy stored
on the inductor is given by
1
W = LI 2
2
4 Transient
• When a voltage is applied to a circuit contains capacitor C and resistor
R, there is a short period of time immediately after the voltage is con-
nected,during which the current flowing in the circuit and voltages across
C and R are changing.
• Similarly, when a voltage is connected to a circuit having inductance and
resistance R, there is a short period of time immediately after the voltage
is connected,during which the current flowing in the circuit and voltages
across L and R are changing.
These changing values are called transients.
4.1 Transient in capacitive circuits

Charge phase
Assuming the capacitor has not been charged yet. When the switch is turned to
position 1 .Then; the capacitor starts charging.
By Kirchhoffs voltage law:
dvc (t)
E = vc (t) + vR (t) / i = ic = iR = C / vR = iR
dt
Therefore,
11
Figure 10
dvc (t)
E = vc (t) + RC
dt
dvc (t) 1 E
+ vc (t) = (1)
dt RC RC
The solution of this first-order differential equation is of the form:
t
−
vc (t) = K1 + K2 e τ
Substituting thi s solution into the equation (1) so:
t t
K2 − K1 K2 − E
− e τ + + e τ =
τ RC RC RC
Equaling the constant and exponential terms, we obtain
K1 = E and τ = RC
Therefore,
t
−
vc (t) = E + K2 e RC
τ = RC is called the time constant of the network, has the units of time(s)
K2 is determined by the initial condition of the capacitor.

At t = 0 ⇒ vc (t) = 0 then,
0 = E + K2 ⇒ K2 = −E
Hence,the complete solution is:
12
t
−
vc (t) = E − Ee RC
or
t
−
vc (t) = E(1 − e τ )
And
t
E −
ic = e τ
R
If we replace t by τ (t = τ ) ,we find:
vc (t) = E(1 − e−1 ) = 0.632E
Figure 11: Capacitor voltage and current during charging.
• When the capacitor voltage and current reach their final values and stop
changing (Figure 11), the circuit is said to be in steady state
• At steady state case vc = E and ic = 0 and the capacitor looks like an open
circuit as illustrated in Figure 12
Discharge phase
Now consider the discharge case,position 2 (discharge position)as illustrated in
Figure 13
The capacitor starts to discharge through the resistor .
13
Figure 12: Equivalent circuit for the capacitor
Figure 13: Equivalent circuit for the capacitor
• At t = 0 ⇒ vc (0) = E
• Applying KVL to the circuit in Figure :
dvc (t)
−vc (t) + vR (t) = 0 and i = −C
dt
• Then,
dvc (t)
vc (t) + RC =0
dt
• The solution is : vc (t) = Ke−at
• Replacing:Ke−at − RCaKe−at = 0 ⇒ Ke−at (1 − RCa) = 0
1
1 − RCa = 0 ⇒ a =
RC
• Therefore,
t
!
−
vc (t) = Ke RC
14
• From the initial value,we have:

vc (0) = E = K
• Hence,the complete solution is:
t
!
−
vc (t) = Ee RC
And
t
!
E −τ
ic = e
R
Figure 14: Voltage during discharge
Time constant t for and charging/discharging

• When t = τ : the capacitor charges to 63.2% of the final value and
discharges to 36.8% of the initial value.
• When t = 5τ : the capacitor charges to 99.3% of the final value and
discharges to 0.67% of the initial value.
4.2 Transient in inductive circuits

Charge phase
With the switch open as in Figure , the current in the circuit and voltage across L
are both zero.
15
Figure 15
• When the switch is in closed position,the current i flows in the entire circuit.
• Applying KVL:
di
vL (t) + vR = E and vL = L
dt
di
L + Ri = E
dt
In a similar manner to what we did with RC circuit,the solution is:
 
tR
−
E

i(t) = (1 − e L )
R
The time constant of RL circuit is:
L
τ=
R
Inductor voltage:
t
) (
vL = Ee τ
• If the series R-L circuit reaches steady-state conditions and the switch is
quickly opened, a spark will occur across the contacts due to the rapid
change in current from a maximum of E/R to zero amperes.
di
• The change in current di/dt of the equation vL = establishes a high volt-
dt
age vL across the coil that, in conjunction with the applied voltage E, appears
across the points of the switch.
16
Figure 16
• The solution is to use a network like that in Figure

• After the storage phase has passed , the switch can be opened without the
sparking effect or rapid discharge due to resistor R2 , which provides a com-
plete path for the currentiL .
• KVL yields :
di
vL + v1 + v2 = 0 and vL = L , vR1 = iR1
dt
t
!
di −
L + i(R1 + R2 ) = 0 ⇒ i = Ke R1 + R2
dt
E E
At t = 0s ⇒ i = ⇒k=
R1 R1
t
!
E −
Then, i = e R1 + R2 or
R1
t
!
E −τ 0
i= e
R1
Where:
0 L L
τ = =
RT R1 + R2
0
τ is the time constant of the discharge circuit
• we have:
vL + vR1 + vR2 = 0 ⇒ vL + (R1 + R2 )i = 0 ⇒
Z
vL + (R1 + R2 ) vL dt = 0
17
• Derivate :
t
!
dvL − 0
+ (R1 + R2 )vL = 0 ⇒ vL = K0e τ
dt
E E
• At t = 0s ⇒ i = ⇒ vL (0) = −i(R1 + R2 ) = − (R1 + R2 )
R1 R1
E R2
K = − RT = E(1 +
R1 R1
t
!
R2 − 0
vL = −E(1 + )e τ
R1
4.3 Tevenin’s equivalents

For circuits that contain series and parallal arrangement of resistances ,the time
constant is obtaines using thevenin’ equivalent resistance (RT h )
L
τ = CRT h or τ =
RT h
Example :The capacitor of Figure below is initially uncharged.Close the

switch at t = 0. Determine the expression for vc .
Solution :
Reduce the circuit to its series equivalent using Thvenins theorem:
RT h = R1 k R2 k R3 + R4 = 200Ω
From Figure (a),
18
100 × (R2 k R3 ) 100 × 160

ET h = =
(R2 k R3 ) + R1 160 + 240
ET h = 40V
The resultant equivalent circuit is shown in below:
1
τ = RT h C = 200 × 50 × 10−6 = 10ms ⇒ = 100
τ
So;
t
!
−
vc (t) = ET h (1 − e τ = 20(1 − e(−100t) V
4.4 Iinitial Conditions

In previous part, we considered the case when the capacitor was initially un-
charged and hence, had no voltage across it. Let us now consider the case, when
the capacitor has an initial potential of V0 (less than V) which opposes the applied
battery voltage V as shown in Figure (a).
The value of the capacitor voltage at any time during the charging cycle is given
Figure 19
19
by:
t
!
−
vc (t) = (Vf − V0 )(1 − e τ ) + V0
Or:
Figure 20
t
!
−
vc (t) = Vf + (V0 − Vf )e τ
For inductor,
t
!
−
ic (t) = (If − I0 )(1 − e τ ) + I0
Or:
t
!
−
ic (t) = If + (I0 − If )e τ
Example :The switch in the circuit shown in Figure below has been in posi-
tion a for a long time. At t = 0s the switch is moved to position b.
• What is the initial value of vc ?
• What is the final value of vc ?
• What is the time constant of the circuit when the switch is in position
b?
• What is the expression for v c (t) when t > 0?
20
• What is the expression for i(t) when t > 0?

• How long after the switch is in position b does the capacitor voltage
equal zero?
Solution :
• The switch has been in position a for a long time, so the capacitor looks
like an open circuit. Therefore the voltage across the capacitor is :
−40 × 60
vc (0) = = −30V
60 + 20
• After the switch has been in position b for a long time, the capacitor
will look like an open circuit. Thus the final value of the capacitor
voltage is :
vc (f ) = 90V
• The time constant is :

1
τ = RC = 400 × 103 × 0.5 × 10−6 = 0.2s ⇒ = 5
τ
t
!
−
• vc (t) = Vf + (V0 − Vf )e τ ⇒ vc (t) = 90 + (−30 − 90)e(−5t)
vc (t) = 90 − 120e(−5t) , t > 0
• We have:
dvc (t)
ic (t) = C = 0.5 × 10−6 (120 × 5)e(−5t)
dt
300e(−5t) µA
21
• To find how long the switch must be in position b before the capacitor
voltage becomes zero, we solve the equation vc (t) = 0:
90 − 120e(−5t) = 0 ⇒ 90 = 120e(−5t)
So,
1
e(−5t) = 0.75 ⇒ t = ln (0.75) ⇒ t = 57.53ms
5
Example :In the circuit shown in Figure below, the switch has been closed
for a long time before it is opened at t = 0. Find the current i(t) through the
inductor for t > 0
Solution :
1. Because the sources are dc, the inductor acts as a short circuit for t < 0
2. node 1, we obtain:
V1 V1 − V2
−55 × 10−3 + + ⇒ −55 + 7V1 − 5V2 = 0
500 200
3. node 2, we obtain:
22
V2 − V1 V2 V2 − 15
+ + = 0 ⇒ −2V1 + 5V2 − 30 = 0
200 400 200
V1 = 17V, V2 = 12.8V
4. The current through R3 , which is also the current through the inductor,
is given by:
V2 12.8
i(0) = = = 32mA
R3 400
5. The circuit for t > 0 after the switch is opened.
6. The initial current through the inductor is 32 mA.

7. In the steady state , the current through the inductor is a constant and
the voltage across the inductor is zero.
di
L =0
dt
8. Thus, the inductor can be treated as a short circuit. The final value of
the current through the inductor is given by:
Is R1 55 × 10−3 × 500
if = = = 25mA
R1 + R2 + R3 400 + 200 + 500
9. To find the time constant, we use thevenin,
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 = 1100Ω
L
τ= = 2 × 10−4 s
Req
23
10. The current through the inductor for t > 0 is given by

−t
−t
i(t) = if + (i(0) − if )e = 25 + (32 − 25)e τ
τ
i(t) = 25 + 7e−5000t mA
5 Second order equation

In this part we will consider circuits containing two storage elements(RLC cir-
cuit). These are known as second-order circuits because their responses are de-
scribed by differential equations that contain second derivatives. ‘
5.1 SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Figure 25
Consider the series RLC circuit shown in Figure. Kirchhoffs voltage law:
di dvc
vL + vC + vR = 0 and vL = L and i = C
dt dt
Z t
vc = i dλ
−∞
Z t
di 1
Ri + C + i dλ = 0
dt C −∞
To eliminate the integral, we differentiate with respect to t :
di2 R di i
2
+ + =0
dt L dt LC
24
To solve such a 2nd order diff equation. We need 2 initial conditions, such as i(0)
di(0)
and (from v(0) )
dt
The initial conditions:
• For Capacitor: Z t
1
v(0) = i dt = V0
C −∞
• For Inductor:i(0) = I0
So;
di(0) di(0)
Ri(0) + L + v(0) = 0 ⇒ RI0 + L + V0 = 0 ⇒
dt dt

 di(0) 1
= − (RI0 + V0 )
dt L
i(0) = I
0
Let the solution to the differential equation given by :

i(t) = Aest
Where A and s have to be determined.Substitution of this proposed solution:
R A st R 1
As2 est + Asest + e = 0 ⇒ Aest (s2 + s + )=0
L LC L LC
Since Aest is not zero for all t, Thus, we have:
R 1
s2 + s + =0
L LC
This equation is called a characteristic equation (also called an auxiliary equa-
tion). From the quadratic formula, the two roots of the characteristic equation
are given by:  r
R R 1
s1 = − + ( )2 −


2L r 2L LC
R R 1
− ( )2 −

s2 = −

2L 2L LC
Let:
R 1
α= and ω0 = √ Then,
2L LC
( √ 2
s1 = −α + α2 − ω 0
p
s2 = −α − α2 − ω02
25
α is called neper frequency or damping coefficient and is measured in nepers per

second (Np/s).
ω0 is called resonant frequency or undamped natural frequencyand is measured
in radians per second (rad/s).
α
A damping factor, also called damping ratio, is defined as : ξ =
ω0
Depending on the relative magnitude of α and ω0 , we have three cases for the
solution to the differential equation i(t) :
• Case 1: Overdamped (α > ω0
Thus, the solution i(t) can be written as:
i(t) = A1 es1 t + A2 es2 t
where the coefficients A1 and A2 of the linear combination are to be deter-

mined by initial conditions.
Figure 26
• Case 2: CritiCally damped(α = ω0 )
i(t) = (A1t+ A2 )e−αt , s1,2 = −α
Figure 27
• Case 3: Underdamped(α < ω0 ) Let damped resonant frequency be:
26
p
β= ω02 − α2
i(t) = e−αt (A1 cos(βt) + A2 sin(βt))
Figure 28
Step-Response Series RLC Circuits

The step response is obtained by the sudden application of a dc source: Applying
Figure 29
KVL :
dvc dvc
vL + vC + vR = Vs / vL = L and i = C
dt dt
dvc
d C
dt dvc2
vL = L = LC 2
dt dt
dvc dvc
vR = iR = C R = RC
dt dt
dvc2 dvc
LC 2 + RC + vc = Vs
dt dt
dvc2 R dvc 1 Vs
+ + vc =
dt2 L dt CL CL
The solution of the equation should have two components: the transient re-
sponse vt and the steady-state response vss (t)
27
vc (t) = vt (t) + vss (t)
• The transient response vt is the same as that for source-free case.

• The steady-state response is the final value of v(t) ⇒ v ⇒ vss (t) = vf (t) = Vs
5.2 Prallel RLC CIRCUIT
Figure 30
Let: v(0) = V0 and Z t

1
i(0) = v(t) dt
L −∞
Apply KCL to the top node:
Z t
v 1 dv
+ v dt + C =0
R L −∞ dt
Taking the derivative with respect to t and dividing by C:
dv 2 1 dv 1
+ + v=0
dt2 RC dt LC
There are three possible solutions for the following 2 nd order differential
equation: r
dv 2 dv 2 1 1
+ 2α + ω v = 0 where α = and ω 0 =
dt2 dt 2RC LC
The damping factor is given by:
r
α 1 L
ξ= =
ω0 2R C
The solution has the same form as the source-free series RLC circuit.
28
Step-Response Prallel RLC Circuits

d2 i 1 di i Is
+ + =
d2 t RC dt LC LC
The solution of the equation should have two components:the transient response
it (t) and the steady-state response iss (t):
Figure 31
i(t) = it (t) + iss (t)

• The transient response it (t) is the same as that for source-free case.
• The steady-state response is the final value of i(t). iss (t) = if = Is
di(0)
• The values of A1 and A2 are obtained from the initial conditions:i(0),
dt
Example :The initial energy stored in the circuit in Figure below is zero. At
t = 0, a dc current source of 24 mA is applied to the circuit. The value of
the resistor is 400Ω.
1. What is the initial value of iL (t)
diL
2. What is the initial value of
dt
3. What are the roots of the characteristic equation?
4. What is the numerical expression for iL (t) when t > 0
29
Solution :
1. No energy is stored in the circuit ⇒ iL (0) = 0

di
2. The initial voltage on the capacitor is zero because v = L and
dt
diL (0)
=0
dt
3. From the circuit elements, we obtain :
1
α= = 5 × 104 rad/s
2RC
1
ω02 = = 16 × 108 ⇒ ω0 = 4 × 104
LC
Because α > ω0 , the roots of the characteristic equation are real and
distinct. Thus
s1 = −20000rad/s,s2 = −80000rad/s
4. Because the roots of the characteristic equation are real and distinct,
the inductor current response will be overdamped. iL (t) = A1 es1 t +
A2 es2 t + if (t)/ if = 24mH
We have :
iL (0) = A1 + A2 + if (t) = 0
diL
(0) = s1 A1 + s2 A2 = 0
dt
Solving for A1 and A2 gives
A1 = −32mA, A2 = 8mA
The numerical solution for iL (t) is :
iL (t) = (24 − 32e−20000t + 8e−80000t )mA, t > 0
30

3 - Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 - Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 [EE203]

2 Capacitor and inductor

Figure 2: capacitor storing charge

One farad is defined as the capacitance of a capacitor which requires a charge

2.3 Capacitance of Parallel-plate Capacitor

Table 1: Relative permittivity εr of various dielectrics.

Example : Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having a

2.4 Total Capacitance

• Connecting capacitors in parallel (Figure 4) has the same effect as increasing

• The charge on each capacitor is given by: Q1 = V C1 and Q2 = V C2 and

• Connecting capacitors in series (Figure 5) has the effect of increasing the

• Solving for voltages yields:

• The instantaneous power on the capacitor is given by:

• When there is current in the inductor, a three-dimensional magnetic field is

The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate

v = e = L × rate of change of current

Figure 9: Physical parameters of an inductor.

• µ: is permeability of the core material in henries per meter (H/m):

• Permeability of the material of the core determines the ability of material

µ = µ0 µr / µ0 = 4π × 10−7 (wb/Am) free space

3.1 Total Inductance

3.2 The energy stored by an inductor

4.1 Transient in capacitive circuits

Substituting thi s solution into the equation (1) so:

K2 is determined by the initial condition of the capacitor.

vc (t) = E(1 − e−1 ) = 0.632E

Figure 11: Capacitor voltage and current during charging.

Figure 12: Equivalent circuit for the capacitor

Figure 13: Equivalent circuit for the capacitor

• Replacing:Ke−at − RCaKe−at = 0 ⇒ Ke−at (1 − RCa) = 0

• From the initial value,we have:

Figure 14: Voltage during discharge

Time constant t for and charging/discharging

4.2 Transient in inductive circuits

• The solution is to use a network like that in Figure

4.3 Tevenin’s equivalents

Example :The capacitor of Figure below is initially uncharged.Close the

100 × (R2 k R3 ) 100 × 160

The resultant equivalent circuit is shown in below:

4.4 Iinitial Conditions

• What is the expression for i(t) when t > 0?

• The time constant is :

vc (t) = 90 − 120e(−5t) , t > 0

6. The initial current through the inductor is 32 mA.

10. The current through the inductor for t > 0 is given by

5 Second order equation

5.1 SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

To eliminate the integral, we differentiate with respect to t :

Let the solution to the differential equation given by :

α is called neper frequency or damping coefficient and is measured in nepers per

i(t) = A1 es1 t + A2 es2 t

where the coefficients A1 and A2 of the linear combination are to be deter-

• Case 2: CritiCally damped(α = ω0 )

i(t) = (A1t+ A2 )e−αt , s1,2 = −α

• Case 3: Underdamped(α < ω0 ) Let damped resonant frequency be:

i(t) = e−αt (A1 cos(βt) + A2 sin(βt))

Step-Response Series RLC Circuits

vc (t) = vt (t) + vss (t)

• The transient response vt is the same as that for source-free case.

5.2 Prallel RLC CIRCUIT

Let: v(0) = V0 and Z t

Step-Response Prallel RLC Circuits

i(t) = it (t) + iss (t)