22(.

J^ TR,ANSPoRT,ATIoN & TRAFFIc ENGIN EERI NG

TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 221
when Q() = 6
ntt;rr, rate - Departure rate
5.21-0.10t' -20=0 Q(t1 =
Stopping Sight Distance for
Vehicles begin to anive at a toll booth at
8;50 AM with an arrival iate of
t2 -s2+200=0 Q(t; " S.31- O.OU,' - ,, Horizontal Road Surface
t = 4.183 min. (timethe 21thvehicte arives) For max.Q(t):
'
l,(t; 4.1 + 0.001t with t in min. and f(t) in vl v YJ{]
vehicleslmin. The toll booth opens at g:00
AM and process vehicle at a rate of 12
#=$=3uut'/,nin' !!0=3.3-o.1ot-u=o !d$&tr',,,, ffir'q.,,,,,'i!ffi&t;', i
dt :- Xei0rDkre :- Bruts8Dlse.
-
veh/min throughout the day. When will th Rnival.
Jirdt
. vt .....y1,......
queue dissipate? 3.3-u ?dr*6)
Arrival = 3t '- -
0.10
S = SappioS $ighl dist*
Solution: Q(t) = 31- ,O
Q(t) . 1.31- O.OUtz - rt' Vt = velociU in metbrslsec.
Arivat= Q(0=o
Jr.(t)dt | = perception-reaction time
Arrivat = J{+.r
* o.ott)ot 3t-20=0 + =es[33-p )-oosl33-r ]'-rl 33-s ]
l.0.10, l\0.10J'(0.10J
f = coefficient of friction between tires and
t. 6.667 (time the 2athvehicle departs) pavemenfs
Anival =4,1t+0.00512 G = average grarle of roadway
Wait=6.667-4.183 Solvingfw 11.2.11v$ / min.
Departure = 12(t- 10)
\t\tsil= l.lglfin.
9:00 - 8:00 = 10 min. afler anival

Anival = departure (sothat queuewiil dissipate

or so thbt there will be no queue)

4.1t+0.005t, = 12(l- srcHT nt$TANiCf 'rOR Determine the minimum stopping sight
10) distance on a - 3.5% grade for a design
t= 15.34 min.
HORIZONTAL SURFACE speed of 110 kph. Coefficient of friction
Vehicles begin to arrive at a remote between tires and pavement is 0.28.
lot aftor the start of major sporting Driver's reaction time (including perception
They are arriving at a deterministic but Sight distance = is lhe length of roadway time) is 2.5 sec.
time-varying rate of ),(t) = 3.3 - 0.1t ahead visible to the driver.

?, (r) ts tn Yeh/min. and tn mtn, The parking Passing sight distance the srghl' Solution:
Vehicles arrive at a toll booth according to lot ailendant proceSses vehicles distance long enough to enable a vehicle
the function ),(t1 = 5.2 - 0.201 where l,(t) is V:30.J6 nis Y=30J6 rds
spaces and collect fees) at a to oveftake and pass anather vehicle on a Srop

in vehicles per minute and t is in minutes. rate at a single station. A queue -.-i ::L-! .t':1\. {. -a:'\
two-lane highway wihout intelerence
.' . .

The toll booth operator proce$ ;f!fitt..=,:60$&ea6&-.-"-TJi& t

one four vehicles will back up onto a from opposing traffic.
vehicle every 20 seconds. Determine the street, and is to be avoided. How ' 16..10 194.29
time that the 20th vehicle to arrive waits vehicles per min. must the Stopping sight distance = the miniimum -
from its arrival to its depa(ure. process to ensure that the queue does not distance required stop fo vehicle a S - $r0ppin* righl disrane

exceed four vehicles? traveling near the desrgn speed before it

reaches a stationary object in the vehicle
Solutian: V=ry=3056m/s
X(t)=5.2-O.r* Eolution: path. This stationary obiect may be J.b
another vehicle or some other object Stopprng srgirl drstance r
4n;rr6 = J,a,1t;ot Arrivatrate =
J,tltyor within the roadway. rt2

Arrivat rate = Minimum stopping sight distance

S=Vt + v
J{s.s o.r0ot
Arrivars = - -
Jts.z o,zot)ot 2g(f + G)
Arrivals = 5.21- 0.10t') Arrival rate = 3.31- 0.05t2 = is equal to the distance traveled from
(30 56)?
the same time the object is sighted to the S = 30.56(2.5) +
Q(t) = Anivals - Departure Departure rate = instant the brakes are applied plus the 2(9.81X0.28 - o.o3s)
Jldt
Q(0 5.21- 0.10t'? - zo distance required for stopping the vehicb. S=76.40+194.29
" Departure rate =,ut
afrerthe brakes are applied.
S = 270.69 m.

I
 l

222 TRANSPORTI\TION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTA.TION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 223

Braking Distance to Avoid vxnTlcAI Solution:

Collision CURVES ^u^=g,L

'
A vehicle traveling at a speed of 80 kph ' 9, -9,
which accelerates 3.41 m/s2. The Vertical Summit Curves -0'041
perception reaction time for the driver h 46=-
0.04 - 0.06
2.5 sec. lf the maximum grade of the road
ln an inlersection collision one of
vehicles leave 48.78 m. of skid marks. A
the
is - 47o, compute the minimum sigrht 2.217 Problem l= 120 n
distance. 1l

skid mark analysis indicates that the The length of a summit vertical curve is
vehicle was traveling 80 kplr at the onset of
200 m. Tangent grades for the vertical
braking. Assuming the
median.brake
reaction time of 0.66 sec., estimate He
Solution: curyes are +3% and .2%. Compute the tf,!ffi
radius of the summit curve.
distance fiom the point of impact to the On a railroad, a + 0.8% grade meets a -0.4%
v
vehicle position when the driver initially grade at sta. 2 + 700 and at elevation 30 m.
Solution:
reacted, Deceleration rate of the vehicle is
1.5 m/s2. _1200
Q= - =-_]i-=4lM)m.
The maximum allowable change in grade
per station is 0.2%. Determine the length of
9, 9, 0.03 - (- 0'02)
-
the curve.
Sight dish@
Solution:
Solution:
L* V=?22X ntls Sr =Vt
-_9,-9,
sr Sr=48J8 d '" #
=""*t A vertical summit curve has tangent grades
n

0.8 + 0.4
s S,=22.22(2.51 of +5% and -3.8%. The horizontal distance u.l=
n
from the P.C. to the highest point of the
80
S, = 55.56 m. (tagdistance) curve is 113.64 m. Determine the length of n=6
-
V= = 22.22m1s
the curve.
3.6 v2 L = 6(20)
s2
v'1 =vt'z -2asz 2g(f t G)
Solutrbn; l=lNm
-a
""'-- q -q
(22.22)2 =Y,z - 2(1.5X4S.7S) I=- 9,L
s
V = 25.30 n/s

S, =Yt
f",ffi=0.35 113.M =0.05o'05- 0.038
L

A vertical parabolic curve has a length of

S, L=2N)m
= 25.30(0.66) 280 m. lt has an initial and final grad$ of
sr= +3% and -4o/0. lhe elevatlon of the P.C. is
2(e.81X0.35 - 0.04)
S, = 16.70 m.
30 m. and is at station'10 +'120.
S, = 81 .18 m. (braking distance)
Distance from the point of impact to the vehicle
position when the driver initially reacted : Minimum sight distance : O Find the value of K (length of curve for
A vertical summit curve has its hlghest every 1'of change in slope).
S=S, +S, S=S, +S, point of the curve at a distance of 48 m. @ Find the stationing of the highest point
from the P.T. The back tangent has a grade of the curve.
S=16.70+48.78 S=55.56+81.18
of +6% and a foruard tangent grade of -4%.
@ Find the elevation of the highest point
S = 65.48 m, S= 136.74 m. lf the statloning of the P.T. is 10 + 100, of the curve.
determine the length of vertical summit
curve in meters.
 fi
224 TRANSF:ORTATI()N & TRAFTIC E:NGI N EERING TRaruspo RTATION & TRAFFIC EN(iIN EE R N (, 225
Solufon:
Check:
O Value of K

K= |A H-f{0,-0,)
A symmetrical vertical summit curve has
h2 tangents of +6t7,
,_ 280(3+4) ,n6 .4%. lf the stationing
A'9,-9, II- 100
and elevation of the P.T. is l0 + 020 and
8(1oo)
n=s-(-a) 225
1!2.63 m. respectively, compute the
H=2.45 elevation and stationing of the highest
A=7 point of the curve. Length of curve is
v 2.45
280 5=325 m 120 m.
K= = 40 m. (120)' (140)'?
125 rr

7
y=1.8 Using slope diagram method Solution:
€r Stationing of the highest point of the curve Elev. A = 30 + 0.03(120) - 1.8 h, = area of shaded section

S-Kgr Elev.A=31.8m .n= 0.02fi25\

S = 40(3)
,2 ' /

h, = 1.25 m u.
S=120m t42
(10+D0) P.T,

6{)m 60 rr
Check:

^ s,L
s= ",",=120m
"' = 003(280) A grade is followed by a .270 grade
Elev. A. 1%.60 - 22i(0.02) + 1.25

9, - 9, 0'03 + 0"04
+5.2010
Elev"A= 191.35m.
of a vertical summit parabolic curve at 120-r , =4{i
Stationing of highest point station 2 + 230 with an elevation of 194.60
= (10 + 120) + (120)
m. The parabolic curye is 450 m. long.
I : Stationing of point C whose elevation is

=10+240 O Compute the length of curve per 1' I 1s5.35

il_
Ustng s/ope diagram method:

,t. (l
change in grade. t85..t5 lt
By ratioand propotbn
@ Elevation of the highest point @ Compute the elevation of the highest r=27.1.1i6 m '.7.

Uslng slope diagram methad: point of curve. 0.06 0.04

@ Compute the stationing of point C

325
120 -x x
x=48m
t+0
whose elevation is 185.35.
,n^=0.052(32s)
' ' .
h area ofshaded porfion
I
Solution;
ofhe
h
O Length ofcurve per l"change in grade h, = 8.45 m. sloped diagram

A =9, -9, y1 =191.35-185.35 .n=0.04(48)

' '
I
A=5.2-(-2) Y, =6m
h = 0.96
A=7 2 Using square properly of parabola.
120 r 6{)
L 8.45 Elev. of highest point of curve = ,l42.63 + 0.96
K= 9=62.im _ 6
h = area of shaded section
r
A= 7.2 $2q'? x', Elev. of highest poinl of curve = 143.i9 m

.h= 120(0.03)
' '
x = 273.86 Stalioning of highest point of curve

2
@ Elevation of the highest point of curve Stationing ofA. (l + 230) + 100
=(10+020)-48
S=Kgr StationingofA=2+llg
h=1.8m = (9 + 972)
S = 62.5(5.2)
Stationing ofC = (2 + 330) - (273.86)
Elev.A=30+1.8 S = 325 m. (location of highest point of
Stationing of C = 2 + 056.14 m
curve from P.C.)
Elev,A=31.8m
226 TRAN SPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRaTTIC E:NGINEERING 227

By ratio and proPortion Solutron: h = area ofshaded section

0.03 0.02
t Length of the vertical curve
o.o3(140)

A vertical summit parabolic curve has s, 250 - sl l5i)+(l(l

h=
2
=21m
E1. = a8 n /// tlitha! pnil ol<uv.
tangent grades of +2'8% and '1.6%' lf the S, = 150 m. ftom P.C. Elev. of P.T. = 48 - 210(0.03) = 41.70 m
length of the curve is 110.46 m, compute Elev. P.C. = 190,50 - 125(0.03)
the radius of the vertical curve. Elev. of A = 41.70 + 2.1 = 43.80 m
Elev. P.C. = 186.75 m h
P.T.
Clearance between A and aossrod :
Solution; h = area of shaded area diag. P.C.

L=KA
fll.=l?.50m Cro.$nrrl C=43.80-37.50
_ 150(0 03) t sd*r0
h = 2.25
A=2.8-(-1,6) I Lt2 70 {Ll2t,1t) C = 6.3m

A=4.4 Elev. of highest point of curve = 186.75 + 2.25 s2

110.46 = K(4.4) Elev. of highest pint of curve = f89 m' @ Length of curve based on appearance
criteria if V = 120 kph
K . 25.10
V > 60 kph and A> 2o/o
R=100K (Lt2)+7o (Lt2)-7O
where:A=6-t3)=9
R = 100(25.10)
By rafioand proportlnn Use Lrn. .2V
R= 2510 m.
A vertical summit curve connec{s a 0.06 0.03 Lmin. = 2(100) = 210 m.
grade to a -3% grade at the P.l. at station :, +70
150 + 00 whose elevation is 48 m. , 70

crossroad is located at station 150 + 70. ! +20 =(L ,,)(ffi)

Elevation ol the centerline of the 2
lz Vertical Curves
is 37.50 m.
A back tangent grade of a crest vertical ! +20 =(t- .zo)rzr
O Compute the length of the vertical I [2
curve is +3% intersects a minus 270 $rade
at station 4 + 350 and at elevation of 190'50 curve needed to make the
m. the length of curve is 250 m'
lf point on the vertical curve come out
! +20 =l- 140 A grade of.57o is followed by a grade of
2
determine the elevation of the highest point exactly over the centerline of, the +1ol0,the grades intersecting at the vertex
L+140=2L-280
of the curve. Use slope diagram method. crossroad at station 159 + 70. (Sta. 10 + 060). The change of grade is
@ Compute the clearance between the L= 420 m. restricted to 0.4% in 20 m. Compute the
Solufion: profile grade on the vertical curve length of the vertical parabolic sag curve in
,++350
the centerline of the crossroad' ,rr Clearance between the profile grade on meters.
lf the design sPeed is 120
B1 I 90.50
@ I the vertical curye and lhe centerline of the
determine the minimum length ol crossroad Solution;
150+Ul
curve required considering appearanc0 El. = 48 nl
. _ 9, -9,
h criteria.
,50+00 n
P.C. El. - ltt6.75 rn LI. = 4lt rl I {ith!! port oJ t r^a'

h 0.4=1*5
2T.
c n
41.70
El =:17.50rn 0r)!r,?rzl n=15
h l5(h 7l)
i P.T,
0I)2
L = 15(20) = 3(N m
t.l. = 37.50 m Cr.)rr ral/
.t 250-S

_l':l:"
l't2 ?o \Ll2)'70
280 140
s2
-

224 TRANSP()RTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING :TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 229

2248 GE Board May 2O{5 Solufion; Solution:

_80
260
A -6% grade and a +2% intersect at 10

STA 12 + 200 whose elevation is at 14:375 T,

t'.(:.
h
lr,T. A 300 m. vertical parabolic sag curve are
m. The two grades are to be connected by
connected by tangent grades of -5% and
&_
,.\6._ +l% which intersects at station 10 + 050
a parabolic curve, 160 m long. Find the I.05 m
and elevation 374.50 m.
elevation of the first quarter point on the
l2+125
curve.
8l,.25 Eler'. 14.2
O Compute the length of curve per 1'.
Solution: change in grade.
n= (0,-s,) 260-,S @ Compute the distance from the P.C. to
80 80 f S= 108.31 the lowest point of the curve.
n= @ Compute the elevation of the lowest
t.c. u.:1.
$t-ooo-ooz) point of the curve.
{).042
t.o.n.il ybr tItttr.
H=-1.6m. (sqcurue)
Solufion;
(40)'? _ (80)'?
0.30 nr O Length of curve per 1

EI.14."t75
Y, 16
1.35 m
change in grade
I .()5 nr
)/1 = 0.40
r=!A
H=f{s,-0,) Elev. of P.C. = 25.632 + 80(0.06) = 30.432
A=gr_9.,
Elev. of tirst quarter point:
A=1-(-5)
H= (0.02+rs6; Elev. = 30.432 - 40(0.6) + 9.46
T Elev. = 28.432 m.
By ratioand propaftion A=6
H = 1.6 0.042 0.03
x=S
v H
260-S S 6
K= 50 m.
(40)' (80)' 0.072S = 260(0"03)

S = 108.33
..
Y -
_ (40)'(1.6)
(8or
A descending grade of 4.2% intersects an
h = area of shaded section
@ Distance from P.C. to the lowest point of
ascending grade of 3% at sta. 12 + 325 at the curve
)/ = 0.40 elevation 14.2 m. These two grades are to 0.03(108.33)
be connected by a 260 m. vertical parabolic "_ Sr=Kgr
2
Elev. A = 14.375 + 40(0.06) + 0.40
curve. A r
einforced concrete culve( pipe Sr '50(5)
with overall diameter of 105 cm. is to be h = 1.625
Elev.A=17.175m. 3t = 250 m. from the P.C.
constructed with its top 30 cm. below the Eiev. P.T. = 14.2 + 0.03(130)
subgrade. What will be the invert elevation r 50 r50
of the culvert? Elev. P.T. = 18.10 P.C I

Elev. of A= 18.10 - 1.625 h

t30 r30
h'ia ponil o/.rr'( t
Elev. of A = 16.475 m.
A -6% grade and a +2'/o grade intersect at P.C. P.T.

STA 12 + 200 whose elevation is at Elevation of invert of culvert = 10.475 - 0.3 - 1.05
25.632 m. The two grades are to be
connected by a parabolic curve, 160 m
1.05 m
Eievation of invert of culvert . 15.12 m
long. Find the elevation of the first quarter l7+3?5
0.05
point on the curve. lilev. I 4.2
ll zso TRA,NSeoRTATToN & TRAFFIc ENGTNEERING TRANSPoRTATION & TRaTTIC ENGINEERING 231

Check; Using slope diagram Using slope diagram miltd. Elev.A=51.10+0.80 Solufion;
0.05 0.01 180-S_ S Elev.A=51.90n,t. Lt2 l-t2
s1 300 -s] 0:025 0.01 Elev. B * 50.90 * 0.008(40) P,a,' f0't- ll'J1)'1tt
,,1.
15 - 0.06 S1 1.8-0.01S=0.025S h
Elev.B=51.22m
Sr =250m.ft0mP.C. 0.035 S = 1.8 tlol'
0.75
y=51.90-51.22
Check: S = 51.43 m. 5t).4{) nr
200+70
y = 0.68 E.=I50 nl
S.= 9rL Check usingformula:
' 9, -9, g,L
^
b=s H=! (e, 9r)
5. =
-o o5(3oo) p.C. -
'9, 9,
8 u=! (gr -9,)
= 250 m. from
' -0.05-0.01 s
c _ 0.01(180) H=!
8
(- 0.01 2 0.008)
r=! Io or - 1-o.oosy]
@ Elevation of the lowest point of curve: 0.01- (- 0.025) 8
using slope diagram H=- 0,002501 (negative sign indicates
S ='51.43 m. ok H = 0.001881
Elev. of PT = 374.50 + 150(0.01) a sagcurue)
t \2 ,. \2 Etev. A= 150 + 70(0.01)
Elev. of PT = 376 m.
x-90-51.43 (5) _ (b-40)
.
Area of shaded diagram

oo(50)=g.25
h
x = 38.57 m.
H- oss
Elev.A=150.70m.

Elev.B=150.40+0.75
6= L2 -401{1600
2 Stationing of lowest point = (100 + 00) + (38.57) L2 -_____-4-
Elev.B=151.15m
Elev.ofA=376-0.25 Stationing of lowest point = lN + 38.57 4(0.00251) 0.68
y = 151.15 - 150.70 m
Elev. of A = 375.75 m L - 1601 6400
L2 +

0.01 4(0.68) Y=0.45m

y
2'72L
-12 - 16oL + Moo t' ,2 =H
0.01 (i - 70J (l)'
A -2.5Yo grade is connected 1e 3 +1.0% A vertical curve ioins a -1.2o/o grade to
grade by means of a 180'm. verlical curve. +0.8% grade.'The P.l. of the vertical 272L=t - 1601+6400
0.45 0.001881(4)
The P.l. station b 100 + 00 and the P.1. is at is at station 75 + 00 and elevation 50.90 ( -nzt+&too-o
:---; t
elevation 100 m. above sea level. What is above sea level. The centerline of the (!-r0)'
the stationing of the lowest point on the roadway must clear a pipe located at L= 416.M say 117 m.
0.45 0.00752
vertical curve?,, station 75 + 40 by 0.80 m. The elevation of

Solulion:
the top of the pipe is 51.10 m. above seh (r-to)' L

level. What is the minimum length of thq

eQ
x
90
sJ
vertical curve that can be used? (t-zo)'-
\z
0'451

' 0.00752
Solution: A vertical curve joins a 4.5% grade to
+1.0% grade. The P.l.
a
(t -zo)' = 5e,841 lil
of the vertical curve
Ltz l-t2
is at station 200 + 00 and elevation 150 m. l2
I{ above sea levEl. The c€nterline of the :- -701+4900=59.841
h roadway must clear a pipe located at
3c1t' station 250 + 70 by 0,75 m. The elevation of f -zaot+19600=239.361
the top of the pipe is 150.40 m. above the
rr L'z - 51 9.361 +1 9600 = o
sea.level. yUhat is lhe minimum length of
.10
Pt,
180-s ,' &ll.=50.r0 n1
vertical curve that can be used? L= 418.39 m.
 232 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPoRTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 233

2.255 Problem l't

A EI.
'-"--_- =62.tt0 n
..---tr; '{r.02i,n,'
Unsym metrical Parabolic Solving for L1:

-./ =\ rn,r)7tnr
_ t,,
Curves 2H (gr - gz) Lz

[ =
' -_ ,,
(l m
The length of a sag vertical curve is 420 m. .,.n. ,,,, n,
'n 'tl? L1+t{
with langent grades of -2% and +4% t,,t1t4 rtt\.
/-rf ' A vertical highway curve is at
times
ft - Ar.,,lr,n \l
designed to include a particular elevation at a
2H\+ 211sr= Lr Lz (gr - gz)
intersecting at a point whose stationing is
at 160 + 00 and elevation of 60 m. above certain station where the grades 0f the forward - - 2ul - 211s, llii
L1[r, (S1 9z)
sea level. A pipe is to be located at the Elevation at point A .64,2A - 1.4 and backward tangents have already been
lowest point of lhe vertical curve. The Elevation at point A = 62.80 m. established. lt is therefore necessary to use a
roadway at this point consists of two 3.6 m.
Elevation of the top of the pipe
curve with unequal tangents or a compound .Lt=66,11,;1fr
2HL2
lanes with a normal crown slope ol 2Yo. lt curve which is usually called 'unsymmetrical"
the lowesl point on the surface of the = 62.80 - 0.822 or asymmetrical parabolic curve where one
roadway must clear the pipe by 0.75 m, = 61.978 m parabola extends from the P.C. to a point
Applying the squared property of parabola, in
what is the maximum elevation of the top directly below the vertex and a second
solving for the vertical offsets of the parabola,
of the pipe? parabola which exlends from this point to the
P.l. ln order to make the entire curve smooth
Solution: and continuous, the two parabolas are so
n,f,'lio ,$rirtlem constructed so that they will have a common
tangent at the point where they joined, that is
0.02(3.6)
!t
ir)?2 n A vertical sag curve has tangent grades of at a point directly below the vertex.
'' O.75 m o.lttz nr P,C,
J-6 rn 3.6 m 1.5% and +3.5%. lf the length of curye
Lel us considerthe figure shown below: ' 1,.7.

o 1% change in grade is 32.13 m, find

maximum speed allowed to pass through
xt
LI L2
x2

this curve in kph. 8tL2 YrH

L-410 m ht (xr)'
-=..-(Lr)'
Solufion: ,-/
K=32.13 I YzH
,-=..-
A = - 1.5 - (3.5)
L2/2 * (x2)' [z)'
L2

R=-5 (sag) kL1+L2 ! Location of the highest or lowest point of the

Lt = length of the parabolic curve on the left curye.
L=AK
side of the vertex.
2IJO
L = 5(32.13) L2 = length of the parabolic curve on the right a) Fromthe e.c. wnenL$ .n
-002 L. 160.65 side of the ve(ex.
l)riltg thyt dialruut g1 = slope of backward tangent

9,L
l=
AV2 gz = slope of lonruard tangent
,r'#
'-
o 395

9., -9, 5V' Consideing tiangles AVD and ABC.

s, s2
160.65 = 2H (gr -gz) Lz
^ _- lr =
- 0.02(420) 395
o, L1 +12
-002--oo4 V =112.661Oh
(gr - gz) Lz
S, = 140m H=2(t;E
Elev. of P.C. = 60 + 2t0(0.02) ht
Elev. of P.C. = 64.20 m. n,=1,
.. [* 140(0.02) =1.4m nr=tt
2 I-t 1.2

lJ
 I

234 TRANSP()RTATION & TRATTIC ENGINEERING

TRANSPoRTATIoN & TneTTIc EN(iIN EEIRING 435
Let 93, be the slope of the common Sr = location of the highest or lowest
tangent of the parabolic curve. Solving for g
s in equation @.
of the curve from the P.C.
2H: 12!6 - L2!2
.i An runsymmetrical parabolic curyo has a
s1 Likewise, the location of the lowest ot forward,tangent of - 8% and a back tangent
8r @. rc)L/2
highest point of the curve could bd _
(O g3=
2H+Lzgz
of *5%. The length of cure'on the left side
\, computed from the P.T. of the curve, this t{ of the curve is,40 m. long,nthile that of the
\
Ln 0,
-83L,12 holds true when is greater than
right side is 60 m. long. 'The P.C. is at
P.C
t' H,,
station ,6 + 780 and hasangbvationof
Considering the ligure shown, let usj Substrtute equation @ in A.
Lt 110 m. An outcrop is found at station 6 +
Considering the symmetrical parabola
assume that the highest or lowest point ofl o _ gzlz
o2-gr-g, 800 hc an elevation.of 108.40 m. Compute
the curve is found on the right side of the| the.elevation of ,the highest:point of the
AVF, the location of the highest point of
the sag is obtained from the relation.
parabota. il gzlz ourye.
S2 - 2A + Lzgz
--f

o s,' =g!L bl
Lt gt
L2
'9t Solufion: I

FromtheP.T.when >H
9r-9s 2 :

8*)u2
^ 9z$z\2 I 20
Substitdintg lhese yalues and solving far
gJ, we have:. 52=
gzLz2 "2=ril;I;;lL#s,
2H gzLz
52= from the P.T,
L, 2H
o H=7(or-9s) s2
&780
t:l.=!!{tn Lr-ArJ t".4,
2H=1191-1193 Lr 0r
> H, the highest or lowest point 2H Lz@t - gz)
9aLr=Ltgr-2H
When
f = *h
of the curve is located on the right side of the 14 L1
L191-2H
93=-- 8t. curye. ..412(.st-gz)
'
L1
- H= 2G;6
^2H
tl) 9e=91 - Ll (60) I0.05 - (- 0.08)t
$ ,,
u _ 40
tt-
A o when 2(40+60)
Fron equation O subsltute equation L2 H = 1.56
@.
0r L. use, s2=ff fromtheP.T.) lli\h?st toi,1r

"1
-g', -g., Considering the right side of the parabola,
St25.6l
VFCD.
grlr
^'l2H\
5r:-- v
Lr 0n

9r-\9r - q
@ When t.n
/ L2l2(&-gz) s2
E.=l08.d0m

9r L1
I.,
Use: 51=# ffromtheP.C.)
e78{)
LF4o Lz=60
51 =
(gr Lr - 2H)
9r- L1
Lr gt 40 (0.05)
uLt2 L2 2 2 = 1.0 < H
Sr =,
grLr- Lt+2H 0o Lr o,
(, 5r=- Lo2
L1 ' 9r-92 Sr =1f fromP.C.

L,
€) H=i(s3-s2) c -_ 0.05 (40)2
,r=ff "1
&
2 (1.56)
= 25.64 m.

I
 296 TRANSPoRTAT|oN & TRAFrtc E NGINEERING TRarvseORTATIoN & TRAFFIG TNoI N EER I N G 237
HYz
=rr#ry s iral Curves 6 angle of interseclion of spiral 3. Offset distance from tangent at S.C.
t+F easement curve L2
f, = ----L
tz=--[py
1.56 Q5.64\2
- 71. angle of intersection of simple ' 6R,
curve
Y2= 0.64 B T.S, tangent to spiral 4. Offset distance from lhe tangent at
Elev. of E = 1 10 + 0.05 {25.64) - 0.64 9R. radius of simple curve any point in the spiral
Elev. of E = 110.642 m. 10. l3
Dc degree of simple curve
X=XrL'l
11, L.T, long tangent
12. S.T. short tangent
13. Es external distance of the spiral 5. Deflection angle at any point on the
spiral
curve
A. 3% grade meets a +5% grade near an
14. L.C. = long chord of spiral transition .S
l-
underpass. ln order maintain the to 15. Xc offset from tangent at S.C.
-
3
=
minimum clearance allowed under the
16. Yc distance along the tangent from
bridge and at the same time introduce a
vedcal transition curve in the grade line, it
=
6. Distance along tangent at any point in
l=42 the T.S. to S.C. the spiral
is necessary to use a curve that lies 200 m. 17. X offset from tangent at any point
L5
on one side of the vefiex of the straight \,=l
grade and 100 m. on the other. The station
on the spiral
' '+oniL]
--

18. Y distance along tangent at any {

of the beginning of the curve (200 m. side)
point on the spiral
is 10 + 000 and its elevation is 228 m, 10 e 7 Distance along tangent at S.C. from
vc spiral angle at S.C.
Determine the stationing of the lowest ,r;, ,R,, T.S.
point of the curve.

Solution:
20. i deflection angle at any point on
the spiral, it is proportional to
the square of its distance.
v --L A
40 R:
Lt h 200 (0.03) 21. Lc Iength of spiral
2 =-i- =3m'>267
22. L length of spiral from T.S. to any 8. Tangent distance for spiral
The lowest point of curye is on the right side. point along the spiral _ L (_ x)
T=*-L+lR +--rltan- 1

200 100
' 2 [' 4) 2

SUMMARY OF FORMULAS
t'{.
t:l.223 it
s2
FOR SPIRAL CURVE 9. External distance
1
E R + *-!- sec Rc
1. Spiral angle at any point on the spiral s c
4 2

i(I|2(X) t (rao)
O, Lr2
Elements of a curve: 2R. L.[ n / 10. Angle of intersection of central simple
curve
2H
1. lc = l-2s" 0
^ -Tdfrf0.05 (100)2 S.C.= spiral to curve 2. Spiral angle at S.C.
sz=
2.. C.S. = curve to spiral DL
Sz = 93.63 m. 3. S.T. * spiral to tangent cc 11. Length ofthrow
"40
Sla. oflowestpoint of curve = (10 + 300) - 93.63
4. Ts = tangent distance r- [rao\ p
X

4
Sta. of lowest point curye. 10 + 2A6JT 5. T. = tangent distance for the curve ' 2R.( n /
 23A TRANSf5oRTI\TIoN & TRAFFIC ENGIN EERI NG TRA.NSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGIN EERING 239
12. Super.elevation where K = velocity of
car in kph
x=_ L3

0.0079 K, 6RL
-_ c
A spiral easement curve has a length of An 80-m spiral connects a tangent with a
R
100 m. with a central angle having a radius 180-m radius circulaf curve. The maxlmum
velocity in kph lhat a car could pass
13. Super.elevation considering 75% of K
to counteracL the super.elevalion x I&l_
6(300x100}
of 300 m. Determine the degree of spiral at
the third quarter point. through the curve without skidding is
nearest 1o:
0.004 K, Solution:
6= _
(75)r
R x: D=
1145916 Solufion;
6(300)(100) @egreeof simplecurve)
14. Desirable length of spiral
R . 0.036v'
x, = 2.311. _
D=
1145.916 'R.
, _ 0.036 Kl
300
"R D - 3.819"
0.036v3
80=-
- 2
180
15. Deflection angles vary as the squares Deoree of soiral when L = Y L V =73.68kph
of the length from the T.S. 4

i_1, A spiral easement curve has a length of L= 9ttoot

iL2
LC 120 m with a centrai curve having a radius
4',
L=75m
of 300 m. Determine the offset distance
16. Degree of curve varies directly with from the tangent to the third.quarler point D,=D i
A spiral 80 m. long connects a tangent \rith
the length from the T.S, of the spiral. LL. a 6.5" circular curve. Oetermine the
D=L D1 3.819 detlection angle at the first quarter point.
_
D. L"
Solution: 75 100
Solution:
D, = 2.86'

X2
s
C
,
A spiral easement curve has a length of
100 m. with a central curve having a radius Z0
r.s The degree of curve of the central curve of
,
of 300 m. Determine the offset distance
=Bo
T-5.:n0{?nt bvtuil f.S.-t0!!.il tu \\tll
from the tangent to the third.quarter point S.C.-\pirdt tu ..t/t! a spiral easement curve is equal to 6'. ll the S.{..vnn k,&^/
of the spiral. max. design velocity of the car passing i-lditn,,UNL'rt I. )t)
S-\ilnl a\h ut 1..,)t)
thru the spiral curve is 75 kph, determine
Solution: the required length of spiral.
x=- L3
r
6RL Solution; S=-rad.
2RL
Xa
(90)3
_ '-'--=5=190.99
fl =1145.916 1145.916 ac

s.c 'D6 __ 1145.916

6(300x120)
, _ 0.m6v3 6.5
x = 3.375 m
tR.
r..t. L R = 176.29
7.5.-toil8crt kt
S.C..tpiill to.ut\\,
vhdl
L
_ 0.036(75)3 _
79.52" L" .99
190.99 whenl=
44 =21y
 24a TRANSPoRTATIoN & Tnarrlc ENGIN EERI NG TRANSPORTATI()N & TRAFFIC E:NGI NEER I NG 241

20)' Solufion:
$= L 180
----.S-- .
2(176.2e)(80) S
2Rc 7\.
A fitlin. value of centrifugal acceleration:

S = 0.01418 rad. Compute the deflection angle at the end

(80) (1 80)
^80
u"7{T-v
point of the spiral if the length of spiral is S
c _ 0.01418(180) 2(1e2.U)
1t
80 m. with a degree of curve of the centrat
curve of a spiral easement curve is 6.5".
lE
^80
u=fr;m
s. = 11 88"
S = 0.8125'
C = 0.516 m/s3
Solulion: S
.J
t- -
3
'3 @ Length of spiral curve:
. 0.8125 i =
1188
=3.g0'
Lc-
0.0215 V3
3 CR
3

i= 0.27' r.s
. 0.0215 (80)3
L. =
T.S. nn$dh)till
o^sG76
i,.iel\\iln'
S.-\tta!.ntL.rt
ankk at S.('.
S.C- 2.26lE Problem Lc= 82'05 m'

2.?S5 .r'Problem *" = 1q# =176.2em A spiral easement curve has a length of 80
@ Lengthofthrow:
m and the radius ol the central curve is 200
The length of the spiral curve is 82 m. and L' m. Determine the niax. velocity that a car
P=7
x"
" =.2 R" 'tL
the radius of the central curve of the spiral S .1180
could pass thru the spiral curve.
curve i$ 260 m, Compute the length of r2
Lc
throw.
s= 8o .l!9=r:. Solution;
--
X, =
6-E
' 2(176.29) n 0.036 v3
I
.R
=-
-_ (82.05)2
Solufion; c
". - 6 (260)
''=?=f=a'rs' 0.036 v3
80=- Xc= 4'32
200
D _4.32
t-
I5 V = 76.3 kph 4

(.s. P " 1.08 m.

7.

,a R
The spiral easement curve has a length of
spiral equal to 80 m and the radius of the
2.269 ; Problem
central curve of the spiral curve
2.270,,. Probldtn
is
192.84 m. Compute the deflection angle at The design speed of a car passing thru an
the end point of the spiral. easement curve is equal to 80 kph. The The tangents of a spiral curve forms an
radius of the central curye ol the spiral angle of intersection of 25' at station 2 +
Solution: curve is equal to 260 m. long. 058. Design speed is 80 km/hr. For a radius

P= t'
t2 of central curve of 300 m. and a length of
24R O Compute the value of the rate of spiral of 52.10 m..
centrifugal acceleration in m/sec for
o - (82)' this speed. O Find the stationing at the point where
24(260) @ Compute the length of the spiral curve the spiral starts.
I.S f.S.=Lnetil n'\?nll
based on the centrifugal acceleration. @ Find the stationing of the start of
P=1.08m @ Compute for the length of throw central curve.
i, -d.11; tni 0!1. 4t s .(
5 , = rpr!il dttt. it s.<'

@ Find the length of central curve.

-
242 TRANSPoRTA.TIoN & TRATFIC ENGINEERING
TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRaTTIC ENGINEERING 243
Solution: Length of cenlral curve:
O p= Ll
I r
Stationing at the point where the spiral
slarts. S=R 24R"
'"180
R, -R" =P A simple curve having a radius of 200 m.
2+0.5ti JL
'
S = 3oo(15.05")
180 _ 1 145.916
has a central angle of 50'30'. lt is required
to be replaced by another curve by
I=25', R,=-
T S = 78.8 m. D connecting spiral (transitinn curve) at its
o _- **6--
1145,916 ends by maintaining the radius of the old
'., curve and its center but the tangents are
T
Rr = 190.99 m.
moved outwards to allow transition. Part
Ic=300
of the original curye is relained. The new
(80)' intersection of the tangents is moved
1s0.00-R -
A simple curve having a degree of curve " 24R" outward by 2 meters from its original
equal to 6" is connected by two tangentg position along the line connecting the
having an azimuth of 240' and 280' 4583.76 R. - 24 Rl = 6466 intersection of tangents and the center of
respectively. lt is required to replace thisi the curve.
curve by introducing a transition curve 8ll R: - 190.99 R" + 266.67 =o
m. long at each end of a new central curve O Determine the length of the transition
which is to be shifted at its midpoint away -Rt= 190.99 r 188.18 curve (spiral) at eaefi end ol the central
T,=?-1*"-ffi)r,I from the intersection of the tangents. 2
@
curye.
Compute the spiral angle.
R" = 189'59 rn
52-10 (.52'10)'?I
O Determine the radius of the new central @ Compute the central angle of the
25
T. =
' 2 * 'lgoo * 24(300)'-
tan
2
curve if the center of the old curve is
retained.
central curve from the S.C. to C.S.

T, 92.64 m. @ Determine the distance which the new ta) Distance which the new curve is shifted Solution:
curve is shifted away from the away from the intersection of the tangents. O Length ofthe transition curve
intersection of the tangents.
Stationing @ T.S. = (2 + 058)- 92.64 h=Rr-Rc
@ Compute the length of throw, :lo'
Stationing @ T.S. = 1+ 965.36
h=190.00-189.59
@ Stationing of the start of central curve. h = 1.40 m. (amount the new curve is
$olution:
Sta. @ S.C. = Sta. @ T.S. + L O Radius ofcentral curve: shifted away from the intersection
Sta. @ S.C. = (1 + 965.36)+ 52.10
of the tangents) sr'
7
Sta. @ S.C. = 2+ 017.46
{)' \:i./-'
OA lihgent f,'. ',p

@ Length ofcentral curve.

.V,"'
'.ri,'
@ Length ofthrow:
^ L" 180
D-=3X_
' 2R" rr p= (L')'
P=2Sin64"45'
52.10 180
^D =_X_
" 2(300) n
\ ll,:
'. ti' i ,'
24R"

(80)'
P = 1.81 m.

-i'. \'.',1 f"n","i' r - zrrrggsg)

s. = 4'975'
. r'l
p= (1.)'
"'.\rlt/-.' P = 1.41 m. 24R,
l.=l-2S. ''y' 1.2=P(24)R.
b=25-2(4.975) L2 = 1.81 (24)(200)
lc = 15.05' Lc = 92.95 m. (longllt ol :;pnnl)

I
 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TR,qTTIC TNGINEERING 245
1l zaa rRANspoRTATroN & TRAFFTc ENGTNEERTNG
L, = De (200)
2.2701,,; Fi(i]tlear,,rl
(2) Spiral angle. Solution: L, = 3.6(0.08X200)
L" 180'
^
b=- , _ 0.m6v3 Given a horizonlal curve with a 410 m. L' = 57.60 m. say 60 m (multiple ot 20 nt)
" 2R. n R radius, estimate the length of spiral,
necessary for a smooth transition from
c -_ 92.95(180") 250 - 0.036(140)3
tangent alignment to the circular curve if
'' 2(2oo)tt R the design speed is 90 kph, 2,27', Problcri
R = 395.14 m
s. = 13"19' Solufion:
A circular curve with a radius of 350 m. is
V'
R= .R
0.036v3 connected by 60 m. spiral lransition curves
(9 Central angle:
127(e + f1 to tangents with a deflection angle of 0.349
rad. lf the stationing of the TS is 105 + 40,
l.=l-2S. (4q'1 0.036(90)3
395.14 =127(e + 0.20) L
!
410
determine the stationing of the ST.
l' - 50'30'- 2(13"19')
L s =64m
e = 0.19
l"= 23'52' (central angle ofthe new curue)

2,277 Problem.;r
2.273 ,Probleh
A twoJane highway of the Northem Luzon
A horizontal curve has a radius of 400
Expressway has a width of 3.6 m. per lane R:350
Compute the minimum length of the
Given a horizontal curve with a 400 meter with a design speed of 100 kph. lt has a l0S + Jl)

radius have a design speed of 90 kph. necessary fpr a smooth transition 400 m. radius of central-curve. Determine
Compute the minimum length of transition tangent alignment to the circular r

the lengfih of spiral if the difference in

Assume that the maximum su Solution;
curve nscessary for a smooth transition grade between the centerline and edge of
rate should not exceed 0.08 and a 0 = 0.349 radians
from tangent alignment to the circular travelway is
limited to
1/200. Assume
side friction value of 0.12. friction factor f = 0.12.
curye.
t= 0.349(1' 80)'/L
Solutronl Solution: Solufion;
0=20'
, _ 0.036v3
_v2
R=-
D = width of one lane

127(e + l) L" = length ofspiral L" =R0

R
V2 e = super-elevation rate L. = 350(0.349)
, _ 0.036(e0)l 400= -
127(0.08 + 0.12)
400 200. L" = 122.15 m.

L= m
De_ 1
65.61 V = 100.80 kph
L, 200 Stationing of S.T.
Length of spiral :
L, = De (2oo) = (105 + 40) + 60 + 122.15 + 60

,sR
_ 0.m6v3 = (105 + 40) + (2+ 42.15)
illfittl ,rPlbblqlitl
R=127(fV'+ el = (107 + 82.1i)
, _ 0.036(100.8)3
A l-km long racetrack is to be designed ' 400 (oo)'? ," II
with turns 250 m, length at each end. 4og =
L, .92.17 m. 127(0.12 + e1 t
Determine the super-elevation rate for a
design speed of 140 kph and a side friction e = 0.08 (supbrelevationrate)
lactor of 0.20.
246 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 247

Distance between the passing vehicle at

and Distance Length of Acceleration the end of its maneuver and the opposing
- Lane vehicle = 84 m.
Design speed the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified secton of
highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of the highway governs.
2,279,:.:; Problem Solufion;
The driver of the overtaking vehicle ,4 s/ows
Stopping sight distance = the dlstance requied lo see an object 150 mm high on the roadway. lt
is intended to allow drivers to stop safely after sighting an object on the roadway large enough to A high power/mass ratio passenger car down to the speed of slow moving vehicle B
enters an acceleration lane at 48 kph and for a short time duing which he assesses his
cause damage to the vehicle or lost of cantrol.
merges into traffic lane at 70 kph. Estimate chances for oveftaking.
the desired length of the acceleration lane
when the acceleration rate is 3.4 m/s2.
('
Distance on a Level M. 'ry
So/ufronr
Passing Sight Distance=the s(htdistance longenoughtoenabteavehicletoovertake 4
pass another vehicle on a twoJane highway without inteierence from opposing traffic. t!td)
.\t n,l th..r ( (
ffi-*:"tr" A
0ml @ qD
Iofalpassrng sight distance: S = dr + dz + ds+ da -re &lD*@ Em
llt kph Ril4
s ' :.r,4
where: -'
tlt l, ,1,
"'
dr = the distance traversed during perception and reaction time and during the initial acceleration to
v = i[ = 13.33 m/s
point of encroachment on the left lane. ' 3.6 V = speed of the oveftakingvehicle A

dz = distance traveled while the passing vehicle occupies left lane

V = speed of s/ow movingvehicle I
V,=*=19.44m/s
ds = d/stance between the passrng vehicb at the end of its maneuver and the opposing vehicle ' J.0 v = !9 = 26.67 m/s
dt = distance traversed by opposing vehicle for two-thhds of the time the passing vehicle occupies V2 =V2 +2aS
' 3.6
left lane or sometimes taken as 2/3 dz v !l =24.44mrs
(19.44)2 = (13.33)' * Z(S.a)S ' = 3.6
Opposing vehicle appears Atthe moment, the driver decidestooveftake
when passing t,ehicle S= 29.t14m.
reac:h.e s point A.
Vr=Vr-24'44 * t
l'ussing r.'tltiL lc
.B
1^ '
A First
Passing Sight Distance
d,=V1t1+rat'

(Overtaking Distance) in a d, - 24.44(2.s) r

mm EllFBl* Two-Lane H )e.nles),
d, = 68.60 m
dr t/3d2 M i n. tta l; i g ht d i stunt.'c d, =V, t,
1ttr,t s i

Second d, = 26.67(10.4) = 277 .37 m.

@ Compute the passing sight distance that

vehicle A could move while overtaking the
d, =84m.

+ffiWB slow moving vehicle B before meeting the o,=10,

on-coming vehicle C.
2t3d2 a, =l{zn.ztl= 184,e1
Speed of car A - 96 kph
d1 d2 dj d.a
Perception-reaction time = 2.5 sec. Passing srght dstance:
Passing sight distance Average acceleration = 2.4 m/sec2 S=d, +d, +d3 +d4
Time the passing vehicle occupies the left
S = 68.60 + 277.37 + M + 184,91 = 614.88 m.
lane = 10.4 sec.
 248 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRaTTIc ENGINIERING TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC TNGINEERING 249

:Piriiblgml Sight Distance for Vertical O For stopping sight distance Design standards for stopping sight
Curves fu = height of eye level from the distance or sight distance for sag vertical
pavement curves are based on an assumed headlight
Compute the minimum passing sight
distance for the following data: A. For crest (summit) vertical hr = 1.08 m height of
600 mm and an upward
curves. hz. height of object divergence of the headlight beam of 1'.
hz = 0.60 m
Speed of the passing car = 90 kph
Speed of the overtaken vehicle - 80 kph a) WhenScL A=gr-gzin% @ For passing sight distance
Time of initial maneuver = 4 sec.
. hr = 1.08 m
Average acceleration 2.4 kphlsec.
hz = 1.08 m
0 WhenS<L
Time passing vehicle occupies the left r 12
lane = 9 sec, h2 . ,1.)

Distance between the passing vehicle at

P.C.
^s
P.T. @ Design standards used in the 12U | 3.5S
the end of its maneuver and the opposing L Philippines
vehicle = 80 m. Sight Distance Driver Eye 0bject
AS2 @ WhenS>L
l= Type Height (m) Height (m)
Solution:
r\ t, ttt L t. Lr, l, fio(,[zh,.,lrt\) Car Stopping
1.08 0.60 , _rc
L-LO--
120+3.5S
\1r "t",tt.'
t,t\\it\ t,|il, Sight Distance
tl l, A
rt&h(\ Nltt A
Truck Stopping
2.33 0.60
Sight Distance
b) WhenS>L Maneuver Sight
1.08 0.60
@ Comfort Criterion:
Distance
14h. ru$nr ri .eht il;h,ti t,
Passing Sight
.
L---
AV2
I
P.T. 1,08 1.08 395
hi h2
Distance
*@D Car Headlight A. gr- g, in%
&B
to Road V = design speed kph
2t1d) 0.60 0
n)
Surface Sight
L= length of vertical curve
r Distance
Irl!\in! listin(!
-'*{'[i '{i)'
sighr
Truck to Car
'- 'u A TailSisht 2.33 0.60
@ Appearance Criterion:
[Iin. passing sight distance = d, * Ou * do Distance
f a) When V > 60 kph but A < 2%
c) When hr = 1.08 m. and hz = 0.60 m.
@ California slandards length of vertical
butd.=?d- L.60 m
" 3' L=
curves "L"

Min. passing sight distance =

A

d, * O,
# rvhens<L a) When design speed V < 60 kph
Use L= 60 m b) When V < 60 kph
i L= 2s-T whenS>L L.60 n
d
, = distance between passinl vehicle at the b) When grade breaks { : gr - gz is less
end of its maneuver and opposingvehicte lhan2olo c) WhenA<2%
Usel=60m
d, =Vt d) L=6q L=60m

o, = 9{ffiQ =22s m.
K = length of vertical curue in meters c) When V > 60 kph and grade
for 1% change in grade break> 2o/o d) WhenV>60andA>2%
L A=gr-gz Use L= 2V L= 2V
Min. passing distance = + 80
5(225)
Min. passing distance . 380 m.
d) When V > 60 kph but grade
e) R=100K break < 2olo

R = radius of parabolic curve Use L= 60 m

 25O TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPoRTATION & TRAFFIC E:NGI NEERING 251

Assume S < L Stopping Sight Distance for O Compute the max. speed of the car that
can pass lhru this curve
A 5% grade intersects a - l.4o/o grade at
Summit Vertical Curves @ Compute the length of the vsrtlcal
station 1 + 990 of elevation 42.30 m.
l: AS2
curve in meters for every 1% change in
Design a vertical summit parabolic curve ioo(f( - Jn\)' I
grade.
connecting the two tangent grades to @ Compute the equivalent radius of the
conform with the following safe stopping A_9, _9,
A vertical summit (crest) curve has tangent vertical curve.
sight distance specifications. a = s (-s.+) grade of +0.5% and a -1.0o/o grade for a
- road which will provide a stopping sight
Design velocity 60 kph A=8.4 Solution:
Height of distance of
190 m. Height driver's eye
driver's eye from the
pavement = 1.37 m.
road
, (8.4)(83.32)'? above the pavement is 1.07 m and the ' (i) t\4ax. speed of the car

Height of an object over the pavement heighl of the object ahead is 0.15 m. Assume S > L
roo(vDtrs4 - rD(o 10))' Compute the minimum length of a crest
ahead = 100 mm.
Perception-reaction time 2 1L
sec. L. 131.92 m. > 83.32 okasassumed
vertical curve lor a design speed of 2oo(fi-6)'
Coefficient of friction 1 00 kph. L=2S-
between the road A
pavement and the tires = 0.15.
(z) Elevation of highest point of cuwe: Solution: A=9,-9,
O Determine the stopping sight distance. Assume S>L A=2.8-(-1.6)
@ Oetermine the length of curve. S/=18 52
@ Determine the elevation of 2oo(fr,-- A=4.4o/o >
point on curve.
highest .
F,t.12
L=2S-
fi;)' 2o/o

Solufion;
?., A
L = 2(130)
2001 (J*.S;)'
A=o - 0^
O Stopping sight distance:
12.56
4.4

'- -L=l3t A=oo5-(-1) L ' 121 .38 m. ok as assumed

r,,i.Jr * ^t
t,lffit r,,=,ijt,,r,
h2 ,o( doz * J015)'
L=2V
s,= 9,L L=2(1eo)- 121.38 = 2Y
9, -9, 1.5
V = 60.69 kph
5 =y1+(f+G)
Y2
L=110.5m ok S>l
e _- 0.05(131.92)
"' 6.[5+6334 Check:
v'ffi = 16'67m/s S,= 78.52 m.
Check for Ap pe arance C r ite rion
V>60,andA>2%
Grade break = 1.5% < 2%
(rooz) L=2V
s=rooz[1]* H=:(9,-s")
I

Use L*," = 60 m.
[ 4, 2(e.81X0.15 + 0 05)

S - 83.32 m. fl
131.92(0.05 + 0.034 @ Length of the veilcal curve in meters for
=
B - every 170 change in grade
H = 1.39 Sight Distance for Vertical L=KA
@ Length ofcurve y _ 1.39
Summit Curves 121.38 = K(4.41
(53.4)'z (65.96), K" 27.59 m
0l!
y = 0.91
ht Elev. of highest point A vertical parabolic curve has a sight @ Equivalent radius of the vertical curve
P,C,
distance of 130 m, The curve has tangent R=100K
= 42.30 - 12.56(0"034) - 0.91
grades of +2.8olo and .1.6%. lf the height ol
= 40.963 m. R= 100(27.59)
the driver's eye from the pavement is 1.08
m. and the height of the object is 0.50 m., R= 2759 m.
 252 TRaruspoRra TION & TRAFFIC E NGINEERING
TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIc ENGINEERING 253
Passi ng Sight Distance for Headlight Sight Distance
Crest (Summit) (Stopping i Sight Distance) 2.287 Froblom Note: For small total grade chango catt be
Vertical Curve for sharp to cause discomfoi without violaling
Vertical Curve srght distance sfandards. AASHTO
Determine the minimum length of a sag
Pi6blem vertical curve between a - 0.7o/o grade and
suggesl a comfort standards whlch is
DPWH requirements:
a + 0.5 grade for a road with 110 kph eoualto f=-AV2
Compute the length of
Headlight heighl = 0.60 m design speed. The vertical curye must ' ?oA
vedcal curve that
will provide passing sight distance for provide 220 m. headlight sight distance. where: A=gz-gr%
a
design speed of 100 kph at the intersection A one-degree upward divergence of the light V- desrgn speed in kph
of + 1.49 % grade with a - 0.60 % grade. beam is used in computing the length of ihe Solution;
sag ve(ical curves. Assume S < L Note : Appearance criterion
Solution:
, AS2
@ When V = 110 kph > 60 kph
S=Vt+ V' O When S<L 120 + 3.55 Grade break = 1.2o/o < 2o/o
(f+G)
, AS2 A=g, -9., Use Lnrin = 60 m.

v=ffi=16'67m/s 120 + 3.5 S

n o.s- (- o.z (O When V < 60 kph
= )
Grade breaks < 2%
$: 16 6?[ 3 + (16.67)' A= 1.2
i 2(9.81X0.15 + 0.05)
@ When S>L
1.2 220
Use L,n, = 60 m"

S = 83.32 m.
L_ @ When V = 100 kph > 60 kph
Grade brakes > 2% t
L=2S-ftzo+rss1 120 + 3.5 220
LA] L=65.3m
UseL=2V

Fioblem where:
Therefore, use L = 60 m.
L = length of sag curve
ButS>L notok
Compute the minimum length of vertical S
" the distance between the vertical and Iry S>[
curve that will provide 1g0 m. stopping point where the one degree upward
sight distance for a design speed of'lld single of the iight beam interseits the ,_ru_(rzo*e.ss)
kph at the intersection of a + J.5o7o gy66" surface of the roadway or stopping [A)
and a-2.70%grade. sight distance Compute the minimum length of vertical
120 + 3.5(220\/
A = algebraic difference in grades in (yo) L=2t2201-
\/1.2 \ sag curve that will provide 130 m. stopping
Solution: sight distance for a design speed of 80 kph
Usin g appearance criterion.
L =-301.7m
-- at the intersection of a -2,30% and a +4.8o/o
grade.
V>60kph
@ Comfort criterion Since L<0 , noveiical curue is needed to
A> 2o/o Solution:
UseL=2V . AV2 provide stopping srghf dlstance, Assume S < L
395
t= z (tto) O Comfort criterion
A=4.8-F2.30)
where:
L=220m.
L = length ofsag curve
. AV2 A=7.1
Use 1,220 m.
A = algebraic difference in grades in (%)
395 . AS2

_ r.z(fi0)'
where V= 1 10 kph 120 + 3.5 S
V = max. velocity of vehicle passing thru ..
A=3.s- (-2.70) the sag curve in kph 395 7.1(1 30)'?

L = 36.76 m. 120 + 3.s(130)

A= 6.2%
L= 208.68 okasassumed
 2.54 TRANSPO RTATION & TRZTTTIC ENGINEERING
TRANSP()RTATION & TRAFF.IC ENGINEERING 255
Check for appearance criterion:
Using comfort criterion for sag curve.
V=80>60kph nC=l S (approximately) (AD;: = 6z + ft2- P2 + 2 RM - M2
' Grades brakesT .l > . AV2
(AD;z'62+2RM-M2
2o/o
20a (i )'= r' +2 RM-M2
Use L =2V (AC)2=(AD)2+M2
L = 2(80) , s (roo)'
L= ' '
c2
i =2nn't (AClz=62+2RM-M2+M2
395
L=160m. (AC)2=62+2P14
L = 126.58 m.
52
Check for comfort criterion: fill=
Assume S<L 8R (AC),=(?)2+zRM
. AV2
395
. AS2 M = clear distance from center of roadway
120 + 3.S S to lhe obslruction
7.1(80)'? g
S = sight distance along the center of Let AC
,_
L = s (rgo)' I
395 roadway

* =*# -,*,
L = 115.04 m tzo+es(1e6) R = radius of center - line curve
L = length of curve
Use L = 115,04nr L=2N.94m. okasassumed
D = degree of curve
32=52-2SL+12+gRIr/
UseL= /26.58rn R-M
cos0= R 8RM=2SL-12
StoppinE Sig ht Distance for
R-M=RCoso
Sa Curves M=R-RCoss
Sight Distance for M=R(1-Coso) ,,UffiII
Horizontal Curves
@ When S>L
Compute the minimum length of vertical O When S<L
curve that will provide 190 m. stoooino
sight distance for a design ,p.eo oijod
kph at the intersection ot-a _'Z.OZ, A highway curve has a radius of 80 m and a

anda+2.40%grade.
trale length of 90 m. lf the required, sight distance is
60 m, how far off the center of the road could
M you allow the bushes to grow?
Solution:
V = 100 kph > 60 kph
P, ,,R Solufion;
A=gr -g, R'-, .'R 80m
R
A =2.6 - (.2.4) ,,?1,,...."'

A=5
L+2d=S fi'
,tt
Using appearance criterion S . sight distance
S.L i

V>60kph L = length of curve d=- 2 n' R

(AC)2=gz+14P;z n.{ ft
A>2% (AC)2=(AD)2+M2 8m
(AD;z = gz - (R - ty;z
ThereforeL"2V
(AOlz = Pz - (R2 - Z Rtrl +
.

n4z)
(AD)2=(A0)2-(R-W2
80=
gf
L = 2(1oo) - 2oo m. (A0)2=(AE)2+R2 8m
(AD)z=2RM-M2
(AD)2 = (AE)2 1 Pz - 1R - tvt;2 rn = 5,625 meters
256 TRANSPORTATI()N & TNATTIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 257

Solution:
Z-2gll . Problem M-
S' (D Side slope of the section ,Prehlem
8R ".29,4.
The clearance to an obstruction is 40 m. and S' The following notes are for irregular cross-
the desirable sight distance when rounding a
5.8 =8(120) 2.1 section. Compute the cross-sectional area.
horizontal curve is 600 m. Determine the 1) Width of roadway is 12 m. with side slopes
minimum radius of horizontal curve if the S = 74.62m < L (Use smallestS fordesrgn 2.3.S Bt2 Ill2 s ol 1:2.
length of curve is 550 m. long speed of cars utilizingthe road)
6..15 4.5

V'
c2.67 C3.33 C4.00 C2,83 C2.33 C1.67
Solution: .l=600 m.
S=Vt* B
11.U 8,00 4.00 0 s.00
/,
l-=550 nt 2g(f + G)
i +2,3S=6.45 9.34

P.C T,
74.62 =VQ.S\
B
+ S =4.5 Solution:
2(9.81X0.35 + 0) 2
1.3 S = 1.95
V'1 + 17 17V - 512.42= 0
It ft S=1.5
V = 15,62 m/s
:J;
V = 15.62(3 6)
L(2s'L)
M - (D Width of road base
1.61 l.a
8R V = 56.25 kph 3.14 5 l l.l4
B
L(2S-L) -+ S- 4"5 0 Li4
^_ 2 f.14
8M
B
550[2(600)-550]
D_ -+ 1.5 = 4.5
8(40) Eafthworks 2

R= 1117.19 n. l| = 6 m. o=4#Q1sy*G$-M roe+l

Areas of Cross-Section Notes
of an Earthworks -
334(.6i) * 11.!!3)1a1
2.29.2 Prohlem
G) Area ofthe cross-section 22
2.293 Problem m
.jr
*
(8 + 2.67),,
*) _
2.67(5.34)

A building is located 5.8 m. from the centerline 22

of the inside lane of a curve section of Given the cross.section notes of an ..1
A= tB.14m2 -

highway with 120 m. radius. The road is level.

earthworks for the proposed extension of .5
.0

NLEX.
Perception+eaction time is 2.5 sec. and 3.45 1.5

coefficient of friction is 0.35. Determine the sTA.10 + 100 6.45 ,1.5

appropriate speed limit in kph considering the Left Center Right

stopping sight distance.
6.45 0 4.5
*23 *1.5 +1.0 A
_ 3(2.3) + 1.5(6.45) + 1.5(4.5) + 3(1)
Solution:
2222 The cross-sectional area of a road with
width of 10 m is 42.9 square meters. The
O Compute the side slope S of the A= 13,16 m2 cross-sectional area is as follows:
) section. 9.8 0 7.4
@
r, ',R .r'.
@
Compute the width of road base.
Compute the area of the cross-section.
zlit.z
a'-. i ,,R Determine the value of x
\t