Polity test (TEST2Polity test (TEST2)

Explanation:
1. A::4
States were not compelled to enter into the federation.
Salient features of Government of India Act 1935::
1. The Act gave more autonomy to the provinces. Diarchy was abolished at the
provincial levels.
2. A bicameral federal legislature would be established, in some provinces also like
Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces.
3. Separate communal electorates were a measure through which the British
wanted to ensure the Congress Party could never rule on its own. It was also a way
to keep the people divided.
4. Federation was to consist of British India and the princely states. The provinces
in British India would have to join the federation but this was not compulsory for
the princely states.
5.Other features are Federal court, Diarchy at the centre, Indian Council was
abolished etc,

2. A::3
A. Bicameral system was introduced by Montague- Chelmsford Reforms and
abolished in some states through Government of India Act 1935.
B. Legislative devolution- Indian Councils Act, 1861
By the charter act of 1833 legislation had been centralised. The legislative council
had alone the power to legislate all parts of the country. Indian Councils act 1861,
limited the functions of the legislative council.
C. Separate electorate -1935Minto-Morley Reforms introduced separate electorate
for Muslims, Sikhs.
D. Provincial autonomy - Government of India Act 1935 abolished diarchy at
provinces, provided more autonomy to the provinces.This Introduced Diarchy at
the centre.
3.A::1
Provisions of Charter Act 1833::
● The East India company’s commercial activities were closed down. It was
made into an administrative body for British Indian possessions.
● The company’s trade links with China were also closed down.
 ● It redesignated the Governor General of the Bengal as Governor General of
India.Thus with the Charter Act of 1833 William Bentinck became the first
Governor General of British India.
● Act declared that merit was to be the basis for employment in Government
services.And the religion, birthplace and race of the candidates were not to
be considered in employment. This act provisioned to freely admit the
natives of India to share an administration in the country.
● The number of members of Governor General Council fixed at 4.However
4th member was not entitled to act as a member of the council, except for
legislative purposes.
● The Act of 1833 authorised the Governor General to appoint Indian law
commissioners to study, collate and codify various rules and regulations
prevalent in India. Not Indians as law members of the council.
4. A::3
1. Dyarchy was introduced by Government of India Act 1919 i.e., there were two
classes of administrators – Executive councillors and ministers.The Governor was
the executive head of the province.
2. The principle of representation was initiated through Indian Councils act 1892.
The district boards, universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce and
zamindars were authorised to recommend members to the provincial councils. ‘The
act made a limited and indirect provision for the use of election in filling up some
of the non-official seats both in the Central and provincial legislative councils. The
word “election” was, however, not used in the Act. The process was described as
nomination made on the recommendation of certain bodies
3. Indian councils Act of 1861 made a beginning of the representative institutions
by associating Indians with the law-making process.
4. Pitts India Act of 1784 was significant for two reasons: first, the Company’s
territories in India were for the first time called the ‘British possessions in India’;
and second, the British Government was given the supreme control over
Company’s affairs and its administration in India

5. A.2
The act known as the Act for the Good Government of India, abolished the East
India Company, and transferred the powers of Government, territories and
revenues to the British Crown. It created a new office, Secretary of State for India,
vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration.
Administration power of India did not shared with East India Company.
6. A:4
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced responsible Governments in
provinces, that is, the Governor was required to act with the advice of ministers
responsible to the provincial legislature.
7. A::1
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 is an important landmark in the constitutional and
political history of India. It made a beginning of the representative institutions by
associating Indians with the law-making process. It, thus, provided that the
Viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded
council.11

8.A::3
Indian Councils Act of 1909 introduced a system of communal representation for
Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim
members were to be elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘legalised
communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal
Electorate.
9.A::2
The Government of India Act 1919 divided the provincial subjects into two parts–
transferred and reserved. The transferred subjects were to be administered by the
Governor with the aid of Ministers ,tresponsible to the legislative council. The
reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the Governor and
his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council. This dual
scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy.
10. A:: 4
1. The Government of India Act 1919 provided for the establishment of a public
service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in
1926 for recruiting civil servants.
2. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council
(other than the Commander-in-Chief) were to be Indian.
3. It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating
the central and provincial subjects.
11.A::1
Government of India Act of 1935 The Act marked a second milestone towards a
completely responsible government in India. It provided for the establishment of
an All-India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
12.A::1
Regulating Act of 1773 was of great constitutional importance as (a) it was the first
step taken by the British Government to control and regulate the affairs of the East
India Company in India; (b) it recognised, for the first time, the political and
administrative functions of the Company; and (c) it laid the foundations of central
administration in India.
13.A::3
Charter Act of 1833 ended the activities of the East India Company as a
commercial body, which became a purely administrative body.
14. A::2
Government of India Act of 1858 created a new office, Secretary of State for India,
vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration. The
secretary of state was a member of the British Cabinet and was responsible
ultimately to the British Parliament. It established a 15-member council of India to
assist the Secretary of State for India. The council was an advisory body.
15. A:: 2
MontaguChelmsford Reforms (Montagu was the Secretary of State for India and
Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India) or The Government of India Act 1919.
16. A:: 3
Indian Councils Act of 1909 introduced a system of communal representation for
Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim
members were to be elected only by Muslim voters.
The Government of India Act 1919 extended the principle of communal
representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians,
Anglo-Indians and Europeans.It relaxed the central control over the provinces by
demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects. The central and
provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their respective list of
subjects
Indian Councils Act of 1861 initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring
the legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. This policy of
legislative devolution resulted in the grant of almost complete internal autonomy to
the provinces in 1937.
17. A::2
A. Indian Council Act, 1909 -Morley-Minto Reforms
B. Government of India Act, 1919 Report and Joint Select Committee
Recommendation- Montague- Chelmsford Reforms
C. Government of India Act, 1935- Simon Commission Report and Joint Select
Committee
Recommendation
D. Indian Independence Act, 1947- Mountbatten Plan

18. A::4
Nehru described Government of India Act, 1935 as ‘Charter of Slavery’.
19. A::3
The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for a three-fold enumeration, viz.,
federal, provincial and concurrent. The present Constitution follows the scheme of
this act but with one difference, that is, under this act, the residuary powers were
given neither to the federal legislature nor to the provincial legislature but to the
governorgeneral of India. In this respect, India follows the Canadian precedent.
20.A:: 2
The monopoly of Indian trade of the East India Company was abolished by the
Charter Act of 1813.It abolished the trade monopoly of the company in India i.e.,
the Indian trade was thrown open to all British merchants. However, it continued
the monopoly of the company over trade in tea and trade with China.
21. A:: 1
The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for the establishment of an All-
India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its
place. the Act introduced responsible Governments in provinces, that is, the
Governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the
provincial legislature.
22. A:: 3
Indian Councils Act of 1909 considerably increased the size of the legislative
councils, both Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central
legislative council was raised from 16 to 60.
It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims.
It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels.
For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move
resolutions on the budget and so on
Indian Councils Act of 1892 increased the functions of legislative councils and
gave them the power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to the
executive.
23.A:: 1
1. The Regulating Act (1773-1781)
2. Pitt’s India Act (1784)
3. The Charter Act (1783-1853)
4. Indian Council Act
24. A::2
Regulating Act of 1773 designated the Governor of Bengal as the
‘GovernorGeneral of Bengal’ and created an Executive Council of four members
to assist him. The first such GovernorGeneral was Lord Warren Hastings.
it was the first step taken by the British Government to control and regulate the
affairs of the East India Company in India;
Government of India Act of 1858 ended the system of double Government by
abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors.
25. A:: 3
the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950. This day is referred to in the
Constitution as the ‘date of its commencement’, and celebrated as the Republic
Day
26. A:: 4
1. Union Powers Committee- Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Drafting Committee- - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
3. Business Committee- - Dr. K.M. Munshi
4. Steering Committee- - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
27.A:: 1
Regulating Act of 1773 provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at
Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges.
28. A:: 1
The Cabinet Mission Plan was a statement made by the Cabinet Mission and the
Viceroy, Lord Wavell, on May 16, 1946. Cabinet Mission Plan Major Proposals
are Rejection of demand for Pakistan, Grouping of Provincial Assembly,
Constituent Assembly, Federation. The cabinet mission plan envisaged a federal
structure for India. Three tier executive and legislature was proposed at provincial,
section and union levels. Cabinet Mission ejected the idea of two Constituent
Assemblies, it put forth a scheme for the Constituent Assembly.
29. A:: 1
Government of India Act, 1919 introduced dual scheme of governance was known
as ‘dyarchy.
Indian Councils Act of 1861- Devolution of legislative authority by the Centre to
the provinces.
Indian Councils Act of 1909- Introduction of separate communal electorates for
Muslims.
30. A::3
The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made
India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a
"Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types
of states. The Governor was the executive head of category A states. The Raj
pramukh was the executive head of category B states. The Chief Commissioner
was the executive head of categories C and D states.
31.A::3
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946.
On November, 1949 finalised the Constitution of India.
32. A:: 3
Jawahar Lal Nehru
33. A::4
Among all the committees of the Constituent Assembly, the most important
committee was the Drafting Committee set up on August 29, 1947. It consisted of
seven members. They were:
1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
2. N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
4. Dr. K.M. Munshi
5. Syed Mohammad Saadullah
6. N. Madhava Rau
7. T.T. Krishnamachari
34. A::1
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the then Law Minister, piloted the Draft Constitution in the
Assembly. He took a very prominent part in the deliberations of the Assembly. He
is recognised as the ‘Father of the Constitution of India’ and the ‘chief architect of
the Constitution of India’ is also known as a ‘Modern Manu’.
35.A:: 1
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946.
The people of India adopted, enacted and gave to themselves the Constitution on
26th November, 1949
The Constitution was finally signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly
on 24th January, 1950 :
The date of commencement of the Constitution on 26th January, 1950
36.A::2
The term ‘Preamble’ refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution. It
contains the summary or essence of the Constitution.
The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
1. Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the
Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
2. Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular
democratic and republican polity.
3. Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and
fraternity as the objectives. 4. Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates
November 26, 1949, as the date.
37.A::2
The Constituent Assembly was constituted in November 1946 under the scheme
formulated by the Cabinet Mission Plan.
38. A:: 2
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. The
meeting was, thus, attended by only 211 members. Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, the
oldest member, was elected as the temporary President of the Assembly. Later, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly.
39. A::1
The Constituent Assembly of India started functioning from 9th December, 1946.
40.A::4
On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objectives
Resolution’ in the Assembly. It laid down the fundamentals and philosophy of the
constitutional structure.
41. A:: 3
1. Sardar Patel -Provincial Constitution Committee, Advisory Committee on
Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas.
2. J.B. Kripalani -Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee
3. Dr. K.M. Munshi - Order of Business Committee
Jay Prakash Narayan not a member of The Constituent Assembly.
42. A:: 2
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar moved a motion–‘the Constitution as settled by the Assembly
be passed’. The motion on Draft Constitution was declared as passed on November
26, 1949, and received the signatures of the members and the president. The
Drafting Committee, after taking into consideration the proposals of the various
committees, prepared the first draft of the Constitution of India, which was
published in February, 1948. the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.
43.A:: 2
Constituent Assembly had 11 sessions over two years, 11 months and 18 days.
44. A::1
Constituent Assembly took two years, 11 months and 18 days to produce
constitution.
45. A:: 1
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949, contained a Preamble, 395
Articles and 8 Schedules. The Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.
46.A ::4
The Drafting Committee set up on August 29, 1947. It was this committee that was
entrusted with the task of preparing a draft of the new Constitution.
47. A:: 4
Sardar Patel was the Chairman of the Provincial Constitution Committee of the
Constituent Assembly.
48.A:: 1
Drafting Committee consisted of seven members. They were: 1. Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar (Chairman) 2. N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar 3. Alladi Krishnaswamy
Ayyar 4. Dr. K.M. Munshi 5. Syed Mohammad Saadullah 6. N. Madhava Rau (He
replaced B.L. Mitter who resigned due to ill-health) 7. T.T. Krishnamachar.
49. A:: 1
Jawahar Lal Nehru proposed the Preamble before the Drafting Committee of the
Constitution.
50. A:: 3
Deferment of adult franchise for fifteen years was advocated in Constituent
Assembly by Maulana Azad.
51. A:: 4
The Government of India Act,1935 , exercised the most profound influence in
framing the Indian Constitution. P.R. Deshmukh, a member of the Constituent
Assembly, commented that “the Constitution is essentially the Government of
India Act of 1935 with only adult franchise added”.
52. A:1
Constituent Assembly was not a representative body as its members were not
directly elected by the people of India on the basis of universal adult franchise.
The Constituent Assembly appointed a number of committees to deal with
different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees
and the others were minor committees.
Although the Constituent Assembly was not directly elected by the people of India
on the basis of adult franchise, the Assembly comprised representatives of all
sections of the Indian society.
The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was to be 389.
53. A:: 3
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 established dyarchy in the provinces and
The extension of the provincial government. It further divided the provincial
subjects into two parts– transferred and reserved.
54.A:: 3
In the federation under the Act of 1935, residuary powers were given to the
Governor-General. The Act divided the powers between the Centre and units in
terms of three lists–Federal List (for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for
provinces, with 54 items) and the Concurrent List (for both, with 36 items).
Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy.
55. A:: 3
Government of India Act of 1919 objective was the gradual introduction of
responsible Government in India .It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and
direct elections in the country. Thus, the Indian legislative council was replaced by
a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a
Lower House (Legislative Assembly).
56. A::1
The Motilal Nehru Report 1928 was a report by a committee headed by Pt. Motilal
Nehru. This committee was created when Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State of
India asked the Indian leaders to draft a constitution for the country.
The main points of the Nehru report were as follows:
1. India would be given Dominion status. This means independence within the
British Commonwealth.
2. India will be a federation which shall have a bicameral legislature at the centre
and Ministry would be responsible to the legislature.
3. Governor General of India would be the constitutional head of India and will
have the same powers as that of British Crown.
4. There will be no separate electorate.
5. The draft report also defined the citizenship and fundamental rights.

57. A::
Constituent Assembly adopted Indian Constitution in 1949.
58. A:: 1
the Constituent Assembly was to be a partly elected and partly nominated body.
Moreover, the members were to be indirectly elected by the members of the
provincial assemblies, who themselves were elected on a limited franchise.
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949.
The Assembly included all important personalities of India at that time, with the
exception of Mahatma Gandhi.
59. A:: 3
Jawahar Lal Nehru
60. A::1
A. The Indian Councils Act, 1892 - Introduction of the principle of election

B. The Indian Councils Act 1909 -Introduction of separate electorate for the
Muslims
C. The Government of India Act, 1919 - Introduction of dyarchy in provinces
D. The Government of India Act, 1935- Introduction of provincial autonomy.
61. A:: 1
A. Presidential System - Separation of powers
B. Parliamentary System and legislature
C. Federal System - is one in which powers are divided between the national
government and the regional governments by the Constitution itself and both
operate in their respective jurisdictions independently
D. Unitary System - a unitary government is one in which all the powers are vested
in the national government and the regional governments, if at all exist, derive their
authority from the national government.
62. A:: 2
on November 26, 1949, is the date mentioned in the Preamble as the date on which
the people of India in the Constituent Assembly adopted, enacted and gave to
themselves this Constitution.
63. A:: 4
The Presidential Government operates on the principle of
separation of powers.
64. A:: 2
UK constitution is unwritten.
65. A:: 4
In the Kesavananda Bharati case3 (1973), the Supreme Court overruled its
judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967). It upheld the validity of the 24th
Amendment Act (1971) and stated that Parliament is empowered to abridge or take
away any of the Fundamental Rights. At the same time, it laid down a new doctrine
of the ‘basic structure’ (or ‘basic features’) of the Constitution. It ruled that the
constituent power of Parliament under Article 368 does not enable it to alter the
‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.
‘basic features’ of the Constitution or elements of the ‘basic structure’ of the
constitution:
1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Sovereign, democratic and republican nature of the Indian polity
3. Secular character of the Constitution
4. Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
5. Federal character of the Constitution
6. Unity and integrity of the nation
7. Judicial review
 9. Parliamentary system etc..
66. A:: 2
Strong Centre, Single government, that is, the national government which may
create regional governments. No division of powers. All powers are vested in the
national government.
67. A::4
All statements are correct.
68. A:: 2
USA
69. A:: 1
The modern concept of parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of
Great Britain between 1707–1800. A parliamentary system or parliamentary
democracy is a system of democratic governance of a state, where
the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from the legislature, typically
a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. examples, Denmark,
SWeeden, Norway etc.
70. A:: 2
USA
71. A:: 2
The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms– social, economic
and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and
Directive Principles.
Socialistic Principles of DPSPs are Those principles reflect the ideology of
socialism. They lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state, aim at
providing social and economic justice, and set the path towards welfare state. EX:
To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
72. A:: 3
By using the Ram Rajya slogan, Gandhiji implied an ideal Rajya where values of
justice, equality, idealism, renunciation and sacrifice were practised.
73. A:: 3
The bedrock principle of parliamentary government is The ministers are
collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in
particular (Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. The
principle of collective responsibility implies that the Lok Sabha can remove the
ministry (i.e., council of ministers headed by the prime minister) from office by
passing a vote of no confidence.
74. A:: 2
At Avadi Session of 1955 Congress officially accepted the ‘Socialistic Pattern of
Society’. This historical meet emphasised the importance of socialism and its
impact on social development. Jawaharlal Nehru with Morarji Desai and other
Congress leaders at the AICC session declared that a socialistic pattern of society
was the goal of the Congress.
75. A:: 2
In Indian polity the Constitution is supreme. Supremacy of the Constitution is the
element of the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution. 
76. A:: 2
Executive is responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in
particular (Article 75).
77. A::1
Basic features’ of the Constitution are;
Federal character of the Constitution
Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
Sovereign, democratic and republican nature of the Indian polity.
Parliamentary system, etc…
78. A:: 2
The instrument of instructions contained in the Government of India Act, 1935 has
been incorporated in the constitution of India in the year 1950 as Directive
Principles of State Policy. The main reason behind this policy is to create a welfare
State. Principles like freedom of expression, belief, faith and worship, equality in
opportunity and status and promote a sense of unity and integrity of the nation has
been included in this policy.
79. A:: 3
Written Constitution is the fundamental law of the land in our country. It has
defined the authority and jurisdiction of all the three organs of the Union
government and the nature of interrelationship between them. Hence, the
Parliament has to operate within the limits prescribed by the Constitution. There is
also a legal distinction between the legislative authority and the constituent
authority of the Parliament. Moreover, to effect certain amendments to the
Constitution, the ratification of half of the states is also required. In Britain, on the
other hand, the Constitution is neither written nor there is anything like a
fundamental law of the land.
80. A:: 2
Features of Presidential syatem: 1. Single executive. 2. President and legislators
elected separately for a fixed term. 3. Non-responsibility 4. Political homogeneity
may not exist. 5. Single membership 6. Domination of president. 7. No dissolution
of Lower House. 8. Separation of powers.
81. A:: 4
In a republic the head of the state is always elected directly or indirectly for a fixed
period, e.g., USA. Therefore, the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that
India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed
period of five years. A republic also means two more things: one, vesting of
political sovereignty in the people and not in a single individual like a king;
second, the absence of any privileged class and hence all public offices being
opened to every citizen without any discrimination.
In a monarchy, the head of the state (usually king or queen) enjoys a hereditary
position.
82. A:: 4
Both a real and nominal executive, a system of collective responsibility and
bicameral legislature are common features of India and the British.
83. A:: 3
Article 1 describes India, that is, Bharat as a ‘Union of States’ rather than a
‘Federation of States.
84. A:: 2
The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution from Articles
12 to 35. In this regard, the framers of the Constitution derived inspiration from the
Constitution of USA (i.e., Bill of Rights).
85.A:: 4
The salient features of the Constitution are::
1.Lengthiest Written Constitution 2. Drawn From Various Sources 3. Blend of
Rigidity and Flexibility 4. Federal System with Unitary Bias 5. Parliamentary
Form of Government 6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial
Supremacy. 7. Integrated and Independent Judiciary 8. Fundamental Rights 9.
Directive Principles of State Policy. 10. Fundamental Duties 11.A Secular State
12. Universal Adult Franchise 13. Single Citizenship 14. Independent Bodies 15.
Emergency Provisions 16. Three-tier Government 17. Co-operative Societies
86. A:: 4
Part II- Citizenship-Articles( 5 to 11)
Part V- The Union Government-Articles( 52 to 151)
Part XV- Elections-Articles( 324 to 329- A)
Part XXII- Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals-
Articles( 393 to 395)
Part XXI -Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions –Articles(369 to 392)
87. A:: 4
Features of Federal Constitution:
1.Dual Government (that is, national government and regional government) 2.
Written Constitution 3. Division of powers between the national and regional
government 4. Supremacy of the Constitution 5. Rigid Constitution 6. Independent
judiciary 7. Bicameral legislature.
88. A:: 3
Indian Constitution is federal with unitary bias.
89. A:: 4
Part I -The Union and its territory 1 to 4
Part XX- Amendment of the Constitution 368
Part XVIII- Emergency Provisions 352 to 360
Part IX -The Panchayats 243 to 243– 0
Part IX-A - The Municipalities 243-P to 243-ZG
90. A:: 4
A democratic polity, is based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty-possession of
supreme power by the people. Democracy is of two types–direct and indirect. In
direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in
Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum,
Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite. In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the
representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on
the government and make the laws. The Indian Constitution provides for
representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible
to the legislature for all its policies and actions.
Universal adult franchise, periodic elections, rule of law, independence of
judiciary, and absence of discrimination on certain grounds are the manifestations
of the democratic character of the Indian polity.
91. A:: 2
1.Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
2. It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order as social conflict often
leads to violence and political instability.
3.Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. The concept of democracy is a
system of government of the people, by the people and for the people, which
emphasizes on distribution of power among people.
4. It involves sharing powers with those affected by its exercise and who have to
live with its effects, so that the people would be consulted on how they are to be
governed.
92. A:: 3
93. A:: 4
A. Bill of Rights and Judicial Review -USA
B. Parliamentary system of Democracy- England
C. Directive Principles of state policy- Ireland
D. Residuary powers with the Centre- Canada
94. A::4
Weimar Constitution of Germany is the source of Suspension of Fundamental
Rights during Emergency.
95. A:: 1
A. India as a Union of States with greater powers to the Union-Canada
B. Fundamental Rights- USA
C. Directive Principles of State Policy -Ireland
D. Concurrent List in Union-State Relations –Australia
96. A:: 2
The concept of Judicial Review in our Constitution has been taken from the
Constitution of USA.
From US Constitution we borrowed Fundamental rights, independence of
judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme
Court and high court judges and post of vicepresident.
97. A::
The Constitution of India borrowed the scheme of Federation from the
Government of India Act of 1935.
98. A:: 2
The Federal System with strong centre’ has been borrowed by the Indian
Constitution from Canada.
99. A::
Government of India Act of 1935 is the source of Federal Scheme, Office of
governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions and
administrative details.
100. A:: 2
The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) of India (1966–1970)
recommended the setting up of two special authorities designated as ‘Lokpal’ and
‘lokayukta’ for the redressal of citizens’ grievances2 . These institutions were to be
set up on the pattern of the institution of Ombudsman in Scandinavian countries
and the parliamentary commissioner for investigation in New Zealand.
101. A:: 1
A. Directive Principles of state policy -Ireland
B. Emergency Power of the President -Germany
C. The Union- State Relations-Canada
D. Amendments of the Constitution –SouthAfrica
102. A:: 2
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949. Originally (1949), the
Constitution contained a Preamble, 395 Articles (divided into 22 Parts) and 8
Schedules.
The original constitution did not provide for the Fundamental Duties of the
citizens. These were added during the operation of internal emergency (1975–77)
by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of the
Swaran Singh Committee. The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added
one more fundamental duty.
103. A:: 2
The Government of India Act, 1935 is the biggest source for the Constitution of
India. Constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the
Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. Hence, the
Constitution as a “Carbon Copy of the 1935 Act” or an “Amended Version of the
1935 Act”.
104. A:: 4
A. Directive Principles of state policy -Ireland
B. Fundamental Rights -USA
C. Concurrent List in Union-State relations -Australia
D. India as a union of states with greater power to the union-Canada
105. A:: 2
British Constitution has inspired the Indian concepts of Rule of law, Parliamentary
system and law- making procedure.
106. A:: 1
Judicial Review concept borrowed from the US Constitution.
107. A:: 2
British Constitution- Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, legislative
procedure, single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary
privileges and bicameralism.
US Constitution- Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review,
impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme Court and high court judges
and post of vicepresident.
Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy, nomination of members to
Rajya Sabha and method of election of president.
South African Constitution -Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and
election of members of Rajya Sabha.
108. A:: All statements are correct
109. A:: 4
Article 3 authorises the Parliament to: (a) form a new state by separation of
territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by
uniting any territory to a part of any state; (b) increase the area of any state; (c)
diminish the area of any state; (d) alter the boundaries of any state; and (e) alter the
name of any state.
A bill contemplating the above changes can be introduced in the Parliament only
with the prior recommendation of the President; and two, before recommending
the bill, the President has to refer the same to the state legislature concerned for
expressing its views within a specified period. The President (or Parliament) is not
bound by the views of the state legislature and may either accept or reject them,
even if the views are received in time.
It is, thus, clear that the Constitution authorises the Parliament to form new states
or alter the areas, boundaries or names of the existing states without their consent.
In other words, the Parliament can redraw the political map of India according to
its will.
110. A:: 3
1. In June 1948, the Government of India appointed the Linguistic Provinces
Commission under the chairmanship of S.K. Dhar to examine the feasibility of
reorganisation of states on linguistic basis.
2. Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a threemember States
Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali.
3. In 1976, the Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make
recommendations about fundamental duties, the need and necessity of which was
felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977). The committee
recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the
Constitution.
4.At present, there are 11 Fundamental Duties.
111. A::2
112. A:: 2
Malaysia, Australia, Nigeria and Brazil are federal countries.
113. A:: 4
Sir B.N. Rau was appointed as the constitutional advisor (Legal advisor) to the
Constituent Assembly.
Constituent Assembly was not a representative body as its members were not
directly elected by the people of India on the basis of universal adult franchise.
On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objectives
Resolution’ in the Assembly.
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. The
Muslim League boycotted the meeting and insisted on a separate state of Pakistan.
114. A::3
Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of every state and every
local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the
mothertongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic
minority groups (Article 350-A in Part XVII).
115. A:: 4
The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the
Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories.
116. A:: 1
A. Article 54 - Election of the President of India
B. Article 75 - Appointment of the Prime Minister
C. Article 155 - Appointment of governor
D. Article 164 - Appointment of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers of a
State
117. A:: 1
Effective Majority of the house means more than 50% of the effective strength of
the house. This implies that out of the total strength, we deduct the vacant seats.
When the Indian Constitution mentions “all the then members”, that refers to
the effective majority. For example, in Rajya Sabha, out of the total strength of 245
members if there are 45 vacancies, then the effective strength of the house is 200.
Then the effective majority is 50% of 200 plus 1, ie 101.
Absolute majority refers to a majority of more than 50% of the total membership
of the house. For example, as the total membership of Lok Sabha is 545, an
absolute majority in Lok Sabha means – 50% of 545 plus 1, ie. 273.
118. A:: 1
Article 31B along with the Ninth Schedule was added by the 1st Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1951. Originally (in 1951), the Ninth Schedule contained only
13 acts and regulations but at present (in 2016) their number is 282.20 Of these, the
acts and regulations of the state legislature deal with land reforms and abolition of
the zamindari system and that of the Parliament deal with other matters.
119. A:: 4
Article 215- High Courts to be courts of record.
Article 275- Grants from the Union to certain states.
Article 325- No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included
in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
Article 355- Duty of the Union to protect states against external aggression and
internal disturbance.
120. A:: 1
First Schedule -Names of the States and their territorial jurisdiction and Names of
the Union Territories and their extent.
Second Schedule- Provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges.
Third Schedule -Forms of Oaths or Affirmations
Fourth Schedule- Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union
territories.
121. A:: 4
He is provided with a security of tenure. He can be removed only by a resolution
passed by the Lok Sabha by a special majority (ie, a majority of all the then
members of the House) and not by an ordinary majority (ie, a majority of the
members present and voting in the House). This motion of removal can be
considered and discussed only when it has the support of at least 50 members.
122. A:: 2
Article 257- Control of the Union over states in certain cases.
Article 258- Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases.
The Constitution has placed two restrictions on the executive power of the states in
order to give ample scope to the Centre for exercising its executive power in an
unrestricted manner. Thus, the executive power of every state is to be exercised in
such a way
(a) as to ensure compliance with the laws made by the Parliament and any existing
law which apply in the state; and
(b) as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of executive power of the Centre in
the state. While the former lays down a general obligation upon the state, the latter
imposes a specific obligation on the state not to hamper the executive power of the
Centre.
Article 355 imposes a duty on the Centre to ensure that the government of every
state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
Article 358 - Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during Emergencies.
123. A:: 1
Article 33- Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the
House of the people.
Article 368 - Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure
therefor
Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any
factory, mine or other hazardous activities like construction work or railway.
Article 45-To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they
complete the age of six years.
124. A:: 4
During its execution, constitution has 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.
Now,The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles grouped into 25 parts, with
12 schedules.
Article 31B along with the Ninth Schedule was added by the 1st Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1951.
Tenth schedule was added by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1985.
Eleventh schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
Twelfth schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.
125. A:: 3
Languages recognized by the Constitution. Originally, it had 14 languages but
presently there are 22 languages. Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added
by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.
126. A:: 2
Fifth Schedule Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled
areas and scheduled tribes.
127. A:: 3
presently there are 22 languages recognized by the Constitution.
128. A::
Presently there are 22 languages. They are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri
(Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili),
Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi,
Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.
Urdu. It is an additional official language of Jammu & Kashmir, Telangana, Delhi,
Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu
and Kashmir for the first time.
Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a language of option and a medium of
study in India, so that students can choose to learn Sindhi. Sindhi is an optional
third language in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Nepali has official status in the state of Sikkim, and additional official language in
Westbengal.
129. A::3
Article 36-Definition of State
Article 39- Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
Article 40 -Organisation of village panchayats
Article 48- Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
130. A:: 4
Article 1 of the Constitution declares India as Union of states.
131. A:: 1
Both the Centre and the states can make laws on the subjects of the concurrent list,
but in case of a conflict, the Central law prevails. The residuary subjects (ie, which
are not mentioned in any of the three lists) are given to the Centre( i.e. Parliament).
132. A:: 3
The Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution.
133. A:: 3
Article 112- Union Budget (annual financial statement)
134. A:: 1
Article 352-Proclamation of emergency (national emergency)
Article 355 -Duty of the Union to protect states against external aggression and
internal disturbance
Article 356 -Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states
(president’s rule)
Article 360 -Provisions as to financial emergency
135. A:: 4
Article 51::
To promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable
relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty
obligations, and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
136. A:: 4
(Article 249:: The Rajya Sabha has been given four exclusive or special powers
that are not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha. It can authorise the Parliament to make a
law on a subject enumerated in the State List .
137. A:: 3
Schedule Ninth of the Indian Constitution deals with certain acts and regulations of
State Legislatures dealing with land reforms and abolition of Zamindari.
138. A:: 3
Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to
amend the Constitution and its procedure. It states that the Parliament may, in
exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any
provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down for the
purpose. However, the Parliament cannot amend those provisions which form the
‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. This was ruled by the Supreme Court in the
Kesavananda Bharati case1 (1973).
139. A:: 3
The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the
Constitution from Articles 36 to 51 . The framers of the Constitution borrowed this
idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described these
principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. The Directive Principles
along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and
is the soul of the Constitution.
140. A:: 3
Till the passage of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, India was a dependency
(colony) of the British Empire. From August 15, 1947 to January 26, 1950, India’s
political status was that of a dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations.
India ceased to be a British dominion on January 26, 1950, by declaring herself a
sovereign republic. The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by
the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words–
Socialist, Secular and Integrity–to the Preamble.
141. A:: 3
The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of
1976. The word ‘secular state’ was not mentioned in the Constitution, there can be
no doubt that Constitutionmakers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly
Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have
been included in the constitution. The Indian Constitution embodies the positive
concept of secularism ie, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength)
have the same status and support from the state.
142. A:: 1
Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes and Sixth
Schedule–administration of tribal areas , require simple majority to amend.
143. A:: 1
Preamble contains the grand and noble vision of the Constituent Assembly, and
reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of the Constitution.
144. A:: 4
The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for
‘violation of the Constitution. The impeachment charges can be initiated by either
House of Parliament. These charges should be signed by one-fourth members of
the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days’ notice should be given to the
President. After the impeachment resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds
of the total membership of that House, it is sent to the other House, which should
investigate the charges.
145. A:: 2
The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words–Socialist,
Secular and Integrity–to the Preamble. This amendment was held to be valid.
146. A:: 3
Socialist
147. A:: 3
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
148. A:: 1
Preamble declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and
republican polity.
149. A:: 1
150. A:: 3
The Congress party itself adopted a resolution5 to establish a ‘socialistic pattern of
society’ in its Avadi session as early as in 1955 and took measures accordingly.
The Indian brand of socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ and not a ‘communistic
socialism’ (also known as ‘state socialism’) which involves the nationalisation of
all means of production and distribution and the abolition of private property.
Democratic socialism, on the other hand, holds faith in a ‘mixed economy’ where
both public and private sectors co-exist side by side.
.

)
Explanation:
1. A::4
States were not compelled to enter into the federation.
Salient features of Government of India Act 1935::
1. The Act gave more autonomy to the provinces. Diarchy was abolished at the
provincial levels.
2. A bicameral federal legislature would be established, in some provinces also like
Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces.
3. Separate communal electorates were a measure through which the British
wanted to ensure the Congress Party could never rule on its own. It was also a way
to keep the people divided.
4. Federation was to consist of British India and the princely states. The provinces
in British India would have to join the federation but this was not compulsory for
the princely states.
5.Other features are Federal court, Diarchy at the centre, Indian Council was
abolished etc,

2. A::3
A. Bicameral system was introduced by Montague- Chelmsford Reforms and
abolished in some states through Government of India Act 1935.
B. Legislative devolution- Indian Councils Act, 1861
By the charter act of 1833 legislation had been centralised. The legislative council
had alone the power to legislate all parts of the country. Indian Councils act 1861,
limited the functions of the legislative council.
C. Separate electorate -1935Minto-Morley Reforms introduced separate electorate
for Muslims, Sikhs.
D. Provincial autonomy - Government of India Act 1935 abolished diarchy at
provinces, provided more autonomy to the provinces.This Introduced Diarchy at
the centre.
3.A::1
Provisions of Charter Act 1833::
● The East India company’s commercial activities were closed down. It was
made into an administrative body for British Indian possessions.
● The company’s trade links with China were also closed down.
● It redesignated the Governor General of the Bengal as Governor General of
India.Thus with the Charter Act of 1833 William Bentinck became the first
Governor General of British India.
● Act declared that merit was to be the basis for employment in Government
services.And the religion, birthplace and race of the candidates were not to
be considered in employment. This act provisioned to freely admit the
natives of India to share an administration in the country.
 ● The number of members of Governor General Council fixed at 4.However
4th member was not entitled to act as a member of the council, except for
legislative purposes.
● The Act of 1833 authorised the Governor General to appoint Indian law
commissioners to study, collate and codify various rules and regulations
prevalent in India. Not Indians as law members of the council.
4. A::3
1. Dyarchy was introduced by Government of India Act 1919 i.e., there were two
classes of administrators – Executive councillors and ministers.The Governor was
the executive head of the province.
2. The principle of representation was initiated through Indian Councils act 1892.
The district boards, universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce and
zamindars were authorised to recommend members to the provincial councils. ‘The
act made a limited and indirect provision for the use of election in filling up some
of the non-official seats both in the Central and provincial legislative councils. The
word “election” was, however, not used in the Act. The process was described as
nomination made on the recommendation of certain bodies
3. Indian councils Act of 1861 made a beginning of the representative institutions
by associating Indians with the law-making process.
4. Pitts India Act of 1784 was significant for two reasons: first, the Company’s
territories in India were for the first time called the ‘British possessions in India’;
and second, the British Government was given the supreme control over
Company’s affairs and its administration in India

5. A.2
The act known as the Act for the Good Government of India, abolished the East
India Company, and transferred the powers of Government, territories and
revenues to the British Crown. It created a new office, Secretary of State for India,
vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration.
Administration power of India did not shared with East India Company.
6. A:4
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced responsible Governments in
provinces, that is, the Governor was required to act with the advice of ministers
responsible to the provincial legislature.
7. A::1
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 is an important landmark in the constitutional and
political history of India. It made a beginning of the representative institutions by
associating Indians with the law-making process. It, thus, provided that the
Viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded
council.11

8.A::3
Indian Councils Act of 1909 introduced a system of communal representation for
Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim
members were to be elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘legalised
communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal
Electorate.
9.A::2
The Government of India Act 1919 divided the provincial subjects into two parts–
transferred and reserved. The transferred subjects were to be administered by the
Governor with the aid of Ministers ,tresponsible to the legislative council. The
reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the Governor and
his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council. This dual
scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy.
10. A:: 4
1. The Government of India Act 1919 provided for the establishment of a public
service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in
1926 for recruiting civil servants.
2. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council
(other than the Commander-in-Chief) were to be Indian.
3. It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating
the central and provincial subjects.
11.A::1
Government of India Act of 1935 The Act marked a second milestone towards a
completely responsible government in India. It provided for the establishment of
an All-India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
12.A::1
Regulating Act of 1773 was of great constitutional importance as (a) it was the first
step taken by the British Government to control and regulate the affairs of the East
India Company in India; (b) it recognised, for the first time, the political and
administrative functions of the Company; and (c) it laid the foundations of central
administration in India.
13.A::3
Charter Act of 1833 ended the activities of the East India Company as a
commercial body, which became a purely administrative body.
14. A::2
Government of India Act of 1858 created a new office, Secretary of State for India,
vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration. The
secretary of state was a member of the British Cabinet and was responsible
ultimately to the British Parliament. It established a 15-member council of India to
assist the Secretary of State for India. The council was an advisory body.
15. A:: 2
MontaguChelmsford Reforms (Montagu was the Secretary of State for India and
Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India) or The Government of India Act 1919.
16. A:: 3
Indian Councils Act of 1909 introduced a system of communal representation for
Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim
members were to be elected only by Muslim voters.
The Government of India Act 1919 extended the principle of communal
representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians,
Anglo-Indians and Europeans.It relaxed the central control over the provinces by
demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects. The central and
provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their respective list of
subjects
Indian Councils Act of 1861 initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring
the legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. This policy of
legislative devolution resulted in the grant of almost complete internal autonomy to
the provinces in 1937.
17. A::2
A. Indian Council Act, 1909 -Morley-Minto Reforms
B. Government of India Act, 1919 Report and Joint Select Committee
Recommendation- Montague- Chelmsford Reforms
C. Government of India Act, 1935- Simon Commission Report and Joint Select
Committee
Recommendation
D. Indian Independence Act, 1947- Mountbatten Plan

18. A::4
Nehru described Government of India Act, 1935 as ‘Charter of Slavery’.
19. A::3
The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for a three-fold enumeration, viz.,
federal, provincial and concurrent. The present Constitution follows the scheme of
this act but with one difference, that is, under this act, the residuary powers were
given neither to the federal legislature nor to the provincial legislature but to the
governorgeneral of India. In this respect, India follows the Canadian precedent.
20.A:: 2
The monopoly of Indian trade of the East India Company was abolished by the
Charter Act of 1813.It abolished the trade monopoly of the company in India i.e.,
the Indian trade was thrown open to all British merchants. However, it continued
the monopoly of the company over trade in tea and trade with China.
21. A:: 1
The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for the establishment of an All-
India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its
place. the Act introduced responsible Governments in provinces, that is, the
Governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the
provincial legislature.
22. A:: 3
Indian Councils Act of 1909 considerably increased the size of the legislative
councils, both Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central
legislative council was raised from 16 to 60.
It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims.
It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels.
For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move
resolutions on the budget and so on
Indian Councils Act of 1892 increased the functions of legislative councils and
gave them the power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to the
executive.
23.A:: 1
1. The Regulating Act (1773-1781)
2. Pitt’s India Act (1784)
3. The Charter Act (1783-1853)
4. Indian Council Act
24. A::2
Regulating Act of 1773 designated the Governor of Bengal as the
‘GovernorGeneral of Bengal’ and created an Executive Council of four members
to assist him. The first such GovernorGeneral was Lord Warren Hastings.
it was the first step taken by the British Government to control and regulate the
affairs of the East India Company in India;
Government of India Act of 1858 ended the system of double Government by
abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors.
25. A:: 3
the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950. This day is referred to in the
Constitution as the ‘date of its commencement’, and celebrated as the Republic
Day
26. A:: 4
1. Union Powers Committee- Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Drafting Committee- - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
3. Business Committee- - Dr. K.M. Munshi
4. Steering Committee- - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
27.A:: 1
Regulating Act of 1773 provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at
Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges.
28. A:: 1
The Cabinet Mission Plan was a statement made by the Cabinet Mission and the
Viceroy, Lord Wavell, on May 16, 1946. Cabinet Mission Plan Major Proposals
are Rejection of demand for Pakistan, Grouping of Provincial Assembly,
Constituent Assembly, Federation. The cabinet mission plan envisaged a federal
structure for India. Three tier executive and legislature was proposed at provincial,
section and union levels. Cabinet Mission ejected the idea of two Constituent
Assemblies, it put forth a scheme for the Constituent Assembly.
29. A:: 1
Government of India Act, 1919 introduced dual scheme of governance was known
as ‘dyarchy.
Indian Councils Act of 1861- Devolution of legislative authority by the Centre to
the provinces.
Indian Councils Act of 1909- Introduction of separate communal electorates for
Muslims.
30. A::3
The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made
India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a
"Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types
of states. The Governor was the executive head of category A states. The Raj
pramukh was the executive head of category B states. The Chief Commissioner
was the executive head of categories C and D states.
31.A::3
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946.
On November, 1949 finalised the Constitution of India.
32. A:: 3
Jawahar Lal Nehru
33. A::4
Among all the committees of the Constituent Assembly, the most important
committee was the Drafting Committee set up on August 29, 1947. It consisted of
seven members. They were:
1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
2. N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
4. Dr. K.M. Munshi
5. Syed Mohammad Saadullah
6. N. Madhava Rau
7. T.T. Krishnamachari
34. A::1
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the then Law Minister, piloted the Draft Constitution in the
Assembly. He took a very prominent part in the deliberations of the Assembly. He
is recognised as the ‘Father of the Constitution of India’ and the ‘chief architect of
the Constitution of India’ is also known as a ‘Modern Manu’.
35.A:: 1
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946.
The people of India adopted, enacted and gave to themselves the Constitution on
26th November, 1949
The Constitution was finally signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly
on 24th January, 1950 :
The date of commencement of the Constitution on 26th January, 1950
36.A::2
The term ‘Preamble’ refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution. It
contains the summary or essence of the Constitution.
The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
1. Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the
Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
2. Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular
democratic and republican polity.
3. Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and
fraternity as the objectives. 4. Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates
November 26, 1949, as the date.
37.A::2
The Constituent Assembly was constituted in November 1946 under the scheme
formulated by the Cabinet Mission Plan.
38. A:: 2
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. The
meeting was, thus, attended by only 211 members. Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, the
oldest member, was elected as the temporary President of the Assembly. Later, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly.
39. A::1
The Constituent Assembly of India started functioning from 9th December, 1946.
40.A::4
On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objectives
Resolution’ in the Assembly. It laid down the fundamentals and philosophy of the
constitutional structure.
41. A:: 3
1. Sardar Patel -Provincial Constitution Committee, Advisory Committee on
Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas.
2. J.B. Kripalani -Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee
3. Dr. K.M. Munshi - Order of Business Committee
Jay Prakash Narayan not a member of The Constituent Assembly.
42. A:: 2
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar moved a motion–‘the Constitution as settled by the Assembly
be passed’. The motion on Draft Constitution was declared as passed on November
26, 1949, and received the signatures of the members and the president. The
Drafting Committee, after taking into consideration the proposals of the various
committees, prepared the first draft of the Constitution of India, which was
published in February, 1948. the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.
43.A:: 2
Constituent Assembly had 11 sessions over two years, 11 months and 18 days.
44. A::1
Constituent Assembly took two years, 11 months and 18 days to produce
constitution.
45. A:: 1
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949, contained a Preamble, 395
Articles and 8 Schedules. The Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.
46.A ::4
The Drafting Committee set up on August 29, 1947. It was this committee that was
entrusted with the task of preparing a draft of the new Constitution.
47. A:: 4
Sardar Patel was the Chairman of the Provincial Constitution Committee of the
Constituent Assembly.
48.A:: 1
Drafting Committee consisted of seven members. They were: 1. Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar (Chairman) 2. N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar 3. Alladi Krishnaswamy
Ayyar 4. Dr. K.M. Munshi 5. Syed Mohammad Saadullah 6. N. Madhava Rau (He
replaced B.L. Mitter who resigned due to ill-health) 7. T.T. Krishnamachar.
49. A:: 1
Jawahar Lal Nehru proposed the Preamble before the Drafting Committee of the
Constitution.
50. A:: 3
Deferment of adult franchise for fifteen years was advocated in Constituent
Assembly by Maulana Azad.
51. A:: 4
The Government of India Act,1935 , exercised the most profound influence in
framing the Indian Constitution. P.R. Deshmukh, a member of the Constituent
Assembly, commented that “the Constitution is essentially the Government of
India Act of 1935 with only adult franchise added”.
52. A:1
Constituent Assembly was not a representative body as its members were not
directly elected by the people of India on the basis of universal adult franchise.
The Constituent Assembly appointed a number of committees to deal with
different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees
and the others were minor committees.
Although the Constituent Assembly was not directly elected by the people of India
on the basis of adult franchise, the Assembly comprised representatives of all
sections of the Indian society.
The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was to be 389.
53. A:: 3
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 established dyarchy in the provinces and
The extension of the provincial government. It further divided the provincial
subjects into two parts– transferred and reserved.
54.A:: 3
In the federation under the Act of 1935, residuary powers were given to the
Governor-General. The Act divided the powers between the Centre and units in
terms of three lists–Federal List (for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for
provinces, with 54 items) and the Concurrent List (for both, with 36 items).
Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy.
55. A:: 3
Government of India Act of 1919 objective was the gradual introduction of
responsible Government in India .It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and
direct elections in the country. Thus, the Indian legislative council was replaced by
a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a
Lower House (Legislative Assembly).
56. A::1
The Motilal Nehru Report 1928 was a report by a committee headed by Pt. Motilal
Nehru. This committee was created when Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State of
India asked the Indian leaders to draft a constitution for the country.
The main points of the Nehru report were as follows:
1. India would be given Dominion status. This means independence within the
British Commonwealth.
2. India will be a federation which shall have a bicameral legislature at the centre
and Ministry would be responsible to the legislature.
3. Governor General of India would be the constitutional head of India and will
have the same powers as that of British Crown.
4. There will be no separate electorate.
5. The draft report also defined the citizenship and fundamental rights.

57. A::
Constituent Assembly adopted Indian Constitution in 1949.
58. A:: 1
the Constituent Assembly was to be a partly elected and partly nominated body.
Moreover, the members were to be indirectly elected by the members of the
provincial assemblies, who themselves were elected on a limited franchise.
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949.
The Assembly included all important personalities of India at that time, with the
exception of Mahatma Gandhi.
59. A:: 3
Jawahar Lal Nehru
60. A::1
A. The Indian Councils Act, 1892 - Introduction of the principle of election

B. The Indian Councils Act 1909 -Introduction of separate electorate for the
Muslims
C. The Government of India Act, 1919 - Introduction of dyarchy in provinces
D. The Government of India Act, 1935- Introduction of provincial autonomy.
61. A:: 1
A. Presidential System - Separation of powers
B. Parliamentary System and legislature
C. Federal System - is one in which powers are divided between the national
government and the regional governments by the Constitution itself and both
operate in their respective jurisdictions independently
D. Unitary System - a unitary government is one in which all the powers are vested
in the national government and the regional governments, if at all exist, derive their
authority from the national government.
62. A:: 2
on November 26, 1949, is the date mentioned in the Preamble as the date on which
the people of India in the Constituent Assembly adopted, enacted and gave to
themselves this Constitution.
63. A:: 4
The Presidential Government operates on the principle of
separation of powers.
64. A:: 2
UK constitution is unwritten.
65. A:: 4
In the Kesavananda Bharati case3 (1973), the Supreme Court overruled its
judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967). It upheld the validity of the 24th
Amendment Act (1971) and stated that Parliament is empowered to abridge or take
away any of the Fundamental Rights. At the same time, it laid down a new doctrine
of the ‘basic structure’ (or ‘basic features’) of the Constitution. It ruled that the
constituent power of Parliament under Article 368 does not enable it to alter the
‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.
‘basic features’ of the Constitution or elements of the ‘basic structure’ of the
constitution:
1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Sovereign, democratic and republican nature of the Indian polity
3. Secular character of the Constitution
4. Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
5. Federal character of the Constitution
6. Unity and integrity of the nation
7. Judicial review
9. Parliamentary system etc..
66. A:: 2
Strong Centre, Single government, that is, the national government which may
create regional governments. No division of powers. All powers are vested in the
national government.
67. A::4
All statements are correct.
68. A:: 2
USA
69. A:: 1
The modern concept of parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of
Great Britain between 1707–1800. A parliamentary system or parliamentary
democracy is a system of democratic governance of a state, where
the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from the legislature, typically
a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. examples, Denmark,
SWeeden, Norway etc.
70. A:: 2
USA
71. A:: 2
The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms– social, economic
and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and
Directive Principles.
Socialistic Principles of DPSPs are Those principles reflect the ideology of
socialism. They lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state, aim at
providing social and economic justice, and set the path towards welfare state. EX:
To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
72. A:: 3
By using the Ram Rajya slogan, Gandhiji implied an ideal Rajya where values of
justice, equality, idealism, renunciation and sacrifice were practised.
73. A:: 3
The bedrock principle of parliamentary government is The ministers are
collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in
particular (Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. The
principle of collective responsibility implies that the Lok Sabha can remove the
ministry (i.e., council of ministers headed by the prime minister) from office by
passing a vote of no confidence.
74. A:: 2
At Avadi Session of 1955 Congress officially accepted the ‘Socialistic Pattern of
Society’. This historical meet emphasised the importance of socialism and its
impact on social development. Jawaharlal Nehru with Morarji Desai and other
Congress leaders at the AICC session declared that a socialistic pattern of society
was the goal of the Congress.
75. A:: 2
In Indian polity the Constitution is supreme. Supremacy of the Constitution is the
element of the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution. 
76. A:: 2
Executive is responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in
particular (Article 75).
77. A::1
Basic features’ of the Constitution are;
Federal character of the Constitution
Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
Sovereign, democratic and republican nature of the Indian polity.
Parliamentary system, etc…
78. A:: 2
The instrument of instructions contained in the Government of India Act, 1935 has
been incorporated in the constitution of India in the year 1950 as Directive
Principles of State Policy. The main reason behind this policy is to create a welfare
State. Principles like freedom of expression, belief, faith and worship, equality in
opportunity and status and promote a sense of unity and integrity of the nation has
been included in this policy.
79. A:: 3
Written Constitution is the fundamental law of the land in our country. It has
defined the authority and jurisdiction of all the three organs of the Union
government and the nature of interrelationship between them. Hence, the
Parliament has to operate within the limits prescribed by the Constitution. There is
also a legal distinction between the legislative authority and the constituent
authority of the Parliament. Moreover, to effect certain amendments to the
Constitution, the ratification of half of the states is also required. In Britain, on the
other hand, the Constitution is neither written nor there is anything like a
fundamental law of the land.
80. A:: 2
Features of Presidential syatem: 1. Single executive. 2. President and legislators
elected separately for a fixed term. 3. Non-responsibility 4. Political homogeneity
may not exist. 5. Single membership 6. Domination of president. 7. No dissolution
of Lower House. 8. Separation of powers.
81. A:: 4
In a republic the head of the state is always elected directly or indirectly for a fixed
period, e.g., USA. Therefore, the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that
India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed
period of five years. A republic also means two more things: one, vesting of
political sovereignty in the people and not in a single individual like a king;
second, the absence of any privileged class and hence all public offices being
opened to every citizen without any discrimination.
In a monarchy, the head of the state (usually king or queen) enjoys a hereditary
position.
82. A:: 4
Both a real and nominal executive, a system of collective responsibility and
bicameral legislature are common features of India and the British.
83. A:: 3
Article 1 describes India, that is, Bharat as a ‘Union of States’ rather than a
‘Federation of States.
84. A:: 2
The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution from Articles
12 to 35. In this regard, the framers of the Constitution derived inspiration from the
Constitution of USA (i.e., Bill of Rights).
85.A:: 4
The salient features of the Constitution are::
1.Lengthiest Written Constitution 2. Drawn From Various Sources 3. Blend of
Rigidity and Flexibility 4. Federal System with Unitary Bias 5. Parliamentary
Form of Government 6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial
Supremacy. 7. Integrated and Independent Judiciary 8. Fundamental Rights 9.
Directive Principles of State Policy. 10. Fundamental Duties 11.A Secular State
12. Universal Adult Franchise 13. Single Citizenship 14. Independent Bodies 15.
Emergency Provisions 16. Three-tier Government 17. Co-operative Societies
86. A:: 4
Part II- Citizenship-Articles( 5 to 11)
Part V- The Union Government-Articles( 52 to 151)
Part XV- Elections-Articles( 324 to 329- A)
Part XXII- Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals-
Articles( 393 to 395)
Part XXI -Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions –Articles(369 to 392)
87. A:: 4
Features of Federal Constitution:
1.Dual Government (that is, national government and regional government) 2.
Written Constitution 3. Division of powers between the national and regional
government 4. Supremacy of the Constitution 5. Rigid Constitution 6. Independent
judiciary 7. Bicameral legislature.
88. A:: 3
Indian Constitution is federal with unitary bias.
89. A:: 4
Part I -The Union and its territory 1 to 4
Part XX- Amendment of the Constitution 368
Part XVIII- Emergency Provisions 352 to 360
Part IX -The Panchayats 243 to 243– 0
Part IX-A - The Municipalities 243-P to 243-ZG
90. A:: 4
A democratic polity, is based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty-possession of
supreme power by the people. Democracy is of two types–direct and indirect. In
direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in
Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum,
Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite. In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the
representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on
the government and make the laws. The Indian Constitution provides for
representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible
to the legislature for all its policies and actions.
Universal adult franchise, periodic elections, rule of law, independence of
judiciary, and absence of discrimination on certain grounds are the manifestations
of the democratic character of the Indian polity.
91. A:: 2
1.Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
2. It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order as social conflict often
leads to violence and political instability.
3.Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. The concept of democracy is a
system of government of the people, by the people and for the people, which
emphasizes on distribution of power among people.
4. It involves sharing powers with those affected by its exercise and who have to
live with its effects, so that the people would be consulted on how they are to be
governed.
92. A:: 3
93. A:: 4
A. Bill of Rights and Judicial Review -USA
B. Parliamentary system of Democracy- England
C. Directive Principles of state policy- Ireland
D. Residuary powers with the Centre- Canada
94. A::4
Weimar Constitution of Germany is the source of Suspension of Fundamental
Rights during Emergency.
95. A:: 1
A. India as a Union of States with greater powers to the Union-Canada
B. Fundamental Rights- USA
C. Directive Principles of State Policy -Ireland
D. Concurrent List in Union-State Relations –Australia
96. A:: 2
The concept of Judicial Review in our Constitution has been taken from the
Constitution of USA.
From US Constitution we borrowed Fundamental rights, independence of
judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme
Court and high court judges and post of vicepresident.
97. A::
The Constitution of India borrowed the scheme of Federation from the
Government of India Act of 1935.
98. A:: 2
The Federal System with strong centre’ has been borrowed by the Indian
Constitution from Canada.
99. A::
Government of India Act of 1935 is the source of Federal Scheme, Office of
governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions and
administrative details.
100. A:: 2
The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) of India (1966–1970)
recommended the setting up of two special authorities designated as ‘Lokpal’ and
‘lokayukta’ for the redressal of citizens’ grievances2 . These institutions were to be
set up on the pattern of the institution of Ombudsman in Scandinavian countries
and the parliamentary commissioner for investigation in New Zealand.
101. A:: 1
A. Directive Principles of state policy -Ireland
B. Emergency Power of the President -Germany
C. The Union- State Relations-Canada
D. Amendments of the Constitution –SouthAfrica
102. A:: 2
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949. Originally (1949), the
Constitution contained a Preamble, 395 Articles (divided into 22 Parts) and 8
Schedules.
The original constitution did not provide for the Fundamental Duties of the
citizens. These were added during the operation of internal emergency (1975–77)
by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of the
Swaran Singh Committee. The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added
one more fundamental duty.
103. A:: 2
The Government of India Act, 1935 is the biggest source for the Constitution of
India. Constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the
Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. Hence, the
Constitution as a “Carbon Copy of the 1935 Act” or an “Amended Version of the
1935 Act”.
104. A:: 4
A. Directive Principles of state policy -Ireland
B. Fundamental Rights -USA
C. Concurrent List in Union-State relations -Australia
D. India as a union of states with greater power to the union-Canada
105. A:: 2
British Constitution has inspired the Indian concepts of Rule of law, Parliamentary
system and law- making procedure.
106. A:: 1
Judicial Review concept borrowed from the US Constitution.
107. A:: 2
British Constitution- Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, legislative
procedure, single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary
privileges and bicameralism.
US Constitution- Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review,
impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme Court and high court judges
and post of vicepresident.
Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy, nomination of members to
Rajya Sabha and method of election of president.
South African Constitution -Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and
election of members of Rajya Sabha.
108. A:: All statements are correct
109. A:: 4
Article 3 authorises the Parliament to: (a) form a new state by separation of
territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by
uniting any territory to a part of any state; (b) increase the area of any state; (c)
diminish the area of any state; (d) alter the boundaries of any state; and (e) alter the
name of any state.
A bill contemplating the above changes can be introduced in the Parliament only
with the prior recommendation of the President; and two, before recommending
the bill, the President has to refer the same to the state legislature concerned for
expressing its views within a specified period. The President (or Parliament) is not
bound by the views of the state legislature and may either accept or reject them,
even if the views are received in time.
It is, thus, clear that the Constitution authorises the Parliament to form new states
or alter the areas, boundaries or names of the existing states without their consent.
In other words, the Parliament can redraw the political map of India according to
its will.
110. A:: 3
1. In June 1948, the Government of India appointed the Linguistic Provinces
Commission under the chairmanship of S.K. Dhar to examine the feasibility of
reorganisation of states on linguistic basis.
2. Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a threemember States
Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali.
3. In 1976, the Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make
recommendations about fundamental duties, the need and necessity of which was
felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977). The committee
recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the
Constitution.
4.At present, there are 11 Fundamental Duties.
111. A::2
112. A:: 2
Malaysia, Australia, Nigeria and Brazil are federal countries.
113. A:: 4
Sir B.N. Rau was appointed as the constitutional advisor (Legal advisor) to the
Constituent Assembly.
Constituent Assembly was not a representative body as its members were not
directly elected by the people of India on the basis of universal adult franchise.
On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objectives
Resolution’ in the Assembly.
The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. The
Muslim League boycotted the meeting and insisted on a separate state of Pakistan.
114. A::3
Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of every state and every
local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the
mothertongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic
minority groups (Article 350-A in Part XVII).
115. A:: 4
The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the
Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories.
116. A:: 1
A. Article 54 - Election of the President of India
B. Article 75 - Appointment of the Prime Minister
C. Article 155 - Appointment of governor
D. Article 164 - Appointment of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers of a
State
117. A:: 1
Effective Majority of the house means more than 50% of the effective strength of
the house. This implies that out of the total strength, we deduct the vacant seats.
When the Indian Constitution mentions “all the then members”, that refers to
the effective majority. For example, in Rajya Sabha, out of the total strength of 245
members if there are 45 vacancies, then the effective strength of the house is 200.
Then the effective majority is 50% of 200 plus 1, ie 101.
Absolute majority refers to a majority of more than 50% of the total membership
of the house. For example, as the total membership of Lok Sabha is 545, an
absolute majority in Lok Sabha means – 50% of 545 plus 1, ie. 273.
118. A:: 1
Article 31B along with the Ninth Schedule was added by the 1st Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1951. Originally (in 1951), the Ninth Schedule contained only
13 acts and regulations but at present (in 2016) their number is 282.20 Of these, the
acts and regulations of the state legislature deal with land reforms and abolition of
the zamindari system and that of the Parliament deal with other matters.
119. A:: 4
Article 215- High Courts to be courts of record.
Article 275- Grants from the Union to certain states.
Article 325- No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included
in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
Article 355- Duty of the Union to protect states against external aggression and
internal disturbance.
120. A:: 1
First Schedule -Names of the States and their territorial jurisdiction and Names of
the Union Territories and their extent.
Second Schedule- Provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges.
Third Schedule -Forms of Oaths or Affirmations
Fourth Schedule- Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union
territories.
121. A:: 4
He is provided with a security of tenure. He can be removed only by a resolution
passed by the Lok Sabha by a special majority (ie, a majority of all the then
members of the House) and not by an ordinary majority (ie, a majority of the
members present and voting in the House). This motion of removal can be
considered and discussed only when it has the support of at least 50 members.
122. A:: 2
Article 257- Control of the Union over states in certain cases.
Article 258- Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases.
The Constitution has placed two restrictions on the executive power of the states in
order to give ample scope to the Centre for exercising its executive power in an
unrestricted manner. Thus, the executive power of every state is to be exercised in
such a way
(a) as to ensure compliance with the laws made by the Parliament and any existing
law which apply in the state; and
(b) as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of executive power of the Centre in
the state. While the former lays down a general obligation upon the state, the latter
imposes a specific obligation on the state not to hamper the executive power of the
Centre.
Article 355 imposes a duty on the Centre to ensure that the government of every
state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
Article 358 - Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during Emergencies.
123. A:: 1
Article 33- Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the
House of the people.
Article 368 - Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure
therefor
Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any
factory, mine or other hazardous activities like construction work or railway.
Article 45-To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they
complete the age of six years.
124. A:: 4
During its execution, constitution has 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.
Now,The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles grouped into 25 parts, with
12 schedules.
Article 31B along with the Ninth Schedule was added by the 1st Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1951.
Tenth schedule was added by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1985.
Eleventh schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
Twelfth schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.
125. A:: 3
Languages recognized by the Constitution. Originally, it had 14 languages but
presently there are 22 languages. Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added
by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.
126. A:: 2
Fifth Schedule Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled
areas and scheduled tribes.
127. A:: 3
presently there are 22 languages recognized by the Constitution.
128. A::
Presently there are 22 languages. They are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri
(Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili),
Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi,
Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.
Urdu. It is an additional official language of Jammu & Kashmir, Telangana, Delhi,
Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu
and Kashmir for the first time.
Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a language of option and a medium of
study in India, so that students can choose to learn Sindhi. Sindhi is an optional
third language in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Nepali has official status in the state of Sikkim, and additional official language in
Westbengal.
129. A::3
Article 36-Definition of State
Article 39- Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
Article 40 -Organisation of village panchayats
Article 48- Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
130. A:: 4
Article 1 of the Constitution declares India as Union of states.
131. A:: 1
Both the Centre and the states can make laws on the subjects of the concurrent list,
but in case of a conflict, the Central law prevails. The residuary subjects (ie, which
are not mentioned in any of the three lists) are given to the Centre( i.e. Parliament).
132. A:: 3
The Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution.
133. A:: 3
Article 112- Union Budget (annual financial statement)
134. A:: 1
Article 352-Proclamation of emergency (national emergency)
Article 355 -Duty of the Union to protect states against external aggression and
internal disturbance
Article 356 -Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states
(president’s rule)
Article 360 -Provisions as to financial emergency
135. A:: 4
Article 51::
To promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable
relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty
obligations, and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
136. A:: 4
(Article 249:: The Rajya Sabha has been given four exclusive or special powers
that are not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha. It can authorise the Parliament to make a
law on a subject enumerated in the State List .
137. A:: 3
Schedule Ninth of the Indian Constitution deals with certain acts and regulations of
State Legislatures dealing with land reforms and abolition of Zamindari.
138. A:: 3
Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to
amend the Constitution and its procedure. It states that the Parliament may, in
exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any
provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down for the
purpose. However, the Parliament cannot amend those provisions which form the
‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. This was ruled by the Supreme Court in the
Kesavananda Bharati case1 (1973).
139. A:: 3
The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the
Constitution from Articles 36 to 51 . The framers of the Constitution borrowed this
idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described these
principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. The Directive Principles
along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and
is the soul of the Constitution.
140. A:: 3
Till the passage of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, India was a dependency
(colony) of the British Empire. From August 15, 1947 to January 26, 1950, India’s
political status was that of a dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations.
India ceased to be a British dominion on January 26, 1950, by declaring herself a
sovereign republic. The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by
the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words–
Socialist, Secular and Integrity–to the Preamble.
141. A:: 3
The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of
1976. The word ‘secular state’ was not mentioned in the Constitution, there can be
no doubt that Constitutionmakers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly
Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have
been included in the constitution. The Indian Constitution embodies the positive
concept of secularism ie, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength)
have the same status and support from the state.
142. A:: 1
Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes and Sixth
Schedule–administration of tribal areas , require simple majority to amend.
143. A:: 1
Preamble contains the grand and noble vision of the Constituent Assembly, and
reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of the Constitution.
144. A:: 4
The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for
‘violation of the Constitution. The impeachment charges can be initiated by either
House of Parliament. These charges should be signed by one-fourth members of
the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days’ notice should be given to the
President. After the impeachment resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds
of the total membership of that House, it is sent to the other House, which should
investigate the charges.
145. A:: 2
The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words–Socialist,
Secular and Integrity–to the Preamble. This amendment was held to be valid.
146. A:: 3
Socialist
147. A:: 3
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
148. A:: 1
Preamble declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and
republican polity.
149. A:: 1
150. A:: 3
The Congress party itself adopted a resolution5 to establish a ‘socialistic pattern of
society’ in its Avadi session as early as in 1955 and took measures accordingly.
The Indian brand of socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ and not a ‘communistic
socialism’ (also known as ‘state socialism’) which involves the nationalisation of
all means of production and distribution and the abolition of private property.
Democratic socialism, on the other hand, holds faith in a ‘mixed economy’ where
both public and private sectors co-exist side by side.

TEST 2

1. 1
The 'Territory of India' is a wider expression than the Union of India'
because the latter includes only states while the former includes not only the
states, but also union territories and territories that may be acquired by the
Government of India at any future time under article 1 of the Indian
constitution.
2. 4

Article 3 extends to increasing or diminishing the area of any State and

altering the boundaries or name of any State.
 Firstly, a bill calling for formation of new States may be introduced in either
House of Parliament only on the recommendation of the President.
Secondly, such a bill must be referred by the President to the concerned
State Legislature for expressing its views to Parliament

 Parliament will not be bound by these views in the process of enacting

legislation for the formation of new States.[so state consent is not required]

Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of

existing states.

 can be amended by a simple majority of the two houses of Parliament

3. 4

4.3

The territory of Puducherry comprises the former French establishments in India

known as Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. The French handed over this
territory to India in 1954. Subsequently, it was administered as an 'acquired
territory till 1962 when it was made a union territory by the 14th Constitutional
Amendment Act.

5. 2

The Andhra State was formed in October 1953 and on November 1, 1956, Andhra
Pradesh was formed.

6.2

The Supreme Court clarified in Babulal Parate vs The State of Bombay and
Another( 1959): “All that is contemplated is that Parliament should have before it
the views of the State Legislatures as to the proposals contained in the Bill and
then be free to deal with the Bill in any manner it thinks fit, following the usual
practice and procedure prescribed by and under the rules of business.

7. 3
The Bill amends the Act to provide that the Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis
and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India on
or before December 31, 2014, will not be treated as illegal migrants.

o To obtain citizenship by naturalisation, one of the qualifications is that the

person must have resided in India or have been in the service of the central
government for at least 11 years before applying for citizenship.
o The Bill creates an exception for Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and
Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, with regard to this
qualification. For these groups of persons, the 11 years’ requirement will be
reduced to five years.
These provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants will not apply to the tribal
areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, included in the Sixth
Schedule to the Constitution. These tribal areas include Karbi Anglong (in
Assam), Garo Hills (in Meghalaya), Chakma District (in Mizoram), and Tripura
Tribal Areas District.
Further, it will not apply to the “Inner Line” areas notified under the Bengal
Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873. In these areas, visits by Indians are regulated
through the Inner Line Permit.

Currently, this permit system is applicable to Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and

Nagaland. Manipur has also been brought under the Inner Line Permit (ILP)
regime through a Gazette Notification on the same day the bill was passed in the
parliament.
8. 4
Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly
Meghalaya has two Lok Sabha seats
9. 3
Haryana state was formed on 1 st November, 1966 on the recommendation of
the Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee. The boundary was
demarcated by Shah commission

10. 4
Article 32 deals with Right to Constitutional remedies. It states that an aggrieved
citizen can approach the court for remedy for enforcement of rights. If it is
fundamental right , s/he can directly approach the High Court or the Supreme
Court. That is why Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul of the
Constitution'.

11. 3
Article 23(1): Traffic in human beings and the beggar and other similar forms of
forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with the law.
: Article 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. No child
below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or
mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
12. 1
in August 2017,a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court in Justice K. S.
Puttaswamy (Retd) Vs Union of India unanimously held that Indians have a
constitutionally protected fundamental right to privacy that is an intrinsic part of
life and liberty under Article 21.
13. 1
Karnataka was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States
Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed as
Karnataka in 1973.

The state assumed its present form on 1st May 1960, when the former Bombay
state was divided between Maharashtra and Gujarat on the basis of language.

Punjab in its present form came into existence on November 1, 1966, when most of
its predominantly Hindi-speaking areas were separated to form the new state of
Haryana.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is an Act of Indian Parliament that
bifurcated the state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra
Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telangana movement. The new states were
created on 2 June 2014.
14. 1

Maharashtra was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the bilingual Bombay State,
which had existed since 1956, into majority Marathi-speaking Maharashtra and
Gujarati-speaking Gujarat.

Nagaland became the 16th state of India on 1 December 1963.

Haryana state was formed on 1 st November, 1966 on the recommendation of the

Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee. The boundary was demarcated by
Shah commission.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is an Act of Indian Parliament

that bifurcated the state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary
Andhra Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telangana movement. The new
states were created on 2 June 2014.
15. 2
1. The 69th Amendment Act, 1992 has added two new Articles 239AA and 239AB
under which the Union Territory of Delhi has been given a special status.

2. Art. 239AA provides that the Union Territory of Delhi shall now be called the
National Capital Territory of Delhi and its administrator shall be known as Lt.
Governor.

3. It also creates a legislative assembly for Delhi which can make laws on subjects
under the State List and Concurrent List except on these matters: public order,
land, and police.

4. Article 239AB provides that the President may by order suspend the operation
of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law
made in pursuance of that article. This provision resembles Art.356 (President’s
Rule).
5. It also provides for a Council of Ministers for Delhi consisting of not more than
10% of the total number of members in the assembly.
16. 3
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on 1 December 1963
With the reorganisation of Punjab on 1 November 1966, Haryana was made into a
full-fledged State.
With the reorganisation of Punjab on 1 November 1966, Haryana was made into a
full-fledged State.
 In 1975, after the Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok, a referendum was
held that led to the deposition of the monarchy and Sikkim joining India as its 22nd
state.

17. 2

Uttarakhand was formed on the 9th November 2000 as the 27th State of India,
when it was carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh.
18. 1
Article 3 in The Constitution Of India 1949

3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing

States: Parliament may by law

(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or
more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;

(b) increase the area of any State;

(c) diminish the area of any State;

(d) alter the boundaries of any State;

(e) alter the name of any State

19. 4

Article 1 of the Constitution of India (the Constitution) describes India as a Union

of States. Although, the Constitution is federal in structure, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
while submitting the draft clearly specified the advantages of using the term union
over federation. Usage of the term union indicates that the Indian state is not the
result of some sort of arrangement among the states and these states have no right
or freedom to secede from India

S. K. Dhar commission (1948) and JVP Committee (1948) advocated for

reorganization of states based on geographical contiguity, administrative
convenience, financial self-reliance and potential for development. However, with
the sudden death of Potti Srirammalu following hunger strike in demand for
Andhra state created a volatile situation and Fazl Ali Commission was set up (in
1953) and its recommendation for reorganization of state based on linguistic
criteria was accepted.

20. 1

S. K. Dhar commission (1948) and JVP Committee (1948) advocated for

reorganization of states based on geographical contiguity, administrative
convenience, financial self-reliance and potential for development. However, with
the sudden death of Potti Srirammalu following hunger strike in demand for
Andhra state created a volatile situation and Fazl Ali Commission was set up (in
1953) and its recommendation for reorganization of state based on linguistic
criteria was accepted.

21. 3

ARTICLE 3 : FORMATION OF NEW STATES AND ALTERATION OF AREAS,

BOUNDARIES OR NAMES OF EXISTING STATES
Parliament may by law –

(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or
more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
(b) increase the area of any State;
(c) diminish the area of any State;
(d) alter the boundaries of any State;
(e) alter the name of any State:

22. 1
The 36th Constitutional Amendment Act (1975) was enacted to make Sikkim a
full-fledged state of the Indian Union (the 22nd state).

23. 1

The territory of Puducherry comprises the former French establishments in India

known as Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. The French handed over this
territory to India in 1954. Subsequently, it was administered as an 'acquired
territory till 1962 when it was made a union territory by the 14th Constitutional
Amendment Act.

24. 4

Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code is a section of the Indian Penal

Code introduced in 1861 during the British rule of India. Modelled on the Buggery
Act of 1533, it makes sexual activities "against the order of nature" illegal

Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. v. Union of India thr. Secretary Ministry of Law and

Justice is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India in 2018 that
decriminalised all consensual sex among adults, including homosexual sex.

25. 4

Daman and Diu is administered as a union territory of India by virtue of Article

240 (2) of the Constitution of India. The President of India appoints an
administrator to administer the territory on behalf of the central Government of
India.

Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar, Puducherry - Lt

Governor

26. 2

1. Andaman and Nicobar - Calcutta High Court

2. Daman and Diu - Bombay High Court
3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli - Bombay High Court
4. Lakshadweep - Kerala High Court
5. Puducherry - Madras High Court
6. Ladakh - Jammu and Kashmir High Court
7. Jammu and Kashmir - Jammu and Kashmir High Court
8. Chandigarh - Punjab and Haryana High Court

27. 1

In a 4:1 judgment, 5-membered constitution bench of Supreme Court, in Indian

Young Lawyers Association vs. the State of Kerala, has allowed women of all ages
to worship in Sabarimala Temple. In its judgment, SC stated that 'devotion cannot
be subjected to gender discrimination'

28. 1

by law, every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting, to such

extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such
designation as he may specify.

29. 4

Goa, Daman and Diu reorganisation act -1987

The Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli was the conflict in which the
territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli passed from Portuguese rule to independent
rule, with Indian allegiance, in 1954.

30. 3

31. 4

The Supreme Court (SC) in the case of Joseph Shine vs Union of India in the
month of September 2018, decriminalized the offence of adultery by holding
Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Section 198(2) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure as unconstitutional.

32. 4

All statements are correct.

The supreme court pronounced its judgment on 4 July 2018; it said the lieutenant
governor of Delhi had no independent decision-making powers and was bound to
follow the "aid and advice" of the Delhi chief-minister-headed council of ministers
of the Government of Delhi on all matters except those pertaining to police, public
order and land

Although the court ruled that the lieutenant governor still had the right to seek the
president's opinion in case of a disagreement between him/her and the government,
the president—who is bound by the aid and advice of the prime minister-
headed Union Council of Ministers—would be the final authority in case of a
conflict, with his or her opinion being binding on both the LG and the Delhi
government, it cautioned the LG to use this power only in exceptional
circumstances and not in a "routine or mechanical manner".

Justice DY Chandrachud held cabinet form of government to be a basic feature of

the Constitution.

33. 3

The 7th Amendment of Indian Constitution was needed to implement the

recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission regarding the
reorganization of the states on a linguistic basis.  It paved way for doing away with
classification of states in A, B, C and D categories and introduced of Union
Territories.

34. 1

Subramanian Swamy Vs Union of India (2016) case the Supreme Court held that
the right to reputation to be a fundamental right under Article 21 of the
Constitution.

35. 3

Part C ,Part D part were made as "Union Territory' by 7 th constitutional

amendment.

36. 4
At Present India now has 28 States and 8 Union Territories. The erstwhile state of
Jammu and Kashmir has been bifurcated into two Union Territories (UT) of J&K
and Ladakh.

37. 2
Union territory with separate high court is delhi high court.

38. 3
Six religious communities, viz; Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists,
Zoroastrians (Parsis) and Jains have been notified in Gazette of India as minority
communities by the Union Government all over India.
The Union Government set up the National Commission for Minorities (NCM)
under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1993
The smallest religious minority in India are the Zoroastrians.
The Constitution of India recognises and protects religious and linguistic
minorities.

39. 2
The Indian Constitution, while not mentioning the word "press", provides for "the
right to freedom of speech and expression" (Article 19(1) a). However this right is
subject to restrictions under sub clause, whereby this freedom can be restricted for
reasons of "sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly
relations with foreign States, public order.

40. 1
Constitution has provision for administration of acquired terriotory.
Executive head of Chandigarh – administrator
Executive head of puducherry – lieutenant governor

41. 3
After the Nehru-Noon agreement was signed between India and Pakistan to divide
the territory of Berubari Union, the Government of West Bengal opposed it. After
this Union referred the matter to SC which held that the power of Parliament to
diminish the area of a state (under Article 3) does not cover cession of Indian
territory to a foreign country. Hence, Indian territory can be ceded to a foreign
state only by amending the Constitution under Article 368. Consequently, the 9th
Constitutional Amendment Act (1960) was enacted.

42. 3

Article 371F Constitution of India: Special provisions with respect to the State of
Sikkim
 The President may, by public notification, extend with such restrictions or
modifications as he thinks fit to the State of Sikkim any enactment, which is in
force in a State in India at the date of the notification under 371F.
 The Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall consist of not less than
thirty members.

43. 4
Delhi - 3
Puducherry - 1
Jammu and Kashmir - 3

44. 3
69th constitutional amendment added article 239aa in the constitution, which gives
power to the President of India to appoint the Chief Minister of the National
Capital Territory of Delhi. ARTICLE 239aa- Delhi is a union territory which is
made National Capital Territory of Delhi. There shall be a legislative assembly for
the National Capital Territory of Delhi. CM and Council of ministers will be
appointed by the President.

45. 3

To take care of the welfare of the scheduled tribes, a Tribal Advisory Council is
constituted in each state with a scheduled area.
● This Tribal Advisory Council will be made of maximum 20 members out of
which the three-fourth will be Scheduled Tribes MLAs in the state.
● 46. 2
● PESA is a law enacted by Government of India to cover the “Scheduled
Areas”, which are not covered in the 73rd Constitutional amendment.
 ● This particular act extends the provisions of Part IX to the Scheduled Areas
of the country. PESA brought powers further down to the Gram Sabha level.
● The PESA Act was enacted by the Centre to ensure self-governance through
Gram Sabhas for people living in scheduled areas
● The Gram Sabha in the Panchayat Act were entrusted with wide ranging
powers starting from consultation on land acquisition to that of ownership
over minor forest produces and leasing of minor minerals.
●  People use the forum of the Gram Sabha to discuss local governance and
development, and make need- based plans for the village.
47. 4
 People use the forum of the Gram Sabha to discuss local governance and
development, and make need- based plans for the village.
48. 3
Article 239AB Constitution of India: Provision in case of failure of constitutional
machinery

49. 3
Right to Equality (Articles 14 - 18)

50. 3
Article 244 deals with the administration of Scheduled areas and Tribal areas.
51. 3
The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal
areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the
tribal population in these states.

52. 1

President is empowered to declare an area as Scheduled Area.

53. 1

The Parliament is the supreme legislature in the country. The Fundamental

rights are no doubts essential for the development of the individual but they can be
curtailed or restricted by the parliament on reasonable grounds itself provided by
the constitution.

54. 1

Karbi Anglong district belongs to assam

55. 3

 371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.

371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh 

Article 371F Constitution of India: Special provisions with respect to the State of

Sikkim. 

 Article 371J in the Constitution to empower the Governor of Karnataka to take

steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.

56. 3

 the Governor may by public notification direct that any particular Act of

Parliament or Legislature of the State shall not apply to a Scheduled
Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a Scheduled Area.

57. 2

A. Dadra and Nagar Haveli -1961

B. Chandigarh -1966
C. Puducherry -1962
D. Andaman and Nicobar Islands-1956
58. 2
Article 239 Constitution of India: Administration of Union territories.

59. 4
The governor can appoint a commission to examine and report on any matter
relating to the administration of the autonomous districts or regions..

60.2
Part VIII of the Constitution is concerned with the administration of the Union
Territories.

61. 4
Constitution shows difference between friendly and enemy aliens,india at war with
nations are considered as enemy aliens.

62. 4
Voluntary Renunciation: If an Indian citizen wishes, who is of full age and
capacity, he can relinquish citizenship of India by his will.
 If a person takes the citizenship of another country, then his Indian citizenship
ends automatically.
 Deprivation by Government: The Government of India may terminate the
citizenship of an Indian citizen if;
(i). Citizen has disrespected the Constitution
(ii). Has obtained citizenship by fraud
(iii). The citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a
war.
(iv). Within 5 years of registration or naturalisation, a citizen has been sentenced to
2 years of imprisonment in any country.

63. 4
Nri is citizen of india
Nri can vote and contest elections

64. 4
Dual citizenship (or dual nationality) means a person may be a citizen of
the United States and of another country at the same time

65. 3
A person can acquire citizenship by naturalisation if he/she is ordinarily resident of
India for 12 years (throughout 12 months preceding the date of application and 11
years in the aggregate) and fulfils all qualifications in the third schedule of the
Citizenship Act.

66. 1
The Citizenship Act, 1955 provides for the acquisition and determination of Indian
citizenship.

67. 2
Citizenship is listed in the Union List under the Constitution and thus is under
the exclusive jurisdiction of Parliament.

68. 2
details of various categories of persons who are entitled to citizenship are given
in Part 2 (Articles 5 to 11).

69. 3
▪ There are four ways in which Indian citizenship can be acquired: birth,
descent, registration and naturalisation. The provisions are listed under
the Citizenship Act, 1955.
70. 4
▪ There are four ways in which Indian citizenship can be acquired: birth,
descent, registration and naturalisation. The provisions are listed under
the Citizenship Act, 1955.

71. 3
o Right to Property ceased to be a fundamental right with the 44  Constitution
th

Amendment in 1978.
o It was made a Constitutional right under Article 300A. Article 300A requires
the state to follow due procedure and authority of law to deprive a person of
his or her private property.
72. 2
details of various categories of persons who are entitled to citizenship are given
in Part 2 (Articles 5 to 11).

73. 1
Article 6
A person who migrated to India from Pakistan became an Indian citizen if he or
either of his parents or any of his grandparents was born in undivided India and
also fulfilled any one of the two conditions viz., in case he migrated to India before
July 19, 1948, he had been ordinarily resident in India since the date of his
migration; or in case he migrated to India on or after July 19, 1948, he had been
registered as a citizen of India. But, a person could be so registered only if he had
been resident in India for six months preceding the date of his application for
registration
74. 2
A person is said to have a domicile in a country in which he/she is considered to
have his/her permanent home.

75. 1
NRI Overseas Indians already has Indian citizenship.
Foreigners get citizenship by naturalization.

75. 3
Quo warranto means “by what warrant”? This writ is issued to enquire into legality
of the claim of a person or public office. It restrains the person or authority to act
in an office which he / she is not entitled to; and thus stops usurpation of public
office by anyone. This writ is applicable to the public offices only and not to
private offices.

76. 4
A person can acquire citizenship by naturalisation if he/she is ordinarily resident of
India for 12 years (throughout 12 months preceding the date of application and 11
years in the aggregate) and fulfils all qualifications in the third schedule of the
Citizenship Act

77. 4
Article 9: Provided that if any person voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a
foreign State will no longer be a citizen of India.
The Citizenship Act, 1955 also lays down the three modes by which an Indian
citizen, whether a citizen at the commencement of the Constitution or subsequent
to it, may lose his/her citizenship. It may happen in any of the three ways :
renunciation, termination and deprivation.

78. 3
All are correct.
79. 4
o It is a Latin term which literally means ‘to have the body of’. Under this the
court issues an order to a person who has detained another person, to produce
the body of the latter before it. The court then examines the cause and legality
of detention.
o This writ is a bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention.
o The writ of habeas corpus can be issued against both public authorities as well
as private individuals.
o The writ, on the other hand, is not issued where the:

● detention is lawful,
● the proceeding is for contempt of a legislature or a court,
● detention is by a competent court, and
● detention is outside the jurisdiction of the court
79. 4
A person domiciled in India
A person born in India
A person whose parents were born in india

80. 4
The qualifications for naturalization of a person are:

1. He should not be a subject of any country where Indians are prevented for
being a citizen;
2. If he already acquires other country’s citizenship, then he has to renounce
that citizenship for acquiring Indian Citizenship;
3. He has either resided in India or been in government service for 12 months
immediately preceding the date of application;
 4. During the period of 14 years[vi] prior to these 12 months, he has either
resided in India or been in government services for not less than 11 years;
5. He should be of good character and he should have the adequate knowledge
of a language specified in the Eighth Schedule;
6. After that if he has been granted the certificate of naturalization, then he
should intent to reside in India
81. 1
Current Voting Process for NRIs:

o Voting rights for NRIs were introduced only in 2011, through an amendment

to the Representation of the People Act 1950.
o An NRI can vote in the constituency in his/her place of residence, as
mentioned in the passport, is located.
o He/She can only vote in person and will have to produce her passport in
original at the polling station for establishing identity.
o If the NRI has completed 18 years as on 01 st Jan 2019, they can register to
vote. Such NRIs must not have acquired foreign citizenship.
o Before filling in the form, the NRI first needs to identify her relevant polling
station via the interactive map. They can also get the details of the Election
Officer for the area.
o The Enrolment Form (Form 6A) can be filled up
o

82. 4
1. Renunciation is a voluntary act by which a person after acquiring the citizenship
of another country gives up his Indian citizenship.
2. Termination takes place by operation of law. When an India citizen voluntarily
acquires the citizenship of another country, he automatically ceases to be an Indian
citizen.
3. Deprivation is a compulsory termination of the citizenship of India obtained by
Registration or Naturalization. The citizenship is deprived on the basis of an order
of the Government of India, in cases involving acquisition of India citizenship by
fraud, false representation and concealment of material fact or being disloyal to the
Constitution
83. 1
At present this facility is being extended to Person of India Origin (PIO ) of 16
specified countries, namely, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Republic of Cyprus, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America
84. 1
: There are two kinds of people – citizens and aliens. Citizens enjoy all civil and
political rights unlike the aliens. Further, aliens are of two kinds – enemy aliens
and friendly aliens.
Enemy aliens are the subjects of that country that is at war with India. While,
friendly aliens are subjects of those countries that have cordial relations with India.

Protection of life and personal liberty under Article 21 is available to both citizens
and foreigners i.e. except enemy aliens.
Citizens alone have the right to hold offices of Attorney General and Advocate
General
Like citizenship, domicile is also one for the whole of India.
85. 3
Single citizenship of whole India
86. 1

● Writ of mandamus demands some activity on part of the person or body to

whom it is addressed.
● The demand is to perform a public or quasi-public duty which the body or
person has refused to perform and the performance of which cannot be
enforced by any other legal remedy.
● Therefore, it is that no mandamus will lie except when the applicant has a
legal right to seek the performance of a legal duty and the authority against
which the writ is sought is bound to perform that duty.
mandamus cannot be issued against An order of the Governor, commuting death
sentence which had been confirmed by the High Court cannot be interfered with by
mandamus.

86. 3
the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Scheme was introduced by amending the
Citizenship Act, 1955 in August 2005. The Scheme was launched during the
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention 2006 at Hyderabad. The Scheme provides for
registration as Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) of all Persons of Indian Origin
(PIOs) who were citizens of India on 26th January, 1950 or there after or were
eligible to become citizens of India on 26th January, 1950 except who is or had
been a citizen of Pakistan, Bangladesh or such other country as the Central
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify.

OCI is not to be misconstrued as 'dual citizenship'. OCI does not confer political
rights.

Voting rights for NRIs were introduced only in 2011, through an amendment to the
Representation of the People Act 1950.

87. 4

All statements are correct.

88. 2

Voting rights for NRIs were introduced only in 2011, through an amendment to the
Representation of the People Act 1950

post 2010 an amendment permitted NRIs to vote at their particular constituency in

India but the voting required the direct presence of the NRI in India at the
particular polling booth where the name was registered.

89. 3

Article 9: Provided that if any person voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a

foreign State will no longer be a citizen of India.

Article 11: It empowers Parliament to make any provision with respect to the

acquisition and termination of citizenship and all matters relating to it.

90. 1

This year, the theme of Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is "Contributing to

Aatmanirbhar Bharat"
91. 1

 There are two kinds of people – citizens and aliens. Citizens enjoy all civil and
political rights unlike the aliens. Further, aliens are of two kinds – enemy aliens
and friendly aliens.
Enemy aliens are the subjects of that country that is at war with India. While,
friendly aliens are subjects of those countries that have cordial relations with India.
Friendly aliens enjoy more rights than the enemy aliens.
92. 2
The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, and 30 are
available only to citizens of India
93. 1
Article 23(1): Traffic in human beings and the beggar and other similar forms of
forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with the law.
Article 24 says that “No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to
work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.”
94. 4
 Fundamental Rights, unlike ordinary legal rights, are protected and guaranteed by
the constitution of the country.
The rights are not absolute but qualified.

● The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them, however, the

reasonability of the restrictions is decided by the courts.

Rights are Justiciable: The rights are justiciable and allow persons to move the
courts for their enforcement, if and when they are violated.
95. 4
The Supreme Court (Article 32) and the High courts (Article 226) can issue the
writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo-warranto. To
enforce fundamental rights.
96. 1
Rights are Justiciable: The rights are justiciable and allow persons to move the
courts for their enforcement, if and when they are violated.
97. 1
The 11-member committee, led by Motilal Nehru, was constituted in 1928.
Its report made a number of recommendations, including proposing
guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians
98. 2
On the 1st December of 2016, Hon’ble Justice Misra and Hon’ble Justice Roy of
the Supreme Court while hearing the matter of Shyam Narayan Chouksey passed
an interim order making it compulsory for;

1. cinema halls and theatres to play the national anthem before every movie
screening
2. patrons or viewers to pay respect to the national anthem my standing

99. 4

Suspension of Fundamental rights under Article 19: According to Article 358,

when a proclamation of National Emergency is made, the six fundamental rights
under article 19 are automatically suspended

Suspension of other Fundamental Rights: Under Article 359, the President is

authorised to suspend, by order, the right to move any court for the enforcement of
Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency. Thus, remedial measures are
suspended and not the Fundamental Rights.

100. 1

on August 7, 1990, the then prime minister V.P. Singh made a historic decision
that changed Indian politics and way of ensuring social justice. The then
government decided to implement the recommendations of the Mandal
Commission, and open up reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in
government jobs
101. 3

In Gian Kaur vs. State of Punjab, a five judge Constitutional Bench held that the
"right to life" is inherently inconsistent with the "right to die" as is "death" with
"life"

102. 2

Right to Equality (Articles 14 - 18) The right to equality provides for the equal

treatment of everyone before the law, prevents discrimination on various grounds,
treats everybody as equals in matters of public employment, and abolishes
untouchability, and titles (such as Sir, Rai Bahadur

103. 2

The 86th amendment to the constitution of India in 2002, provided Right to

Education as a fundamental right in part-III of the Constitution. The
same amendment inserted Article 21A which made Right to Education a
fundamental right for children between 6-14 years.

104. 1

Rathinam v. Union of India. The Supreme Court held that criminal penalties for
suicide violate the constitutional right to life by amounting to a double punishment;
specifically arguing that women who attempt suicide after abuse cannot be
criminally penalized for their suicide attempt

105. 4

The Constitution allows preventive detention but stipulates that no one should be
detained beyond three months unless an Advisory Board authorises detention
beyond that period.

Other two provisions are interpreted by supreme court.

106. 4

They are available to both Indian citizens and foreigners

They are not absolute, they are subjected to reasonable restrictions.

107. 1

Mohini Jain Vs State of Karnataka

The Supreme Court first held that, although the right to education was not
explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution, it is essential to the realisation of the
fundamental right to life and human dignity under Article 21

108. 3

“We are of the view that in cases where a fake encounter is proved against
policemen in a trial, they must be given death sentence, treating it as the rarest of
rare cases. Fake ‘encounters’ are nothing but cold blooded, brutal murder by
persons who are supposed to uphold the law,” the Supreme Court held in Prakash
Kadam versus Ramprasad Vishwanath Gupta on May 13, 2011.

109. 4

▪ It introduced economic reservation by amending Articles 15 and 16. It

inserted Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6) in the Constitution to allow
reservation for the economically backward in the unreserved category.
▪ It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50%
reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward
Classes (SEBC).
▪ It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWSs of
society.
▪ Since this is a central law on subjects (employment, education) in the
concurrent list (subjects on which states and the central government both have
jurisdiction), the state governments need to ratify it before adopting it locally.

110. 3

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2021: History, significance of day honouring contribution

of Overseas Indian community. Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated
annually on 9 January to mark the contribution of the non-residential Indian
community towards the development of the country.

111. 3

The SC in its recent order records: “The decision in TMA Pai Foundation case,

rendered by the 11 Judges of this Court, thus put the matter beyond any doubt and
clarified that the right under Article 30(1) is not absolute or above the law” and
highlighted the test laid down by Justice Khanna in the St Xavier's College.

112. 3

The SC in its recent order records: “The decision in TMA Pai Foundation case,

rendered by the 11 Judges of this Court, thus put the matter beyond any doubt and
clarified that the right under Article 30(1) is not absolute or above the law”

113. 3

Fundamental rights primarily acts as limitations upon the powers of

executives,legislature.

114. 3

44th Amendment , Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental

rights (Article 31) and was made a legal right under Article 300A

115. 1

In August 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that Instant Triple talaq or talaq-e-biddat
is unconstitutional and illegal in Shayara Bano vs. Union of India and Ors. To
enforce the Supreme Court ruling, the government brought The Muslim Women
(Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2017.

116. 3

According to Article 21:

“Protection of Life and Personal Liberty: No person shall be deprived of his life or
personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”

This fundamental right is available to every person, citizens and foreigners alike.

The right to life is not just about the right to survive. It also entails being able to
live a complete life of dignity and meaning.

. It covers protection against arbitrary executive and legislative action

117. 3

118. 2

National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India is a landmark decision by

the Supreme Court of India, which declared transgender people the 'third gender',
affirmed that the fundamental rights granted under the Constitution of India will be
equally applicable to them, and gave them the right to self-identification of their
gender as male, female or third gender.
119.1

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989,
gives effect to . Equality before law, Right against discrimination, Abolition of
Untouchability

120. 4
The Indian Constitution recognized the principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work' for
both men and women, and 'Right to Work' through Article 39(d)

121. 4

Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug (1 June 1948 – 18 May 2015), was an Indian nurse

who was at the centre of attention in a court case on euthanasia after spending 37
years in a vegetative state as a result of sexual assault.

122.2
Fundamental Rights available to only citizens and not foreigners
● Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place
of birth (Article 15).
● Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).
● Six basic freedoms subject to reasonable restrictions (Article 19).
● Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29).
● Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
(Article 30).

Remaining fundamental rights are available to both citizens and foreigners.

123.3
 It is placed in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) of the Constitution
under Article 41, which hence makes it unenforceable in the court of law.

124. 3
The decision of the Supreme Court in Vishakha v State of Rajasthan was a
landmark one as it laid down elaborate guidelines to deal with the menace of
sexual harassment against women at workplaces.

125. 3

The Parliament introduced Article 15(5) by The Constitution (Ninety-Third

Amendment) Act, 2005 to enable the State to make such provision for the
advancement of SC, ST and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC)
of citizens

126. 4

ARTICLE 35 : LEGISLATION TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE PROVISIONS OF

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS.
127. 3

15(5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall
prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement
of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled
Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their
admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions,
whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational
institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30.

128. 2

The Supreme Court in Common Cause vs Union of India upheld Passive

Euthanasia through the concept of living will whereby a patient makes an advance
directive for withdrawal of medical treatment

129. 4

In 2014, Dr. Subramanian Swamy made corruption allegations against Ms.

Jayalathitha. In response, the Tamil Nadu State Government filed defamation cases
against Dr. Swamy. Thereafter, Dr. Swamy and other prominent politicians
challenged the constitutionality of the criminal defamation law in India,
i.e., Sections 499 and 500 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). A two-judge bench of
the Supreme Court comprising Justices Dipak Misra and P. C. Pant decided the
case And has upheld these provisions of the Indian Penal Code as not violating
freedom of Speech and Expression.
130.1
▪ Section 66A dealt with information related crimes in which sending
information, by means of a computer resource or a communication device,
which is inter alia offensive, derogatory and menacing is made a punishable
offence.
▪ In Shreya Singhal v. Union of India judgement, Justices Rohinton F. Nariman
and J. Chelameswar had observed that the weakness of Section 66A lay in the
fact that it had created an offence on the basis of undefined actions: such
as causing “inconvenience, danger, obstruction and insult”, which do not fall
among the exceptions granted under Article 19 of the Constitution, which
guarantees the freedom of speech.
131. 4

. Unni Krishnan Vs State of Andhra Pradesh

The Court ruled that there is no fundamental right to education for a professional
degree that flows from Article 21. ... After reaching the age of fourteen, their right
to education is subject to the limits of economic capacity and development of
the state.

132. 1
The Bombay high court pronounced the judgment after hearing a Public Interest
Litigation (PIL) filed by several women activists urging the court to lift restrictions
imposed on entry of women in the dargah by the Haji Ali Dargah Trust. 

133. 3
A person is able to lie by using his imagination. In the Narco Analysis Test, the
subject enters into a "twilight" stage i.e. a stage between consciousness and
unconsciousness. ... Clause (3) of Article 20 declares that no person accused of an
offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

134. 4
Restriction on Freedom of Speech
Security. Sovereignty and integrity of the country. Friendly relations with foreign
countries. Public order

135.2
Proof Of Backwardness Of SC/STs
o The Supreme Court held the conclusion in Nagaraj case that the State has to
collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the SCs and the STs as
invalid. It opined that this was contrary to the finding arrived at by the nine-
judge bench in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India.
o It noted that the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney case had categorically
ruled that test or requirement of social and educational backwardness cannot
be applied to SCs and STs, who undoubtedly fall within the expression
“backward class of citizens”.

136. 1

The Supreme Court in the Champakam Dorairajan Vs State of Madras(1951) held

that DPSPs cannot override the provisions of Part III of the constitution. As per the
judgment, the DPSPs have to run subsidiary to the FRs and have to confirm them
. Article 15(4) empowers the state to make special provisions for advancement of
socially and educationally backwards or SC/STs

137. 1

1. Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M & ORS, 2018/Hadiya case [Right to choose while
Marrying]- The Supreme court Recognised freedom of choice in her marriage as in
her religious belief.

138.2

. Parliament of India shall not be competent to make a criminal law with

retrospective effect under

Article 20(1) provides: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for
violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an
offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been
inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence

139. 3

The SC has held that in general conditions the special provision should be less than
50% (M R Balaji And Others vs State Of Mysore (1962))

140. 1

Article-17 and Article-18 of constitution provides for the prohibition of practice of

untouchability and abolition of titles respectively. As per Article-18, state will not
give any titles to further discriminate. This with abolition of untochability under
Article-17 is a social issue, prohlbition of which brings social equality.

141. 1

These restrictions are: Public order, morality and health  associated

with religious practices

142. 1

Indra Sawhney Vs Union of India Judgement implemented, with 27% central

government reservation for OBCs.[9] However, some states denied the existence of
the creamy layer, and a report commissioned by the supreme court was not
implemented. The case was pressed again in 1999 and the supreme court
reaffirmed the creamy layer exclusion and extended it to SCs and STs

143. 2

. Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M & ORS, 2018/Hadiya case [Right to choose while
Marrying]- The Supreme court Recognised freedom of choice in her marriage as in
her religious belief under article 21.

144. 1

The Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as

the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, was enacted by the Janata
Party which had won the 1977 general elections campaigning on a promise to
"restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency

 Article 300A states that - No person shall be deprived of his property save by the
authority of law

145. 3

 the Constitution recognises only religious and linguistic minorities

146. 4

Articles 31A and 31B are inserted in the Indian Constitution through the first
constitutional amendment act - 1951.
Article 31C was inserted in the Indian Constitution through the 25 th constitutional
amendment act of 1971.
Laws inserted under articles 31A, 31B and 31C enjoy immunity from judicial
review

147. 1
Rev Stanislaus vs Madhya Pradesh, 1977 SCR (2) 611, is a matter where
the Supreme Court of India considered the issue whether the fundamental right to
practise and propagate religion includes the right to convert, held that the right to
propagate does not include the right to convert and therefore upheld the
constitutional validity of the laws enacted by Madhya
Pradesh and Odisha legislatures prohibiting conversion by force, fraud or
allurement

148. 4
A writ of prohibition is a writ directing a subordinate to stop doing something the
law prohibits. This writ is often issued by a superior court to the lower court
directing it not to proceed with a case which does not fall under its jurisdiction.

149. 1
A.K. Gopalan’s case has been the primer case where the Supreme Court declined
to consider “procedure established by law” in consonance with “due process of
law”. But, in 1978 this case was turned down in Maneka Gandhi where the
Supreme  Court itself stated the act of confiscating her passport as arbitrary. Justice
Kania referring to A.K Gopalan had said that the term “due process” mentioned in
the article had limited the powers of the judiciary, to interpret it further and seek its
reasonableness. But, through Maneka Gandhi a new precedent was set by
broadening the vision of these two phrases.

150. 4
The literal meaning of the writ of ‘Certiorari’ is ‘To be certified’ or ‘To be
informed.’ This writ is issued by a court higher in authority to a lower court or
tribunal ordering them either to transfer a case pending with them to itself or quash
their order in a case. It is issued on the grounds of an excess of jurisdiction or lack
of jurisdiction or error of law. It not only prevents but also cures for the mistakes in
the judiciary.
Facts about Certiorari in India:

● Pre-1991: The writ of Certiorari used to be issued only against judicial and
quasi-judicial authorities and not against administrative authorities
● Post-1991: The Supreme Court ruled that the certiorari can be issued even
against administrative authorities affecting the rights of individuals
● It cannot be issued against legislative bodies and private individuals or
bodies
CENTRE STATE RELATIONS EXPLANATION EM

1.D) Corporation tax. This list contains 97 items and comprises of the subjects
which are of national importance and admit of uniform laws for the whole of the
country. And the legislative powers to legislate these matters are solely vested in
the union parliament. The integral subjects which falls within the ambit of Union
List are: Defense, Foreign Affairs, Currency and Coinage, War and Peace, Atomic
Energy, National Resources, Railways, Post and Telegraph, Citizenship,
Navigation and Shipping, Foreign Trade, Inter-State Trade and Commerce,
Banking, Insurance, National Highways, Census, Election, Institutions of higher
education and others.

2.D)

3.C) Ranganath Mishra Commission : National Commission for Religious and

Linguistic Minorities, also called as Ranganath Misra Commission was constituted
by Government of India on 29 October 2004 to look into various issues related to
Linguistic and Religious minorities in India. It was chaired by former Chief Justice
of India Justice Ranganath Misra

4.D) Investigating matters in which Union has a common interest with states

5.A) The doctrine states that within their respective spheres the state and the union
legislatures are made supreme, they should not encroach upon the sphere
demarcated for the other.

However, if one among the state and the Centre does encroach upon the sphere of
the other, the courts will apply the Doctrine of Pith and Substance.
If the pith and substance i.e., the true object of the legislation pertains to a subject
within the competence of the legislature that enacted it, it should be held to be intra
vires although it may incidentally encroach on the matters not within the
competence of the legislature.
6.C) In certain exceptional circumstances, State Legislatures can make a law on a
subject given in the Union List. It is the parliament can make a law on a subject in
the state list or concurrent list.

7.D) The Parliament can make laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List in
the following circumstances:

1. According to Article 249 of Constitution of India, when a resolution is passed by

the Rajya Sabha by two-thirds majority making it lawful for the Parliament to
legislate on a subject mentioned in the State List in national interest.

2. According to Article 250 of Constitution of India, when a proclamation of

emergency is in operation, the Parliament has the power to make laws for the
whole or any part of India on any of the matters stated in the State List.

3. According to Article 252 of Constitution of India, when two or more States give
their consent and pass resolutions for the same in their respective Legislatures to
enable the Parliament to make a law on any matter listed in the State List. Any
such law will be applicable to only those States which have passed such resolution,
not to all states.

8.D) The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five subjects to Concurrent
List from State List, that is, (a) education, (b) forests, (c) weights and measures,
(d) protection of wild animals and birds, and (e) administration of
justice; constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and
the high courts.

9.A) Article 265 of the Constitution of India provides that "no tax shall be levied

or collected except by the authority of law"

10.D) The GST would replace the following taxes:

(i) Taxes currently levied and collected by the Centre:

a. Central Excise duty
b. Duties of Excise (Medicinal and Toilet Preparations)
c. Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance)
d. Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Products)

e. Additional Duties of Customs (commonly known as CVD)

f. Special Additional Duty of Customs (SAD)
g. Service Tax
h. Central Surcharges and Cesses so far as they relate to supply of goods and
services

(ii) State taxes that would be subsumed under the GST are:
a. State VAT
b. Central Sales Tax
c. Luxury Tax
d. Entry Tax (all forms)
e. Entertainment and Amusement Tax (except when levied by the local bodies)
f. Taxes on advertisements g. Purch ..

11.C) The Contingency Fund of India is established under Article 267 of the

Indian Constitution. ... Approval of the Parliament of India for such expenditure
and for withdrawal of an equivalent amount from the Consolidated Fund is
subsequently obtained to ensure that the corpus of the Contingency Fund remains
intact.

12.B) Fifth
13.D) Officially known as The Constitution (One Hundred and
First Amendment) Act, 2016, this amendment introduced a national Goods and
Services Tax (GST) in India from 1 July 2017. ... It replaces all indirect taxes
levied on goods and services by the Indian Central and state governments.

14.D) Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.
Article 268 in The Constitution Of India 1949
268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
(1) Such stamp duties and such duties of excise on medicinal and toilet
preparations as are mentioned in the Union List shall be levied by the Government
of India but shall be collected
(a) in the case where such duties are leviable within any Union territory, by the
Government of India, and
(b) in other cases, by the States within which such duties are respectively leviable
(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such duty leviable within any State
shall not form part of the Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to that
State

15.B) Tenth Finance Commission

16.D) Article 269 - Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the
States - Constitution of India.

17.A) The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000.This amendment,

which was based on an 'alternative scheme of devolution' recommended by
the Tenth FC, fundamentally altered the pattern of sharing of Central taxes
between the Centre and the States

18.D) This Article gives provision for the taxes levied and distributed between the
Union and the States:

• All taxes and duties named within the Union List, except the duties and
taxes named in articles 268, 269 and 269A, separately.

• Taxes and surcharges on taxes, duties, and cess on particular functions

which are specified in Article 271 under any law created by Parliament are
extracted by the Union Government.

• It is distributed between the Union and the States as mentioned in clause (2).

19.C) Emission of Article 268A

Article 268A of the Constitution, as inserted by section 2 of the Constitution

(Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003 shall be omitted.

20.A) Article 271 Constitution of India: Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for
purposes of the Union

21.D) Article 272 in The Constitution Of India 1949

272. Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed
between the Union and the States Union duties of excise other than such duties of
excise on medicinal and toilet preparations as are mentioned in the Union List shall
be levied and collected by the Government of India, but, if Parliament by law so
provides, there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India to the States to
which the law imposing the duty extends sums equivalent to the whole or any part
of the net proceeds of that duty, and those sums shall be distributed among those
States in accordance with such principles of distribution as may be formulated by
such law

22.D) Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in

which States are interested

(1) No Bill or amendment which imposes or varies any tax which varies any tax or
duty in which States are interested, or which varies the meaning of the expression
agricultural income as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian
income tax, or which affects the principles on which under any of the foregoing
distributable to State, or which imposes any surcharge for the purposes of the
Union as is mentioned in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, shall be
introduced or moved in either House or Parliament except on the recommendation
of the President.

23.None of the above. GST Council is the governing body of GST having 33

members, out of which 2 members are of centre and 31 members are from 28 state
and 3 Union territories with legislation.

24.C) 1. Article 292 of the Constitution of India deals with borrowing by the
Government of India 2. Article 293 of the Constitution of India deals with
borrowing by States.

25.C) Article 285 1 of Constitution of India

Article 285(1) says that property of Union should be exempt from all state taxation
except where Parliament may otherwise provide.
26.C) The full text of Article 286 of the Constitution, prior to being amended by
section 4 of the 6th Amendment, is given below: 286. Restrictions as to imposition
of tax on the sale or purchase of goods. (b) in the course of the import of the goods
into, or export of the goods out of, the territory of India.

27.C) Article 287 in The Constitution Of India 1949

287. Exemption from taxes on electricity Save in so far as Parliament may by law
otherwise provide, no law of a State shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a
tax on the consumption or sale of electricity (whether produced by a Government
or other persons) which is (a) consumed by the Government of India, or sold to the
Government of India for consumption by that Government.

28.C) No law of a State in force immediately before the commencement of this

Constitution shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a tax in respect of any
water or electricity stored, generated, consumed, distributed or sold by any
authority established by any existing law or any law made by Parliament for
regulating or developing any inter-State river or river-valley.
The property and income of a State shall not be exempt from Union taxation.

29.B) The Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as

The Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988, amended article 276 of the
Constitution relating to taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
Section 2 of the Act amended Clause (2) of article 276 of the Constitution to
increase the ceiling of tax on professions, trades, callings and employments from
₹250 (equivalent to ₹2,300 or US$32 in 2019) per person per annum to ₹2500 per
person per annum. The 60th Amendment also omitted the proviso to clause (2) of
article 276.
30.A)  Commission has chairman and four members appointed by the president.
Their term is decided by the president and they are eligible for re appointment.
31.C)
32.C)

33.C) Article 275 provides for the pay- ment of such sums as Parliament may by
law provide as grants-in aid to such States as Parliament may determine to be in
need of assistance. ... The amounts of such grants are to be determined by on order
of the President until provi- sion is made by Parliament.
34.C) The Finance Commission recommendations ensure that these local
bodies are ... SDRF: The central government also provides funds to State Disaster
Relief Funds in ... Post devolution revenue deficit grants: About a third of the
total revenue ... Schemes under Article 275 (1) of the Constitution.

Finance Commission Grants & Other Transfers definition: The Finance

Commission is a constitutional body set up by the President of India, every five
years or earlier to decide the share of the Union government and state governments
in the divisible pool of tax revenue. The Finance Commission also decides the
share of each state from the share of states in the divisible pool. The Commission
further recommends the share of funds and grants to be transferred to local bodies.
In the Union Budget, these transfers are called ‘Finance Commission Grants’ and
‘Other Transfers’.

35.C) Article 282 in The Constitution Of India 1949

282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues The Union
or a State may make any grants for any public purpose, notwithstanding that the
purpose is not one with respect to which Parliament or the Legislature of the State,
as the case may be, may make laws

36.D) Article 277 in The Constitution Of India 1949

277. Savings Any taxes, duties, cesses or fees which, immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution, were being lawfully levied by the
Government of any State or by any municipality or other local authority or body
for the purposes of the State, municipality, district or other local area may,
notwithstanding that those taxes, duties, cesses or fees are mentioned in the Union
List, continue to be levied and to be applied to the same purposes until provision to
the contrary is made by Parliament by law.

37.D)

38.D) All the above.

39.C) . TAXES WHICH ARE NOT TO BE SUBSUMED

GST may not subsume the following taxes within its ambit:
Basic Customs Duty: These are protective duties levied at the time of Import of
goods into India.

Exports Duty: This duty is imposed at the time of export of certain goods which
are not available in India in abundance.

Road & Passenger Tax: These are in the nature of fees and not in the nature of
taxes on goods and services.

Toll Tax: These are in the nature of user fees and not in the nature of taxes on
goods and services.

Property Tax

Stamp Duty

Electricity Duty

40.C) One-half of the total number of Members of the Goods and Services Tax
Council shall constitute the quorum at its meetings.

The Goods and Services Tax Council shall determine the procedure in the
performance of its functions.

Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting,
by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members
present and voting, in accordance with the following principles, namely: —

the vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one third of the total
votes cast, and

the votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of
two-thirds of the total votes cast, in that meeting.

41.D) The Constitution of India.

42.D) GST Constitutional Amendment Bill omits Entry 92 and 92C from the
Union List and Entry 52 and 55 of the State List of the Seventh Schedule
43.A) Finance Commission, the body is charged with recommending to the
President 'the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the
revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India'.

44.C) The vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one third of
the total votes cast. The votes of all the State Governments taken together shall
have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast.

45.A) Article 257 of the Constitution of India says that the executive power of

every State shall be exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the
executive power of the Union

46.D) GST Council is the governing body of GST having 33 members, out of
which 2 members are of centre and 31 members are from 28 state and 3 Union
territories with legislation. The council contains the following members (a) Union
Finance Minister (as chairperson) (b) Union Minister of States in charge of
revenue or finance (as member) (c) the ministers of states in charge of finance or
taxation or other ministers as nominated by each states government (as member).

47.D) Article 312 of the Constitution makes specific provision for the creation of
the All-India Services by legislation by Parliament if the Council of States has
declared by resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members
present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest so to do

48.B) Union Finance Minister

49.B) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership

50.D) without the consent of any State

51.D)

52.A) Stock Exchange and future markets are a subject enumerated in the Union

List under seventh Schedule of the Constitution. It implies that only the Parliament
has the power to make laws regulating stock exchange and its functioning.

53.D) Education is a subject mentioned under Concurrent list. Which means both
centre and states have right to legislate on subject of education in India.
54.A) Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oilfields is under the
Union List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. The
Concurrent List or List-III (Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the
last item is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of
India.

55.C) if the object of whole law is somewhat different from what a want to enact

56.A ) Tax on Agricultural Income · In the Seventh Schedule, Entry 82 in the

Union List mentions taxes other than agricultural income, while Entry 46 in the
State List .

57.C) Tribunal: The central government will set up an Inter-State River Water
Disputes Tribunal, for the adjudication of water disputes.

58.C) The 15th Finance Commission has recommended that the spending on health
by states should be increased to more than 8 per cent of their budget by 2022.

•The commission also noted the need to constitute an All India Medical and Health
Service as envisaged under Section 2A of the All-India Services Act, 1951 given
the inter-State disparity in the availability of medical doctors.

59. No option Available The Union List or List-I is a list of 100 ( As per
M.laxmikant indian polity ) numbered items The State List or List-II is
a list of 61 items. Initially there were 66 items in the list in Schedule Seven to the
Constitution of India. The legislative section is divided into three lists: the
Union List, the State List and the Concurrent List.
The Concurrent List or List-III (Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though
the last subjects is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution
of India. It includes the power to be considered by both the union and state
government.

60.A)

61. All options are correct) India is a union of states. The constitution of India has
divided the legislative, executive and financial powers between the centre and the
states, which gives the constitution a federal character whereas judiciary is
integrated in a hierarchical structure.

The centre-state relations are divided into three parts, which are mentioned below:

(A) Legislative Relations (Article 245-255)

(B) Administrative Relations (Article 256-263)

(C) Financial Relations (Article 268-293).

62.A) Articles 245 to 255

63.D)Rajamannar was appointed as the Chairman of a 3-member committee P.V.

Rajamannar committee to study the State Autonomy and Centre-State relations by
the then newly elected DMK government under its Chief Minister Dr. M.
Karunanidhi.

64.B) Article 247 of the Constitution speaks of the power of

the Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional
courts in respect of matters under the Union List. ... Last week, the Court had
sought the views of the Central Government regarding the creation of additional
courts

65.C) Article 252 in The Constitution Of India 1949.

66.C) Article 258(1). Notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the President

may, with the consent of the Government of a State, entrust either conditionally or
unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any
matter to which the executive power of the Union extends

67.D) Constitution of Tribunal.

(1) When any request under section 3 is received from any State Government in
respect of any water dispute and the Central Government is of opinion that the
water dispute cannot be settled by negotiations, the Central Government shall, by
notification in the Official Gazette, constitute a Water Disputes Tribunal for the
adjudication of the water dispute.
68.D) Article 258A. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor
of a State may, with the consent of the Government of India, entrust either
conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in
relation to any matter to which the executive power of the State extends.

69.A) Doctrine of territorial nexus

70.A) Recommendations of Sarkaria Commission:

It recommended the transfer of other residuary powers to the Concurrent List
because, it felt, the exercise of such power by the States would be subject to the
rules of Union supremacy that have been built into the scheme of the Constitution,
particularly Articles 246 and 254

71.D) For the purpose of calculating the compensation amount in any financial
year, year 2015-16 will be assumed to be the base year, from revenue will be
projected.  The growth rate of revenue for a state during the five-year period is
assumed be 14% per annum.  

72.D) Article 269
Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States

73.B) The Supreme Court

The Constitution of India has vested the 'residuary powers' with the Centre. But,
the final authority to decide whether a matter falls under the list of residuary
powers or not, rests with the Supreme Court because it is the judiciary
which decides whether any matter falls under residuary list or not.

74.D) The Inter-State Council is a permanent constitutional body set up by a

presidential order on the basis of provisions in Article 263 of the Constitution of
India.

75.A) Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment

76.D) Centre and the States

77.C) The President of India

78.A) Seventh schedule of the constitution
79.A) The President of India
80.A) A chairman and four other members : The Finance Commission is
constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give
its recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the
States and amongst the States themselves.

81.C) The Rajamannar commission

82.A) The given statement was wrong ; Parliament and States can legislate on
the Concurrent List
83.C) not mentioned in the Constitution : Yes, it is correct to say that India is a
federal country even when the word federalism isn't exactly used in
the Constitution. This is because India follows all the basic features
of federalism-we have different tiers of government, each has their own lists and
jurisdiction, etc.
84.C) The President of India: The Finance Commission is constituted by the
President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give its
recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States
and amongst the States themselves.
85.B) The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament
86.D) The Contingency Fund of India is established under Article 267 of the
Indian Constitution. It is in the nature of an imprest (money maintained for a
specific purpose). Accordingly, Parliament enacted the contingency fund of India
Act 1950.
87.D) During a National Emergency
88.B) In times of emergency
89.A) A residuary power is a power which retained by a governmental authority
after certain powers have been delegated to other authorities. Residuary Powers are
special powers entrusted by the Constitution, to the Union Government. The
Parliament has powers to make any law with respect to any matter which is not a
part of the Concurrent List or State List.
90.D) Federalism is the system of government in which power is divided between
a central government and regional governments; in the United States, both the
national government and the state governments possess a large measure of
sovereignty.
91. None of the above : The important recommendations of the committee are as
follows: (i) An Inter-State Council should be set up immediately; (ii) Finance
Commission should be made a permanent body; (iii) Planning Commission should
be disbanded and its place should be taken by a statutory body; (iv) Articles 356,
357 and 365 (dealing with President’s Rule) should be totally omitted; (v) The
provision that the state ministry holds office during the pleasure of the governor
should be omitted; (vi) Certain subjects of the Union List and the Concurrent List
should be transferred to the State List; (vii) the residuary powers should be
allocated to the states; and (viii) All-India services (IAS, IPS and IFS) should be
abolished.
92.B) Residuary powers of legislation in regard to taxation matters should continue
to remain exclusively in the competence of Parliament, while the residuary field
other than that of taxation, should be placed in the Concurrent List. The
Constitution may be suitably amended to give effect to this recommendation
93.C) Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
94.C) Both Are Valid Points
95.A) Prevention of cruelty to animals
96. C) The reviews of royalty rates on minerals, petroleum and natural gas should
be made every two years and well in time, as and when they fall due
The system of tax-free municipal bonds should be introduced in this country.

97.D) Union List (List I) (Parliament Legislation)

This list contains 97 items and comprises of the subjects which are of national
importance and admit of uniform laws for the whole of the country. And the
legislative powers to legislate these matters are solely vested in the union
parliament. The integral subjects which falls within the ambit of Union List are:
Defense, Foreign Affairs, Currency and Coinage, War and Peace, Atomic Energy,
National Resources, Railways, Post and Telegraph, Citizenship, Navigation and
Shipping, Foreign Trade, Inter-State Trade and Commerce, Banking, Insurance,
National Highways, Census, Election, Institutions of higher education and others.
98.D) All statements are correct

99.D) All statements are correct

100.C) The Government of India constituted a Commission on Centre-State

Relations under the chairmanship of Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi, former Chief
Justice of India on 27th April 2007 to look into the new issues of Centre-State
relations keeping in view the changes that have taken place in the polity and
economy of India since the Sarkaria Commission had last looked at the issue of
Centre-State relations over two decades ago.

The Commission made 273 recommendations in its seven-volume report presented

to Government on 30 March 2010. Commission examined and reviewed: Working
of the existing arrangements between the Union and States. Pronouncements of the
Courts in regard to powers

101.C) Doctrine of territorial nexus case law

Doctrine of territorial nexus says that laws made by a state legislature are not
applicable outside the state, except when there is a sufficient nexus between the
state and the object.

102.C) Sarkaria Commission was set up in 1983 by the central government of

India. The Sarkaria Commission's charter was to examine the central-state
relationship on various portfolios and suggest changes within the framework of
Constitution of India.The Commission was so named as it was headed by Justice
Ranjit Singh Sarkaria (Chairman of the commission), a retired judge of the
Supreme Court of India

103.C) In A.H. Wadia v. Income tax Commissioner, Bombay, 1947

The Supreme Court Held: In the case of a sovereign Legislature question of
extra- territoriality of enactment can never be raised in the municipal court as a
ground for challenging its validity.

104.A) In 1973, in Kesavananda Bharti vs. State of Kerala case, the Supreme

Court upheld the validity of the 24th Constitution Amendment Act by reviewing
its decision in Golaknath case.

105.D) Shrikant Bhalchandra Karulkar Vs State of Gujarat (1994)

106.D) Paul Appleby has characterised the Indian system as “extremely federal”.
He was an important theorist from pf public administration in democracies from
United States of  America. Morris Jones has termed it as “bargaining federalism”.

Morris Jones termed it as “bargaining federalism”.

Ivor Jennings has described it as a “federation with a strong centralising tendency

107.C) The India Trusts Act, 1882 (act) governs private trusts. Public trusts are
further classified into charitable and religious trusts, and the Charitable and
Religious Trusts Act, 1920, (CRTA) the Religious Endowments Act, 1863, the
Charitable Endowments Act, 1890, the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and the
Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950 are the statutes most commonly relied upon to
determine the recognition and enforceability of public trusts.

108.C) The services known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Indian
Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service shall be deemed to be
services created by Parliament under this article
The all India judicial service referred to in clause ( 1 ) shall not include any post
inferior to that of a district judge as defined in article 236

109.D) Khazan Singh Vs State of UP (1973)

110.A)  Notwithstanding anything in Chapter VI of Part VI or Part XI, if the

Council of States has declared by resolution supported by not less than two thirds
of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the
national interest so to do, Parliament may by law provide for the creation of one or
more all India services (including an all India judicial service) common to the
Union and the States, and, subject to the other provisions of this Chapter, regulate
the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to any such
service

111.A) he doctrine states that within their respective spheres the state and the
union legislatures are made supreme, they should not encroach upon the sphere
demarcated for the other.

However, if one among the state and the Centre does encroach upon the sphere of
the other, the courts will apply the Doctrine of Pith and Substance.
If the pith and substance i.e., the true object of the legislation pertains to a subject
within the competence of the legislature that enacted it, it should be held to be intra
vires although it may incidentally encroach on the matters not within the
competence of the legislature.
The Privy Council applied this doctrine in Profulla Kumar Mukherjee v Bank
of Khulna.

112.D) Federalism is one of the basic feature of Indian constitution. By virtue of

this power ... It is worthy to be mention that my whole research work is doctrinal in
nature. Legislature of a ... It is termed as the “fraud on the constitution”

113.A) In August 2014, the NDA Government had set up a high-

level committee to review the six environment laws
in India and recommend specific amendments to bring them in line with current
requirements. The committee was headed by the former cabinet secretary TSR
Subramanian

114.d
115.B) The royalty rates on major minerals should be revised at least every two
years without any delay
116.D) A balance of power between states inter se is desirable and this is possible
by equality of representation in the Rajya Sabha. This requires amendment of the
relevant provisions to give equality of seats to states in the Rajya Sabha,
irrespective of their population size.
117.C) Five Zonal Councils were set up in the year 1957 under Section 15-22 of
the States Reorganization Act, 1956. The Union Home Minister is the Chairman
of each of these 5 Zonal Councils and Chief Minister of the host State, to be
chosen by rotation every year, is the Vice-Chairman. Two more Ministers from
each State are nominated as Members by the Governor.  The Council takes up
issues involving Centre and States, and among Member-States falling in the Zone
and thus provide a forum for resolving disputes and irritants between them. 
118.C) The idea of creation of Zonal Councils was mooted by the first Prime
Minister of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1956 when during the course of
debate on the report of the States Re-organisation Commission, he suggested that
the States proposed to be reorganised may be grouped into four or five zones
having an Advisory Council 'to develop the habit of cooperative working” among
these States. This suggestion was made by Pandit Nehru at a time when linguistic
hostilities and bitterness as a result of re-organisation of the States on linguistic
pattern were threatening the very fabric of our nation. As an antidote to this
situation, it was suggested that a high level advisory forum should be set up to
minimise the impact of these hostilities and to create healthy inter-State and
Centre-State environment with a view to solving inter-State problems and fostering
balanced socio economic development of the respective zones.

119.A) The constitutional provisions are spread out over Articles 245–

254. Article 245 talks about distribution of legislative power between Union
and State with respect to territory.
120.A) Centre-State relations in India
121.A) The Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Finance Commissions broadly
recommended grants for Local Bodies (LBs), amounting to between 1 to 1.5
percent of the Central divisible pool.
122.D) The Finance Commission is a constitutional body, that determines the
method and formula for distributing the tax proceeds between the Centre and
states, and among the states as per the constitutional arrangement and present
requirements.
123.B) In case of few constitutionally specified exceptions
124.B) Independent Judiciary
125.A) Sharing of taxes between Centre and States
126.D) Consolidated Fund of India is the most important of all government
accounts. Revenues received by the government and expenses made by it,
excluding the exceptional items, are part of the Consolidated Fund
127.C) India is a Quasi-federation
128.D) According to Granville Austin, the Constitution of India was perhaps the
first constituent body to embrace, from the start what was called cooperative
federalism. ... Since then, cooperative federalism has been India's mantra for
centre-state unity, cohesion and harmony
129.B) The revenue generated from the Stamp duties and Excise duties on medical
and toilet materials is imposed by the Central Government but collected and kept
by the respective state government.

130.D) Cooperative federalism

131.C) The residuary power is generally vested in the hands of the federal
legislative body and not the states of India. It means that besides the subjects
mentioned in the Union List, the Legislature can formulate laws on any subject not
mentioned in any list whatsoever.
132.B) Contingency Fund of each State Government is established under Article
267(2) of the Constitution – this is in the nature of an imprest placed at the disposal
of the Governor to enable him/her to make advances to meet urgent unforeseen
expenditure, pending authorization by the State Legislature.
133.C) As most of the rivers in the country are inter-State, the regulation and
development of waters of these rivers, is a source of inter-State differences and
disputes. In the Constitution, water is a matter included in Entry 17 of List-II
i.e. State List.
134.A) The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956 (IRWD Act) is an Act of the
Parliament of India enacted under Article 262 of Constitution of India on the eve
of reorganization of states on linguistic basis to resolve the water disputes that
would arise in the use, control and distribution of an interstate river or river.
135.B) "Parliament may, by law, provide for the adjudication of any dispute or
complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any
inter-State river or river valley."
136.A)  The National Water Resources Council adopted the revised 'National
Water Policy-2002' and passed a resolution to this effect in its 5th meeting held on
1st April, 2002 at New Delhi under the Chairmanship of Hon'ble Prime Minister
137.C) Disputes Resolution Committee: Under the Bill, when a state puts in a
request regarding any water dispute, the central government will set up a Disputes
Resolution Committee (DRC), to resolve the dispute amicably. The DRC will
comprise of a Chairperson, and experts with at least 15 years of experience in
relevant sectors, to be nominated by the central government. It will also comprise
one member from each state (at Joint Secretary level), who are party to the dispute,
to be nominated by the concerned state government.

The DRC will seek to resolve the dispute through negotiations, within one year
(extendable by six months), and submit its report to the central government. If a
dispute cannot be settled by the DRC, the central government will refer it to the
Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal. Such referral must be made within
three months from the receipt of the report from the DRC.

Tribunal: The central government will set up an Inter-State River Water Disputes
Tribunal, for the adjudication of water disputes. This Tribunal can have multiple
benches. All existing Tribunals will be dissolved, and the water disputes pending
adjudication before such existing Tribunals will be transferred to the new Tribunal.

138.D) Composition of the Tribunal: The Tribunal will consist of a Chairperson,

Vice-Chairperson, three judicial members, and three expert members. They will
be appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a Selection
Committee. Each Tribunal Bench will consist of a Chairperson or Vice-
Chairperson, a judicial member, and an expert member. The central government
may also appoint two experts serving in the Central Water Engineering Service as
assessors to advise the Bench in its proceedings. The assessor should not be from
the state which is a party to the dispute.

140.D) As per Article 279A of the amended Constitution, the GST Council which
will be a joint forum of the Centre and the States, shall consist of the following
members: -

the Union Finance Minister................................................................ Chairperson;

the Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance................. Member;
the Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other
Minister nominated by each State Government...................................... Members.

141.D) The 7th Schedule of the Constitution of India defines various topics on
which the state and central government’s legislative and executive powers is
extended to. This is done via the 3 lists – union, state and concurrent. Disaster
Management is not mentioned in any of these 3 lists.

142.A) The composition of Finance Commission of India

Finance Commission Chairman and Members

Chairman: Heads the Commission and presides over the activities. He should have
had public affairs experience.

Four Members.
The Parliament determines legally the qualifications of the members of the
Commission and their selection methods.

Qualifications of Finance Commission Chairman and Members

The 4 members should be or have been qualified as High Court judges, or be

knowledgeable in finance or experienced in financial matters and are in
administration, or possess knowledge in economics. All the appointments are made
by the President of the country.

143.A) The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956 is an Act of the Parliament
of India enacted under Article 262 of Constitution of India on the eve of
reorganization of states on linguistic basis to resolve the water disputes that would
arise in the use, control and distribution of an interstate river or river valley

144.B)  Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional

courts Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament may by law provide
for the establishment of any additional courts for the better administration of laws
made by Parliament or of any existing laws with respect to a matter enumerated in
the Union List

145.A) Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India The

Government of India may by agreement with the Government of any territory not
being part of the territory of India undertake any executive, legislative or judicial
functions vested in the Government of such territory, but every such agreement
shall be subject to, and governed by, any law relating to the exercise of foreign
jurisdiction for the time being in force

146.B) Goods and services tax on supplies in the course of inter-State trade or
commerce shall be levied and collected by the Government of India and such tax
shall be apportioned between the Union and the States in the manner as may be
provided by Parliament by law on the recommendations of the Goods and
Services Tax 

147.C) Notwithstanding anything contained in articles 246 and 254, Parliament,

and, subject to clause (2), the Legislature of every State, have power to make
laws with respect to goods and services tax imposed by the Union or by
such State.

GST law making power of Parliament under clause (1) of Article 246A of the

Constitution also includes power of levy and collection of GST on supply of
goods or services or both where such supply takes place in the course of export
of the goods or services or both out of the territory of India

148.C) The Journey of GST in India Officially known as The Constitution (One

Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, this amendment introduced a national
Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India from 1 July 2017. ... It replaces all indirect
taxes levied on goods and services by the Indian Central and state governments.
The GST journey began in the year 2000 when a committee was set
up to draft law. It took 17 years from then for the Law to evolve. In 2017,
the GST Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On 1st July 2017,
the GST Law came into force

149. B) Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) used
in India on the supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive, multistage,
destination-based tax: comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the
indirect taxes except a few state taxes.

150. B) Raja Chelliah Committee

The Government appointed a Tax Reforms Committee under Prof Raja Chelliah to
lay out agenda for reforming India’s tax system. This TRC came up with three
reports in 1991, 1992 and 1993 with several measures, which can be summarized
in these points:
1. Reforming the personal taxation system by reducing the marginal tax rates.
2. Reduction in the corporate tax rates.
3. Reducing the cost of imported inputs
4. by lowering the customs duties.
5. Reduction in the number of Customs tariff rates and its rationalization.
 6. Simplifying the excise duties and its integration with a Value-Added Tax
(VAT) system.
7. Bringing the services sector in the tax net within a VAT system.
8. Broadening of the tax base.
9. Building a tax information and computerization.
10.Improving the quality of tax administration.
The tax reforms that began with the Chelliah Committee recommendations are still
going on. Later on, government appointed the Vijay Kelkar Committee in 2002
which further provided direction to the tax reforms in the country. Below is the
crisp summary of tax changes made in India since 1991.
The DTC and GST have been so far biggest reforms initiated by the Government
in direct and indirect tax regime respectively. However, while DTC has lapsed and
the government had decided to not to pursue it further, GST remains entangled into
India’s murky politics

TEST 4

3
The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article
368) of the Constitution of India
1. 3
An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated by the introduction of a Bill in
either House of Parliament.
2. 3
The 24th amendment made it obligatory for the President to give his assent, when
a Constitution Amendment Bill was presented to him.
3. 4
Constitution Amendment Bills have to be passed in each House of Parliament
separately.
4. 2
It was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May
1951 and enacted by Parliament on 18 June 1951.
5. 1
The constitutional bill have to be dropped, if either of a house reject the bill.
 6. 4
The first amendment of the Constitution in 1951 was to empower the state to
undertake affirmative action for the advancement of Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes by restricting the application of fundamental rights.
7. 1
The Ninth Schedule, which was incorporated in 1951 by the First Amendment to
the Constitution to protect land reforms laws.
8. 2
The 86th CAA added a fundamnetal duty which state that every citizen “who is
a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or,
as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
9. 4
Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on 1 April 2010.
10. 2
93 amendment has added the provision of 27% reservation to obc in educational
rd

institutions.
11. 3
 The 97th Amendment Act, the right to form co-operative societies has been made a
fundamental right by inserting the word 'co-operative societies' in Article 19(1)(c).
12. 1
The 10th Schedule of the Indian Constitution popularly referred to as the
‘Anti-Defection Law’ was inserted by the 52nd Amendment (1985) to the
Constitution.
13. 2
52 amendment
nd

14. 2
394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language.-The President shall cause to be
published under his authority . this provision was inserted by 58th amendment.
15. 1
The present-day youth are very much politically conscious. It is, therefore,
proposed to reduce the voting age from 21 years to 18 years by 61st amendment.
16.1
Certain features of the constitution can not be amended under the doctrine of basic
structure of the constitution.
17.2
It interpreted the basic structure of constitution by supreme court.
18.4
The phrase 'basic structure' itself cannot be found in the Constitution. The Supreme
Court recognised this concept for the first time in the historic Kesavananda Bharati
case in 1973.
20.3
Parliament by using amendment powers under 368 can amend fundamental rights.
21.4
Minerva mills vs union of india.
22. 1
42nd constitutional amendment.
23. 4
44th amendment
24. 3
By 89th amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely- (i) the
National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), and (ii) the National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) w.e.f. 19 February, 2004.
25. 2
The 97th amendment to the Constitution inserts a critical point into Article 19(1)
(c) by recognising the right of the people to form cooperative societies as a
fundamental right
26. 1
By 91st amendment The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in
the Council of Ministers shall not exceed fifteen per cent.
27. 1
Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986), Mizoram: Parliament cannot make
laws on “religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and
procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions
according to Mizo customary law
28. 3
44th amendment is to revesre the changes brought by 42nd amendment .
42nd amendment is to give effect to all dpsps over fundamental rights. However this
provision was invalidated by supreme court.only 39b , 39c prevail over
fundamental rights14 and 19
29.4
Either loksabha or rajyasabha can initiate constitutional amendment.
30.2
For constitutional amendment state consent is not required.
31. 1
For abolition of legislative councils of a state . state consent is not required.
32. 4
Amendment can be initiated by either of houses.
with respect to amendment of federala character of constitution ,only half of the
states consent is required.
33. 2
Amendment can be initiated in either of houses , in case of dispute joint sitting is
not allowed for constitutional amendments.
34. answer was not given
69th amendment –status of national capital territory to delhi.
75th amendment –establishment of state level tribunals.
80th amendment – accepting recommendations of 10th finance commission.
83th amendment - no reservation for sc in panchayats in arunachal Pradesh
35. 2
81st amendment –protection of sc,st reservation
91st amendment-limiting size of COM
97th amendment-right to form cooperative societies
99th amendment- fpramation of NJAC
36. 1
13th amendment- Nagaland
18th amendment-clarified the state
39th amendment-election of president,speaker,pm can not be challenged.
52nd amendment-anti defection law
37.1
61st amendment-lowering the age of vote
42nd amendment – addition of word secular
38th amendment-curtailing the power of judicial review
44th amendment- abolition of right to property
38.1
Aim of dpsp is to achieve welfare state.
39.4
Both preamble and dpsp have idea of welfare state.
40.4
Social and economic democracy
41.3
Establishing religious state is not the objective of dpsp.
42. 3
dpsp are borrowed from ireland
43. 2
 DPSPs are the non-justiciable part of the Constitution which suggests that a person
cannot enforce them in the Court
44. 3
 the Constitution itself declares that ‘these principles are fundamental in the
governance of the country and it shall be the duly of the state to apply these
principles in making laws’
45. 2
The doctrine of “equal pay for equal work” mentions that individuals should be
entitled to equal remuneration provided the work is same, irrespective of the
gender, caste or religion.
The legal principle of “equal pay for qual work” is mentioned under Article 39(d),
part IV of the Constitution of India. It states that the State should direct its policy
towards securing the objective that there is an equal remuneration for both men and
women.
46.4
The legal principle of “equal pay for qual work” is mentioned under Article 39(d),
part IV of the Constitution of India
47.3
Envisaged in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP – Article 40 of Indian
Constitution) Panchayati Raj Institutions 
48. 2
Article 40 Constitution of India: Organisation of village panchayats. The State
shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers
and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-
government.
49. 3
Dpsp
Article 40 Constitution of India: Organisation of village panchayats
50. 1
Article 51[dpsp] deals with promotion of international peace and security.
51. 2
Article 51 -Promotion of international peace and security The State shall
endeavour to
(a) promote international peace and security;
(b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;
(c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of
organised peoples with one another; and encourage settlement of international
disputes by arbitration

52. 4
Article 51 of the Indian Constitution directs the Indian state on foreign policy. 
53. 2
Article 43A Constitution of India: Participation of workers in management of
industries. The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to
secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings,
establishments or other organisations engaged in any industry
54. 2
Four new DPSPs (Directive Principles of State Policy) were added to the existing
list of DPSPs:
1. To secure opportunities for the healthy development of children (Article 39)
2. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39
A)
3. To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of
industries (Article 43 A)
4. To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and
wildlife (Article 48 A)
55. 3
under Article 44 of the Constitution, which lays down that the state shall
endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory
of India
56. 4
[21A. The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the
age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.]
57. 3
Fundamental Rights are justiciable as they can be enforced legally by the courts if
there is a violation. Directive Principles are not justiciable as they cannot be
enforced by the courts if there is a violation. ... These are the main differences
between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
58.1
To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife
(Article 48 A) is dpsp.
59. 1
Dpsp have not spoken about adult education.
60. 3
To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39
A)
Through 42nd amendment
61. 4
Right to Information Act is a fundamental right and is an aspect of Article 19 (1)(a)
of the Indian Constitution.
62. 1
Uniform civil code – article 44 comes under dpsp
63. 3
Abolition of untouchbility is fundamental right
Article 17. Abolition of Untouchability. -"Untouchability" is abolished and its
practice in any form is forbidden.
64. 4
 According to Prof. K T Shah, the Directive principles of State Policy are like
a cheque on a bank payable at the convenience of the bank
65. 3
Aim is to achieve socio economic democracy and they are non enforceable by any
court.
66. 4
There is no legislative process to enforce citizens to do their duties. The legal
duty is one which is required to be carried out as per law. So, there is no
correlation between both duties.
67. 1
Dpsp put limitation on executive functions only.
68. 2
Article 23(1): Traffic in human beings and the beggar and other similar forms of
forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with the law. ... Labour without payment is
known as begar. Article 23 forbids any form of exploitation.
The directive principles of state policy (DPSP) in the constitution of India (article
47) state that "....the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the
consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and
of drugs which are injurious to health".
69. 2
These principles are based on Gandhian ideology used to represent the programme of
reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement. Under various
articles, they direct the state to:

Article Organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers and
40 authority to enable them to function as units of self-government

Article Promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas

43

Article Promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and

43B professional management of co-operative societies

Article Promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker
46 sections of the society and to protect them from social injustice and
exploitation
 

Article Prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious
47 to health

Article Prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to
48 improve their breeds

70. 2
Article 350A of the Constitution states that every state and local authority should
endeavour to provide “adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at
the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups”.
[it is dpsp outside the part4]
71. 3
Article 47 of The Constitution of India is one of the Directive Principles which
directs the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall
endeavour to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs
72. 2
National social assistance program was launched to fulfill dpsp.
73.3
Article 40- organization of panchayath
Article 41-right to work
Article 44- uniform civil code
Article 48-organization of agriculture and animal husbandary
74. 3
These were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1976 on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.
75. 1
Added in 1976 by 42nd amendment
76. 4
Article 51A [c]To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
77. 2
Article 51 A contains provisions of fundamental duties.
78.3
Part 4A
79. 4
The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by
the 42nd Amendment in 1976,
80. 1
Fundamental duties are not enforceable through courts but fundamental rights are
enforceable through the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution and
the High Court has the power to issue writs for the enforcement of the fundamental
rights under Article 226
81. 2
51A[f] Value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture
82. 3
Striving towards abolition of untouchability is a fundamental right.
83. 3
To help in organizing village panchayats is duty of state under dpsp.
84. 3
It’s a fundamental duty of a citizen under 51A
85. 1
Fundamenta duties comes under part 4A, whereas fundamental rights comes under
part 3.
86. 2
Total 11 fundamental duties are there.
87. 3
Respecting our parents and teachers is not a fundamental duty.
88. 1
Vote in public elections is legal right, not a fundamental duty.
89. 4
 Article 51A[c] Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
90. question was printed wrongly.
Part 2 –citizenship
Part 3-fundamental rights
Part 4-dpsp
Part 4A-fundamental duties
91. 3
Article 46 of the Constitution of India expressly provides that the State shall
promote with special care the educational and economic upliftment of the Weaker
Sections of the society, in particular of SCs & STs and shall protect them
from injustice and from all forms of exploitation.
92.

93. 4
SCARA vs union of india case ruld that judicial primacy in the appointments to
higher judiciary is a basic feature of Indian constitution.it is famously known as 2 nd
judge case.
94. 2
7th amendment provided for a maximum of 500 members directly elected from
territorial constituencies in the States, and a maximum of 25 members chosen from
the Union Territories to the Lok Sabha as Parliament may by law provide.
31st amendment Increased the elective strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545.
Under the Act, the upper limit of representatives of the States goes up from 500 to
525 and that of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.
95.4
The 44th Amendment (1978) added that the President can send the advice back for
reconsideration once. But if the Council of Ministers sends the same advice again
to the President then the President must accept it
96. 2
If a law is made to give effect to DPSPs and in the process, the law violates
Article 14, Article 19 or Article 31, then the law should not be declared as
unconstitutional and void merely on this ground.however later this provision was
nullified by supreme court.
97. 3
Entry 17. Prevention of cruelty to animals.
98. 2
Article 39(b) The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing: that
the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so
distributed as best to subserve the common good.
39(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration
of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
99. 2
Article 39A -42nd amendment
Article 45 -86th amendment
Article 43B -97th amendment
Article 48A -42nd amendment
100.3
Article 15(4) capacitates the state to create special arrangements for promoting the
interests and welfare of socially and educationally and economically backward
classes of the society such as SC and STs and shall protect them from social
injustice and all forms of exploitation.
APPSC GROUP 2 PAPER 2 POLITY TEST 5 EXPLANATION

1. 1

Under Article 281 of the Constitution, the President of India is required

to cause laying of the Finance Commission report before each House
of Parliament along with an explanatory note and the action taken by the
government on the Commission's recommendations.

2. 2

The Budget division of the department of economic affairs (DEA) in the finance

ministry is the nodal body responsible for producing the Budget.

3. 2

Executing policy decisions is not a function of parliament.

4. 4

Budgetary control, that is, no tax can be levied and no expenditure can be incurred
by executive except with the approval of the parliament. Money can be withdrawn
from consolidated fund of India only if parliament sanctions.
The three financial committees are the Public Accounts Committee, the Estimates
Committee and the Committee on Public Undertakings through which parliament
controls the financial system. President causes the budget to be laid down in the
parliament.

5. 3

In a joint sitting of Parliament, a bill is passed by a majority of the members of

both the houses present and voting. Since Lok Sabha has more members as
compared to Rajya Sabha therefore its influence prevails.
6. 1

Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only

be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of
misbehaviour after the Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the
President, has, on inquiry held in accordance with the procedure.

7. 3

Judicial review stands for something which is done by a court to examine the
validity or correctness of the action of some other agency. Thus, Judicial Review
of legislative acts indicates review of legislative actions to check its constitutional
validity or its correctness.

8. 1

The Attorney General has the right of audience in all Courts in India as well as the
right to participate in the proceedings of the Parliament, though without right to
vote.

9. 4

Loksabha can exercise its contempt power at any time.

Each house has its privilege committee. Quantum of punishment is at the discretion
of parliament.

10. 1

B.R.Ambedkar has said that the parliamentary system provides a daily as well as a
periodic assessment of the government.

11. 3

Appropriation bill cannot be amended.It is not required to withdraw money from

contingency fund of india.
12. 2

Protection from arrest available in civil cases only. When the Parliament is in
session, a Member of Parliament or a privileged person may refuse to appear in
court or to present any evidence in a court.

13. 3

Though rajya sabha can not vote on financial statements, it can discuss the annual
financial statement.

14. 1

Rajya sabha members are elected indirectly by legislative assembly members and
12 members [few] are nominated by the president.

15. 4

Union territories of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry are represented in
Rajya sabha.

16. 1

Uttar Pradesh has 31 Rajya sabha members.

17. 4
None can dissolve the rajya sabha , it is a permanent body.

18. 3
 
Article 312 of the Constitution provides for creation of one or more All India
Services common to the Union and States. It is done by rajya sabha.

19. 4
Vice president is not a member of Rajya sabha but he presides as chairman of
rajyasabha.

20. 1

Seats in Rajya sabha are allocated based on the population of the state.

21. 1

Loksabha can either accept or reject the recommendation of Rajya sabha with
respect to money bills.

22. 2

Rajya Sabha members can register as voters from any state, not necessarily from
the same state from where they contest.

23. 3

while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by

Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time

24. 2

Parliamentary privileges are defined in Article 105 of the Indian Constitution

25. 2

He can vacate his office by addressing a resignation letter to Deputy Speaker

26. 1

Deputy prime minister is not provided by the constitution.

27. 3

Madhya pradesh has the highest number of reserved seats for STs in lok sabha that
is 6.

28. 1

Parliament was empowered by the constitution to prescribe the manner of choosing

the representatives of the union territories in the Lok Sabha. It has enacted the
Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act, which provides
that members of Lok Sabha from the Union Territories will be chosen by direct
elections.

29. 2

It can not be amended by the council of states.

30. 3

Not more than 530 from all states.

31. 4

Meira Kumar is the first female speaker of Lok sabha.

32. 1

The Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an

effective majority of the house.

33. 1
Uttar Pradesh 80
Maharashtra 48
West Bengal 42
34. 2

The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552, which is
made up by election of upto 530 members to represent the States, upto 20 members
to represent the Union Territories

35. 4

The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552.

36. 3

Sikkim is a state of India in its North Eastern region. Sikkim has only one Lok
Sabha

37. 3

During National Emergency, the duration of Lok Sabha can be extended to a

maximum of 1 year at a time by passing a law in the parliament.

38. 2

The Speaker can be removed by an effective majority. He does not hold office
during the pleasure of president. In the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian
Parliament, both Presiding Officers - the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are
elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and
voting in the House.The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a
member of the House.

39. 4

The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of Rajya Sabha from amongst its

members.

40. 2
The Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an
effective majority of the house as per Articles 94 and 96.The Speaker is also
removed on being disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 and 8
of Representation of the People Act, 1951.

41. 4

The Speaker shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, the Legislative Assembly while any resolution for his removal
from office is under consideration in the Assembly and shall, notwithstanding
anything in Article 189, be entitled to vote only in the first instance on such
resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings but not in the case of an
quality of votes.

42. 3

Both the statements are correct. Salary and allowances of the Speaker of Lok
Sabha are charged on the Consolidated Funds of India,which is not votable to
protect the autonomy of the speaker office.In the Warrant of Precedence, the
Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks higher than all the Union Cabinet Ministers other than
Prime Minister

43. 2

Money Bill can be introduced in the State Legislature with the prior consent of the
governor of the state.

44. 2

Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities and exemptions enjoyed by

both the Houses of Parliament, their committees and their members. The individual
privileges of the members are that they cannot be arrested during the session of
Parliament and 40 days before the beginning and 40 days after the end of a session.
This privilege is available only in civil cases and not in criminal cases or
preventive detention cases.

45. 2

General discussion on a Bill takes place in the Lok Sabha during second reading.

46. 1

The Constitution states that the Council of Ministers shall be collectively

responsible to the Lok Sabha. It means that ministers stay in office so long they
enjoy the confidence of the majority of the members of Lok Sabha. Lok Sabha can
remove the council of ministers from office by passing a no-confidence motion in
the Lok Sabha. It needs the support of 50 members to be admitted. The time lapse
between passing one no confidence motion and other one is 6 months at least.

47. 1

The President may summon a joint session for purpose of passing the bill. The bill
is passed by a simple majority of a present and voting.

48. 3

A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by the Lok Sabha does not lapse.

A bill passed by both Houses but pending assent of the President of India does not
lapse . A Bill pending in Lok Sabha lapses upon dissolution of Lok sabha.

49. 4

Out of 8 union territories, Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir have
representation in Rajya Sabha.
 
All doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a
President or Vice - President shall be inquired into and decided by the Supreme
Court whose decision shall be final.
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law regulate any
matter relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President.

In case of parliament and assembly election disputes, concerned high courts of the
state will adjudicate the disputes.According to Article 79 of the Constitution of
India, the Parliament consists of President of India and the two Houses of
Parliament known as Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People
(Lok Sabha).

50. 4

Yielding the floor- The speaker can ask a member of the house to stop speaking
and let another member speak.

51. 4

The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President (Article 108) and is
presided over by the Speaker or, in their absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the
Lok Sabha.

So far, Joint Session of the Parliament of India has been called for only with
respect to three bills that have been passed at joint sessions: the Dowry Prohibition
Act, 1961, the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978, and the Prevention
of Terrorism Act, 2002.

52. 2

Repassage of the bill by simple majority will compel the president to give his
assent.

53. 2

If after a bill is passed by one House and transmitted to the other House  

1. The other House rejects this bill, or

2. The Houses do not agree on the amendments made to the bill, or

3. More than six months elapsed with the bill being received by the other House
without it being passed.

Then, the President can summon a joint sitting unless the bill has elapsed because
of the Lok Sabha’s dissolution.

54. 4

Bills introduced by private members are referred to as private member's Bills and

those introduced by ministers are called government Bills.

55. 1

When there is an urgent matter of public importance then a member may propose
that the business of the house be adjourned for discussing that matter. This motion
can be moved only with the consent of the Speaker.

56. 4

57. 2

The Economic Survey is prepared by the Economics Division of the

Department of Economic Affairs in the Finance Ministry under the overall
guidance of the chief economic adviser and is released after it is approved by
the finance minister.

Estimates committee functions include

1. It reports if the budget estimates affect economies, improvements in

organisation, efficiency and administrative reform consistent with the policy
2.To bring efficiency and economy in governmental administration, it suggests
alternative policies

3. It examines whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy
implied in the estimates

4. To suggest the form in which the estimates are to be presented to Parliament

58. 4

Estimates Committee has 30 members. All the members are taken from Lok Sabha
(Lower House). That means that there is no representation from Rajya Sabha
(Upper House).

59. 3

Feature of parliamentary privileges in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from the

British Constitution.

60. 4

The three  financial committees are the Public Accounts Committee, the

Estimates Committee and the Committee on Public Undertakings.

61. 2

The Attorney General of India is not a tool of Parliamentary control over Public
expenditures.

62. 3

According to Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget is referred
to as the Annual Financial Statement. It is a statement of the estimated receipts and
expenditure of the Government in a financial year. In addition to it, the Budget
contains:
1. Estimates of revenue and capital receipts,
2. Ways and means to raise the revenue,
3. Estimates of expenditure,
4. Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and
the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year, and

5. The economic and financial policy of the coming year, i.e., taxation proposals,
prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction of new
schemes/projects.

63. 2

In legislative practice, “guillotine” means to put together and fast-track the passage
of financial business.

64. 3

The President can call for joint sitting when the Bill is rejected by the other House;
or the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill;
or more than six months elapsed from the date of the reception of the Bill by the
other House without the Bill being passed by it.

65. 4

A Bill under consideration of lok sabha lapses when the lok sabha is dissolved [not
when prorogued].

66.1
Financial bills are introduced in Lok sabha only.

67. 4

Article 249 deals with the power of the Parliament to legislate with respect to a
matter in the State List in the national interest while,
Article 312 deals with the creation of an All India Services by Rajya sabha.

Article 67: Term of office of Vice President and his removal.

68. 4

Rajya sabha can’t keep a check on the Prime Minister, it is lok sabha.

69. 2

The Public Accounts Committee was set up for the first time in 1921.

70.3

The House Committee in lok sabha contains 12 members.

71. 2

The members of Parliament have Freedom from arrest in civil cases only, not
in criminal cases.

72. 2

The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a committee of selected members of

Parliament, constituted by the Parliament of India, for the auditing of the revenue
and the expenditure of the Government of India.

The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of
which 15 are from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and 7 from Rajya
Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.Public Accounts Committee submits its
report to the Lok Sabha Speaker.

73. 3
 
Cut motions are motions in the parliament moved to reduce the amount of
demand.A Disapproval of Policy Cut motion is moved so that the amount of the
demand be reduced to Re.1. An Economy Cut motion is moved so that the amount
of the demand be reduced by a specified amount.A Token Cut motion is moved
so that that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs.100.

74. 3

CAG has been described as a friend, philosopher and guide to the Public Accounts

Committee.

75. 1

State has no role in case of constitutional amendments. The SPSC presents,

annually, to the governor a report on its performance. The governor places this
report before both the Houses of the state legislature, along with a memorandum
explaining the cases where the advice of the Commission was not accepted and the
reasons for such nonacceptance.

The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of

(a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and

(b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union
territories.

76. 2

The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of

(a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and

(b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union
territories.

77. 1
The size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than one third of the
membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size cannot be less
than 40 members.

78. 1

It is known as the upper house in the state. Parliament may by law provide for
the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the
creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council

79. 3

There is no provision for joint sittings to resolve deadlocks. Thus the legislative
council can only withhold a bill for 4 months (3 months on first instance and 1
month on second instance). If the legislative council rejects the bill or passes it
with amendments or takes no action for three months, the bill goes to the
legislative assembly again.

The assembly may pass it again with or without amendments. Then the bill goes to
the legislative council where either it may be accepted or rejected or amended or
no action is taken. After one month, bill is sent back to the legislative assembly.
But this time the bill is deemed to have been passed in the form passed by the
legislative assembly for the second time. It is sent to the governor for assent.

80. 4

Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a

State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having
no such Council.

81. 2

1. One-third of the MLCs are elected by the state’s MLAs,

2. Another 1/3rd by a special electorate comprising sitting members of local
governments such as municipalities and district boards,

3. 1/12th by an electorate of teachers and another 1/12th by registered graduates.

4. The remaining members are appointed by the Governor for distinguished

services in various fields namely, literature, science, art, cooperative movement
and social service.

82. 2

The size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than one third of the
membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size cannot be less
than 40 members.

83. 1

84. 4

Under Article 169 of the constitution, Parliament may by law create or abolish the
second chamber in a state if the Legislative Assembly of that state passes a
resolution to that effect by a special majority.

85. 2

86. 2

Out of 28 States and 8 Union Territories that India has, only 6 Indian states, viz.
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh,
have bicameral Legislatures, the rest all have Unicameral Legislatures.

87. 3
Whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker shall not vacate his office until
immediately before the first meeting of the Assembly after the dissolution.Speaker
of Legislative Assembly surrenders his resignation to deputy speaker.

88. 3

The Constitution of India states that a State Legislative Assembly must have no
less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted
as is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the union territory of
Puducherry which have fewer than 60 members.

89. 1

Uttar Pradesh has the largest numbers of MLA (403) in the country while
Puducherry has the least numbers of MLAs (30). Mizoram-40, Goa-40.

90. 3

The Constitution of India states that a State Legislative Assembly must have no
less than 60 and no more than 500 members.

Not less than 25 years of age to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not
less than 30 years as per Article 173 of Indian Constitution to be a member of the
Legislative Council.

91. 3

The maximum permissible period between two sessions of a State Legislative

Assembly is not more than six months.At the commencement of the first session
after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement
of the first session of each year, the Governor shall address the Legislative
Assembly.

92. 3
Section 47 of J&K Constitution empowers the Governor to nominate two
women as members of the Assembly if he is of the opinion that women are not
adequately represented in the House. However the Government of India revoked
the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the
Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir.

93. 4

The expenditure incurred on the establishment of the Governor's Secretariat and

the expenditure on pension and other retirement benefits including medical
facilities of the household medical establishment staff shall be charged on the
Consolidated Fund of the concerned State.

94. 4

President can either accept or reject a money bill but cannot return it for

reconsideration.

95. 4

96. 1

Meghalaya has 2 seats in parliament.

97. 2

98. 4

99. 3

100. 2

Maharashtra has 48 seats.

101. 4
The period between the prorogation of a House and its reassembly in a new session
is called recess.

102. 3

Article 102 (1) (a) of the constitution says that a person shall be disqualified from
being chosen as and for being a member of the either house of the parliament: If he
holds any office of profit under the Government (center or state ) other than an
office declared by parliament by law not to disqualify its holder.

103. 4

When a resolution for his removal is under consideration, the Speaker has a right to
speak in the House even though he shall not preside. When such a resolution is
under consideration of the house, the Speaker cannot preside over the meeting of
the house, however, he is eligible to participate and vote except the casting vote in
case of equality of votes.

104. 1

105. 2

The last session of parliament the dissolution of lok sabha is called lame-duck
session.

106. 4

The Consultative committee to the ministry of finance is an ad hoc committee.

107. 2

Committee on Subordinate Legislation scrutinises and reports to the House

whether the power to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, bye-laws, etc., conferred
by the Constitution or Statutes is being properly exercised by the delegated
authorities

108. 1

A money bill is defined by Article 110 of the Constitution, as a draft law that
contains only provisions that deal with all or any of the matters listed therein.

These comprise a set of seven features, broadly including items such as

1. Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax

2. Regulation of the borrowing of money by the GOI

3. Custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the Contingency Fund of India,

the payment of money into or the withdrawal of money from any such fund

4. Appropriation of money out of the CFI

5. Declaration of any expenditure charged on the CFI or increasing the amount of

any such expenditure

6. Receipt of money on account of the CFI or the public account of India or the
custody or issue of such money, or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a
state

7. Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified above.

109. 2

In order to get formal recognition as “Leader of the Opposition” in either upper or

lower houses, the concerned party must have at least 10% of the total strength of
the house.

110. 4
Winning candidate needs a majority over other candidates, not the 50%.The
parliamentary convention for the Republic of India is for the Deputy Speaker to
come from the Opposition and speaker from the majority party, it is not based on
the constitution.

111. 4

Any Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a minister is referred to as a private

member. The last time a private member’s bill was passed by both Houses was
in 1970.

It was the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Bill,

1968.

14 private member’s bills, five of which were introduced in Rajya Sabha have
become law so far. Some other private member bills that have become laws
include

1. Proceedings of Legislature (Protection of Publication) Bill, 1956, in the Lok

Sabha;
2. The Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Bill,
1964, introduced by in the Lok Sabha and

3. The Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Bill, 1967 introduced in the Rajya Sabha.

112. 3

113. 3

A Bill that originates in the Lok Sabha and remains pending in the Lower House
itself is considered lapsed with the dissolution of the House. A Bill that is pending
in the Rajya Sabha but is not passed by the Lok Sabha would not lapse.

114. 3
The Budget division of the department of economic affairs (DEA) in the finance
ministry is the nodal body responsible for producing the Budget.Public Account
funds do not belong to the government and have to be finally paid back to the
persons and authorities that deposited them. Parliamentary authorisation for such
payments is not required.

115. 2

Article 84 (b) of Constitution of India provides that the minimum age for
contesting as a candidate for Lok Sabha election shall be 25 years.

116. 3

If rejected by the other house, joint sitting can be convened by the president.

117. 2

The Vice president can act as presiding officer of Rajya sabha,who is actually not a
member of it.

118. 4

Attorney general can participate in proceedings of parliament without having the

right to vote.

119. 1

Speaker decides whether a bill is a money bill or not.

120. 2

If he is removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then members of

the Rajya Sabha. Such a resolution can be moved only after giving 14 days’
advance notice.
121. 3

Union territories are represented in rajya sabha.

All doubts and disputes relating to the elections to the office of President and Vice-

President are dealt with by the Supreme Court (Article 71), whereas the initial
jurisdiction to deal with all doubts and disputes relating to the elections to
Parliament and State Legislature vests in the High Court of the State.

According to Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the Parliament consists of the

President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as Council of States
(Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha).

122. 2

123. 4

He can be removed by parliament, he is member of lok sabha , he holds the office

after dissolution of lok sabha till the commencement of new session.

124. 3

125. 2

The PM has to resign if he loses the majority in the lower house.

126. 4

Elected members of the Lower House of State Legislature have the right to
vote in the elections to both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Members of
Rajya Sabha are not elected by the adult suffrage concept, they are elected by the
legislative assemblies of the various states of India. Therefore (MLAs) Members of
Legislative Assembly take part in the election of Rajya Sabha.
One of the required qualifications for becoming an MLA is that the age of a person
must be 25 years and above. Hence, it is very clear that an MLA has the right to
vote in the Lok Sabha election because he/she has surely crossed the age of 18.

127. 2

The President shall nor be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House

of the Legislature of any state and if any such member is elected President he shall
be claimed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters
upon office as President.

However, he is part of parliament, since his assent is required for the bill to
become law.Parliament consists of the President and two Houses, known as
Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha).

128. 1

If the PM is the Member of Rajya Sabha he will not be able to vote in his favour in
the event of a no-confidence motion. He will be able to speak on budget in the
lower house.He can make statements in either of houses. Members of any house
can become PM.

129. 4

Madhya Pradesh has a maximum of six seats reserved for STs in Lok sabha.

130. 4

Yielding the floor- The speaker can ask a member of the house to stop speaking
and let another member speak.

131. 3

The Consultative Committee of members of Parliament for Railway Zones in

constituted by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.
132. 3

Between 1952 and 2020, two seats were reserved in the Lok Sabha, the lower
house of the Parliament of India, for members of the Anglo-Indian community.
These two members were nominated by the President of India on the advice of the
Government of India. In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the
Parliament and State Legislatures of India were discontinued by the 104th
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.

Article 334 of the Indian Constitution gave reservation to the Anglo-Indian

community during the creation of the Constitution, the article 334 also says that
this reservation would cease to exist 10 years after the commencement of the
Constitution. But this reservation was extended to 1970 through the 8th
Amendment. The period of reservation was extended to 1980 through 23rd
amendment and then to 1990 through 45th amendments, to 2006 through 62nd
amendment, to 2010 through 79th amendments and to 2020 through the 95th
Amendment.In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament
and State Legislatures of India were abolished by the 104th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 2019. The reason cited by the Union Law Minister Ravi Shankar
Prasad who introduced the Bill in the Lok Sabha is that the Anglo-Indians
population in India was just 296 in the 2011 Census of India, though the number is
disputed.

The constitutional scheme enables a non-member to become a Minister for a

period of six months. Article 164(4) of the Constitution facilitates such
appointments in the interest of governance with a qualification that the Minister
should get elected to the legislature within six months of being sworn in as a
Minister.

Limiting the scope of the constitutional provision, the Supreme Court in SR

Chaudhuri Vs State of Punjab declared that the re-appointment of a non-
member as a Minister during the term of same legislative assembly amounts
to subversion of the constitutional guarantees.
In SP Anand, Indore Vs HD Deve Gowda, the Court clarified that a non-
member can very well be appointed as Prime Minister because parliamentary
democracy demands collective responsibility of the ministers towards the
legislature. Thus, the accountability of the executive towards the elected
representatives would conform to the ideals of representative democracy.

While explaining the constitutional design of such appointment, Dr. BR

Ambedkar aptly cautioned that it is a matter of privilege which extends only
for a period of six months, and does not confer a right in favour of that individual
without getting elected at all. Notably, a non-member, including a Minister, is
not allowed to vote in the proceedings of the House.

133. 4

The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President under Article 108 and
is presided over by the Speaker.

So far, Joint Session of the Parliament of India has been called for with respect to
only three bills that have been passed at joint sessions: the Dowry Prohibition Act,
1961, the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978, and the Prevention of
Terrorism Act, 2002. It is Atal Behari Vajpayee who attended all the three joint
sessions.

134. 4

A government can function only when it has majority support in the Lok Sabha.
The party can remain in power when it shows its strength through a floor test
which is primarily taken to know whether the executive enjoys the confidence of
the legislature. If any member of the House feels that the government in power
does not have a majority then he/she can move a no-confidence motion. If the
motion is accepted, then the party in power has to prove its majority in the House.
The member need not give a reason for moving the no-confidence motion.

A no-confidence motion can be moved by any member of the House. It can be

moved only in the Lok Sabha and not Rajya Sabha. Rule 198 of the Rules of
Procedure and conduct of Lok Sabha specifies the procedure for moving a no-
confidence motion. The member has to give a written notice of the motion before
10 am which will be read out by the Speaker in the House. A minimum of 50
members have to accept the motion and accordingly, the Speaker will
announce the date for discussion for the motion. The allotted date has to be
within 10 days from the day the motion is accepted. Otherwise, the motion fails
and the member who moved the motion will be informed about it.

The Speaker's permission is required first; and the motion has to be supported by at
least 50 MPs. Sometimes the Speaker can refuse to admit the motion too.

135. 2

The Public Account of India was constituted by Article 266(2)of the Indian
Constitution. It deals with the money received by the government, i.e. state
provident funds, various pre-deposits under income tax, depreciation and reserve
funds of departmental undertakings are paid into public accounts. Thus, receipts
and disbursements which do not form part of the consolidated fund of India are
included in the public accounts of India. These funds do not belong to the
government, they have to be paid back at some time to their rightful
owners.Because of this nature of the fund, expenditures from it are not required to
be approved by the parliament.

136. 1

Appropriation Bill is a money bill that allows the government to withdraw funds
from the Consolidated Fund of India to meet its expenses during the course of a
financial year.

As per article 114 of the Constitution, the government can withdraw money
from the Consolidated Fund only after receiving approval from Parliament.

To put it simply, the Finance Bill contains provisions on financing the expenditure
of the government, and the Appropriation Bill specifies the quantum and purpose
for withdrawing money.
Procedure followed:

1. The government introduces the Appropriation Bill in the lower house of

Parliament after discussions on Budget proposals and Voting on Demand for
Grants.

2. The Appropriation Bill is first passed by the Lok Sabha and then sent to the
Rajya Sabha.

3. The Rajya Sabha has the power to recommend any amendments in this Bill.
However, it is the prerogative of the Lok Sabha to either accept or reject the
recommendations made by the upper house of Parliament.

4. The unique feature of the Appropriation Bill is its automatic repeal clause,
whereby the Act gets repealed by itself after it meets its statutory purpose.

Remaining 3 statements are correct.

137. 4

138. 1

Article 249

If the Council of States has declared by resolution supported by not less than two
thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in
national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter
enumerated in the State List specified in the resolution, it shall be lawful for
Parliament to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India with
respect to that matter while the resolution remains in force.The proclamation of
emergency must be approved by both the houses of parliament within one month
from the date of its issue.

139. 2
The very first Lok Sabha speaker was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar.

140. 1

The Committee on public Accounts is formed every year with a strength of not
more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the
Parliament, and 7 from Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.The term
of office of the members is one year. The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of
Lok Sabha.

141. 2

While a vote-on-account only deals with the expenditure side of the government's
budget, an Interim Budget is a complete set of accounts, including both
expenditure and receipts, akin to a full budget.the purpose of a vote-on-account or
an interim budget is simply to allow the government of the day to continue running
till India votes.

Vote-on-Account is a special provision by which the government obtains

Parliament’s approval for funds sufficient to incur expenditure for a part of the
year (till the formation of a new government) enabling it to incur expenses till a
full budget is prepared.Normally it takes three months and is equivalent to one-
fourth of the estimated yearly expenditure.

Vote-On-Account represents the expenditure side of the government's budget while

the general budget includes both income and expenditure in the form of Financial
and Appropriation Bill.

One of the essential features of a Vote-on-Account is that it cannot alter the Direct
Taxes since they need to be passed by the Financial Bill.A Vote-On-Account is
treated as a formal matter and passed by the Lok Sabha without discussion as
opposed to the General or Interim budget.

142. 1
A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly

(a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Assembly;

(b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the
Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is the Deputy Speaker, to the
Speaker, resign his office; and

(c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Assembly passed by a
majority of all the then members of the Assembly:

Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c) shall be moved unless at
least fourteen days’ notice has been given of the intention to move the resolution.

Provided further that, whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker shall not
vacate his office until immediately before the first meeting of the Assembly
after the dissolution.

143. 4

As per Article 171, the size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than
one third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size
cannot be less than 40 members. As per the Article 182 of the Indian Constitution,
the Legislative Council shall have a  Chairman. Members of the
Council elect the Chairman of the House

144. 2

Article 170 provides that the Legislative Assembly of a State shall consist of not
more than 500 and not less than 60 members. However an exception may be
granted through a constitutional amendment act as is the case in the states of Goa,
Sikkim, Mizoram and the union territory of Puducherry which have fewer than 60
members.

Article 173
A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a
State unless he is in the case of a seat in the Legislative Council, not less than
twenty five years of age.

145. 2

No provision for joint sitting of legislative assembly,while houses of parliament

has such provision to resolve deadlock
Bills can be initiated in rajya sabha except money bill and financial bill category
1.Both Rajya sabha and state upper house have nominated members.In both the
cases one third will retire for every 2years.

146. 4

10 percent of the total strength of the house is the minimum required for
recognizing a party as the opposition.

147. 2

Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh

have bicameral legislatures, with the remaining states having a unicameral one.

148. 4

Article 171: Composition of the Legislative Councils

(1) The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having
such a Council shall not exceed one third of the total number of members in
the Legislative Assembly of that State.

Provided that the total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State
shall in no case be less than forty.
(2) Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the composition of the Legislative
Council of a State shall be as provided in clause (3).

(3) Of the total number of members of the Legislative Council of a State

(a) As nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by electorates consisting of

members of municipalities, district boards and such other local authorities in
the State as Parliament may by law specify;

(b) As nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of

persons residing in the State who have been for at least three years graduates
of any university in the territory of India or have been for at least three years
in possession of qualifications prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament
as equivalent to that of a graduate of any such university;

(c) As nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of

persons who have been for at least three years engaged in teaching in such
educational institutions within the State, not lower in standard than that of a
secondary school, as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament;

(d) As nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by the members of the
Legislative Assembly of the State from amongst persons who are not members of
the Assembly;

(e) The remainder shall be nominated by the Governor in accordance with the
provisions of clause (5).

(4) The members to be elected under sub-clauses (a), (b) and (c) of clause (3) shall
be chosen in such territorial constituencies as may be prescribed by or under any
law made by Parliament, and the elections under the said sub-clauses and under
sub-clause (d) of the said clause shall be held in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

(5) The members to be nominated by the Governor under sub-clause (e) of clause
(3) shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in
respect of such matters as the following, namely:
Literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service.

149. 1

Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

(1) If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a

State has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of
Article 191, the question shall be referred for the decision of the Governor and
his decision shall be final.

(2) Before giving any decision on any such question, the Governor shall obtain the
opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion.

Article 191: Disqualifications for membership

(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of
the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State

(a) If he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the
Government of any State specified in the First Schedule, other than an office
declared by the Legislature of the State by law not to disqualify its holder;

(b) If he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;

(c) If he is an undischarged insolvent;

(d) If he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of

a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to
a foreign State;

(e) If he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.

150. 2
Article 173

A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a

State unless he is in the case of a seat in the Legislative Council, not less than
thirty years of age.

SANKARAN IAS STUDY CIRCLE

APPSC GROUP 2 POLITY TEST 6

Supreme Court and High Court Explanations

1.C) The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice and 33 other

Judges appointed by the President of India. Supreme Court Judges retire upon
attaining the age of 65 years.
The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Bill, 2019 was introduced in
Lok Sabha on August 5, 2019 by the Minister of Law and Justice, Mr. Ravi
Shankar Prasad. The Bill amends the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act,
1956.
The Act fixes the maximum number of judges in the Supreme Court at 30 judges
(excluding the Chief Justice of India). The Bill increases this number from 30 to
33.

2.D) The appointment takes the number of judges in the apex court to the
total sanctioned strength of 34, including the CJI. Justices Murari and Bhat
headed the Punjab and Haryana and Rajasthan high courts respectively. Justices
Ramasubramanian and Roy headed the Himachal Pradesh and Kerala high courts
respectively.

3.B) On January 26, 1950, the Supreme Court stood established under Article 124
of the Constitution, but its first sitting was on January 28th. It was a glittering
ceremony, and a photograph published by The Hindu on January 29th,1950 shows
the first six justices of the Supreme Court on the dais: 
In the 28th of January, 1950, two days after India became a Sovereign Democratic
Republic, the Supreme Court came into being. The inauguration took place in the
Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building which also housed India's
Parliament, consisting of the Council of States and the House of the People. It was
here, in this Chamber of Princes, that the Federal Court of India had sat for 12
years between 1937 and 1950. This was to be the home of the Supreme Court for
years that were to follow until the Supreme Court acquired its own present
premises.

4.B) In early 2015, the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and

Senior Advocates filed writ petitions before the Supreme Court challenging the
constitutionality of the Ninety-ninth Amendment and the NJAC Act.24 The
petitions alleged, inter alia, that the NJAC violated the basic structure of the
Constitution by compromising the judiciary’s independence.A few key holdings
emerged from the NJAC Judgment. First, the Court held that the Constitution
mandates judicial primacy in appointments. Second, based on the constitutional
text and longstanding practice, the Court held that judicial primacy is not only
constitutionally required, but is also part of the unamendable basic structure
because it is integral to the independence of the judiciary. Third, and as a
consequence of the prior holdings, the NJAC was held unconstitutional for
violating the requirements of judicial primacy and judicial independence. Hence,
Option B is correct.

5.D) The Fourth Judges Case is the first instance in which the Court has struck
down a part of the framework of the Constitution. Rather than striking down a
discreet provision addressing the method by which judges are appointed through
the NJAC, the Court chose to strike down the appointments regime in its entirety.
Amendment of Article 128.-In Article 128 of the Constitution, for the words "the
Chief Justice of India", the words "the National Judicial Appointments
Commission" shall be substituted. Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court
Advocates-on-Record Assn. v. Union of India, 2015 SCC OnLine SC 964.

6.B) India’s Supreme Court succeeded the Federal Court of India on 28 January,
1950 which was established by the Government of India Act 1935 and the Privy
Council, which was the highest judicial body in the country during British era.

7.C) Supreme Court can hear from any High Court, Tribunals except Court-martial
8.B)  It is the Parliament which has the power to increase the number of judges
in the Supreme Court of India. Parliament increased the number of
judges from the original eight in 1950 to eleven in 1956 fourteen in 1960 eighteen
in 1978 twenty-six in 1986 and thirty-one in 2008.

9.B) A Judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he attains the age of 65
years. A Judge may resign his office, by submitting his resignation letter to
the President.

10.D) The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges
in various ways. A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office
except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of
Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a
majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, and presented
to the President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved
misbehaviour or incapacity. A person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court
is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in
India.

11.D) Article 124(4) of the Constitution: It says that a Judge of the Supreme Court
shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed
after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total
membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the
members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in
the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or
incapacity.

12.D) It is stated that being the protector of right to speedy justice, the Supreme
Court may use its plenary constitutional power to declare that the Judges of High
Courts shall retire at the age of 65 years

13.A) The salaries of the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts is decided by
the President of India according to Article 125 and Article 221 of the Constitution
of India respectively. Judges are paid salaries out of the Consolidated Fund of
India and the Parliament cannot change the salaries of the judges to their
disadvantage.
14.D) Article 124(7) of our Indian Constitution, tells that's no formed judge or
justice can practice law in any court under the Indian territory. There's a
disqualification by our Constitution for judges to do so. They can be in the
committees or in the review panels. The constitution says that once a high court
judge has retired, he cannot practice law in any court or before any authority in
India except the Supreme Court and the other High Courts. This means that a
retired High Court judge cannot practice in lower courts and same high court from
which he has retired. This also implies that at present, the Constitution neither
prohibits judges of the Supreme Court or the High Court from taking any post-
retirement job nor restricts the power of the government to appoint any retired
judges to commissions and/or tribunals. An interesting thing is that government
generally uses the retired higher judiciary judges as heads of various commissions.
There has been a demand from certain sections of the society that there should be a
\"cool off \" period of two years for the retired judges before they are installed in
other offices. Second statement is also incorrect. Article 217 says, a person shall
not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of
India and has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or
has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession.

15.C) Appointment of acting Chief Justice is to be made by the President under

Article 126 of the Constitution.

16.D) The Chief Justice of India and the Judges of the Supreme Court are
appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution.
CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA : 2. Appointment to the office of the Chief Justice of
India should be of the senior most Judge of the Supreme Court considered fit to
hold the office.

17.A) Article 224A, used rarely, of the Constitution deals with appointment of ad-
hoc judges in High Courts and says “the Chief Justice of a High Court for any
State may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any
person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court or of any other High Court
to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that State”.

18.D) All of the above

19.A) 1993 - Second Judges Case (1993):
SC introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant
“concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI's individual opinion, but an
institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the
SC.

20.B) After the President suggested, the Supreme Court expanded

the collegium to a five-member body rather than 3. It included the Chief Justice
of India along with 4 senior-most judges

21.D) A bench of the Supreme Court consisting of five or more judges. The term
originates from Article 145(3) of the Constitution which states that "any case
involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of [the]
Constitution" must be decided by a bench of a minimum of five judges.

22.C) The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the
center and the states falls under its original jurisdiction. ... In addition, Article 32
of the Constitution of India grants original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court on
all cases involving the enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens.

23.A) Golaknath v. State Of Punjab (1967 AIR 1643, 1967 SCR (2) 762), or
simply the Golaknath case, was a 1967 Indian Supreme Court case, in which the
Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights in the
Constitution.

24.C) Kesavananda Bharti Case

It was in the Kesavananda Bharti Case where Supreme Court gave the concept of
Basic Structure. According to it Parliament can amend any part of the constitution
subject to the condition that it does not affect its basic structure.

25.B) As per the Constitution of India, Articles 214-231 deals with the provisions
of the High Courts in India. At present, we have 24 high courts in the country,
which includes 3 common high courts. Article 217 deals with the appointment of
judges. However, there is also a procedure for removal of Judges of the High
Court.
26.A) A bench of the Supreme Court consisting of five or more judges. The term
originates from Article 145(3) of the Constitution which states that "any case
involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of [the]
Constitution" must be decided by a bench of a minimum of five judges.

27.B) The case of Second Judges:

The case took place in 1993. The Supreme court introduced a collegium system.
It said that consultation meant concurrence in appointments.

28.D) The cases in this batch raise common issues relating to the identification of
'creamy layer' among the Backward Classes in the State of Kerala and the
implementation of the law declared and directions issued in Indira Sawhney Vs.
Union of India ( 1992 (Suppl) 3, SCC 217). The State of Kerala took time for
implementation of the directions in Indira Sawhney for appointment of a
Commission for the purpose of identifying the creamy layer in the State but it
failed to appoint a Commission or to proceed with the implementation

The Vishaka Guidelines were a set of procedural guidelines for use in India in

cases of sexual harassment. They were promulgated by the Indian Supreme Court
in 1997 and were superseded in 2013 by the Sexual Harassment of Women at
Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

Certain passing observations have been made about the liberty of persons.
However, there is no justification for holding that the case is an authority for the
proposition that the legislation under Article 21 should also satisfy all the
fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 19(1). Article 21 is related to
deprivation of life and personal liberty and it has been held that it is not one of the
rights enumerated in Article 19(1). That the decision in Bank Nationalisation case
so far as it relates to Articles 19(1) and 21 is In the nature of obiter dicta.

The impugned Act was passed on October 1, 1948, primarily for the settlement of
immigrants who had migrated into the Province of West Bengal due to communal
disturbances in East Bengal,and it provides for the acquisition and development of
land for public purposes' including the purpose aforesaid.

29.C) Article 132 Constitution of India: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme

Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
30.A) Original jurisdiction is related to cases which are directly brought to the
Supreme Court Cases which require the interpretation of the constitution or cases
relating to the denial of fundamental rights are heard In the supreme court.

31.D) A judge of Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an
order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament
supported by the majority of the total members of the House and by the majority of
not less than twothirds of the members of the House present and voting has been
presented to the president in the same session for such removal on the ground of or
proved misbehavior incapacity.

32. None of the Above : Article 137 of the Indian Constitution endorses the
concept of curative petition. It provides that in the matter of rules and laws created
under A. 145 of the Indian Constitution the Apex Court (Supreme Court) has the
superpower to review any judgement pronounced/ order passed) by it.

33.A) Article 137 of the Constitution is a special power with the Supreme Court

to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it. An order passed in a
criminal case can be reviewed and set aside only if there are errors apparent on the
record.

34.B) The decisions of both Supreme Court and High Courts can be reviewed

in Review Petition. Article 137 of the Constitution provides that subject to
provisions of any law and rule made under Article 145 the Supreme Court of
India has the power to review any judgment pronounced (or order made) by it.
35.A) In India judicial review implies that it has the legal authority to declare
upon the constitutionality of laws and executive orders. The supreme court has the
power to declare an order or act for the various departments of the government as
unconstitutional.

36.A)Judicial Review refers to the power of the judiciary to interpret the

constitution and to declare any such law or order of the legislature and executive
void, if it finds them in conflict the Constitution of India. ... This power of
the Supreme Court is called the Judicial Review power.
37.A) Chapter IV under Part V of the constitution (Union) deals with the The
Union Judiciary. The constitution and jurisdiction of Supreme Court is stated in
detail from articles 124-147. Unlike the other two branches, executive and
legislature, in India Judiciary is integrated. This means that even though there may
be High Courts in states, the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding
on all courts within the territory of India (Article 141)

38.D) Both in India and the U.S.A

39.B) Article 122 Constitution of India: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of
Parliament (1) The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in
question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure.
(2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by or under
this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for
maintaining order, in Parliament shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in
respect of the exercise by him of those powers.

40.B) Removes Right of Equality before the law from Part III and places it
elsewhere in the Constitution.

41.B) Procedure established by Law The doctrine of Judicial review in the Indian
constitution is adopted from the constitution of America.In India, Judicial review is
based on the "procedure established by Law" and in America, it is based on "due
process of law" In India, the Supreme Court can declare any action or act of
legislature invalid if it is against the constitution. It does not check whether the
laws made by the parliament is fair, just or not arbitrary But in America, the
Supreme court not only checks if there is a law to deprive the life and personal
liberty of individuals but also see if the law made is fair, just or not arbitrary.

42. Doubt

43.A) Justice Chelameswar's

Supreme Court collegium under fire: Read why Justice Chelameswar's
strong dissent in 2015 order on NJAC is relevant today. The Supreme Court
collegium's recommendation to promote two High Court judges to Supreme Court
and Centre's subsequent nod which came at 'great speed' has been criticised
severely.
44.D) A confusion of sorts seems to been created due to the following article. But
all said and done, the Custodian of the Constitution is the Supreme Court.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/to-work-as-custodian-of-constitution-
pranab/article1-889619.aspx

45.B) The President of India

Under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, 1950 the President of India may
obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court of India on any question or fact of law
which may be of public importance and may need any advice from the Supreme
Court. This process is also known as a Presidential Reference.

46.A) A curative petition is a concept that evolved by the Supreme Court of

India in the matter of Rupa Ashok Hurra vs. ... (2002) in which the question was
whether an aggrieved person is entitled to any relief against the final judgement or
order of the Supreme Court after the dismissal of a review petition.

47.C) Article 138 Constitution of India: Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the

Supreme Court. (1) The Supreme Court shall have such
further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the matters in the Union
List as Parliament may by law confer.

48.C) The Supreme Court the Apex Judicial organ of the Nation. Apart from the
jurisdictions enumerated in the Constitution, the jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court can be widened by the Parliament by making law in this regard.
The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction, and powers with respect to
any matter as the Government of India and the Government of any State may by
special agreement confer, if Parliament by law provides for the exercise of such
jurisdiction and powers by the Supreme Court.

49.A) Article 143 of the Indian Constitution confers upon the Supreme Court

advisory jurisdiction. The President may seek the opinion of the Supreme
Court on any question of law or fact of public importance on which he thinks it
expedient to obtain such an opinion.

50.B) Article 143 of the Indian Constitution confers upon the Supreme Court

advisory jurisdiction. The President may seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on
any question of law or fact of public importance on which he thinks it expedient to
obtain such an opinion.
51.D) Justice Malhotra
Justice Malhotra was the first woman lawyer to be elevated as a Supreme
Court judge in April 2018, more than three months after her name was sent to the
Centre with that of Justice K.M. Joseph, who was then the chief justice of the
Uttarakhand High Court.

52.B) Article 143 in The Constitution Of India 1949

Power of President to consult Supreme Court ( 1 ) If at any time it appears to the
President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of
such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the
opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for
consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the
President its opinion thereon
(2) The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to Article 131,
refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for
opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to
the President its opinion thereon

53.D) Article 32 is also called the citizens' right to protect and defend

the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution
through the judiciary. When a national or state emergency is declared, this right is
suspended by the government.

54.B) To be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must be a citizen of

India and must have been the judge of a high court for a period of 5 years or an
advocate of the High Court for at least 10 years or in view of the President a
distinct Jurist of the country. Thus, there is nothing which can prevent the direct
appointment of the Judges of Supreme Court from the Bar, yet, so far the
appointments have been made from the Judges of High Courts only.

55.D) Article 348 (1) of the Constitution of India provides that all proceedings in

the Supreme Court and in every High court shall be in English Language until
Parliament by law otherwise provides.
56.A) In May 1969 when president Dr. Zakir Hussain died, the then vice-president
V.V. Giri was acting as the President. But he resigned from his post of Vice-
president to contest the presidential election. Then the Chief Justice of India
M.Hidayatullah worked as the officiating president.

57.C) PN Bhagwati
This petition is accepted by the court when there is interest of large public
involved. PN Bhagwati,the 17th Chief Justice of India introduced the concepts of
PIL and absolute liability in India. PN Bhagwati was CJI during July 1985–Dec
1986. During his tenure as CJI PIL was introduced to the Indian judicial system

58.B) The Supreme Court

Notes: According to Article 139A of the Constitution of India the Supreme Court
has the right to transfer any case anywhere in the territory of India. The Supreme
Court can also withdraw the case or cases pending before the High Court and
dispose of all the cases to itself.

59.D) Under the Constitution of India, there is a single integrated and independent
judicial system. The Apex court of the Nation is the Supreme Court. There are
however different courts in states. High Court is the highest court in the state
judicial system. Below it is subordinate courts of civil and criminal matters. The
higher courts in the hierarchy have the power of hearing an appeal from the lower
court and it can go until it reaches the Supreme Court whose decision will be final
and binding. Unlike in the United States, India has NOT provided for a double
system of courts.

60.B) Judicial Interpretation:

The concept of ‘basic structure’ came into existence in the landmark judgment in
Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case (1973) 47 years ago.

Background
Since the adoption of Indian Constitution, debates have started regarding the power
of the Parliament to amend key provisions of the Constitution.
In the early years of Independence, the Supreme Court conceded absolute power to
Parliament in amending the Constitution, as was seen in the verdicts in Shankari
Prasad case (1951) and Sajjan Singh case (1965).
In both the cases the court had ruled that the term “law” in Article 13 must be
taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of ordinary legislative power
and not amendments to the Constitution made in exercise of constituent power
under Article 368.
This means Parliament had the power to amend any part of the constitution
including Fundamental rights.
Article 13(2) reads, "The State shall not make any law which takes away or
abridges the right conferred by this Part (Part-III) and any law made in
contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of contravention, be void."
However, in the Golaknath case (1967), the Supreme Court held that Parliament
could not amend Fundamental Rights, and this power would be only with a
Constituent Assembly.
The Court held that an amendment under Article 368 is "law" within the meaning
of Article 13 of the Constitution and therefore, if an amendment "takes away or
abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III, it is void.
To get over the judgments of the Supreme Court in the Golaknath case (1967), RC
Cooper case (1970), and Madhavrao Scindia case (1970), the then government
headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had enacted major amendments to the
Constitution (the 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th).
All the four amendments brought by the government were challenged in the
Kesavananda Bharati case.
Kesavananda Bharati case
In Kesavananda Bharati case, a relief was sought against the Kerala government
vis-à-vis two state land reform laws, which imposed restrictions on the
management of religious property.
The case was challenged under Article 26, concerning the right to manage
religiously owned property without government interference.
Question underlying the case: Was the power of Parliament to amend the
Constitution unlimited? In other words, could Parliament alter, amend, abrogate
any part of the Constitution even to the extent of taking away all fundamental
rights?
The Constitutional Bench in Kesavananda Bharati case ruled by a 7-6 verdict that
Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution so long as it did not alter or
amend the basic structure or essential features of the Constitution.
However, the court did not define the term ‘basic structure’, and only listed a few
principles — federalism, secularism, democracy — as being its part.
An example of application of basic structure is the SR Bommai case (1994).
In this case the Supreme Court upheld the dismissal of BJP governments by the
President following the demolition of the Babri Masjid, invoking a threat to
secularism by these governments.
Arguments related to Basic structure
Critics of the doctrine have called it undemocratic, since unelected judges can
strike down a constitutional amendment. At the same time, its proponents have
hailed the concept as a safety valve against majoritarianism and authoritarianism.
Origin: The basic structure theory was first introduced by Justice Mudholkar in the
Sajjan Singh case (1965) by referring to a 1963 decision of the Supreme Court of
Pakistan.
Chief Justice Cornelius of Pakistan had held that the President of Pakistan could
not alter the “fundamental features” of their Constitution.

61.C) -The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the

powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. As it
is an advisory court it hears matters which are referred under constitution by
President of India.

62.B) The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers
of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.

63.A) It can change the judgement Judicial Review:

It is a type of court proceeding in which a judge reviews the lawfulness of a
decision or action made by a public body.In other words, judicial reviews are a
challenge to the way in which a decision has been made, rather than the rights and
wrongs of the conclusion reached.
64.A) As per article 130 of Indian Constitution, Seat of the Supreme Court is
Delhi, but it can hold its meeting anywhere in India. The decision to
hold a meeting anywhere in India is taken by the Chief Justice of India in
consultation with President.
65.D) In May 2013, during the UPA government, a bench of the Supreme
Court came down heavily on the CBI while hearing a coal scam case, saying that
the probe agency had become a “caged parrot” speaking in the voice of its
political masters
The Coal Allocation scam or the Coalgate scam is a scandal that took place during
the UPA government tenure. It came into reckoning in 2012 after the then
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) raised allegations against the government
for allocation of coal blocks to public and private enterprises. Out of the total 216
coal blocks allocated between 1993-2010, 194 coal blocks were sold to these
public and private enterprises for captive use.
The questions were raised in the CAG report over arbitrary administrative
decisions while allocating the coal blocks and not following the particular
procedure of the competitive bidding.
66.B) The governor of the state concerned in consultation with the High court of
the state concerned. (1) Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and
promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the
State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such
State.
67.C) Justice P. N. Bhagwati
Public interest litigation (PIL) refers to litigation undertaken to secure public
interest and demonstrates the availability of justice to socially-disadvantaged
parties and was introduced by Justice P. N. Bhagwati. It is a relaxation on the
traditional rule of locus standi.

68.C) Judgment:

The following key points can be taken from the Judgement of the Supreme Court:

The Supreme Court started by stating that it had the right to make decision
The Supreme Court concluded that the Registration of Marriage was necessary to
reduce the abuse in marriages and child marriages
The Supreme Court also directed the States and Union Territories to do the
following:
“(i) The procedure for registration should be notified by the respective States
within three months from today. This can be done by amending the existing Rules,
if any, or by framing new Rules. However, objections from members of the public
shall be invited before bringing the said Rules into force. In this connection, due
publicity shall be given by the States and the matter shall be kept open for
objections for one month from the date of advertisement inviting objections. On
the expiry of the said period, the States shall issue appropriate notification bringing
the Rules into force.

(ii) The officer appointed under the said Rules of the States shall be duly
authorized to register the marriages. The age, marital status (unmarried, divorcee)
shall be clearly stated. The consequence of non-registration of marriages or for
filing false declaration shall also be provided for in the said Rules.
Needless to add that the object of the said Rules shall be to carry out the directions
of this Court.

(iii) As and when the Central Government enacts a comprehensive statute, the
same shall be placed before this Court for scrutiny.

(iv) Learned counsel for various States and Union Territories shall ensure that the
directions given herein are carried out immediately

69.D) What is PIL

Public interest litigation (PIL) is a medium through which public issues involving
minority or disadvantaged groups or individuals are raised through litigation or
legal proceedings. In simple words, Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is the result of
judicial activism through which an individual or a non-governmental organization
or civic group can seek justice in court on issues involving large public interest.

Who can file PIL

Any Indian citizen can file a PIL, the only condition being that it should be filed in
the public interest rather than private interest. If an issue is of very public
importance, many times the court also takes suo motu cognizance in such a case
and appoints a lawyer to handle such a case.

Where can a PIL be filed?

Public interest petitions can be filed only in the Supreme Court or the High Court.

70.C) The term PIL originated in the United States in the mid-1980s. Since the
nineteenth century, various movements in that country had contributed to public
interest law, which was part of the legal aid movement. The first legal aid office
was established in New York in 1876.

71.C) The question of judicial activism is closely related to constitutional

interpretation, statutory construction and separation of powers. ... Examples-
of judicial activism are the decisions by the Indian Supreme Court in Maneka
Gandhi's case as well as its decisions relating to Article 21 of
the Indian Constitution, etc.
72.A) While appointing the Judges of the Supreme Court, the President of India
has to consult the Chief Justice of India. The salaries of the Judges are charged on
the Consolidated Fund of India and the Legislature does not have to vote.

73.C) Original Jurisdiction of the SC in India

Original jurisdiction of a court refers to a matter for which the particular court is
approached first. In the case of the Supreme Court in India, its original jurisdiction
is covered under Article 131. It involves the following cases:

Any dispute between the Indian Government and one or more States.
Any dispute between the Indian Government and one or more States on one side
and one or more States on the other side.
Any dispute between two or more States.
Article 32 of the Constitution provides original jurisdiction to the SC for matters
regarding the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
The SC can issue writs, directions, or orders including writs in the nature of
mandamus, habeas corpus, quo warranto, prohibition and certiorari.
The SC also has the power to direct the transfer of a criminal or civil case from the
High Court in one State to the High Court in another State.
It can also transfer cases from one subordinate court to another State High Court
If the SC deems that cases involving the same questions of law are pending before
it and one or more High Courts, and that these are significant questions of law, it
can withdraw the cases before the High Court or Courts and dispose off all these
cases itself.
The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 gives SC the authority to initiate
international commercial arbitration.

74.B) Advisory Jurisdiction

Under this, the President can request the Supreme Court to offer its opinion on any
issue of law or fact.

75.D) Justice P. N. Bhagwati and Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer were among the first
judges to admit.

76.D) In 1973, the basic structure doctrine was formally introduced with rigorous
legal reasoning in Justice Hans Raj Khanna's decisive judgment in the landmark
decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala. Previously, the Supreme
Court had held that the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution was
unfettered.

77.B) Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. (1) The Supreme
Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the
matters in the Union List as Parliament may by law confer.
• High court has complete authority and control over its officers and employees. In
this regard it appoints officers and servants to be made by Chief Justice or such
other judge of High Court as the Chief Justice may direct

78.B) Justice P. N. Bhagwati and Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer were among the first
judges to admit.

79.C) Article 132 of the Constitution of India, 1950 provides for an appeal to the
Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court, whether
in civil, criminal or other proceedings, if the High Court certifies that the case
involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution..

He clarified the scope of the Draft Article: 'irrespective of any value, if a

substantial question as to the interpretation of the constitution arises, an appeal
lies o the Supreme Court'. ... Draft Article 111 and 112 allowed the Court to
hear appeals on a variety of issues that would cover any criminal or civil issues.

80.A) Constitutional Law - Doctrine of Parens Patriae and the Constitution of

India. ... It is stated that parens patriae is the inherent power and authority of a
State to provide protection to the person and property of persons non Sui juris[1],
such as minor, insane, and incompetent persons

81.D) The Supreme Court held that the power of judicial review over the
legislative action vested in the High Courts under Art 226 and the Supreme
Court under Art 32 of the constitution is an integral and essential feature of the
constitution and formed part of its basic structure.

82.A) The pension of a retired judge of high court is charged on the

Consolidated Fund of India according to Article 112(3) of the Constitution of India
whereas salaries & allowances are charged on Consolidated Fund of State.
83.C) “Clause (1) of article 217 of the Constitution of India allows every Judge of
a High Court to hold office until he attains the age of sixty-two years. Clause (3) of
article 224 of the Constitution provides that no person appointed as an additional or
acting Judge of a High Court shall hold office after attaining the age of sixty-two
years. The age of retirement of High Court Judges, which was fixed at sixty years
in the beginning, was enhanced to sixty-two years by the Constitution (Fifteenth
Amendment) Act, 1963. Since then, no revision has taken place in this regard.”

84.C) Article 217: Indian Constitution's article states that the Judge of a High

Court shall be appointed by the President consultation with the Chief Justice of
India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of
a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court.

85.B) The sitting judges of High Court are entitled to salaries, allowances and
privileges as parliament from time to time determine. The expense of salaries and
allowances of the High court judges are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of
the State. The Consolidated Fund of India includes revenues which the government
generates through taxes and expenses incurred in the form of borrowings and
loans. The salary of the Judge of High Court are also charged from the
Consolidated Fund of India

86.A) There are 25 High Courts in India, six having control over more than one
State/UT. Delhi has a High Court of its own among the Union Territories. Each
High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other judges as appointed by
the President of India.

87.A) the writ jurisdiction of any of the other judges of the High Court
Notes: When the chief justice takes up the administrative role than he is subject to
the same writs as applicable to any of the administrative officers and actions can be
taken against him by any judge of the high court as per the writs applicable in the
given case.

Usually High court judges have the following writs in their jurisdiction-
Habeas corpus
Mandamus
Prohibition
Certiorari
Quo Warranto
88.D) The High Court may grant a writ for the enforcement of fundamental
rights or for any other purpose such as violation of any statutory duties by a
statutory authority. Thus, a writ petition filed before a Supreme Court can be filed
against a private person too.

Article 226, empowers the high courts to issue, to any person or authority,
including the government (in appropriate cases), directions, orders or writs,
including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo
warranto, certiorari or any of them.

What are these Writs?

Habeas Corpus - A simple dictionary meaning of the writ of Habeas Corpus is "a
writ requiring a person under arrest of illegal detention to be brought before a
judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds
are shown for their detention".
Mandamus - A writ issued as a command to an inferior court or ordering a person
to perform a public or statutory duty.
Prohibition - A writ of prohibition is issued primarily to prevent an inferior court
or tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction in cases pending before it or acting
contrary to the rules of natural justice.
Quo warranto - This simply means "by what warrant?". This writ is issued to
enquire into the legality of the claim of a person or public office. It restrains the
person or authority to act in an office which he / she is not entitled to; and thus,
stops usurpation of public office by anyone. This writ is applicable to the public
offices only and not to private offices.
Certiorari- Literally, Certiorari means "to be certified". The writ of certiorari can
be issued by the Supreme Court or any High Court for quashing the order already
passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi-judicial authority.
The High Court is conferred with this power under Article 226 of the Constitution
of India for enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by part III of
the Constitution or for any other purpose.

89.B) On 8 December 2016, the Allahabad High Court observed in a ruling that

the practice of instant triple talaq was unconstitutional and violated the rights of
Muslim women. In March 2017, over 1 million Indian Muslims, a majority of
whom were women, signed a petition to end instant triple talaq.

90.D) Shah Bano Case

Mohammad Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum mainly known as Shah Bano Case.
In this case, in 1985, Shah Bano moved to Supreme Court for seeking maintenance
under section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure when her husband divorced
her after 40 years of marriage by giving triple talaq and denied her regular
maintenance. The Supreme Court gave the verdict in favour of Shah Bano by
applying section 125 of the Indian Criminal Code and it is applied to all citizens
irrespective of religion. Then Chief Justice, Y.V Chandrachud, observed that a
Common Civil Code would help the cause of national integration by removing
disparate loyalties to law. And so, the court directed Parliament to frame a UCC.

On the other hand, Rajiv Gandhi Government was not satisfied from the court
decision; instead of supporting it, the government enacted the Muslim Women
(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 to nullify the Supreme Court
judgement in Shah Bano Case and let the Muslim Personal Law prevails in a
divorce matter. In this act, it was mentioned that Muslim woman has right for
maintenance only for three months after the divorce i.e. iddat and then shifted her
maintenance to her relatives or Wakf Board.

Sarla Mudgal Case

This is the second instance in which the Supreme Court again directed the
government under Article 44. In this case Sarla Mudgal v Union of India, the
question was whether a Hindu husband, married under the Hindu law, by
embracing Islam can solemnize the second marriage. The Supreme Court held that
adopting Islam for a second marriage is an abuse of Personal laws. Further said
that Hindu marriage can be dissolved under Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 i.e. mere by
converting itself into Islam and marry again does not dissolve the marriage under
Hindu Marriage Law and thus will be an offense under Section 494[5] of the
Indian Penal Code.

John Vallamattom v. Union of India Case

The Priest from Kerala, John Vallamatton filed a writ petition in the year 1997
stating that Section 118 of the Indian Succession Act was discriminatory against
the Christians as it imposes unreasonable restrictions on their donation of property
for the religious or charitable purpose by will. The bench comprising of Chief
Justice of India V.V Khare, Justice S.B Sinha and Justice A.R. Lakshmanan struck
down the Section declaring it to be unconstitutional. Further, Khare stated that;

“Article 44 provides that the State shall endeavour to secure for all citizens a
Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India. It is a matter of great regrets
that Article 44 of the Constitution has not been given effect to. Parliament is still to
step in for framing a common civil code in the country. A Common Civil Code
will help the cause of national integration by removing the contradictions based on
ideologies”.

91.D) Maharashtra
92.D) : There are currently 28 states in India whereas there are 25 high courts in
total. These 25 high courts along with the supreme court of India come together to
form the Indian judicial system. Articles 214-231 of the Indian Constitution deal
with the provisions of high courts.
Complete answer: India has a total of 25 high courts. There are a lot of courts that
have jurisdiction over more than one state. Currently, there is one such high courts.
The names of these high courts are: Guwahati high court, which has jurisdiction
over 4 states namely Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.

93.D) Lok Adalat is one of the modes of Alternative Dispute Resolution. The Lok
Adalat Mechanism is available throughout the State through the Legal Services
Authorities/Committees for amicable settlement. It is a very effective institution of
alternative dispute resolution, where the cases pending in the court of law or at pre-
litigation stage are settled amicably. The decision or decree of Lok Adalat is final
and binding like a civil court. It consists of a sitting or retired judicial officer and
other persons.

94.D) The Gauhati High Court has jurisdiction over Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram,
and Arunachal Pradesh. These one High Court have jurisdiction over one or more
states excluding Union Territories. Besides these following High Courts share with
states and Union Territories:
1. Bombay high court - Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and
Diu.
2. Kolkata High court- Kolkata and Andaman and Nicobar
3. Kerala high court- Kerala and Lakshadweep
4.Madras high court- Madras and Pondicherry
5.Punjab and high court- Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh
6. Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh
7. The Gauhati High Court has jurisdiction over Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, and
Arunachal Pradesh

95.C) Bombay High Court Territorial Jurisdiction Bombay Maharashtra Dadra

& Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu Goa
Seat: Mumbai
Bench: Panaji, Aurangabad, and Nagpur
96.B) A judicial writ issued as a command to an inferior court or ordering a person
to perform a public or statutory duty. Mandamus is an order from a superior court
to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform an act, which falls within
its duty. It is issued to secure the performance of public duties and to enforce
private rights withheld by the public authorities.

97.B) Mandamus may be a command to do an administrative action or not

to take a particular action, and it is supplemented by legal rights. In the American
legal system it must be a judicially enforceable and legally protected right before
one suffering a grievance can ask for a mandamus. 'Mandamus' means 'we
command'. It is issued by the Court to direct a public authority
to perform the legal duties which it has not or refused to perform. It can
be issued by the Court against a public official, public corporation, tribunal,
inferior court or the government.

98.A) Advisory Jurisdiction is when a lower court or any constitutional body

seeks the advice of the higher Court in a matter of law. The practice of
seeking advisory opinion of the judiciary has its beginning in England.
The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over all the courts and
tribunals in India. ... Under Article 143[6] the Supreme Court if India has got
the Advisory Jurisdiction under which it may advise the President of India on the
matters which are related to the public importance.

99.B) Certiorari
The literal meaning of the writ of ‘Certiorari’ is ‘To be certified’ or ‘To be
informed.’ This writ is issued by a court higher in authority to a lower court or
tribunal ordering them either to transfer a case pending with them to itself or quash
their order in a case. It is issued on the grounds of an excess of jurisdiction or lack
of jurisdiction or error of law. It not only prevents but also cures for the mistakes in
the judiciary.

Facts about Certiorari in India:

Pre-1991: The writ of Certiorari used to be issued only against judicial and quasi-
judicial authorities and not against administrative authorities
Post-1991: The Supreme Court ruled that the certiorari can be issued even against
administrative authorities affecting the rights of individuals
It cannot be issued against legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies.
100.B) Certiorari
The literal meaning of the writ of ‘Certiorari’ is ‘To be certified’ or ‘To be
informed.’ This writ is issued by a court higher in authority to a lower court or
tribunal ordering them either to transfer a case pending with them to itself or quash
their order in a case. It is issued on the grounds of an excess of jurisdiction or lack
of jurisdiction or error of law. It not only prevents but also cures for the mistakes in
the judiciary.

Facts about Certiorari in India:

Pre-1991: The writ of Certiorari used to be issued only against judicial and quasi-
judicial authorities and not against administrative authorities
Post-1991: The Supreme Court ruled that the certiorari can be issued even against
administrative authorities affecting the rights of individuals
It cannot be issued against legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies.

101.C) Certiorari

102.C) District Judge is a judicial officer appointed by High court in consultation

with the state government that works regularly on that post. It includes session
judge (dealing with criminal cases), Chief Presidency Magistrate (power so
conferred) and Judge of the Small Causes courts existed earlier. The tribunals are
created by the statute and for a special purpose to deal with a particular type of
judges, the constitution of the tribunal, nature, extent, and scope is determined by
the legislature and hence the presiding officer of the tribunal is not included within
the meaning of sessions judge.

103.D) Article 233 Constitution of India: Appointment of district judges (1)

Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in
any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High
Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
(2) A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be
eligible to be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years
an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment.

104.A) The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President post the
consultation of the Chief Justice of the SC and the Governor of the State. The other
judges are appointed by the President, Governor, and the Chief Justice of the High
Court. To be appointed as a judge at the High Court, one should be a citizen of
India and should have been a judge for 10 years of the subordinate court under the
Judicial Service of the State or an advocate for 10 years in a High Court in India
(Article 217). Initially, the age of the retirement of the judges of the High Courts
was xed at 60 but was later raised to 62 in 1963 in the 15th amendment of the
Constitution. At the time of resignation, he has to send his letter of resignation
addressing the President.

105.B) Soumitra Sen is a former judge of the Calcutta High Court. He was the first
judge in independent India whose removal motion was passed in Rajya Sabha for
misappropriation of funds.

106.B) The Constitution expressly allows an individual to be detained - without

charge or trial for up to three months and denies detainees the rights to legal
representation, cross-examination, timely or periodic review, access to the courts
or compensation for unlawful arrest or detention.

107.D) There are currently 28 states in India whereas there are 25 high courts in
total. These 25 high courts along with the supreme court of India come together to
form the Indian judicial system. Articles 214-231 of the Indian Constitution deal
with the provisions of high courts.
Complete answer: India has a total of 25 high courts. There are a lot of courts that
have jurisdiction over more than one state. Currently, there is one such high courts.
The names of these high courts are: Guwahati high court, which has jurisdiction
over 4 states namely Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh

108.D) Judges of the High Court hold office till the age of 62
Do you know?
1- Articles 214-231 of the Indian Constitution deals with the provisions of the High
Courts in India.
2- Article 217 of the Indian Constitution deals with the appointment of Judges of
the High Courts in India.
3- As per Article 141 of the Indian Constitution, all the Indian Courts are bounded
by the judgements and orders passed by the Supreme Court of India by precedence.

109.C) The Centre has constituted three new High Courts in the northeast —
Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura — taking the total number of High Courts in the
country from 21 to 25.

110.A) The constitution says that once a high court judge has retired,

he cannot practice law in any court or before any authority in India except
the Supreme Court and the other High Courts. This means that a retired High
Court judge cannot practice in lower courts and same high court from which he
has retired.

111.B) Gram Nyayalayas have both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the
offences. Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 is an Act of Parliament of India enacted for
establishment of Gram Nyayalayas or village courts for speedy and easy access to
justice system in the rural areas of India. The Act came into force from 2 October
2009.[1] However, the Act has not been enforced properly, with only 208
functional Gram Nyayalayas in the country (as of 03 September 2019) against a
target of 5000 such courts.[2] The major reasons behind the non-enforcement
includes financial constraints, reluctance of lawyers, police and other government
officials.

112.A) Special Leave Petition Special Leave Petitions in India (SLP) holds a

prime place in the Judiciary of India, and has been provided as a "residual power"
in the hands of Supreme Court of India to be exercised only in cases when any
substantial question of law is involved, or gross injustice has been done.

113.A) Union of India that Section 377 was unconstitutional "in so far as it

criminalises consensual sexual conduct between adults of the same sex". The
judgment was given by a five judges bench comprising the then
Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, Justices R. F.

114.C) So, what is a Uniform Civil Code?

A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country,
applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage,
divorce, inheritance, adoption etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the
state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout
the territory of India.

Article 44 is one of the Directive Principles of State Policy. These, as defined in

Article 37, are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid
down therein are fundamental in governance.

Fundamental Rights are enforceable in a court of law. While Article 44 uses the
words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter
use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall
be obligation of the state” etc.
Article 43 mentions “state shall endeavour by suitable legislation”, while the
phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the
duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44.

115.D) Draft Article 103 (Article 124) was debated on 24th May 1949.

It established the Supreme Court of India and also laid out provisions relating to
the appointment, impeachment, and conduct of its judges.
Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court
(1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India constituting of a Chief Justice of India
and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than seven
other Judges
(2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by
warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the
Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem
necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty five
years: Provided that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the chief
Justice, the chief Justice of India shall always be consulted:
(a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his
office;
(b) a Judge may be removed rom his office in the manner provided in clause ( 4 )

116.D) Understanding the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme

Court:- Under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, 1950 the President of
India may obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court of India on any question or
fact of law which may be of public importance and may need any advice from
the Supreme Court.

117.A) Original jurisdiction of a court refers to a matter for which the particular
court is approached first. In the case of the Supreme Court in India, its original
jurisdiction is covered under Article 131. It involves the following cases:

Any dispute between the Indian Government and one or more States.
Any dispute between the Indian Government and one or more States on one side
and one or more States on the other side.
Any dispute between two or more States.
Article 32 of the Constitution provides original jurisdiction to the SC for matters
regarding the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

118.C) Article 136, deals with the discretionary power of the Supreme Court to
grant “special leave to appeal” from “any judgment, decree, determination,
sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in
the territory of India.”[25] Though the said article does not apply to any decision or
order made by any court or tribunal under any law relating to the Armed Forces
[see Article 136(2)], the said article confers upon the Supreme Court the widest
possible jurisdiction to entertain any order passed in any matter by any Court or
Tribunal, at any stage of its proceeding. Being the focal point of this piece, the next
part of this article will examine Article 136 and the concept of special leave.

119.D)

120.D) Statement 1 is incorrect: High courts can strike down central laws also.
For example Madras high court while disposing of a Writ petition seeking a
declaration to the effect that the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic
Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) (Six Months Training) Rules, 2014
declared it beyond the scope of the Pre-conceptional and Pre-natal Diagnostic
Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, and inconsistent with
Medical Council of India Act, 1956 and Regulations.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)

held that Constitutional amendment can be challenged on the ground that it
violates a fundamental right that forms a part of the ‘basic structure’ of the
Constitution and hence, can be declared as void. This was further reaffirmed in
Golak Nath v. State of Punjab and Minerva Mill’s case. Therefore as it stands the
constitutional amendment comes under a law for judicial review if it violates any
fundamental rights and Basic structure of our constitution.

Thus, Option D is correct.

121.A) Article 31-B provide ‘protective umbrella’ to the Ninth Schedule with
regard to validation of certain Acts and Regulations passed by parliament. It was
inserted by the first amendment in 1951.
The Supreme Court judgment lay that the laws placed under Ninth Schedule after
April 24, 1973 shall be open to challenge in court if they violated fundamental
rights guaranteed under Article 14, 19, 20 and 21 of the

122.B) According to Article 71 of the Constitution, all doubts and disputes arising
out of or in connection with the election of a President or Vice-President shall be
inquired into and decided by the Supreme Court.
123.A) The judgement reversed Supreme Court\'s earlier decision which had
upheld Parliament\'s power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III
related to Fundamental Rights. The judgement left Parliament with no power to
curtail Fundamental Rights.
Parliament passed the 24th Amendment in 1971 to abrogate the Supreme Court
judgement. It amended the Constitution to provide expressly that Parliament has
the power to amend any part of the Constitution including the provisions relating to
Fundamental Rights. This was done by amending articles 13 and 368 to exclude
amendments made under article 368, from article 13\'s prohibition of any law
abridging or taking away any of the Fundamental Rights.

124.B) Article 130 Constitution of India: Seat of Supreme Court The Supreme

Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of
India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.

125.C) Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed

by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court and the Governor of the State. The other judges are appointed by the will of
President, Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court.
126.B) President
The Chief Justice of India and the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by
the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution.

127.C) The Indian Constitution has adopted Single, Integrated and Independent
Judiciary. Article 50 of the Constitution of India provides for separation of
Judiciary from the Executive. The Constitution has made provisions ensuring the
independence of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
Article 228 of the Constitution of India says that the High Court can withdraw a
case pending in a subordinate court if it involves a substantial question of law that
requires the interpretation of the Constitution. It can either dispose of the case itself
or determine the question of law and return it to subordinate court.

128.D) Imphal Courts. The Manipur High Court is the High Court of the state of
Manipur, India.[1] It was established in 25 March 2013, after making suitable
amendments in the Constitution of India and North-Eastern Areas (Re-
organisation) Act, 1971. The seat of the High Court is at Imphal, the capital of
Manipur. The first Chief Justice is Justice Abhay Manohar Sapre.[2] Earlier, a
bench of the Gauhati High Court used to have jurisdiction over the state of
Manipur.

129.D) Imphal Courts. The Manipur High Court is the High Court of the state of
Manipur, India.[1] It was established in 25 March 2013, after making suitable
amendments in the Constitution of India and North-Eastern Areas (Re-
organisation) Act, 1971. The seat of the High Court is at Imphal, the capital of
Manipur. The first Chief Justice is Justice Abhay Manohar Sapre.[2] Earlier, a
bench of the Gauhati High Court used to have jurisdiction over the state of
Manipur

130.B) Allahabad High Court There are currently 28 states in India whereas there
are 25 high courts in total. These 25 high courts along with the supreme court of
India come together to form the Indian judicial system. Articles 214-231 of the
Indian Constitution deal with the provisions of high courts.
Complete answer: India has a total of 25 high courts. There are a lot of courts that
have jurisdiction over more than one state. Currently, there is one such high courts.
The names of these high courts are: Guwahati high court, which has jurisdiction
over 4 states namely Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh

131.B) Article 142 of the Constitution of India, 1950 has been

used by the Court to assume vast jurisdiction and pass any orders/judgments
to do 'complete justice'. Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf
by Parliament, the Supreme Court shall, as respects the whole of the territory of
India, have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing the
attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or the
investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself

132.D) It was originally known as the High Court of Assam and Nagaland, but

renamed as Gauhati High Court in 1971 by the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971. It has largest jurisdiction in terms of states, with its
area covering the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram.

133.D) The Centre has constituted three new High Courts in the northeast —
Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura — taking the total number of High Courts in the
country from 21 to 25 along with Andhra Pradesh.
134.D) In the State judicial system the High Court is the apex court below and
under it are subordinate courts in the District. The District and Sessions Judge's
court is the highest civil and criminal court of the district. The judges of the district
court are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High Courts. The
qualifications of a person to be appointed as a District Judge are that he should be
an advocate or a pleader of 7 years standing or more, or an officer in judicial
service of the Union or the State. Further section 366 subsection (1) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure 1973 provides that "when the court of Session passes a
sentence of death the proceeding shall be submitted to the High Court and the
sentence shall not be executed unless it's confirmed by the High Court."

135.D) The Chairperson is Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel. Judicial and Expert
members: They are appointed by a selection committee that is formed by the
Central Government and they shall also hold office for a term of 5 years and are
not eligible for re-appointment.

Structure of NGT
The Tribunal comprises of the Chairperson, the Judicial Members and Expert
Members. They shall hold office for term of five years and are not eligible for
reappointment.
The Chairperson is appointed by the Central Government in consultation with
Chief Justice of India (CJI).
A Selection Committee shall be formed by central government to appoint the
Judicial Members and Expert Members.
There are to be least 10 and maximum 20 full time Judicial members and Expert
Members in the tribunal.

The NGT deals with civil cases under the seven laws related to the environment,
these include:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Any violation pertaining to these laws or any decision taken by the Government
under these laws can be challenged before the NGT.

136.A) The 42nd Amendment revoked the courts' power to determine what
constituted an office of profit. A new article 228A was inserted in the Constitution
which would give High Courts the authority to "determine all questions as to the
constitutional validity of any State law".
Articles 323A and 323B, Part XIV-A Part XIV-A added entitled as ‘Tribunals
dealing with Administrative matters’ and ‘Tribunals for other matters’

137.B) First statement is incorrect. The constitution says that once a high court
judge has retired, he cannot practice law in any court or before any authority in
India except the Supreme Court and the other High Courts. This means that a
retired High Court judge cannot practice in lower courts and same high court from
which he has retired. This also implies that at present, the Constitution neither
prohibits judges of the Supreme Court or the High Court from taking any post-
retirement job nor restricts the power of the government to appoint any retired
judges to commissions and/or tribunals. An interesting thing is that government
generally uses the retired higher judiciary judges as heads of various commissions.
There has been a demand from certain sections of the society that there should be a
\"cool off \" period of two years for the retired judges before they are installed in
other offices. Second statement is also incorrect. Article 217 says, a person shall
not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of
India and has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or
has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession.

138.D) Articles 323 A and 323 B differ in the following three aspects:
While Article 323 A contemplates the establishment of tribunals for public service
matters only, Article 323 B contemplates the establishment of tribunals for certain
other matters (mentioned above).
While tribunals under Article 323 A can be established only by Parliament,
tribunals under Article 323 B can be established both by Parliament and state
legislatures with respect to matters falling within their legislative competence.
Under Article 323 A, only one tribunal for the Centre and one for each state or two
or more states may be established. There is no question of the hierarchy of
tribunals, whereas under Article 323 B a hierarchy of tribunals may be created.
139.A) There are currently 28 states in India whereas there are 25 high courts in
total. These 25 high courts along with the supreme court of India come together to
form the Indian
judicial system. Articles 214-231 of the Indian Constitution deal with the
provisions of high courts.
Complete answer: India has a total of 25 high courts. There are a lot of courts that
have jurisdiction over more than one state. Currently, there are 2 such high courts.
The names of these high courts are:
Guwahati high court, which has jurisdiction over 4 states namely Assam,
Nagaland,Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
The High Court of Bombay, also known as the Mumbai High Court, is the high
court of the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the union territory of Dadra
and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. ... The court has Original Jurisdiction in
addition to its Appellate.
Therefore, there are high courts which have jurisdiction over more than one state.
Option ‘A’ is the correct option.
Note: One should keep in mind that the question says “not including union
territories” which means that there are high courts which have jurisdiction over
multiple union territories but not more than one state. There are 28 states and 8
union territories in India. This comes after Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh were
announced as union territories in 2020.

140.A) Judicial review-Basic feature of Constitution:

In S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India48 the constitutional validity of
Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 was challenged on the ground of exclusion
of power of judicial review both of Supreme Court under article 32 and High
Courts under articles 226 and 227.

141.B) Statement 1 is incorrect as CAT was set up in 1985 during the prime
minister ship of Rajiv Gandhi.
Structure of NGT
The Tribunal comprises of the Chairperson, the Judicial Members and Expert
Members. They shall hold office for term of five years and are not eligible for
reappointment.
The Chairperson is appointed by the Central Government in consultation with
Chief Justice of India (CJI).
A Selection Committee shall be formed by central government to appoint the
Judicial Members and Expert Members.
There are to be least 10 and maximum 20 full time Judicial members and Expert
Members in the tribunal.

142.D) Statement 1 is incorrect as Advocate General of the state is appointed by

the governor of the State. Statement 2 is incorrect as High Courts have Original,
Appellate and Writ jurisdiction (not advisory jurisdiction).

143.B) direct appeals have been provided from the decisions of all Tribunals to the
Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution. In view of our above-
mentioned observations, this situation will also stand modified. In the view that we
have taken, no appeal from the decision of a Tribunal will directly lie before the
Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution; but instead, the aggrieved
party will be entitled to move the High Court under Articles 226/227 of the
Constitution and from the decision of the Division Bench of the High Court the
aggrieved party could move this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution.

144.D) Under Section 17 of the Administrative Tribunal Act, 1985, the Tribunal
has been conferred with the power to exercise the same jurisdiction and authority
in respect of contempt of itself as a High Court.

Central Administrative Tribunal

Article 323 - A: The Central Administrative Tribunal had been established under
Article 323 - A of the Constitution for adjudication of disputes and complaints with
respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public
services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or other authorities
under the control of the Government.
In pursuance of Article 323-A, the Parliament has passed the Administrative
Tribunals Act in 1985. The act authorises the Central government to establish one
Central Administrative Tribunal and the state administrative tribunals. This act
opened a new chapter in the sphere of providing speedy and inexpensive justice to
the aggrieved public servants.
Benches: There are 17 Benches and 21 Circuit Benches in the Central
Administrative Tribunal all over India.
Objective and Composition: The CAT is a specialist body consisting of
Administrative Members and Judicial Members who by virtue of their specialized
knowledge are better equipped to dispense speedy and effective justice. It was
established in 1985.
A Chairman who has been a sitting or retired Judge of a High Court heads the
Central Administrative Tribunal.

145.C) Original Jurisdiction

The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the center
and the states falls under its original jurisdiction. The original jurisdiction of a
court is the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate
jurisdiction, when a court has the power to review a lower court's decision.
In India, the Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction on all cases between
the government and the states or between government and states on side and one or
more states on other side or cases between different states. In addition, Article 32
of the Constitution of India grants original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court on all
cases involving the enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens.

146.D) Goa: The High Court of Bombay, also known as the Mumbai High Court,
is the high court of the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the union
territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. ... The court has Original
Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate.

147.B) Calcutta High Court

The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It has jurisdiction over
the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.

148.C) Mobile court indicates a court set up in vehicle transportation which can
travel from one place to another according to a well-prepared program and
schedule. Mobile courts will provide noble assistance to rural people.

It is said to be the brainchild of late President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who conceived
the notion of mobile court which is based on the urgent need to take the department
of civil and criminal justice closer to the residents so that the people living in
isolated areas are able to profit without acquiring the costs of traveling to courts in
far-flung places.

149.A) The Chief Justice and Judges of the High Courts are to be appointed by
the President under clause (1) of Article 217 of the Constitution.
150.B) The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the
Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.

 
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