Study Guide Exam 1- HDFS 2660

Summer
Tip: review the objectives for each module, fill out your study guide completely, and read your
textbook (especially the chapter summaries)!

CHAPTER 1: PARENTING IS A PROCESS (PG 1-32)

Definition of Parenting (individuals who nourish, protect, and guide new life to maturity)
 What are some influences on parents?
o Preprogrammed to respond positively to babies, society’s strong encouragement
The Role of the Child, Parent, Society
 What contributions and responsibilities do children, parents and society each have?
o Child (immature human who requires care to survive and grow)
 Contributions: gender, temperament, physical health
 Require Parents Meets: food, shelter, love and attachment
o Parent: (most important) (provide physical, psychological, emotional, advocate,
stimulate growth)
 Contribution: gender and temperament, personal qualities, relationships,
physical and mental health, relationships, problem solving skills, work
skills
o Society (provides broad guidelines for parents and children’s behavior and gives
legal status to parents)
 Provides: free public education, tax exemptions, tax credits for childcare
expenses
 What does “Goodness of Fit” refer to?
o Match between child’s temperament and the environmental demands which the
child must cope
o How the child’s qualities and the families come together
 Temperament, definition
o A person’s nature, how they are
 Developmental Niche:
1) Physical and social setting for parents and children
2) Psychological characteristics valued in parents and children
3) Recommended parenting practices and behaviors for family members

CHAPTER 2: CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON PARENTING (33-69)

Definition of Culture
 System of values beliefs, ways of thinking, routines, rituals, and institutions established
by group or population
Independent model vs. Interdependent model
 What are the goals for each?
o Interdependent Model-focuses on the social group, rear socially responsible
person, learn through observation, group centric: harmony within the group,
understand other’s needs, fulfill obligations to others
 o Independent-self centric: defines self in personal goals, make decisions, influence
people, asking questions for learning, frequent praise of the child, child
encouraged to express opinions, emphasis on achievement
 What are the positives for each model? What are the stressors?
SES (pp. 58-62)
- Interdependent: Stressors: restraining own thoughts and feelings
- Interdependent Positives: secure that others will need help
- Independent Stressors: Anxiety comes from fear of failure, lack of help
- Independent Positives: Free to have own wishes
 What is SES?
o Socioeconomic Status
 What are the main indicators of SES?
o Based on occupation, education, and income that can change from time to time
 Annette Lareau’s research on parenting and SES:
o Concerted cultivation
 Parenting model where often praise and converse with children, engage in
activities, take them outside
o MIDDLE CLASS PARENTS
 More child centered approach
 Use more words, especially positive and directive
 Teach children to approach other adults in self-assertive way
o vs. accomplishment of natural growth;
 emphasizes hard work, obedience to authority, indirect parent involvement
o WORKING CLASS
 more parent centered, parents as authorities
 more likely to be harsh when child doesn’t comply
 more critical
 less confidence in dealing with superiors
 children more free to play with friends
o class differences (Table 2-5)

CHAPTER 3: LEARNING TO PARENT (70-107)

Attachment Theory (pp. 85-87)
 Definition of attachment
o An enduring affectional tie that connects two people
o Provides infants with safety and security and protection to explore the world
 What determines the quality of attachment between parents and children?
o Adults behavior: when the adult are accepting and emotionally available, and
sensitive babies form attachment
 What percent of children are securely attached?
o About 60%
 Describe/identify the 3 forms of insecure attachment
o Anxious-avoidant attachment: unconcerned when parents leave and unbothered
when they return; parents are intrusive and overstimulating
 o Anxious-resistant: strong protests when mother leaves and difficulties connecting
when mom returns; parents are insensitive to babies cues and unavailable
o Disorganized/disoriented: appears in families where parents seems frightened or
traumatized
 Sometimes happily approach the parents sometimes hesitant/avoid

Brain Development
 What does “pruning” refer to?
o Eliminating unused synapses
 Understand the role of different hormones on development (oxytocin and cortisol
specifically)
o Oxytocin: increases social bonding and and thought to stimulate nurturance and
attachment; present in breast milk
o Cortisol: measure of alertness, arousal, and attention; measure of stress in the
body;
 high levels on ongoing basis may lead to illness, loss of memory and
reduced intellectual performance
Temperament
 Definition
o Biologically based behaviors that arise spontaneously and are hard to
control/change
 Influence child’s reactions
 Trigger reactions in parents, peers, and others
 Shape the effects of parenting
 Can put the child at risk for certain things
 Parenting implications
o Children have individual needs the parents help with
o Parents parenting have different effects depending on the child’s temperament
o Aim is to have parenting behavior fit the child’s temperament
Family Systems Theory
 Definition and how the family influences each other
o A system made up of interdependent members who interact and affect each other
in a mutually responsive/affective way
Parenting Styles
 Identify/describe Diana Baumrind’s 4 parenting styles (know neglectful parenting in
addition to the 3 in the textbook) pg. 101+
 What are the child outcomes associated with each?
o Authoritative: attentive to child’s needs but also have high standards; parents use
reasoning and mutually responsive problem solving when there are conflicts
 Child is self-reliant and self-confident
 Explored their worlds with excitement and pleasure
o Authoritarian: parents have high standards, demanding, and controlling without
attention to children’s wishes or needs, emphasizes obedience rather than
independence
 Children are often unhappy, withdrawn, inhibited
  distrustful
o Permissive: parents set few limits, accepts all child’s impulses, granting freedom
within bonds of safety, parents allow all feeling even those that angered them,
anger builds up-sometimes lash out
 Children least controlled/independent, best described as immature
o Disengaged: no limits, not expectations, children are essentially free to figure
themselves out

CHAPTER 5: NURTURING CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS (137-168)

Components of Problem-Solving methods, describe each
o Active listening
 Careful listening, reflect on child’s feelings, child can confirm and deny
parent says
o I messages/statements
 Clear statement of how the parent feels
 Statement of the behavior that has caused the feeling
 Statement of why it is upsetting
o Gordon’s mutual problem solving
 Both parties define problem with I-M
 Generate possible solutions
 Evaluate possible solutions
 Select best alternative
 Implement the decision
 Do a follow up
o Promoting family closeness
 Increase closeness by understanding their feelings

CHAPTER 6: SUPPORTING CHILDREN’S GROWTH AND ONLINE READINGS (169-

208)
Emotional Competency
 What are the effects of parent’s feelings on children? Whose feelings count the most?
o
 How can parents help children label emotions/feelings? Why is this important?
What are the benefits of organized family routines?
Discipline and Guidance (textbook pp. 174-177)
 What is the purpose? What is “effective” discipline? What is suggested?
 What are considered ineffective strategies? How did parents view spanking after they had
their own children?
 What are the procedures for administering time outs? When should they be used?
 Steps for the Turtle Tuck Technique (from Additional Readings)
Media
 What are the impacts, risks, suggestions, and reasons behind media use?