EDUC 210- Module 3

Study Guide

What does Physical Development look like in Young Children?

Preschool children are very active. Their gross motor skills are improving during these early
years. Their muscles grow stronger, brains develop to better integrate information about
movements, their balance improves, and their center of gravity moves lower. Their fine motor
skills are also improving during these years. During this time, most children are beginning to
develop a hand preference.

What does Physical Development look like in Elementary School Years?

Physical development is fairly steady, Children become taller, learner, and stronger. Between
the ages of 11 and 14, girls are taller and heavier than boys are.

What does Physical Development look like in Adolescence?

 Puberty marks the beginning of sexual maturity and body parts begin to change. The
earliest sign of puberty for girls is the growth of nipples and breasts (age 10). Between
ages 12-13, girls will have their first period (menarche).

 At around age 10, boys’ testicles and scrotums begin to grow larger, and at around age
12-13, they will have their first sperm ejaculation (spermarche) and will begin growing
facial and body hair.

Why are Play, Recess, and Physical Activity Important?

 Play is essential to development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social,
and emotional well-being of children and youth. The brain develops through
stimulation, and play provides this. This may also help the process of pruning brain
synapses during childhood.

 Physical activity/participation benefits children’s health, well-being, leadership skills,

and social relations. Regular physical activity for children with disabilities has many
benefits: controlling/slowing the progression of disease/disabilities, improving overall
health, and ameliorating the psychosocial impact of having a disability.

What are some Challenges in Physical Development?

Obesity (which can cause diabetes, strain on bones/joints, respiratory issues, and greater
chance of heart problems)
Eating Disorders (Pressure to fit beauty standards, unhappy in their bodies which can lead to
bulimia or anorexia nervosa)

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Social Context for Development?

Teachers, families, and peers are part of a student’s context (total setting/situation that
surrounds and interacts with a person). These contexts influence the development of
behaviors, beliefs, and knowledge.

What is the Microsystem?

It focuses on the developing child and their immediate surroundings (family, friends, teachers,
and school activities).

What is the Mesosystem?

It focuses on the interactions among all the microsystem elements (the relationships between
family and teachers)

What is the Exosystem?

It focuses on the social settings that affect the child, even though the child is not a direct
member (parental workplace and community resources)

What is the Macrosystem?

It focuses on the larger society with its flaws, customs, and values.

What is the Chronosystem?

It focuses on all the development that occurs in and is influenced by the time period.

What are Blended Families?

Consists of parents, children, and stepchildren merged into families through remarriages.

What are Extended Families?

Consists of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins all living in the same
household or in close proximity.

What are the 4 parenting styles?

1) Authoritative: High in warmth, but they also exert firm control. They set clear rules and
expectations but listen to their children’s needs and concerns.

2) Authoritarian: They do not show warmth and are very controlling. Punishments are
strict but not abusive. They do love their children but are not openly affectionate.

3) Permissive: They show warmth but lack control. There are very few rules, expectations,
and consequences.

4) Disengaged/neglectful: They are low in warmth, are uninvolved, and put little to no
effort to tend to their children and their needs.
What is a Secure Attachment?
Occurs when a child receives comfort when needed and are more confident to explore their
world because they feel like they can trust their caregivers.

What is an Insecure Attachment?

Children can be fearful, sad, anxious, clinging, rejecting, or angry in interactions with their
caregivers.

What are the 5 types of Child Maltreatment?

1) Physical Abuse
2) Sexual Abuse
3) Neglect
4) Emotional Harm
5) Exposure to Family Violence

What is Erikson’s Theory of Development?

His psychosocial theory emphasizes the emergence of the self, the search for identity the
individual’s relationships with others, and the role of culture throughout life. At each stage, the
individual faces a developmental crisis- a conflict between a positive alternative and a
potentially unhealthy alternative.

What is Basic Trust vs. Mistrust?

IMPORTANT EVENT: FEEDING
This is where the infant must develop a loving/trusting relationship with the caregiver or
develop a sense of mistrust. This is the basic conflict of infancy because if their needs for food
and care are met with comfort and responsiveness, they will develop a sense of trust.
(BIRTH TO 12-19 MONTHS)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Untrusting poor attachment.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: Secure attachment

What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

IMPORTANT EVENT: TOILET TRAINING
This is where the child’s energies are directed towards physical skills. They learn control but
may develop shame/doubt if not handled well. Parents must be protective but no too
overprotective and allow the child to do things on their own.
(18 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Low confidence, shame and doubt
Resolution of Conflict: Confident and eager to explore one’s environment and to seek
stimulation.

What is Initiative vs. Guilt?

IMPORTANT EVENT: INDEPENDENCE
This is where the child becomes more assertive and takes initiative but may be too forceful-
which can lead to feelings of guilt.
(3 TO 6 YEARS)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Reticent to take risks and try new things.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: Independent and self-directed.

What is Industry vs. Inferiority?

IMPORTANT EVENT: SCHOOL
This is where the child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority,
failure, or incompetence.
(6 TO 12 YEARS)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Insecurities about one’s cognitive, academic, and social abilities.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: Realistic image of self that organizes one’s ambitions,
abilities, beliefs, and external expectations.

What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?

IMPORTANT EVENT: PEER RELATIONSHIPS
This is where the teen must achieve identity in occupation, gender roles, and religion.
(ADOLESCENCE)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Confusion about identity; not being able to understand own
strengths and limits.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: realistic image of self that organizes one’s ambitions,
abilities, beliefs, and external expectations.

What is Intimacy vs. Isolation?

IMPORTANT EVENT: ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
This is where the individual must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation.
(YOUNG ADULTHOOD)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Emotional difficulties in giving and receiving.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: Being able to share one’s self with another.

What is Generativity vs. Stagnation?

IMPORTANT EVENT: PARENTING/MENTORING
This is where adults find a way to satisfy and support the next generation.
(MIDDLE ADULTHOOD)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Unable to further develop one’s potential.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: Finding fulfillment in raising children/being productive or
creative.

What is Ego Integrity vs. Despair?

IMPORTANT EVENT: REFLECTION/ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S LIFE
This is where the older adult reflects on their life. Culmination is a sense of oneself, and a sense
of fulfillment.
(LATE ADULTHOOD)
Failure to Resolve Conflict: Dissatisfaction with one’s life history and experience.
Successful Resolution of Conflict: Acceptance of one’s history and life experiences.

What is Self-Concept?
The individual’s knowledge and beliefs about themselves- their ideas, feelings, attitudes, and
expectation.

What is Academic Self-Concept?

Self-concept related to school (verbal, mathematical skills, and problem solving etc.)

What is Non-Academic Self-Concept?

Self-concept related to physical appearance, popularity, and emotional stability etc.

How/What Occurs During the Development of Self-Concept?

- Children evaluate themselves through self-evaluations.
- The verbal/non-verbal reactions of significant people
- Young children have positive self-concepts and do not compare themselves to peers.
- Older students are less optimistic and are more realistic/cynical.
- During school, children make self-concept appraisals based on their own performances.
- Students grow more self-conscious during middle school.
- Development does not take the same path in every culture.

What is Self-Esteem?
It is an overall judgment of self-worth that includes feeling confident and proud. It is the value
individuals place on their own characteristics, abilities, and behaviors.

What is Theory of Mind?

The understanding that other people are people, too, with their own minds, thoughts, feelings
beliefs, desires, and perceptions. With a developing theory of mind, children are increasingly
able to understand that other people have different feelings and experiences (perspective-
taking abilities). Being able to understand how others may think or feel, fosters cooperation,
moral development, reducing prejudice, resolving conflicts, and encouraging positive social
behaviors.

What is Moral Development?

Theory and research about moral development focuses on moral reasoning (the thinking
process involved in judgments or questions of right vs. wrong).

What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

The moral reasoning of both children and adults was evaluated by presenting them with moral
dilemmas (situations in which no choice is clearly and indisputably wrong).
What is the Pre-Conventional Level?
Stage 1) Obedience Orientation: Obeying rules to avoid punishment or consequences.
Stage 2) Rewards/Exchange Orientation: Right are wrong are determined by personal
needs/wants.

What is the Conventional Level?

Stage 3) Being nice/relationships Orientation: Being good means being nice
Stage 4) Law and Order Orientation: Law and authorities must be obeyed; the social system
must be maintained.

What is the Post-Conventional Level?

Stage 5) Social Contract Orientation: The moral choice is determined by socially agreed upon
standards (The greatest good for the greatest number)
Stage 6) Universal Ethical Principles Orientation: There are universal principles of human
dignity and social justice that individuals should uphold, no matter what the laws or people say.

What is Haidt’s Social Intuitionist Model of Moral Psychology:

Emotions, instincts, competing goals, relationships, and practical considerations affect choices.
1) Intuition comes first, reasoning second.
2) There is more to morality than fairness and harm.
3) Morality binds and blinds.

What is Moral Behavior?

It is influenced by modelling, internalization, and self-concept.
- Exposure to caring, generous, and adult models (modelling)
- Young children’s moral behavior is first controlled by others through direct instruction,
supervision, rewards, and punishments. In time they internalize the rules and adopt
standards of their own.
- Integration of moral beliefs/values into our total sense of who we are (self-concept).

What is Instrumental Aggression?

Intended to gain an object/privilege. The intent is to get what you want, not to hurt others
(even though it may happen regardless).

What is Hostile Aggression?

Inflicting intentional harm.

VIDEOS:

What is Identity?
It refers to a general sense of oneself including beliefs, ideals, and values that help to influence
their behaviors. Identity is a broad concept that integrates all aspects and roles of oneself. Our
self-concept will shape our identity.
What are the 4 Categories of Identity Statuses? (JAMES MARCIA)
1) Identity Achievement: Extensive exploration and commitment to pursuing the choices.
2) Moratorium: Exploration with a delay in making commitments.
3) Identity Foreclosure: Exploration with a delay in making commitments.
4) Identify Diffusion: Little exploration and little commitment.

Why is Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory Criticized?

- Because an individual may make choices that are consistent with more than one stage.
- Because his theory may be biased in favor of Western male values that emphasize
individualism.

What is Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Morality?

- She argues that emotions and relationships may play an important role in our moral
choices.
- Ethic of care: Both men and women are equally able to use caring attitudes to make
moral decisions, and are both capable of demonstrating the values of caring and justice.