British & Southern India by SR JK

BRITISH &
SOUTHERN INDIA
THE CARNATIC WARS & ANGLO-
MYSORE WARS
HYDERABAD
• The autonomous kingdom of Hyderabad was founded in 1724 by Chin
Quilch Khan (Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah 1). The nizam was a leader of the
turani faction, got the Sayyid brothers assassinated in 1720.
Muhammad Shah appointed Nizam as his wazir from 1722-24.
• 1723-1748: Nizam defeated Mubariz Khan, the then governor and the
next year he took over as the governor of Deccan and consolidated his
power around Hyderabad. Nizam permanently settled in Hyderabad,
subdued the refractory zamindars and established his control.
• Hyderabadi administrative system incorporated the indigenous power
structures in a “patron-client relationship”. Locally entrenched semi-
autonomous rulers were allowed to govern their inherited territories in
return for an annual tribute/peshkash paid to Nizam.
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• The old Mughal system was not totally replaced, rather it

was modified:
• Land revenue- was collected through powerful intermediaries,
but unlike the mughals, there was little effort to keep them
under control.
• Jagirs became hereditary and mansabdari retained retained few
of its original features
• There was remarkable change in the structure of nobility. While
the older military aristocracy retained some of its power, there
was a wider diffusion of power in Hyderabadi administrative
structure.
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CARNATIC WARS & ANGLO- FRENCH
RIVALRY
1. The decline of central authority: after Aurangzeb’s death in 1707 was
followed by the weakening of Hyderabad’s control after the death of
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in 1748. Moreover, the Maratha chiefs regularly
invaded Hyderabad and the rest of South collecting chauth. All these
factors led to politically unsettled conditions & administrative
disorganization.
2. Succession disputes in Carnatic: Carnatic was one of the subah’s of the
mughal deccan and as such came under the Nizam of Hyderabad’s
authority. But just as in practice, the Nizam had become independent of
Delhi, so did the deputy governor of Carnatic also called as the Nawab of
Carnatic had freed himself of control of hyderabad and made his office
hereditary.
• After 1740, bitter succession disputes erupted in Carnatic and after 1748 in
Hyderabad which gave an opportunity to European trading companies to
directly interfere in Indian politics
• The French East India company was founded in 1664. It was firmly
established at Chandernagore near Calcutta & Pondicherry on the east

coast.
• First Carnatic War- 1742-48: In 1742, outbreak of the Austrian
succession war provided immediate political context for the rivalry
between the two main European counterparts, the French & English for
control over Indian territories. French attacked the English positions in
Madras. British surrendered Madras, appealed to Nawab of Carnatic for
help. Thus the first Carnatic war began, the Nawab sent a force against
the french, but it suffered a crushing defeat.
• However, with the cessation of hostilities in Europe in 1748 by the
treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle, the first round of Anglo French rivalries
came to an end in India as well. The English possession's in India were
returned, while the french got back their North American possessions.
Carnatic Hyderabad
Succession dispute between Nasir Jang
Chand Sahib began to conspire against
(Nizam’s son) and Muzaffar Jang (Nizam’s
Nawab Anwaruddin
grandson)
1749- Battle of Ambur: Dupliex sealed a

secret deal with Chand Sahib and French supported Muzzafar Jung, he was
Muzaffar Jang. Killed Nawab Anwaruddin. made the Nawab of Hyderabad.
His son, Muhammad Ali fled
Substantial territorial concessions were granted to french in the form

of Northern Sarkars as a jagir, Masulipatam and villages around Pondicherry
were handed over to them. Also Dupliex stationed his best officer Bussy at
Hyderabad with a french army, thus ensuring continued french influence in his court
• Second Carantic War-1749-1754: the expansion of French in the south
alarmed the British. The British held secret discussion with Nasir Jang
and Muhammad Ali. British supported Muhammad Ali, attacked the
capital of Carnatic, Arcot. Chanda Sahib was captured & killed and
Muhammad Ali was placed on throne of Carnatic. The french forces
suffered defeats at the hands of English.
• 1754-Treaty between English and French: The French agreed to
English demand for recall of Dupliex from India. In return, they were
allowed to retain control of Carnatic, four Northern Sarkars &
controlling influence over Hyderabad court. The french power in south
was thus far from over.
• 1756 & the seven year war: the outbreak of seven year war between
English & French in Europe provided the context for the third & final
decisive round of Anglo-French conflict in India.
• Third Carnatic War-1758-1763: French lost their positions

successively, first in Chandernagore in Bengal, then when
Bussy was recalled to help Count De Lally in Carnatic, the
Northern Sarkars were exposed to English attack from Bengal.
• 1760- Battle of Wandiwash: the french were decisively defeated
as Pondicherry was seized by British. This was followed by the
capture of Mahe port along malabar coast. After this the french
were left without a toe-hold in India.
• 1763- treaty of Paris: French got back all the territories in India
prior to 1749 with the provision that it could not fortify
Chandernagore but the balance of power was decisively shifted
in favour of English with the expansion of East India Company.
Consequences of Anglo Carnatic wars

1. French wound up their operations in 1769 & thus the main european
rivals were eliminated.
2. Hyderabad became completely dependent on British & the Nizam in
1766 gave them Northern Sarkars in return for military support
against its over mighty neighbours- Maratha & Mysore
3. The Anglo-French rivalry by bringing in crown troops to India in
significant numbers considerably enhanced the military powers of
the British vis-à-vis other Indian states. The balance of power now
began decisively tilt in its favour.
4. The English learnt valuable lessons from French, that they could
advance their economic and political interests by taking advantage
of the mutual conflicts of Indian rulers.
Factors responsible for French defeat:

1. Financial difficulties affected the military operation of the french
forces.
2. The rashness and arrogance of Lally alienated nearly all french
officers at Pondicherry thus affecting the efficiency of the force.
3. Above all, the superiority of English Navy and the ready supply of
finances at their disposal after the plassey plunder tilted the balance
in their favour against the french.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Causes of anglo carnatic wars

• Weakening of hyderabad state-constant maratha invasions
• Bitter succession disputes in Carnatic
• Anglo french rivalry and the austrian succession disputes
• Key Battles- third carnatic war, Battle of Wandiwash (1760) and Treaty of Paris
(1763)
Impact of anglo carnatic wars
• French- the key european rivals were eliminated
• The nizam became completely dependent on British for Military support
• Brought in Crown troops in India.
• Became a template/model for future British interventions in succession disputes
of regional powers
MYSORE
In South India, the emergence of Mysore as a significant power in mid 18 th

century was most spectacular.
Earlier a part of the Vijayanagra empire in 16th century, Mysore was
transformed into an autonomous principality by the Wodeyar dynasty. Its
centralized military power began to increase from late 17th century under
Chikkadevraja Wodeyar (1672-1704), but reached its real period of glory
under Haidar Ali.
Mysore under Haidar Ali underwent a series of reforms aimed at establishing
a centralized administrative-military structure. These were:
1. Military reforms: Haidar Ali organized the army on European lines with
French experts. A system of risala’s was setup, with a clear chain of
command, going upto the ruler. Each risala had a fixed number of
soldiers, weapons and a commander appointed by Haidar himself. Also a
modern arsenal factory was setup in Dindigal in 1755.
• Subjugated the local warrior chiefs/hereditary overlords like deshmukhs and
poligars.
2. A centralized system of revenue administration: Introduced a new

system of imposing taxes directly on peasants and collecting them
through salaried officials in cash, thus enormously increasing the
resource base of state.
• The land revenue system was based upon a detailed survey and
classification of land.
• The land revenue system of Haidar Ali and later Tipu Sultan has been
termed as “Military fiscalism”. In this, taxes were collected directly by state
machinery in order to build & maintain a large army.
• The mughal system of jagirdari was largely replaced and this was part of
the project to establish a centralized military hegemony by abolishing the
intermediaries who were co-sharers of power in a segmentary state.
3. Provided encouragement to Agriculture and Trade: in order

to expand its resource base, provided encouragement for the
development of agriculture. Modernized the agricultural
economy by repairing and expanding irrigation systems, by
promoting agriculture manufacturing & promoting
sericulture.
• In 1793, launched State Commercial Corporation to set up
factories outside Mysore.
• Sent emissaries to france, turkey, iran, china to develop foreign
trade.
ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
the reasons for the outbreak of Anglo-Mysore wars were:

1. Rapid territorial expansion: In a few years, under Haidar Ali and later
under Tipu Sultan, Mysore’s boundaries stretched from Krishna in North
to Malabar coast in west which brought it in conflict with its neighbors,
Maratha’s and Hyderabad. Mysore’s expansion also appeared to be a
military threat in Madras and in Carnatic.
2. Anglo-French rivalry: Also, Marathas and Hyderabad also acted in
collusion with English, who suspected Mysore’s friendship with French.
3. Mysore’s control of Malabar coast: Mysore’s control over the rich trade of
Malabar coast was seen as a threat to English trade in pepper &
Cardamom. In 1785, Tipu imposed a ban on export of pepper and
cardamom from ports within his kingdom & in 1788, he explicitly
prohibited trade with English traders.
4. Tipu aimed to establish a centralized militarized state with a desire to
control south indian politics was perceived as a security threat by the
English to their positions in Madras and Carnatic
ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
• 1st Anglo-Mysore war (1767-69): Maratha’s & Nizam colluded with the
English against Haidar Ali.
• 2nd Anglo-Mysore war (1780-84) Maratha’s and Nizam joined hands with
Mysore against English.
• 3rd Anglo-Mysore war (1790-92)- Maratha’s and Nizam again sided with
English in under Lord Cornwallis against Mysore because Tipu had
recently attacked their ally, Maharaja of Travancore.
• 4th Anglo-Mysore war (1799):

• It was the decisive round. Sriringapatnam, the capital of Mysore
was captured, while Tipu died defending it. Mysore was once again
placed under Wodeyar dynasty and was brought under the
subsidiary alliance system of Lord Wellseley. This meant an end to
the independent status of Mysore.
• The alliance forbid it from entering into any relationship with any other
European powers.
• A contingent of company’s army would be stationed at Mysore and the
provision for its maintenance would be come from its treasury.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Features of Mysore empire-
• Military reforms-Risala system
• Revenue reforms-Centralized system of revenue administration
• Agriculture and trade reforms
• Causes of Anglo-Mysore wars

• Rapid territorial expansion of mysore
• Anglo-French rivalry
• Mysore’s control of malabar coast
• Perceived as a security threat by english

British & Southern India by SR JK

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British & Southern India by SR JK

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BRITISH &

• The old Mughal system was not totally replaced, rather it

established at Chandernagore near Calcutta & Pondicherry on the east

1749- Battle of Ambur: Dupliex sealed a

Substantial territorial concessions were granted to french in the form

• Third Carnatic War-1758-1763: French lost their positions

Consequences of Anglo Carnatic wars

Factors responsible for French defeat:

Causes of anglo carnatic wars

In South India, the emergence of Mysore as a significant power in mid 18 th

2. A centralized system of revenue administration: Introduced a new

3. Provided encouragement to Agriculture and Trade: in order

the reasons for the outbreak of Anglo-Mysore wars were:

• 4th Anglo-Mysore war (1799):

• Causes of Anglo-Mysore wars

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