The Advent of Europeans

1487- Portuguese explorer Bartholomew Dias sailed along the west coast of Africa and rounded
the cape of Good Hope
1492- Christopher Columbus sailed westward from Spain to find an alternative sea route to
India ends up in the Caribbean sea (Atlantic Ocean)
1498- Vasco-de Gama reached India at Calicut via the Cape of Good Hope and was
welcomed by Hindu ruler Zamorin.
1500- Another Portuguese Pedro Alvarez Cabral arrived in India and established a
factory at Calicut.
The Portuguese established their factory at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore
(Kannur)
1501- Vasco Da Gama again came to India for trade monopoly and attacked many Arab ships
across the sea.
1505- the first governor of the Portuguese in India was Francis de Almeida
He implemented blue water policy in India
1509- Battle of Diu ( Mahmud Begda, Zemorin, Mamuluk Egypt vs Portuguese)
1509- Alfanso de Albuqurque was made the gov. of Portuguese in India and controlled over
the Indian Ocean. (the real founder of Portuguese)
He started Cartaz system (permit system/Naval trading license for other ships)
and started policy of Imperialism
1510- He captured Goa from the sultan of Bijapur and started local trade
• Tobacco, Cashewnut, Potato Coconut etc plantation.
• Abolished sati.
• 1526- Captured Manglore port
Nino de Cunha
1534- Treaty of Bassein ( Bahadur Shah vs Portuguese)
Bombay island were to be ruled by the Portuguese.
1661- Bombay ceded to Britain, as a part of the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza’s
dowry to Charles 2 of England.
1739- Battle of Bassien ( Portuguese vs Maratha)
1843- Portuguese shifted from Velha Goa to Nova Goa (Panjim)

The Dutch (Netherland)-

Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutch citizen to arrive in India.
The Dutch East India Company was formed in 1602 (also known as Verenigde
Oostindische Compagnie-VOC)
The first Dutch factory was established at Masulipattam (AP) in 1605
1609- Factory at Pulicat (Odisha)
1616- factory at Surat
The first Dutch factory in Bengal was established at Peepli in 1627
1669- VOC became the richest private company in world history till then.
1741- Battle of Colachel (they were defeated by king of Travancore Marthanda Verma )
1759- Battle of Bedara (Chinsurah) (they were decisively defeated by the British
which was led by Robert Clive).
The Danes (Denmark)
The Danish established their factories at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) in 1620,
Serampore (Bengal) in 1676 and the Nicobar Islands.
Serampore was their headquarters in India.
The British
1553- the Muscovy company is established aim to find the sea route to India via the Arctic and
Russia
1577-1580- British Pirate Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe
1599- A group of merchants established a company for the trade purpose and named it
‘Governor of Company of Merchants of London Trading to the East Indies’(Later East India
Company)
31st December 1600- This Company was granted the royal charter by Queen
Elizabeth 1 a British monopoly for 15 years over trade to the East India.
1608- sir William Hawkins (English Khan) at the court of Jahangir to seek
permission to establish trading posts in India and fails to permit for a factory at
Surat.
1611- First trading post at Masulipatnam (AP)
1613- Jahangir grant permission to East India Company to establish their factory
at Surat (first factory)
1615-1619- Sir Thomas Roe ambassador for Britain at Jahangir’s court gained
permission for factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach
1616- Factory at Masulipatnam
1638- Factory at Hooghly, Bengal
In 1639, the King of Chandragiri gave the company a place to establish their
factory near Madras where the British established Fort St. George.
1662- Portugal hands over Bombay as dowry for princess Catherine to king Charles 2 of Britain
1668- Bombay leased to the EIC (annual rent 10 pond)
1687- Bombay replaced Surat as the headquarters of the western presidency
1682- William Hedges first governor of the EIC in Bengal obtained ‘Farman’ from
the Aurangzeb to do business in Bengal.
They started fortification which led to conflict with the locals Zamindars
1686- Hooghly sacked by the Mughals, EIC soldiers apologize to Aurangzeb
1700-1701- Fort William was built at Sutanuti in Calcutta (later became the capital
of British India) named after King William 3 of England.
1717- Farrukhshiyar gave Farman to EIC (Golden Farman/Ordinance)
These Farman is called as the “Magna Carta of British East India Company”
Impact-
Exemption of custom duties for EIC
Only an annual payable amount 3000
Permit to issue Dastak system for EIC transport of goods.
The French-
1664- The formation of French trading company during the reign Louis 14th
1667- the first French factory established at Surat by Francois Caron
1673- the foundation of Pondicherry were led by Francis Martin.
The trading post at Chandranagar was established at the place given by the Nawab
of Bengal Shaista Khan
The arrival of Dupleix as French governor in India in 1742 led to Anglo French
conflict (Carnatic war) which result in their final defeat in India.
Carnatic war
(Anglo-French war)
• Carnatic name was given by Europeans to the coromandal coast and its
interior regions
• Capital- Arcot (vellore)
• Carnetic Nawab- Anwaruddin
First Carnatic war (1746-1748)
Reason- From 1740 Austrian war of succession was going on in Europe
 • In 1745 British East India company did an attack on a French merchant ship which cause
French EIC governor Francis Dupliex destroyed British ships and in 1746 French EIC
also captured Madras Fort st. George and made Britishers prisoners of war inside it.
• Anwaruddin (Arcot ruler) helped British EIC
1746- Battle of Adyar/Santhome(st.Thome)
Madras captured by French
1748- Austrian war of succession ended
They both signed a treaty- Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle
Madras handed back to British and Britain handed back Louisburg (Canada) to French
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
• Reason-
• After the death of Aurangzeb Mughal empire started weakening and as the result of
decline some of the Mughal provinces governors declared themselves as the Nizam of the
autonomous empire
• Asaf Jha 1 governor of Hyderabad declared himself as Nizab of Hyderabad in 1724 and
took the title of Nizam-Ul-Mulk.
• (Chanda Sahib (brother in law of Anwaruddin) was captured by Marathas in battle of
Tiruchirappalli (1741) under Chhattrapati Shahu.) released in 1748,
• He also challenged the authority of Nawab Anwaruddin of Carnatic
• June 1748- Asaf jha 1 died ( he declared his successor his grand son Muzaffar Jung
instead of his son Nasir Jung )
• Anwaruddin supported Nasir Jung joined hands with British EIC V/S
• Chanda Saheb supported Muzaffar Jung Joined hands with French EIC
• 1749- Battle of Ambur, (Vellure) ( Chanda Saheb became next Carnatic
Nawab after this battle)
•

• • French (Dupleix) • English (Robert

Clive)

• Arcot • Chanda Sahib • Anwaruddin,

Mohammad Wallah
Ali

• Hyderabad • Muzaffar Jung • Nasir Jung

• Nasir Jung murdered by a noble and Muzaffar Jung became the Nawab of Hyderabad
• But Muzaffar Jung was killed by Afgan in a battle
• Salabat Jung younger son of Aasf Jha was made the Nawab of Hyderabad.
• He granted the French Northern Sarkar (Mustafanagar, Ellore, Rajahmundry,
Chaicacole) in Andhra Pradesh
• Robert Clive attacked Arcot and captured it and than attacked French in Trichinopoly led
Tanjore and Chanda Sahib was killed by Maratha army
• New Carnatic Nawab- Mohammad Wallah Ali (son of Anwaruddin)
• 1753- three Battle of Trichinopoly (British won)
• Dupliex was recalled to French and replaced him by Godeheu
• 1754- Treaty of Pondicherry (both European power will hold their own
territories in India)
• Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
• Reason- seven year war started in Europe in 1756 (Britain vs French)
• British EIC attacked French factory at Chandernagore in March 1757 it was a core
commercial center of French EIC
• 22 Jan 1760- Battle of Wandiwash (Vandavasi in Carnatic region)
• In this battle sir Eyre Coote was leading British EIC and Lally was leading French EIC
• French defeated heavily and British captured French settlements in India i.e
Pondicherry, Mahe and Karaikal in 1761
• In 1763 seven year war of Europe was ended
• 1763- Treaty of Paris (as per the treaty Pondicherry, Karaikal and Mahe
were restored to the French)
• French power demolished in India and establishment of a British colonial rule in India
• Later Mughals (India in 18th century)
• Decline of Mughals in India
• Bahadur Shah 1 ( Muazzam /Alam Shah)- (1707-1712)- Known as Shah-i-
bekhabar
• 1707- Battle of Jajau- (Bahadur Shah v/s his all brothers)
• It is also believed that the real power was in the hands of his wazir, Zulfiqar
Khan.
• He released Sahu but not recognize him as the rightful Maratha king. He granted
Maratha the sardeshmukhi of the Deccan, but failed to grant the Chauth and thus could
not satisfy them fully.
• He also tried to pacify the Sikhs by giving Guru Gobind Singh high mansabs. But later,
he also crushed a rebellion by Banda Bahadur, who was Gobind Singh’s successor.
• He built Bibi ka Maqbara at Aurangabad in the memory of his mother Dilras
Bano Begum
• Jahandar Shah (Lamfat Murkha)- Became king with the help of Zulfikar Khan
• Abolished Jajiya tax in 1713
• Started Izara system (revenue farming fixed amount paid by the farmers)
• He gave Jai Singh the title of Mirja Raj Sawai Jai Singh ruler of Ambar and Maharaja to
Ajit Singh ruler of Marwar
• Jahandar Shah was defeated at Agra by his nephew Farrukh Siyar with the help of
Sayyad brothers Abdullah Khan and Hasan Ali Khan.
• Farukh Siyar(1713-1719)
• 1717- He gave the royal farman to British EIC for tax free trade in India
• He executed Banda Bahadur (a sikh leader)
• 1719- killed by sayyad brothers with the help of Balaji Vishwnath
• Muhammad Shah Rangeela- (1719-1748)
• Ascended throne with the help of Sayyad brothers
• Killed Sayyad brothers with the help of Nizam-Ul-Mulk Asaf Jha 1
• 1739- Battle of Karnal ( Rangeela vs Nadir shah)
• Nadir Shah took away the Kohinoor diamond to Iran.
• 1748- Ahmad Shah Abdali also raided Delhi for first time during his reign
• Autonomous states emerged under his reign
• 1. Hyderabad- Asaf Jha Nizam-Ul-Mulk
• 2. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa- This state was founded by Murshid quli Khan
and Alivardi Khan.
• 3. Awadh- It was founded by Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-mulk who was
appointed as its governor in 1722.
• 4. Mysore- The first ruler of Mysore was Hyder Ali
• Note- During his reign Jai singh wrote Zij-i-Muhammad Shahi (scientific
book)
• Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) Imam-Ul-Mulk (Feroze Jung3) his governor removed him
from the thrown with the help of Peswas
• Alamgir 2 (1754-1759)
• Battle of Plassy was fought between his period
• Shah Alam 2 (1759-1806)
• 1761- the third battle of Panipath (Maratha vs Ahmed Shah Afdali)
• 1764- Battle of Buxar (Shah Alam +Mir Qasim and Shuja-ud-Daula vs EIC)
• 1765- Treaty of Allahabad (Diwani of Bengal granted to EIC)
• Mughals heavily depleted “Emperor rules only from Delhi to Palum”
• Akbar 2 (1806-1837)
• Pensioner of EIC
• Gave the title of Raja to Ram Mohan Roy
• Introduce Hindu- Muslim unity festival Phool walon ki sair.
• Bhadur Shah 2 (Zafar) (1837-1857)
• Was an Urdu poet
• Participated in revolt of 1857 after which he was deported to Rangoon and died in 1862
• The Peshwas (1713 - 1818)
• Rajaram (1689-1700)
• 1698- He shifted his capital to Jinji from Raigadh and then Satara in 1699.
• He was killed by Mughlas in 1700 after that his widowed wife Tara Bai put her 4 year old
son Shivaji 2 on the throne and continue to struggle against Mughlas.
• 1707- Sahu Ji was released and demanded the Maratha throne and challenged his aunt
Tarabai and her son Shivaji 2
• 1713- Shahu Ji appointed Balaji Vishwanath to the post of Peshwa
• Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720)
• He made his position as Peshwa the most important and powerful, as well as hereditary
• He granted certain rights from the Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar. Firstly the Mughal
emperor recognized Shahu as the Maratha king
• Second he allowed Shahu to collect Chauth and Sardesmukhi from 6 Mughal provinces
in Deccan
• BalaJi Baji Rao 1 (Nana Saheb) (1720-1740 AD)
• Most powerful Peshwa
• He started confederacy among Maratha chief under the system of confederacy in which
each Maratha chief assigned a territory which was administrated autonomously.
• 5 confederacy were-
• Gaekwad in Baroda
• Bhonsle in Nagpur
• Holkar in Indore
• Scindia in Gwalior
• Peshwa in Poona
• 1733- Battle of Bassein (Vasai)- Maratha vs Portuguese
• Balaji Baji Rao / Nana Sahib 2- (1740-1761)
• 1751- defeated Alivardi Khan Nawab of Awadh
• 1752- Signed an agreement with Mughal emperor Ahmed Shah to protect Mughal empire
from internal and external enemies.
• To avenge their expulsion of Taimur, Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani King) invaded India
for the fifth time in oct 1759 and finally conquered Punjab.
• Battle of Panipath-
• 14 January 1761- Third Battle of Panipath (Ahmad Shah Abdali + Rohillas
(Najib-ud-daula) + Nawab of Awadh (Suja-Ud-Daula) VS Marathas)
• This led to decline of Maratha empire.
• Most beneficial to EIC
• Anglo- Bengal war
• 1756- Siraj-Ud-Daula became the Nawab of Bengal
• The EIC misusing its trade privileges (Dastak)
• 1756- Seven year’s war began tension between EIC and French led fortification of city
Calcutta ( Fort William ) due to French factory Chandernagore.
• 20-21 June 1756- Siraj-Ud-Daula attacked Calcutta and captured British
factory at Kasimbazar.
• Black Hole Tragedy of Calcutta- June 1756
• January 1757- Robert Clive and Watson recaptured Calcutta
• February 1757- Treaty of Alinagar (Siraj-Ud-Daula and Robert Cliv
• Robert clive captured Chandernagore from French during 3rd Carnatic War.
• Background of battle of Plassy and Buxar
• 1698- EIC buys 3 villages of Sutanuti, Gobindpur and Kalighat
• 1700-1701- fort William built at Sutanuti
• 1717- Golden farman given by Farrukhsiyar (EIC permitted to issue Dustak for company
goods )
• The Nawab of Bengal
• Murshid Quli khan became the new Nawab of Bengal rule as the de facto ruler of Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa (1740- Orissa lost to Marathas)
• 1740-1756 – Alivardi Khan became the new nawab of Bengal
• 1756- Siraj- Ud- Daula became Nawab of Bengal
• now he conspired against Siraj-Ud-Daula and Allied with
• 1. Mir Jafar- Mir Bakshi (Military commander)
• 2. Manik Chand – Officer in Calcutta
• 3. Jagat Seth- Banker
• 4. Ghasiti Begam- Aunt of Siraj-Ud-Daula
• 5. Omi Chand- Bussiness Man
• 23rd June 1757- Battle of Plassy ( Siraj-Ud-Daula vs Robert Clive)
• This battle established the military supremacy of British EIC
• Mir Zafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal
• 1557-1560- Robert Clive became the governor of Fort William in Bengal and
EIC granted free trade rights in Bengal
• Mir Qasim (1760-1763)- Nawab of Bengal (son in law of Mir Zafar)
• Treaty between EIC and Qasim
• He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger (Bihar) but he removed trading
duties for internal trade
• 1763- he fought with EIC defeated and fled to Awadh
• 22 oct 1764- Battle of Buxar ( Suja-Ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh)+Shah Alam
2 + Mir Qasim vs Hector Munro)
• The battle of Buxar paved the way for the establishment of British rule in
India
• The victory made EIC great power in North India and Mir Zafar who was made Nawab
again agreed to hand over the district of Midnapore, Burdwan , Chttagong to EIC
• Treaty of Allahabad- August 1765
• Robert Clive vs Suja-Ud-Daula of Awadh
• Surrender Allahabad and Kara to emperor Shah Alam 2
• Pay 50 lakh to the company as was indemnity
• Free trade rights in Awadh and Offensive and defensive alliances
• Robert Clive vs Shah Alam 2
• Resided at Allahabad fort
• Awadh was made buffer state against Maratha
• Dual Government in Bengal (1765-1772)- Introduced by Robert Clive
• Dual Government system
• Nizamat Rights Diwani Rights
( Civil administration) (Revenue rights)

• Anglo- Mysore war (1770-1800)

• Mysore (Wodeyar dynasty)- Chikka Krishnaraja
• 1759- Chikka Krishana Raja grants Haider Ali (Army commander) a title of ‘Nawab of
Mysore’ after he repels Maratha from Benglore
• 1761- he became the de facto ruler of Mysore
• Capital- Shrirangapattanam (bank of Kaveri river)
• Haider Ali used to take help of the French
• He established a factory of gun powder in Dindigul in Tamil Nadu with the
help of French.

• First Anglo Mysore War (1767-1769)

• Cause- Haider Ali wanted to eliminate EIC’s influence from south India.
• (EIC (Lord Verelst)+ Maratha+ Nizam of Hyderabad v/s Mysore )
• Halder Ali defeated the British and besieged Madars
• 1769- Treaty of Madras (Humiliating treaty)
• - Defensive alliance pact with EIC
• 1771- Maratha attacked Mysore but EIC didn’t come to help
• 1772- Peshwa Madho Rao dies (turmoil among the Maratha)
• 1774-1776- Haider Ali forces invaded Marathas and recover all lost territories
• 1780- EIC capture French settlement Mahe port (Malabar coast) which was under the
Haider Ali
• (1776- American war of independence and 4th July 1776- America got Independence from
great Britain)
• Second Anglo- Mysore war (1780-1784)
• Reason- EIC capture French Possession Mahe Port
• Haider Ali formed alliance with Maratha and Nizam of Hyderabad but later on went to
the English side (British diplomacy)
• British governor- Lord Warren Hastings
• Haider Ali captured Arcot but was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote
• 1782- Haider Ali passes away (Cancer) and the war was carried on by his son Tipu Sultan
• Result- Stalemate
• 1784- Treaty of Manglore
• Third Mysore War (1790-1792)
• Reason- Tipu want to wipe out British from Deccan
• He attacked Travancore (EIC ally) (Dispute of Tipu Sultan with Travancore)
• Battle-
• Lord Cornwallis attacked and defeated Tipu Sultan in 1791 in
Srirangpattanam.
• Alliance- (Maratha + Nizam + EIC V/S Mysore )
• 1792- Treaty of Srirangpattanam
• According to treaty- Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to British, Maratha and
Nizam with 3 crore war indemnity
• 2 son of Tipu taken as hostage by Cornwallis to ensure 3 crore paid
• Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1798-1799)
• Reason- Richard Wellesley asked Tipu to join Subsidiary alliance but Tipu
denied
• War-
• Wellesley allied with Nizam and attacked Mysore
• Tipu died at Srirangpattanam, EIC and Nizam divided the empire
• Tipu’s family was exiled to Vellore and Mysore became a princely state of the EIC
(Subsidiary alliance signed)
• 1806- Tipu’s son instigated the Vellore Mutiny the first sepoy mutiny
• Note- Tipu planted a tree of Liberty at Srirangpattnam
• He showed a keen interest in French revolution (1789-1799) and became a
member of Jacobin club.
 • Wrote- Fathul Mujhahidin ( Military manual)
• Pioneer in the use of rocket artillery

• Anglo-Maratha war
• Later Peshwas-
• Madava Rao (1761-1772)
• Narayan Rao (1772-1773)
• Madava Rao 2 (1773-1795)
• Baji Rao 2 (1795-1818)
• Conflict
• 1770- Maratha regain strength in North India
• Mahadaji Shinde of Gwalior leads forces.
• 1773- Narayan Rao was murdered by Raghunath rao in Saniwar Wada
• Nana Phadnavis and 11 ministers (Barbhai council) appointed infant Madhav Rao as
Peshwa
• Nana Phadnavis (1742-1800)- known as The Maratha Machiavelli
• 1775- Raghunath Rao flees to Surat and signed a treaty of Surat with EIC
• He gave Salsette, Bassein to EIC in lieu of help to become Peshwa and EIC gave him
2500 soldiers under Bombay presidency
• Maratha confederacy-
• Peshwa- Poona
• Holkars- Indore
• Scindia- Gwalior
• Gaekwad- Baroda
• Bhonsle- Nagpur
First Anglo- Maratha war (1775-1782)
• Reason – Treaty of Surat
• British governor general Warren Hastings condemned the treaty of Surat
• 1776- He signed Treaty of Purander with Nana Phadnavis
1777- Nana Phadnavis violated the treaty of Purander with Calcutta council by giving the French
a port on the Konkan Coast because Bombay EIC gave protection to Raghunath Rao
EIC attaked Pune. Mahadji Scindia led Marathas
1779- Battle of Wadgaon (EIC VS Maratha)
1779- Treaty of Wadgaon ( it forces the Bombay presidency to return all territories
acquired from raghunath)
Warren hasting rejected the treaty and captures Ahmedabad, Gwalior, Bassein
1781-Scindia defeated at Sipri
1782- Treaty of Salbai (EIC asked for helps against Mysore)
War- stalemate (no victory for either side)
1800- Nana Phadnavis dies
Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-1806)
British Governor- Richard Wellesley
Reason- Richard Wellesley asked all Maratha chiefs and Peshwa to sign the
subsidiary alliance but they refused
Baji Rao 2 son of Raghunath Rao became new Peshwa
1801- Peshwa Baji Rao 2 had killed brother of Yashwant Rao Holkar (ruler Indore confederacy)
1802- Yaswant Rao attack the Peshwa army (Holkars VS Peshwa+ Scindia)
Baji Rao 2 fleed to Bombay EIC
1802- Treat of Bassein (Vasai) – Baji Rao 2 signed Subsidiary alliance (death knell
of Maratha confederacy)
Treaty of Cambay – Gaekwad signed subsidiary alliance
1803- Scindia and Bhosle were defeated at battle of Assaye by Arthur Wellesley and entered into
subsidiary alliance
1803- Scindia signed Treaty of Surji- Anjangaon (they surrendered Rohtak,
Gurgaon, Delhi and Agra region)
1803- Bhonsle signed Treaty of Deogaon ( they acquired Cuttak and orissa)
Now Holkers tried to fought bravely
1806- Holkers sign Treaty of Rajpurghat
Third Anglo- Maratha war (1817-1819)
Reason- Pindaris lost their employment and EIC’s conflict with Pindaris
EIC was gathering its army against Pindaris but Peshwa Baji Rao 2 declared war Bhonsle and
Holkar joined him
Result
Peshwa defeated His dominion were annexed and sent him under house arrest in Bithur
(Kanpur)
June 1817- Trety of Poona Peshwa
November 1817- Treaty of Gwalior with Scindia
January 1818- Treaty of Mandasor with Holkars
All Treaties-
1775- treaty of Surat with Bombay precidency and Raghunath rao
1777- Treaty of Purander EIC Bengal and Nana Phadanvis
1779- Treaty of Wadgaon
1782- Treaty of Salbai
( Sur Purander ka wada Sala hai)
1802- Treat of Bassein (Vasai) (EIC and Baji Rao 2)
1802- Treaty of Cambay (EIC and Gaekwad )
1803- Scindia signed Treaty of Surji- Anjangaon
1803- Bhonsle signed Treaty of Deogaon
1806- Holkers sign Treaty of Rajpurghat
(baba ka anjan De Ra)
June 1817- Trety of Poona Peshwa
November 1817- Treaty of Gwalior with Scindia
January 1818- Treaty of Mandasor with Holkars

Anglo Gurkha war 1814-1816

• 1559- 1768- Gorkha confederacy ( chaubisi rajya)
• 1768- King Prithvi Narayan Shah done unification of Nepal (Kingdom of
Nepal established)
Reason-
• Nepal had expanded into Kumaon, Garhwal, part of Awadh and Sikkim
• EIC wanted free trade with Tibet through Nepal but Nepalese king did not allow trade
• 1816- Treaty of Sugauli
• Nepal accepted a British settlements
• Recruitment of Gurkhas in British army
• Nepal withdrew from Sikkim

First Anglo- Burmese War (1824-1826)

Reason- Burma had occupied Arakan and some parts of Manipur which was a big
threat to Assam and Bengal
1824- EIC occupied Rangoon
1826- Treaty of Yandabo (It was signed between Governor Legaing Maha Min and
General Campbell)
Burma recognized Manipur as an independent state
2nd Anglo Burmese war 1852
Reason EIC want to capture forest resources of Burma
3rd Anglo Burmese war (1885)
Lord Dufferin annexed Burma

Anglo Sikh war

Sikhs Religion
1. Guru Nanak (1469- 1539) Talvandi (Nankana Saheb) Punjab Pakistan
Sikh Religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev at the end of 15th century
Concept- one god (ek omkar)
Started a commune at Kartarpur
Started guru ka langar
Rejected authority of Vedas
2. Guru Angad Dev (1559-1552)
Invented Gurmukhi Script ( Punjabi language)
He compiled the writings of Nanak Dev in Guru Granth Sahib in Gurumukhi
3. Guru Amardas (1552-1574)
Introduce Anand Karaj marriage ceremony
Abolished sati and purda system
4. Guru Ram Das (1574-1581)
Founded the city Amritsar ( Ramdaspur)
He Started the famous Harmandar Sahab Gurudwara ( Golden temple) at
Amritsar in 1581
5. Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606)
Completed construction of Harmandar Sahab Gurudwara
Compiled (complete) Adi Grantha ( Guru Granth Sahab)
Saheed- de- sartaj (the crown of martyrs)
6. Guru har Gobind Sahib (1606-1644)
First guru to take up arm ( soldier saint)
7. Guru Har Rai Sahib (1644-1661)
8. Guru Har Krishan Sahib (1661-1664)
Youngest guru (5 year)
9. Guru Tegh Bahadur sahib (1665-1675)
Established Anandpur Sahib
He opposed the forced conversion of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal ruler
Aurangazeb
10. Guru Govind Sahib (1675-1708)
1699- Created Khalsa Panth
The Sikh Misls
• 1708 – Guru Gobind Sahib died
• 1716- Banda Bahadur led Sikh against Mughals till 1716
• 12 sikh misl formed in Punjab region acted like confederacy and fought against Abdali
and Mughals
• 1799- Ranjit Singh of Sukarchakia Misl defeated all other misls and united
Sikhs under his empire
• 1799-1849- Sikh empire
• 1807- lord Minto sends Charles Metcalf to negotiate offensive and defensive alliance with
Ranjit Singh
• 1809- treaty of Amritsar (Metcalf and Ranjit Singh)
• Sutlej fixed as the boundary of the sikh empire
• 1819- Ranjit Singh annexed Kashmir
• (1813-1814- Ranjit singh took Kohinoor from shah Shujah Durrani)
• June 1839- Ranjit singh dies
First Anglo Sikh War 1845-1846
Cause-
EIC annexation of Sindh and Gwalior raised suspicious amongst the sikh army
Sikh army crossed Sutlej river (justification of war by EIC)
Lal singh conspired against Lal Singh
February 1846- Lahore falls to EIC
1846- Treaty of Lahore
(Jalandhar doab area between Beas and Sutlej annexed by EIC)
1 crore war indemnity
1846- treaty of Amritsar
Kashmir given to Dogra Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu for 75 lakh rupee to the EIC

Second Anglo Sikh war (1848-49)

Cause treaty of Lahore and Amritsar
Mulraj governor of Multan revolved and murdered 2 EIC officers.
3 battle
1. Battle of Ramnagar
2. Battle of chillhanwala
3. Battle of Gujrat
Sikh army surrender to Rawalpindi
1849- Punjab annexed and Kohinoor acquired by the British and Punjab made a
chief commissioner’s territory

Regulating act of 1773

• It was the first step taken by British government to control and regulate the
affairs of EIC
• It recognized the political and administrative function of the company (to establish a
central administrative system in British India.)
• It was complemented by the Tea act of 1773
• Provide appointment of Governor general of Bengal who will assisted by 4
councilors (Executive councils)
• It made gov. of Bombay and Madras presidencies subordinate to the gov.
general of Bengal
• Provided the establishment of Supreme Court at Calcutta (Fort William).
• Reforms to curb corruptions this act brought prohibition on the servants of the
company from engaging in any private trade or accepting bribes and gift from the local
people.
• Warren Hasting – First governor general of Bengal (1773-1785)
• He ended the dual system of Bengal in 1772
• 1774- establishment of Supreme court at Fort William in Calcutta ( 1 chief
Justice + 3 judges), Eliza Impay first chief justice of the supreme court
• Stopped Nawab’ pension
• Introduce Itaredari system (lease system land leased for 5 years,
Experiment of auctioning the right to collect revenue to the highest bidder )
• He shifted Bengal capital to Calcutta from Mursidabad
• He started the policy of Ring fance (British expansion policy)
• 1781- hasting founded the Calcutta Madrasa for promotion of Islamic study
• 1784- Asiatic society of Bengal was founded by William Jones (Charles
Wilkins translated Gita in English)
• First cartographical survey by James Rennel
• Abolished dustak system
• Judiciary system-
• Founded civil (Diwani) and criminal (Faujdari) court in each district of
Bengal
• Established Appellate court
• War-
• First Rohilla war 1773 (Shuja-Ud-Daula vs Rohillas)
• First Anglo Maratha war
• Second Anglo Mysore war

• Pitt’s India Act 1784

• British PM- William Pitts
• Formation of Board of control (6 members) to control political affairs of
company which represent British crown
• Court of directors- to look after commercial affairs representing EIC
• It established the system of double government (political and commercial
system)
• Governor general of Bengal can’t declare war without the permission of crown
• 1788- Impeachment process started against Warren Hasting (Rohilla war,
capital punishment Nand Kumar case)

• Act of 1786-
• Lord Cornwellis was appointed as the governor general of Bengal
• Given power to override the decision of his council in some special cases
• He would also be the commander In chief
• Charles Cornwallis (1786-1793)
• He was a Commander of British army
• Administrative reform-
• Father of Indian civil services
• He introduced and organized civil services in India only for Europeans
• Separation of powers between Commercial, Judicial and revenue officials
• Police reform-
• 1791- He established regular police force introduced the post of Daroga
• Draoga of the district were under the District Superintendent of Police (DSP)
• Judicial Reform
• District Faujdari court with Indian judge abolished
• Introduced 4 circuit court at Calcutta, Dhaka, Murshidabad, and Patna with
European judges (courts of appeal for both civil and criminal cases)
• Law reform-
• 1791- Sanskrit college established at Banaras by Jonathan Duncan in order
to study Hindu laws.
• Cornwallis code- codified Hindu and Muslim Laws 1793
• 1793- Introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal and Bihar (idea John
Shore)
• Permanent settlement
• The Zamindars who were earlier only tax collectors became landlords under
this system.
• Zamindars had the right to transfer or sell the property.
• Zamindars were given hereditary rights for a succession of land under their
ownership.
• The land revenue to be collected was fixed and was agreed to not increase in
the future (10/11th of the land revenue collected was to be given to the
British and 1/11th of it was to be retained by the zamindar)
• The zamindar must give a patta to the tenant describing the area of the land
and the rent to be paid for it.
• If the zamindars failed to pay the fixed revenue amount, then their
properties were confiscated by the British and sold via auction.
• The major outcome of the Permanent Revenue Settlement in Bengal was a
division of society into two: 1. Landlords, and 2. Tenants.
• Charter act of 1793
• Extended the overriding power given to Cornwellis to all future governor generals
• Extended the trade monopoly of EIC for 20 years
• BOC and their staff were to be paid out of Indian revenues
• John Shore became new governor general of Bengal (1793-1798)
• Richard Colley Wellesley (1798-1805)- (known as Bengal Tiger)
• 1799- censorship of press act
• 1800- established Fort William college at Calcutta (for oriental studies)
• He started the policy of subsidiary alliance (British as paramount power),
First alliance was made with Nizam of Hyderabad) it was a non intervention
policy where Indian rulers had to pay the subsidy to British for maintaining
army.
• Sir George Barlow (1805-1807)
• July 1806- Vellore mutiny (led by Tipu’s son)
• Cause- orders by the commander in chief of Madras to regulate dress code
of Indian sepoy
• Turban changed into British Helmets
• Lord Minto 1 (1807-1813)
• Treaty of Amritsar 1809
• Charter act of 1813
• Removal of EIC’ monopoly , monopoly retained for tea and trade with China
• Christian missionaries allowed to come to India to preach Christianity
• Francis Hastings (1813-1823)
• 1817- Hindu college at Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare
• 1818- encourage freedom of press and abolished censorship act of Wellesley
• 1820- Ryotwari system established by Thomas Munro (Governor of Madras)
• Ryotwari System-
• In the Ryotwari system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the
land.
• No fixed revenue.
• In the Ryotwari system, there were no middlemen as in the Zamindari system.
• Hereditary rights of land and transferable rights to peasants
• Detailed survey of land (50% tax)
• Lord William Bentick- (1828-1835)
• 1828- 1833- Last Governor general of Bengal
• 1833-1835- first governor general of India
• Social reforms-
• 1829- abolished the sati practice major role played by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Criminalized female infanticides and Human sacrifices
• 1830- Suppression of Thugis
• Reform Hindu lows
• Abolished the office of SP
• Judicial reform-
• Abolished 4 circuit court
• 1833- Law commission under Macaulay for codification of Indian Law
• This led to- Civil procedure code (1859)
• Indian penal code 1860 (which was implemented in 1862)
• Criminal procedure code 1861

• Administrative reforms-
• Replace Persian as the official language of court by introducing local
vernacular language in lower courts and English in SC
• Adopted policy of non-intervention in Indian kingdom
• 1835- established Calcutta medical college
• Financial reforms-
• Abolished double bhatta system
• Revived Mahalwari system for land revenue ( introduced by Holt Mackenzie
in 1822)
• Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the
farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village (and not the
zamindar).
• The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called ‘Mahal’ and was
treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue.
• The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and
not fixed permanently.
• Charter act of 1833
• EIC further extended by 20 years but monopoly completely abolished
• Ended commercial activities of EIC now it become purely administrative
body
• Governor general of Bengal become Governor general of India
• Law commission was appointed under Lord Maculay
• The laws made under the previous acts were called as Regulations while laws made
under this act were called as Acts.
• This Act introduced a system of open competition for selection of civil servants, and
stated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and
employment under the Company.
• 1843- Slavery abolished
• Maculey’s Minute- 1835
• Spending Only on Western Education and the medium of education should
be English language
• Promotion of western science and literature would reach the masses
• Policy of few schools and colleges mass education neglected
• Downward filtration theory
• Educate small section of society
• Aim to create a class of "Indians by blood and color, but English by tastes,
opinions, morals, and intellect.”

• Charels Metcalf (1835- 1836)

• Known as “ Liberator of the Indian press”
• 1835- stopped coins bearing the name of Mughal emperor
• Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
• 1838-1842- first anglo- afghan war
• 1837- Post office act
• 1837- first tea garden established at Chabua in Assam
• Lord Harding (1844-1848)
• 1845-1846 first Anglo sikh war
• Lord Dalhousie (James Broun Ramsay) (1848- 1856)
• Youngest governor general 36 year
• Father of Indian Telegram ( under Shaughnessy)
• 1854- First line Agra to Calcutta
• Father of Indian Postal system
• 1852- first postal stamp in India in Sindh district
• Note- first modern postal system was introduced in USA by Benjamin
Franklin in 1775
• Father of Indian Railway
• 1853- 1st railway line Bombay to Thane
• 1854- 2nd Railway line Calcutta to Raniganj
• 1856- 3rd line Madras to Arakkonam
• Father of Indian Engineering Services
• Foundation of Indian Engineering services
• Father of Public Work department
• 1854- Construction of Ganges canal and declared open
• 1854- Wood’s Despatch
• Magna Carta of English education in India
• Support mass education by rejecting Downward filtration theory
• According to Wood's Despatch, Indian education needed a grant-in-aid
system
• support of women's education.
• Recommended to setting up universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
• Primary Education
• Promotion of Vernacular Languages.
• Every Province would have a separate Education Department.
• Every District must have at least one Government School.
• Higher Education
• Promotion of Anglo-Vernacular and English Language in the Higher
Education in India.
• Reforms of Dalhousie
• Social reforms-
• 1856- Widow Remarriage bill (Major role Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar and
Rani Rashmoni)
• 1853- competitive examination for Indian civil services began
• 1854- Written exam started in India
• Military reform-
• Shimla as summer capital of British and HQ of army
• Raised new Gurkha regiment in British army
• Doctrine of Lapse (Annexation policy)
• If the prince of a princely state passed away without a natural or biological
male successor, the doctrine of lapse said that the kingdom would be put
under the control of the British East India Company
• Policy based on Right to inherent Property and right to govern.
• Annexation Year
• Satara 1848
• Jaitpur 1849
• Sambalpur 1849
• Baghat 1850
• Udaipur 1852
• Jhansi 1853
• Nagpur 1854
• The Company annexed the state of Awadh in 1856 on the charges of
misgovernance by the Nawab of Awadh Wajid Ali shah
• Charter Act of 1853
• Separation of Legislative and executive function of governor’s council (Mini
parliament) provide addition of 6 new members called legislative
councilors
• Governor- general could Veto any bill to stop it from being a law
• Open competition system of selection in civil services
• 1854- Macaulay committee ( committee on Indian civil services)
• For the first time local representation in the Indian legislative council (10 members 6
members of legislative council and 4 member of provincial council of Madras, Bombay ,
Bengal and Agra) but all were Britishers

• Revolt of 1857
• Cause-
• Political Cause- British Expansion policy
• Doctrine of Lapse
• Social cause-
• spreading Western Civilization
• convert Indians to Christianity.
• abolition of practices like sati and female infanticide.
• Economics-
• heavy taxes on land and the stringent methods of revenue collection
• Military Causes-
• An Indian sepoy was paid less than a European sepoy of the same rank.
Immediate cause-
• The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges.
• A rumors spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with
the fat of cows and pigs.
• Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the
cartridges.
• Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them.
• In March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in Barrackpore, had refused to use the
cartridge and attacked his senior officers.
• He was hanged to death on 8th April.
• On 9th May, 85 soldiers in Meerut refused to use the new rifle and were
sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment.
• 10th May 1857- The rebellion solider of Meerut killed their senior and marched
Delhi
 Places Leaders Suppression

Delhi Bahadur Shah II John Nicholson

Lucknow Begum Hazrat

Henry Lawrence
Mahal

Kanpur Sir Colin

Nana Saheb
Campbell

Bareilly Khan Bahadur Sir Colin

Khan Campbell

Jhansi and Lakshmi Bai & General Hugh

Gwalior Tantia Tope Rose

Mathura Devi Singh Colin Campbell

Allahabad and Maulvi Liyakat

Colonel Oncell
Banaras Ali

Bihar Kunwar Singh William Taylor

Gorakhpur Gajodhar Singh General Renard

• 11th May 1857- Bahadur Shah was declared the leader of revolt ( Shahenshah-e-
Hindustan) in Delhi but actual revolt was led by Bhakt Khan
• Centers of Revolt

Bahadur Shah 2 was arrested at Humayun Tomb on September 20 1857 and

deported to Rangoon
Tatya tope was hanged to death 1859
Why the revolt failed-
• Absence of all India participation
• Non participation by all classes
• Poor arms and equipment
• No unified ideology
• Poor organization
 • Hindu- Muslim unity factor (A/c to Maulana Azad two facts stand out clearly in the
midst of tangled story of the raising of 1857.)
The Azamgarh proclamation of august 1857 appeal to join the protest against the
Britishers
Books written on the Revolt of 1857
• The Indian War of Independence by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
• The Indian Mutiny of 1857 by George Bruce Malleson
• Excavation of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of Independence by Khan Mohammad
Sadiq Khan
• The first Indian war of independence 1857-1859- Karl Marx
• Causes of Indian revolt- Sayed Ahmad Khan

• Uprising of 18th 19th and 20th Century

• Sanyasi rebellion/ Fakir – Bengal 1763-1800
• Leader- Debi Chaudharani and Majnu Shah (Bhawani Pathak)
• Supressed by- Warren Hasting
• Ananda Math (that contain Vande Matram ) and Debi Chaudharani book
written by Bankim Chandra Chatterji based on Sanyasi Rebellion
• Moplah Uprising- 1836-1854
• Muslim community of Malabar region exploited by the Hindu zamindars
and British government
• Main revolt 1921
• Rampa revolt- (Hudem Rampa Revolt) (Andhra Pradesh)
• 1884- Rajan Anatayya
• 1922-1924- Alluri Sitaram Raju
• Against Madras forest act 1882
• 7 May 1924- Alluri Krishana Raju was killed by Britishers
• Munda Ulugulan Revolt
• Leader – Birsa Munda (1899-1900) Ranchi (Chota Nagpur)
• the Mundas used the Khuntkatti system, which involved joint ownership of
land. However, the Zamindari system emerged with the arrival of the British
and outside Zamindars, replacing the Khunkatti.
Santhal Uprising (1855 – 1856):
 • Under- Sado and Kanhu in Rajahal Hills (Jharkhand and west Bengal)
• Leader- Sido and Kanhu
• The British and the Zamindaris claimed ownership of the indigenous Santhal land when
the Zamindari system was implemented in the Bengal presidency.
• The Santhals, who primarily inhabited the Daman-ikoh districts, which are located
between Rajmahal and Bhagalpur, rose in revolt against the foreigners, whom they
referred to as “Dikus”.
• Chuar Uprising (1766): the Jungle Mahal movement, Bengal
• Pahariyas’ Rebellion (1778): leader- Raja Jagganath
• Khasi revolt- 1829-1839 Assam and Meghalaya
Leader – Tirath Singh and Badmanik
Tana Bhagat Movement- 1914 (among Mundas and Oraon tribes of Jharkhand )
Leader- Jatra Bhagat and Balram Bhagat
Against imposition of Begar and illegal increase in rent by zamindars and intermediary tenure-
holders
They conduct satyagraha even before Gandhi Ji

Social Reforms Movements

Renaissance- Age of enlighten in India 19th centaury
Movements- reform and revival
Brahma Samaj- (1828)
Founded by- Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1828 (Father of Indian Renaissance)
1815- Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta
1817- Hindu college at Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and William Hare
1818- Anti sati struggle
1825- Vedanta college
1828- He founded Brahma Samaj the society of God
The Brahma Samaj-
Aim- the worship of the eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals and sacrifices
Form of worship- Prayer, Meditation and reading Upnishada, monotheism
Prohibited- building images, statues, painting etc
Denounced practices- Polytheism and Idol worship, faith in divine avatar (incarnation), Caste
system, polygamy, child marriage, sati, Dogma against going abroad ( Kalapani paar)
Emphasized- Humanism, morality, women’s right, upliftment condition of widow and widow
remarriage
It split into two in 1866, namely Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshub Chandra
Sen and Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Debendranath Tagore.
1839- Debendra Nath Tagor headed the Tattvabodhini Sabha
Ran its own patrika tattvabodhini Patrika in Bengali
Books of Raja Ram Mohan Roy-
1. Precept of Jejus
2. A gift of Monotheist
3. Samwad Kaumudi Bengali newspaper( 1st Newspaper to be published edited and
managed by Indian) (1821)
4. Mirat-Ul-Akbar (1st newspaper of Persian language)
Prathana Samaj-
Established in Bombay by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang in 1867 with the objective of
rational worship and social reform.
The four point social agenda of Prarthana Samaj were
• Disapproval of caste system
• Women education
• Widow remarriage
• Raising the age of marriage for both males and females
1870- Justice M.G Ranade joined it
He was the founder of the Widow Remarriage Association (1861) and the Deccan
Education Society.
He established the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha as well
Satyashodhak Samaj
1873- by Jyotiba Phule (title Mahatma)
Abolished Caste system and untouchability
Important work- Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Ghulamgiri.
Savitribai Phule open girl’s school in Poona
Arya Samaj-
Founder- Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay
Motto- Go back to Vedas and India for Indians ( call for Swarajaya)
Suddhi Campaign for reconversion
Not support modernization
Oppose- Sati, Child marriage, Idol worship, caste system (but accepted Verna system)
Advocate the use of Hindi as national language
Education-
Open Gurukulas to spread vedic knowledge
Dayanand Anglo Vedic schools (DAV)- first school established at Lahore in 1886
Gurukul Kangdi University- established ny Lala Munshiram in 1902
Books of Dayanand Saraswati-
1. Satyartha Prakash
2. Ved Bhashya Bhumika
3. Ved Bhashya
Young Bengal Movement
Founded by- Henry Louis Vivian Derozion (teacher in Hindu College in
Culcutta)
The Derozians also supported women’s rights and education.
He considered the first nationalist poet of modern India. His famous poem “To India my
native land”
The Ramkrishana Movement-
Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in 1987 at Belur, Bengal,
named after his Guru Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa.
Did not reject the idol worship
He also represented India in the first Parliament of the world’s Religion held in
Chicago (U.S.) in 1893.
1895- he met Margaret Elizabeth Noble (sister Nivedita)
Theosophical society-
Founder- Madam HP Blavatsky (Russian) (1875) in USA
1882- it was shifted to India at Adyar
1907- Annie Besant was elected its president, she founded central Hindu college
in 1898 which become Banaras Hindu University in 1916.
 Madan Mohan Malviya is consider the founder of BHU
The Aligarh Movement-
Started by- Sir Sayyad Ahmed Khan (Knighthood 1888)
Encourage Muslims to accept the virtue of English education
1875- founded Aligarh school ( anglo- oriental college) later grew in Aligarh
Muslim University
Wahabi/ Walliullah movement-
Founder- Abdul Wallah of Arabia
1702-1763- Shah Walliullah (delhi saint) preached it in India
Saiyid Ahmed of Rai Bareilly was the founder of the Wahabi Movement in India. It was
motivated by the teaching of Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Delhi saint Shah Waliullah.
Aim- To rejuvenate muslim power in India

Servants of Indian Society-

1905- Gopal Krishana Gokhle and M.G Ranade in Poona
Its member Thakkar Bappa (Amritlal) gave the word ‘Adivasi’ for tribals
Sarda Act- the child marriage restrain act of 1929 came into force in 1930 pushed up the
marriage age to 18 and 14 for boys and girls
In free India the child marriage restrain act 1978 raised girls marriage age 14 to 18 and boys
18 to 21.
Self respect movement- 1925 by E.V Ramaswamy in Tamil Nadu
For the support of the backward caste people

Government of India act 1858-

Act for the good government of India
Abolished the ELC and treansferred the powers of government, territorties and
revenues to the British crown
Governor general of India as Viceroy of India
Abolition of BOC and COD (double gov. system)
Office of secretary of state for India was created who will be the member of British
cabinet and assisted by the council of 15 member in India (Advisory body)
Lord Canning- (1856-1862)
Last governor general of India and first Viceroy of India
Governor general of India during the revolt of 1857
1857- Establishment of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras universities
1857- Passed widow remarriage bill
Declaration latter of queen Victoria 1 November 1858 (Minto park Lucknow)
1857- White Mutiny (European troops operating on behalf of the EIC rebelled
against the transfer of power to the queen of England)
1859- Civil procedure code 1860- IPC 1861- Criminal procedure code
1859- Introduced portfolio system (Father of Indian portfolio) (cabinet system)
1861- High courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras but
inaugurated in 1862.
• Indian Civil Service Act, 1861
• Police Act, 1861
• Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India in 1861
1859-1860- Indigo revolt Nadia dist of West Bengal
Leader- Digambar Biswas and Vishnu Biswas
1859- Dina Bandhu Mitra wrote Nil Darpan book which is based on Indigo revolt
1860- indigo commission
1860- James Willson presented the first ever Budget of British India

Indian council act 1861

Some Indians to be nominated as non-official members of viceroy’s legislative council (3 Indians
Raja of Banaras, Maharaja of Patiyala and Sir Dinkar rao)
Decentralization of power to province of Bombay and Madras
Introduced portfolio system by canning
Power of Viceroy to issue ordinance without the concurrence of legislative council
during an emergency. The life of such ordinance was 6 month.
John Lawrence (1864-1869)
• Bhutan War (1864–65)·
• Establishment of Shimla as India’s summer capital in 1863
• Establishment of Allahabad High Court in 1866
• Famine Commission was constituted in 1867 under Henry Campbell due to Orissa
famine of 1866
 • Note- In 1863 Satyendra Nath Tagore became 1st Indian to qualify the exam of Indian
civil services
Mayo (1869-1872)
• Started Financial decentralization in 1870
• He established the Department of Agriculture & Commerce in 1872
• Established Statistical Survey of India in 1872
• Enacted IPC amendment-Sedition Act 1870 to tackle Wahabi Movement
• Started the first Census in India in 1872
Kuka Movement 1872- (Namdhari)
Leader- Baba Ram Singh
It was a religio- political movement of Punjab with a view to reforming the
Sikh religion
Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
1877- he organized Delhi Darbar and expressed queen as Kaiser-i-Hind
Note- 3 Delhi Darbar
1. 1877- under Lytton
2. 1903- under Curzon (King Edward and queen Alexandra)
3. 1911- Harding ( King George and queen Mary)
1873-1874- great Famine in Bihar
1875- Established Indian Metrological department at Calcutta later shifted
to Delhi
1876- Great famine in India
1878- appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard
Strachey
1878- The Vernacular Press Act (Gagging act- it crushed the freedom of
Indian Press)
1878- Arms act (this prevented Indians to keep arms without appropriate
license)
• Decreased the maximum age of appearing in civil services from 21 to 19
• Second Anglo-Afghan War, (1878–80) (Treaty of Gandamak signed in 1879)
• Lord Ripon- (1880-1884)
• 1881- First Factory Act
• 1881- first complete census in India
• 1882- Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act
• Increased the maximum age of appearing in civil services from 18 to 21
• 1882- Resolution on Local self government (Father of local self-government
of India) for the decentralization of power.
• 1882- Appointment of Education Commission under Sir William Wilson
Hunter to revive the progress of education in India (since wood’s dispatch)
• 1883- Ilbert Bill controversy ( this bill provided that British or European
could be tried by an Indian Judges)
• Pt Madan Mohan Malviya called Ripon as the greatest and most beloved
viceroy whom India has known.
• Duffrin- (1884-1888)
• 1885- Establishment of Indian National Congress by Allan Octavian Hume
(A.O Hume)
• Lansdowne (1888-1894)
• 1891- Age of Consent Act, was passed to prohibit the marriages of girl child under the age
of 12.
• 1891- second factory act
• Categorization of civil services into imperial, provisional and subordinate
• 1893- setting up Durand commission (border between British India and
Afghanistan), the agreement was sign between Sir Henary Mortimer Durand
and Afghan ruler Amir Abdur Rahman.
• Indian council act of 1892-
• Indirect provision for the use of Election (indirect voting) in filling up non
official post but the word election was not used in this act.
Political associations-
Poona sarvajanik sabha – 1870 by M.G Ranade
Madras Mahajan sabha- 1884 by M. Viraraghavachariar
Indian association of Calcutta- 1876 by S.N Banerjea

• Indian National congress

• The Indian National Congress was founded at Bombay in December
1885. earlier known as Indian National conference the name changed
as Indian National congress on the suggestion of Dada Bhai Naroji.
• Important session of INC

Year Place president

1885 (first Bombay W.C Banerjee

session)

1886 ( second Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji

session)

1887 ( third Madras Syed Badruddin

session) Tyabji, first muslim
President

1888 (Fourth) Allahabad George Yule, first

English President.

Year Place President Importance

1896 Calcutta Rahimtullah National Song ‘Vande

M.Sayani Mataram’ sung for
the first time by
Rabindranath
Tagore.

1899 Lucknow Romesh Demand for

Chandra Dutt permanent fixation of
Land revenue

1901 Calcutta Dinshaw First time Gandhiji

E.Wacha appeared on the
Congress platform
1905 Benaras Gopal Formal proclamation
Krishana of Swadeshi
Gokhale movement against
government

1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Adopted four

Naoroji resolutions on:
Swaraj (Self
Government),
Boycott Movement,
Swadeshi & National
Education

1907 Surat Rash Bihari Congress split

Bose (Moderates &
Extremist)

1910 Allahabad Sir William M.A Jinnah decried

Wedderburn the separate
electorate system
introduced by act of
1909

1911 Calcutta Bishan Jana Gana Mana

Narayan national anthem sung
Dhar for the first time

1916 Lucknow A.C Lucknow pact

Mazumdar congress united

Year Place President Importance

1917 Calcutta Annie Besant ( 1st woman

president of INC)

1920 Calcutta Lala Lajpat Mahatma Gandhi

(Special Rai moved the Non
Session) cooperation
resolution

1922 Gaya CR Das Formation of Swaraj

Party
 1924 Belgram Mahatma Only Session
Gandhi presided over by
Mahatma Gandhi

1925 Kanpur Sarojini First Indian

Naidu president of INC

1928 Calcutta Motilal Formation of All

Nehru India Youth Congress

1929 Lahore Jawahar Lal Passed the

Nehru resolution on ‘Poorna
Swaraj.’

1931 Karachi Vallabh Bhai Resolutions on

Patel Fundamental Rights
and National
Economic
Programme

1937 Faizpur J.L Nehru First rural session

1938 Haripur S.C Bose National Planning

Committee set up
under Jawahar Lal
Nehru

1939 Tripuri Rajendra Subhas Chandra Bose

Prasad was re-elected but
had to resign and
formed Forward Bloc

1946 Meerut J.B Kriplani Last session before

independence J.B
Kriplani was the
president of INC at
independence

1948 Jaipur Pattabhi first session after

Sitaramayya independence

1941–45: This Period is marked by events i.e. Quit India movement, RIN
Mutiny & INA trials. Phase of constitutional negotiations such as Cripps
Mission, Wavell Plan and Cabinet Mission. On account of these events
during this phase no congress session was held
 Note- only 3 women president of INC
1. Annie Besant
2. Sarojini Naidu
3. Nellie Sengupta (1933 Calcutta)

National Movements
• Moderates phase (1885-1905)
• Extremist phase (1906-1916)
• Gandhian Phase (1917-1947)
The Moderates (1885-1905)
They were people who believed in British justice and were loyal to them
Demand peacefully and constitutional
Demand-
Reform legislative council, abolition of salt tax, power to local bodies, Freedom of
association, speech and expression etc.
Dadabhai Naoroji
• Known as the ‘Grand old man of India’
• The first Indian to become a member of the House of Commons in Britain.
• Authored ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ which focused on the
economic drain of India because of British policies.
• 1867 he put forward the ‘Drain of Wealth theory’

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

• Regarded as Mahatma Gandhi’s political guru.
• Founded the Servants of India Society in 1905.
G Subramania Aiyer
Grand old man of South India
• Founded ‘The Hindu’ newspaper where he criticised British imperialism.
• Also founded Tamil newspaper ‘Swadesamitran’.
Note- first newspaper of India was Hickey’s Bengal Gazette 1780
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
• The first president of the INC.
 Surendranath Banerjee
• Also called ‘Rashtraguru’ and ‘Indian Burke’.
• Founded the Indian National Association which later merged with the INC.
• Cleared the Indian Civil Service but was discharged due to racial discrimination.
• Founded newspaper ‘The Bengalee’.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

1901- Criminal investigation department
1901- Imperial credit code (NCC)
1901- He created the north east frontier province (NEFP)
1902- Appointment of police commission under sir Andrew Frazer
1902- Appointment of Raleigh University Commission (1902) (Indian
Universities Act, 1904 was passed as per the recommendation of this
commission)
1903- He organized 2nd Delhi Darbar
1904- Sedition act (IPC section 124 A) non bailable
1905- Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in Bihar was established in
1905 later it was shifted in Delhi (IARI)
1905- Partition of Bengal
East Bengal- capital- Dacca West Bengal- capital- Calcutta
Announced- 7th July
Implement- 16th October 1905
Bengal
It divides the Hindu and Muslim of India
It lead to anti-Partition and Swadeshi movement in India

Swadeshi Movement- 7th August 1905

To curb foreign goods by relying on domestic production
1906- congress session of Calcutta swaraj was mentioned for the first time
Goods like the Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt were publicly boycotted.
Mahatma Gandhi described it as the soul of Swaraj (self rule)
Partition of Bengal is known as the Black day of Bengal and Ravindra Nath
Tagore suggested to observe the day as Rakhi Bandhan day
Note- theme song of movement- Vande Matram ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’

1911- Bengal united again

Rise of Extremist/ Radicalism
Lala Lajpat Rai
• Known as the Lion of Punjab
• He found the National School at Lahore under the influence of Arya Samaj
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• He was also known as Lokamanya Tilak
• He found the Deccan Education Society and was the co-founder of Fergusson
College
• He gave the slogan, ”Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”
• Kesari(Marathi) and Mahratta(English) were the newspapers started
by him
• He started the All India Home Rule League in 1916
• Books- The Arctic home of Vedas and Geeta Rahasya
Bipin Chandra Pal
• He is known as the father of revolutionary thoughts in India

• Together the above leaders were referred to as the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate of

assertive nationalists
• Home Rule League
• Home Rule league (Irish Home rule) 1st start in Ireland – founder Annie Besant
(Madras) and Tilak (Poona) 1916
• Indian response to the First world war
• Aim- self government for India
• Formation of linguistic based states
• Education in vernacular language
• New India and Commonweal- newspaper by Annie Besant
Minto 2 (1905-1910)
• 1906- Establishment of Muslim League by Aga Khan III and Khwaja
Salimullah (Nawab of Dhaka) (HQ- Lucknow )
• 1907- Split in Congress (in Surat session)

• Morley- Minto Reform 1909

• Satyendra Prasanna Sinha became first Indian member to be
appointed in Viceroy’s Executive Council
• Direct elections for provincial legislatures were held for the first time
• Communal representation (separate electorates for Muslims)
• Note- Muslim league 1st demanded separate electorate for muslim in a
meeting at Amritsar in 1908 under Sayyad Imam
• Harding (1911-1916)
• Organized 3rd Delhi Darwar in 1911 King George 5 and Queen Mary
actually present and the king arrived through gate way of India
• 12/12/1912 – shifting of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
• 1914- India and Tibet signed Shimla Treaty to have clear boundry
Macmohan line between India and Tibet under Shimla agreement
• 1914- Komagata Maru incident
• 9 jan 1915- Mahatma Gandhi came back to India from South Africa
• 1915- Foundation of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya
• 1916- Foundation of Banaras Hindu University
• 1914-1919- first world war (both extremist and moderates supported this war)
• 1916- Lucknow session of congress (Lucknow pact)

Revolutionary activity in abroad-

• Ghadar party- It was established at San Francisco, USA in 1913 by Lala
Hardayal, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh, Ramchandra, Bhai Parmanand and
Barkatulla
• First president- Sohan Singh Bhakna
• Newspaper- Ghadar (in English and vernacular language) (1
November 1913)
• Caption- Angrezi Raj ka Dusman

• Berlin Committee-
• Established in – 1915
• Founded by- Virendra Chattopadhyay, Lala Hardayal
 Emergence of Gandhi Ji
• Gandhian Phase (1916-1947)
• Mahatma Gandhi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar in
Gujarat on 2 October 1869
• In April 1893 he went to South Africa and involved himself in the struggle
against apartheid (Racial discrimination against the Blacks) for twenty years.
• He founded political organization Natal Indian Congress in 1894
• 1903- Indian Opinion newspaper
• He also formed Phoenix settlement near Durban in 1904 and Tolstoy settlement
in Johansburg in 1910
• Note- Africa declared Phoenix Settlement as national Heritage site
• Finally, he came to India in 1915. Then he involved in Indian National
• Gandhiji’s struggle in South Africa from 1906-1915 characterized by the use of
Civil Disobedience he named it Satyagraha
• Gandhiji’s Role in Indian National Movements (3rd Phsase) (1917-
1947)
• Principle- Non Violence and Satyagraha (Passive resistance and Civil
Disobedience)
• A satyagrahi should remain truthful, non violent and never bow before the evil. It
is only for brave and strong person
• 1916- He established Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad to settle his
phoenix family
• The First issue which he faced in India was the problem of Indentured
labour (first movement in India)
• The government announced that the system of indentured
labourwould be stopped before July 31, 1917
• 1.Champaran Satyagraha (1917):
• First Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Gandhi was requested by Rajkumar Shukla to look into the problems
of the indigo planters of Champaran in Bihar (Tinkathia system - The
European planters had been forcing the peasants to grow Indigo on
3/20 of their toal land).
• The peasants were forced to sell the produce at prices fixed by the Europeans
Gandhi convinced the authorities to abolish tinkathia system and the peasants
were given compensation for the illegal dues extracted from them. Gandhi Ji had
won the first battle of civil disobedience in India.
 2.Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918):
• First Hunger Strike.
• To settle disputes between the mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers
over the discontinuation of the plague bonus. Gandhi asked the workers to go on
a strike and demand a 35% increase in wages. He undertook a fast unto death and finally
mill owners agreed to give the workers a 35% increase in wages
• Note- Women’s labour movement ( Majdur Mahajan Sangh) in India led by Anusuya
Bahan (Ahmedabad textile labour association 1920)
3.Kheda Satyagraha (1918):
First Non-Cooperation Movement.
Because of drought in 1918 the crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat.
According to the revenue code if the yield was less than 1/4 the normal produce the
farmers were entitled to remission. The authorities refused to grant remission.
Led by- Ballabh Bhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik on ground level
Chelmsford (1916-1921)
First Women’s University (SNDT Women’s University) at Pune was founded by Dhondo
Keshav Karve (1916) (Shrimati Nathibai Damodar Thackery)
1917- August Declaration (control over the Indian government would be
transferred to the Indian People)
Rowlatt Act 1919
In 1917, a committee was set up under the president ship of Sir Sydney
Rowlatt to look into the militant Nationalist activities.
On the basis of its report the Rowtatt Act was passed in March 1919 by the
Central Legislative Council. Any person could be arrested on the basis of
suspicion No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests.(no
appeal no vakil and no dalil)
This Act was called the Black Act by Gandhi and it was widely opposed an all-
India hartal was organized on 6 April 1919. Two prominent leaders of
Punjab Dr Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchalew was arrested.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919):
• Protesting against the arrest of their leader Dr. Saiffudin and Satyapal
• On 13th April, the Baisakhi day (harvest festival), a public meeting was organized at the
Jallianwala Bagh (garden).
• G. Dyer marched in and without any warning opened fire on the crowd. According to
official report 379 people were killed and 1137 wounded in the incident.
• There was a nationwide protest against this massacre Rabindranath Tagore returned his
knighthood as a protest. (On 13th March, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O'Dyre in
London).
• Hunter commission (14th oct 1919) –
• To enquire the matter
• Headed by- Lord William Hunter
• Michale O’ Dyer was proved guilty of a “mistaken notion of duty” and was removed from
his command, prohibiting him from any other employment in India. He was sent back to
England.
• The Government Of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)
• India remain as an integral part of British empire
• Central and provincial subjects were demarcated. And diarchy for the
provincial subjects Transferred subject and Reserved subject
• Transferred subject- Administrated by the governor with the aid of
ministers responsible for legislature
• Reserved subject- administrated by governor and his council without
responsible for legislature
• It introduced for the first time Bicameralism (upper house and lower house)
at central legislature.
• Provision of direct election in the country with limited franchise
• Extended the provision of communal representation (separate electorates)
for Sikh, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians and Europeans
• Created a new office of the high commissioner for India in London
• Provided the establishment of a public service commission (hence central
public commission was set up in 1st oct 1926 for recruiting civil servants)
• It provided for the appointment of a ststutory commission to inquire and
report on its working after 10 years of its coming into force that is Simon
commission.
• Khilafat Movement 1919:
• The chief cause of the Khilafat Movement was the defeat of Turkey in the First World
War. The harsh term of the “Treaty of Sevres (1920)” was felt by the Muslims as a great
insult to them.
• The whole movement was based on the Muslim belief that the Caliph (the
• Sultan of Turkey) was the religious head of the Muslims all over the world.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew and the Ali brothers
• (Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) were the prominent leaders.
• A Khilafat Committee had been formed and on 19th October 1919, the whole
country had observed the Khilafat day. HQ- Lucknow
• Mahatma Gandhi was particularly interested in bringing the Hindus and the
• Muslims together to achieve the country's independency.
• it merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma
Gandhi in 1920.
• Non-Co-operation Movement (1920-1922)
• Started by Gandhi ji against the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre and
the Khilafat Movement
• It was approved by the Indian National Congress at the Nagpur session in
December, 1920.
• The programmes of the Non-Cooperation Movement were
• Surrender of titles and honorary positions Resignation of membership from the local
bodies.
• Boycott of elections held under the provisions of the 1919 Act.
• Boycott of government functions.
• Boycott of courts, government schools and colleges Boycott of foreign goods.
• Establishment of national schools, colleges and private panchayat courts Popularizing
swadeshi goods and khadi.
• National school such as Kashi Vidyapeeth, the Bihar Vidyapeeth and the Jamia Millia
Islamia were set up. All the prominent leaders of the country gave up their lucrative legal
practice.
• Note- Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant B.C Pal did not support NCM
• Chauri Chaura Incident:
• on 5th February 1922 an angry mob set fire to the police station at Churi
Chaura (Gorakhpur UP) and twenty- two police men were burnt to death
• 12th February 1922 Gandhi Ji suspended the NCM
• Mahatma Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922
• Significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement
• It was the real mass movement with the participation of different sections of Indian
society such as peasants, workers, students, teachers and women.
• It witnessed the spread of nationalism to the remote corners of India.
• It also marked the height of Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of the merger of Khilafat
movement.
• It demonstrated the willingness and ability of the manses to endure hardships and make
sacrifices.
• Swaraj Party 1923:
• The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a split within
Congress in the “Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922”.
• Leaders like Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das (President) formed a
separate group within the Congress known as the Swaraj Party on 1 January
1923
• December 1924- Belgram session of INC president M.K Gandhi
• Other important incidence-

Tana Bhagat movement (1914-1919)- chhotanagpur region

• Leader- Jagat Bhagat , Issue- Oppose the taxes

Vaikom Satyagraha- (1924-1925) Travancore, Kerala

• Issue- denial the entry of lower cast people in temple
• Gandhi ji also supported this movement

Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)

• Issue- land revenue
• Led by- Ballabh Bhai Patel and women of Bardoli gave him a title of Sardar.
Flag Satyagraha- 1923 Nagpur Tricolor was 1st time hoisted in the townhall
of Bilaspur under the leadership of Sunder Lal
• All India flag day was observed on 18, June 1923
• Simon Commission (1927): statutory commission under GOI 1919
• Chairman: Sir John Simon
• Total members- 7 (there was no Indian member in it).
• Everywhere it was greeted with black flags and cries of “Simon go back”
• On 30 October 1928 Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured in the police lathi
charge and he passed away after one month The report of the Simon
Commission was published in May 1930.
• It was stated that the constitutional experiment with Dyarchy was
unsuccessful and in its place the report recommended the establishment of
autonomous government. Simon Commission's Report became the basis for
enacting the Government of India Act of 1935
• Initial Revolutionary activities in India
• On 22 June 1897, brothers Damodar Hari Chapekar and Balkrishna Hari Chapekar
assassinated British official W. C. Rand and his military escort Lieutenant Ayerst at
Pune, Maharashtra. This was the first case of militant nationalism in India after the 1857
Revolt.
• Abhinav Bharat society- founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1904.
• Started Mitra Mela in Nasik in 1899
• On August 22, 1907, Madam Bhikaji Cama became the first person to hoist
Indian flag on foreign soil in Stuttgart in Germany.
Alipore Bomb Case-
30 April 1908 (Muraripukur conspiracy or Manicktolla bomb conspiracy.)
• Attempt to murder the British district judge of Muzaffarpur
• Revolutionaries who threw the bomb were Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram
Bose.
• Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case (1912)
• Also known as the Delhi Conspiracy Case.
• This was an assassination attempt on Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India.
• The revolutionaries were led by Rashbehari Bose.
• Note- sandhya, yugantar and Kal were the important newspaper of revolutionary
activity.

Revolutionary Activities
Two revolutionary groups emerged during this period
1. Punjab, UP and Bihar
2. Bengal
Punjab, UP, Bihar revolutionaries-
The revolutionary terriorist activity in this region was dominated by HRA
(Hindustan Republican Association/Army)
HRA was founded in 1924 in Kanpur under the leadership of Ramprasad
Bismil, Sachin Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee
Later renamed as HSRA (Hidustan socialist republican association) by
Bhagat singh
Aim-
1. To raise the consciousness of people against the futility of Gandhian movement of non-
violence
2. To perform direct action to attain complete independence
3. To set up a republic of the united states of India on the federal structure

Kakori Conspiracy/ Action (August 1925)- Kakori station near Lucknow

The most important action of HRA
Under the leadership of Chandra shekhar, Ram Prasad Bismil, Asfaqulla
Khan, Roshan Lal and Rajendra Lahiri many leaders were arrested and
hanged but Chandra Shekhar was managed to escape. )Top leadership
wiped out)
After this Chandra shekher took the leadership of HRA and added young leaders like
Bhagt shingh, Sukhdev, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Kumar singh etc
1926- formation of Punjab Navjwan Bharat Sabha by Bhagat Singh
30th Octobar 1928- Lala Lajpat Rai killed while protesting against Simon commission the
killing of Lala Lajpat Rai was seen by young leaders of HSRA as a direct challenge be he
was mentor of all youth.
17th December 1928- Saunder’s Murder in Lahore
Bhagat singh, Rajguru and Chandra Shekhar Azad shot dead Saunders
instead of Scott, the police officer responsible for the Lathi charge
1928- Public Safety Bill (Draconian law , to curb the activities of socialists
and communists)
8th April 1929- Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bomb in the
central legislative assembly to protest against the Public safety Bill and trade
dispute Bill
Bhagat Singh said “ If the deaf are to hear, the sound has to be loud”
Slogan- Inquilab Zindabad ( Given by Hasrat Mohani)
• Bhagat singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were tried in the Lahore conspiracy
case for Saunders murder.
• Bhagat Singh wrote a pamphlet “Why am I Atheist” in jail
December 1929- Azad was involved in a bid to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s train near Dehi
February 1931- Azad killed himself before being captured in the park in Allahabad (Azad
Pak)
23 March 1931- Bhagat Singh, Shukhdev and Rajguru were hanged
Note- Yellow paper constitution – Name and aim of HSRA ny Ram Prasad
Bismil
The revolutionary HRA manifesto by Sachin Sanyal
Philosophy of the Bomb written by Bhagwati Charan vora
Revolutionary activities in Bengal
After the death of C.R Das (Deshbandhu) in 1925 the Bengal congress broke
up into two parts one led by J.M Sengupta ( Belongs to Anushilan group)
and the other led by Subhash Chandra Bose ( Yuganter group)
Note- Anushilan Samiti was organized by Promotha Mitra, Jatinderanath
Banerji and B.K Ghosh in 1902
Jugantar group was founded by Aurbindo Ghosh (Jugantar newspaper
1906)
J.M Sengupta-
1925- Elected president of the Bengal Swaraj party after the death of C.R. Das
Subhas Chandra Bose-
Born in – 23 January 1897, Cuttak, Orissa
Political Guru- C.R Das
Newspaper- Swaraj
1939- Founded All India Forwad Bloc Party (left wing nationalist party)
All India conference of Forward Bloc held in Nagpur 1940

Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930)-

Leader- Surya Sen (Mater Da)
To organize an armed rebellion planned to occupy two main arouries in
Chittagong to supply arms to the revolutionaries.
He formed Indian Republican Army in Bengal.
1933- He was captured and hanged after brutal torture in Jail
Kalpana Dutta (Kalpana Joshi) was an Indian Independence movement
activist and a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya
Sen. She is known as Agni Kanya of Bengal

Irwin- (1926-1931)
8th November 1927- Simon Commission
 1925- formation of Rastriya Swayam Sevak Sangh by Keshav Baliram
Hedgewar to response communal representation
8th November 1927- Simon Commission
1927- All India states people’s conference was held in Bombay which were variously
called Praja Mandal and Lok Parishad

1928- Nehru Report

In the meanwhile, the Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead, challenged the Indians to
produce a Constitution that would be acceptable to all.
The challenge was accepted by the Congress, which convened an all-party meeting on 28
February 1928.
It was headed by Motilal Nehru.
The Report published by this Committee came to be known as the Nehru Report
The Report favored:
• Dominion Status Full responsible government at the centre.
• Autonomy to the provinces
• Clear cut division of power between the centre and the provinces and A
bicameral legislature at the centre.
• However, the leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah regarded it as
detrimental to the interests of the Muslims
• Formation of Indian Independence league- April 1928
• President- S. Srinivasa Iyengar
• Jinnah convened an All India Conference of the Muslims where he drew up
a list of Fourteen Points as Muslin League demand.
Jinnah’s 14 Point (1929)
The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
during all parties meeting of 1928 (Delhi), in response to Nehru report
• The report was given in a meeting of the council of the All India Muslim League on 9
March 1929.
• The Nehru Report was criticized by Muslim leaders Aga Khan and Muhammad Shafi.
They considered it as a warrant because it recommended joint electoral rolls for Hindus
and Muslims
• Lahore Session of Congress 1929-
• December 19, 1929- under the leadership of J.L Nehru
• The INC declared the Poorna Sawaraj
• “There’s only one goal ahead of us, which is full freedom.”
• The Congress approved a motion for complete Independence and also the
President of Congress hoisted the Tricolour flag of Complete Freedom on
the bank of the Ravi on the midnight of 31 December 1929
• 26 January 1930 was fixed as the first independence day
• As the government failed to accept the Nehru Report, the Congress gave a
call to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):
• Dandi March thus, the stage was set for the second major struggle led by the
Congress on 12th March 1930, (Ahmedabd to Dandi)
• Gandhi began his famous March to Dandi with his chosen 79 followers to
break the salt laws. He reached the coast of Dandi on 5 April 1930 after
marching a distance of 200 miles,
• on 6 April formally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking
the salt laws
• About the Movement:
• picketing by women before the shops selling liquor, opium and foreign clothes
• organizing the bonfires of foreign clothes
• Spinning clothes by using charkha fighting untouchability.
• Boycotting of schools and colleges by students and resigning from government jobs by
the people.
• not to pay taxes to the government
• Spread of the movement:
• The movement spread to all parts of the country. Students, workers, farmers and
women, all participated in this movement. As a reaction, the British Government
arrested important leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them.
• ( Gandhi Ji was arrested after that movement was led by Sarojni Naidu)
• Note- Rani Gaidnliu took active part in civil disobedience movement in Manipur.
• Ambabai from Karnataka participated in this movement.
• Soldier of Garhwal regiment (under Chandra Singh Garhwali) refused to fire on the
revolutionaries in civil disobedience. this incident was took place in Peshawar under
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
• 1930- Muhammad Iqbal emphasized on the creation of North western muslim state (
writer of Sare Jahan se accha)
• Round Table Conferences:
• The British government adopted the strategy of talking to different political parties by
convening the Round Table Conferences
• Objective- to discuss simon commission report
• Constitutional reform.
• The first Round Table Conference
• British PM- Ramsay Mac Donald
• It was held in November 1930 at London and it was boycotted it by the
Congress.
• Who attended- Muslim League, B.R Ambedkar (demand for the separate electorates for
SC and ST)
• Gandhi- Irwin Pact (1931)
• The Indian National Congress (INC) agreed to take part in the Round Table
Conference.
• The INC would stop the civil disobedience movement.
• Withdrawal of all ordinances that curbed the activities of the Congress.
• Withdrawal of all prosecutions except those involving violent crimes.
• Release of those who were arrested for taking part in the civil disobedience
movement.
• Removal of the salt tax.
• Gandhi – Irwin Pact – Demands of Gandhi not agreed to by Irwin:
• A public inquiry into police excesses during its suppression of the
movement.
• Commuting the death sentences of Bhagat Singh and his associates to life
sentences.
• Karachi season of congress (1931) –
• Chairman – Vallabh Bhai Patel
• Resolution of Fundamental Rights and The National education program
• Basic Civil rights, state own or control key industries and services
• Equality before law, election based on universal Adult Franchise
• Free and compulsory education and better living conditions
• Second Round Table Conference:1931
• Mahatma Gandhi with Sarojini Naidu and Madan Mohan Malviya
participated in the Conference but returned to India disappointed as no
agreement could be reached on the demand of complete independence and
on the communal question.
• Communal Award ( 16 Aug 1932)
• British PM Mac Donald announced communal award for depressed class
(separate electorates for Depressed class)
• Divide and rule policy
• Gandhi Ji who was Yeravada jail (Poona) at that time started Fast unto
death against it.
• Poona Pact- (25 sept 1932)
• It was an agreement between Hindu leaders in India granting new rights to Dalits, which
resulted in the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature
of British India in 1932
• It was signed by Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and by Madan
Mohan Malviya on behalf of Hindus and Gandhi.
• In the Central Legislature, 18% of the seats allotted to the general electorate for British
India in the said legislature shall be reserved for the Depressed Classes
• The seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 147 in provincial
legislatures
• Third Round Table Conference (1932)
• The British Government issued a White Paper, which became the basis for
the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935.
• B.R Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur Sapru attended all 3 Round table
conference
• Dr. B.R Ambedkar-
• Born in 1891 in M.P in Mahar caste
• Organized- Indian labour party (Samaj samato sangh), Schedule caste
federation and People’s education society
• Mahad Satyagraha (Chavdar Tale satyagraha)- It was a satyagraha led by B.
R. Ambedkar on 20 March 1927 to allow untouchables to use water in a
public tank in Mahad (currently in Raigad district), Maharashtra
• Newspaper- Mooknayak, Bahishkrut Bharat, Janata and Prabuddha Bharat.
• The name of Dr. Ambedkar's memorial site is Chaitya Bhoomi, which is in Mumbai,
Maharashtra.
• All Indian Harijan Sevak Sangh-
• Founded by Gandhi Ji in 1932
• Upliftment of Harijan and anti untouchability
• Gandhi Ji started a weekly newspaper Harijan 1933
• Note- he also started Young India and Navjivan weekly newspaper in 1919
• Note- Mahatama Gandhi’s first major public appearance at the opening of
BHU in the February in 1916
• He started individual civil disobedience on Aug 1, 1933
• 7th nov 1933- 29th July 1934- he started Harijan tour
• The name Pakistan was first coined by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in 1933
• 1934- Congress socialist party or left wing group within the congress
founded by Acharya Narendra Deva as president and Jayaprakash Narayan
as general secretary

• Government of India act 1935

• Longest act by British parliament ever enacted
• Sindh separated from Bombay and Berma from India
• Bihar and Odisha separated
• It provided for the establishment of an All India Federation consisting of provinces and
princely states as units.
• The Act divided the powers between the Centre and units in terms of three lists, Federal
List (for Centre containing 59 items), Provincial List (for provinces containing 54 items)
and the Concurrent List (for both containing 36 items).
• Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy.
• It abolished diarchy in the provincial level but introduced ‘provincial autonomy.
• The Act of 1935 abolished diarchy at the Provincial level and introduced it at the Centre
• Act introduced responsible governments in provinces which meant that the governor was
required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature
• The Act introduced bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces the legislatures of Bengal,
Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made bicameral
consisting of a legislative council (Upper House) and a legislative assembly (Lower
House)
• The Act further extended the principle of communal representation by providing
separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labourers
(workers).
• 1 April 1935- establishment of Reserve Bank of India act 1934 on the recommendation of
Hilton Young Commission
• 1937- establishment of Federal court
• Establishment of provincial public service commission, federal PSC and joint PSC
• Abolished the council of India established by the GOI act 1858
• According to Nehru the act is “a Machine with strong brakes but no engine”
• The Simon commission had promished ‘Dominion status for India in 1930 but GOI act
1935 didn’t confer it.
• 1936- All India Kisahan congress ( ‘Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha’)is founded
in Lucknow
• President- Sahajadanand Saraswati
• The motives of the All India Kisan Sabha were:
• To abolish the Zamindari system,
• To reduce land revenue,
• To institutionalize credit.
• History of Various State Kisan Sabhas:
• Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha – 1929 by Sahajanand Sarawsati
• UP Kisan Sabha – 1918 by Gauri Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi and was
supported by Madan Mohan Malaviya.
• Awadh Kisan Sabha – 1920 by Baba Ramachandra
• Linlinthigow ( 1936- 1943)
• Provincial Election of 1937-
• INC formed gov. in 8 out of 11 provinces (Except for Bengal, Punjab, and
Sindh.)
• 1939- the congress ministries in all the provinces resigned because congress
did not accept the decision of the viceroy to declare war against Germany
during second world war
• Two Nation Theory of Jinnah –
• Drafted by- Sikandar Hayat Khan
• Muslim league passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore
session on 23 March 1940 (demand of Pakistan by Allama Muhammad
Khan)
• In December 1943 the Karachi session of congress of the Muslim league
adopted the slogan “Divide and Quit”
• Haripur session of Congress 1938
• President S.C Bose
• National planning committee was set up under the chairmanship of J.L
Nehru
• 1939- Tripuri session of congress under Rajendra Prasad
• August Offer (8th Aug 1940)
• British PM- Winston Churchill
• During the course of the Second World War (1939-1945) in order to secure the
cooperation of the Indians, the British Government made an announcement on 8 August
1940, which came to be known as the 'August Offer".
• The August Offer envisaged that after the War a representative body of Indians would be
set up to frame the new Constitution.
• Turned down the demand of congress- Dominion status
• Congress rejected August offer
• Gandhi ji said that the declaration had widened the gulf between nationalist and British
• Nehru said “Dominion status concept is dead as a door nail”
• Individual Satyagraha
• 1940 Gandhi was not satisfied with August offer and decided to launch
Individual Satyagraha Individual Satyagraha was limited, symbolic and non-
violent in nature and it was left to Mahatma Gandhi to choose the
Satyagrahis
• Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Maharastra) and Jawaharlal Nehru became the first
and second Individual Satyagrahis respectively.
• It was a resultant of August Offer, aim to affirm the right to speech and
message to whole world that India is not supporting second w.w 2
• Cripps Mission (1942):
• The British Government in its continued effort to secure Indian cooperation sent Sir
Stafford Cripps to India on 23 March 1942. This is known as Cripps Mission.
• Major Recommendations:
• The promise of Dominion Status to India, Protection of minorities.
• Setting up of a Constituent Assembly in which there would be representatives from the
Princely States along with those of the British Province
• There would be provision for any Province of British India not prepared to accept this
Constitution, either to retain its present constitutional position or frame a constitution of
its own.
• Rejection of Cripps proposal:
• Gandhi called Cripp's proposals as a "Post-dated Cheque"
• The Muslim League was also dissatisfied as its demand for Pakistan had not been
conceded in the proposal
• Quit India Movement (1942-1944):
• India August movement Officially launched by the INC led by Gandhi ji on
August 8 1942 The resolution was passed by the congress working
committee in Bombay.
• Gandhi ji was named as the leader of the movement
• Provision
• • Immediate end to British rule over India
• • Formation of provisional Government of India
• • Sanctioning a civil disobedience movement against British rule.
• 9th august 1942 under Operation Zero Hour top leaders of congress were arrested.
• 23rd march 1943 Muslim league observed Pakistan Day
C.R Formula (C Rajgopalachari) (1945)
C.Rajagopalachari to solve the political deadlock between the All India Muslim
League and the Indian National Congress on the independence of British India.
The Congress, which included both Hindu and Muslim members, was opposed to the
idea of partitioning India.
• The main points in the CR Plan were:
• Muslim League to endorse Congress demand for independence.
• League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at
centre.
• After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the
North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to
form a separate sovereign state.
• In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding
defence, commerce, communications, etc.
• The above terms to be operative only if England transferred full powers to India.
Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned the CR plan

Indian National Army (Ajad Hind Fauz)

• Azad Hind Fauj or the India National Army (INA) was first
established by Mohan Singh in 1942.
• It was revived by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose on October 21, 1943 in
Singapore, during the Second World War to secure India’s complete
independence from British Raj.
• The Japanese after defeating British in South East Asia, persuaded
captain Mohan Singh to work in collaboration with the Japanese for India’s
freedom.
• In 1942, a conference of Indians was held in Tokyo, and they formed the Indian
Independence league
• This was followed by conference in Bangkok (June 1942), where Rashbehari
Bose was elected president of the league and a decision was taken to raise
the Indian National Army
• Bose had escaped from India in 1941 to Berlin. In June, 1943 he came to Tokyo
and then Indian joined the INA at Singapore
• The soldier of INA And civilians of Berlin addressed Bose as Neta Ji
On October 21, 1943, Subhash Bose formed the Provisional Government for Free
India at Singapore
The famous slogan—“Give me blood, I will give you freedom”
• The INA headquarters was shifted to Rangoon (in Burma) in January 1944, and
the army recruits were to march from there with the war cry “Chalo Delhi”
• On July 6, 1944, Subhas Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as ‘Father of Nation’—
from the Azad Hind Radio (the first person to call Gandhi, ‘Father of Nation’). He
asked for Gandhi’s blessings for “India’s last war of independence”.
Further, The Azad Hind Fauz crossed the Burma border, and stood on Indian soil
on March 18, 1944. The INA units subsequently advanced up to Kohima and
ImphalThe tricolour was hosted on Indian soil
• On August 15, 1945 the surrender of Japan in the Second World War took place
and with this the INA also
• On August 18, 1945, reportedly, Subhash Bose died mysteriously in an air-crash
at Taipei (Taiwan)
Wavell (1944-1947)
25th June 1945- arranged the Shimla Conference with INC and Muslim
League. Failed to solve the Indian independence
• The main proposals of the Wavell Plan-
• With the exception of the governor-general and the commander-in-chief, all
members of the executive council were to be Indians.
• Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation.
General Election 1945-1946
Last election before independence
INC formed its ministries in 8 provinces out of 11 ( Assam Bihar
Bombay Central Province Madras North west frontier provinces
Orissa and United Provinces)
Muslim league- Bengal and Sindh
Naval Mutiny/ RIN Mutiny ( 1946)
• A revolt took place by rating in HMIS (his majesty’s Indian ship) Talwar on
feb 18, 1946 in Bombay due to racial discrimination, bad food, living
condition and abuse after the arrest of B.C Dutta who had written British
Quit India
• Son revolt spread to other places
Demand-
• Release of INA prisoners
• Freedom of all other political prisoners
• Withdrawal of Indian troops from Indo-China and Java
• Better food
• More civilised treatment
• Equal pay for European and Indian Sailors alike
It was suppressed by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel

Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

• Cabinet Mission was a high-powered mission sent in February 1946 to India
by the Atlee Government (British Prime Minister.)
• The mission had three British cabinet members – Pethick Lawrence,
Stafford Cripps, & and A.V. Alexander.
• The Cabinet Mission’s aim was to discuss the transfer of power from British to Indian
leadership.
• Objectives of Cabinet Mission
• To obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a constitution for
India.
• To formulate a constitution-making body (the Constituent Assembly of India).
• To establish an Executive Council with the support of the major Indian parties.
• Mountbatten- (21 feb 1947- aug 1947)-
• last viceroy of british India and first governor general of free India
• Atlee’s Declaration
• 20th feb 1947 British PM declared that the British would quit India after transferring
power to responsible hands not later than June 1948
• Mountbatten Plan (3 June 1947) Lord Mountbatten (India’s last viceroy)
• May 1947 according to which provinces were to be declared independent
successor states with the power to choose whether to join the constituent
assembly or not.
• This plan was called the ‘Dickie Bird Plan’ and Plan Balkan.
• This plan was the last plan for Indian independence
• British India was to be partitioned into two dominions – India and Pakistan.
• As per the plan, the legislative assemblies of Bengal and Punjab met and voted for the
partition
• A referendum was to be held on NWFP (North-Western Frontier Province) to decide
which dominion to join. NWFP decided to join Pakistan while Khan Abdul Gaffar
Khan boycotted and rejected the referendum.
• The date for the transfer of power was to be August 15, 1947.
• To fix the international boundaries between the two countries, the Boundary
Commission was established chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
• The princely states were given the choice to either remain independent or accede to India
or Pakistan.
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar khan (Simant Gandhi/ Border Gandhi)
• Khudai Khidmatgar Movement 23 April 1930
The Khudai Khidmatgar was a non-violent movement against British
occupation of the Indian subcontinent led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a Pashtun
freedom fighter, in the North-West Frontier Province.
• Members of the Khudai Khidmatgar were organised and the men stood out
because of the bright red shirts they wore as uniforms, while the women
wore black garments.
• Book- Pakhtoon
Indian Independence Act 1947
• Ended British rule in India
• The main provisions of Indian Independence Act, 1947 were as under:
 • (a) The British government will leave India on 15th August, 1947.
• (b) India will be divided into two sovereign states of India and Pakistan and both these
states will become sovereign on this very day.
• (c) The powers previously exercised by the British government in India will be
transferred to both these states.
• (d) Punjab and Bengal will be divided and its territories will be demarcated by a
boundary commission to be headed by Mr. Redcliff.
• (e) Office of the Secretary of State for India will be abolished
• (f) Freedom of princely state either to join India or Pakistan
• (g) Provided the office of Governor general for each dominion( 1st governor general of
free India Mountbatten and Pakistan Jinnah and Liyakat Ali as first PM of Pakistan)
(Indian GG C. Rajgopalachari)
• Nature of our Independence in 1947
• From august 15 1947 to January 26 1950 India’s political status was dominion in the
British Commonwealth nation
• 26 January 1950- India became soverign Republic
• 30 January 1948- Gandhi Ji shot dead by Nathuram Godse

Important personalities-
1. Vinoba Bhave- Bhoodan Andolan/ Sarvodaya Movement
• Socio-political movement started in 1951 in Pochampally Telangana
• In 1940, he was chosen as the first Individual Satyagrahi (an Individual standing up for
Truth instead of a collective action) against British Raj by Gandhi in India.
• He initiated the formation of the Sarvodaya samaj after Gandhi’s assassination in 1948
2. Pandita Ramabai
• Ramabai, an outspoken champion of women’s rights and social reform, earned the
unique distinction of being the sole woman representative in the male-dominated world
of - gender reforms.
• She set up the Arya Mahila Samaj in 1882 in Poona to mobilize women and also
established Mukti Mission in Poona in 1898
• book in Marathi, Stree Dharma Niti
3. E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker- self respect movement (1925)
4. Sarojini Naidu- ‘the Nightingale of India’, or ‘Bharat Kokila’
• First woman to become the governor of an Indian state. She became the governor of UP
from 15th August 1947 to 2nd March 1949

Important person and titles

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak- Lokamanya, Maratha Kesari, Father of Indian Unrest
• Lala Lajpat Rai- Punjab Kesari
• Chittaranjan Das - Deshbandhu
• Vallabbhai Patel - Sardar, Iron man of India, Indian Bismarck
• Gopal Hari Deshmukh- Lokhitawadi
• C Rajagopalachari - Rajaji
• Sir Surendranath Banerjee – Rashtraguru, Indian Burke
• Jayaprakash Narayan - Lok Nayak
• Vinayak Narahari Bhave (Vinoba Bhave) - Acharya, National Teacher of India, Spiritual
Successor of Gandhi
• Rabindranath Tagore - Gurudev, Kaviguru
• Mahatama Gandhi-
Father of the nation – Subhash Chandra Bose
Mahatama- Rabindra Nath Tagore
Kesar-I Hind- George 5
Malang Baba- North western frontier people
Half naked fakir- Winston Churchill

Importance Books Newspaper and Author

1. Mahatma Gandhi- Indian Opinion, Harijan, Navjivan, Hindu Sawarajya, My
Experiment with truth.
Young India was a weekly paper founded by Lala Lajpat Rai in 1916 and later published
by Mahatma Gandhi
2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak- Kesri (Marathi), The Maratha (English) and Gita Rahasya
3. J.L Nehru- Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, Meri Kahani
4. Lala Lajpat Rai- Unhappy India, Vande Matram (Newspaper)
5. Dr. Rajendra Prasad- India Divided
6. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad- Al Hilal, India Wins, Freedom, Gubare Khatir
7. Indian Unrest - Valentine Chirol
8. The Revolutionary - Shachindra Sanyal
9. India For Indians - Chittaranjan Das
10. Karmyogi, Yugantar, Savitri, Life Divine, Essays On Gita, Bande Matram- Arvindo
Ghosh
11. Indian Struggle- S.C Bose
12. Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital-Karl Marx
13. Raja Ram Mohan Ray- Samvad Kaumudi, Mirat-ul-Akbar
14. Annie Besant- New India