Petronet LNG Limited

Internship Report

On

Heat transfer enhancement methods for a heat exchanger

Under the Guidance Of:

Anbu Sivaram
Deputy Manager (Mechanical)
Petronet LNG Limited

Kochi

Submitted by:

P.Avinash (18881A0396)
S. Jagadish Pavan (18881A0399)
V.Karthik Srinivas Reddy (18881A03A7)

Department of mechanical engineering

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Hyderabad, Telangana
 Acknowledgement

It’s giving us immense pleasure to acknowledge all those whose inspiration and
wisdom helped us in completing our internship We would like to showour sincere
gratitude towards PETRONET LNG LIMITED that provided us the splendid
opportunity.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Anbu Sivaram

(Deputy Manager), Mr.Jithin.K.Dev (Manager) and Mr.Hevin Verghese
(HR) for giving us the opportunity to do our Internship with PETRONET
LNG LIMITED.

We would also like to thank all for their invaluable support

throughout the training. We would also thank VARDHAMAN COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING for providing us four weeks internship in PETRONET
LNG LIMITED as a part of our course curriculum and making us
understand of Heat transfer enhancement methods for a heat
exchanger.

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Abstract

Energy conservation requires for reduction in consumption of

primary re-sources, environment protection and materials and
manufacturing input savings. Economic reasons leads to make
efforts for making more efficient heat exchange. The heat
exchanger has the main role in the heat transfer processes such as
energy storage and recovery. To increase the performance of the
heat exchanger, the heat transfer enhancement methods are
utilized in many industrial applications. The heat transfer techniques
are mostly used in areas such as LNG plants, thermal power plants,
air conditioning equipment, automobile, aerospace. Methods of
improving the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of heat
exchange devices are referred to as heat transfer enhancement.
Heat transfer enhancement is one of the main research area in
thermal engineering domain in which different methods to enhance
the heat transfer are studied tested and analyzed. These methods
are classified into three categories-

 Active methods
 Passive methods
 Compound methods

Active methods are those which requires power supply for operation
while passive methods are those who does not require any external
power supply for the operation. Examples of active methods are
mechanical aids, jet impingement, surface vibration etc. Examples of
passive methods are extended surfaces, rough surfaces, swirl flow
devices etc. Compound methods are combination of active and
passive methods. Examples of compound methods are combination of
nanofluid and inserts etc. An effort has been made in this project to
carry out an extensive literature review of various heat transfer
enhancement methods.

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Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Objectives of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CHAPTER 2 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
.
CHAPTER 3 Heat transfer enhancement methods . . . . . . . . . 8
CHAPTER 4 Active methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1 Electro hydrodynamics (EHD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.1 Single steady impingement jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.2 Multiple steady impingement jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2.3 Unsteady jet heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Fluid vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Surface vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Mechanical aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.6 Spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.7 Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.8 Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.9 Induced flow stabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.10 Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CHAPTER 5 Passive methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1 Extended surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Treated surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3 Rough surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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 5.4 Swirl flow devices.......................................................................................30
5.5 Twisted tapes.........................................................................................31
5.6 Displaced enhanced devices.................................................................33
5.7 Coiled tubes...........................................................................................34
5.8 Additives for liquids and gases...........................................................35
5.9 Nanofluids.....................................................................................................35
CHAPTER 6 Compound Methods..............................................38
6.1 Helical-ribbed tube with double twisted tape inserts.........................38
6.2 Ribbed tube with twin twisted tape....................................................39
6.3 Combination of nanofluids and wire coil inserts................................41
6.4 Combination of nanofluids and twisted tape inserts..........................41
6.5 Combination of nanofluids and baffles................................................45
CHAPTER 7 Concluion...........................................................49
CHAPTER 8 Future Scope.........................................................52
REFERENCES................................................................................53
List of Tables

3.1 Classification of different active and passive methods.........................9

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List of Figures

1.1 Ceramic heat exchanger..........................................................................4

4.1 Equation..................................................................................................11
4.2 Effects of applied voltage on heat transfer coefficient and pressure
drop at mass flux of 83.4 kg/(m2s), heat flux of 10.2 kW/m2 and
inlet quality of 66 percent. (a) overall heat transfer coefficient,
(b) overall pressure drop.......................................................................13
4.3 Turbulence generation at the heating wall..........................................15
4.4 Schema of the various flow zones in an impinging jet .....................15
4.5 Radial variation of local Nusselt number for D =10.9mm . 17 4.6
Multiple jet impingement system..........................................................18
4.7 Structure of spinning disc heat transfer surface. A 0.5m di-
ameter disc with delta T 20K will transfer 39kW, thanks to
patented double spiral disc design, copper construction (with
chrome plating for corrosion resistance) .............................................22

5.1 Enhanced surfaces for gases - Offset strip fins used in plate-fin
heat exchanger.......................................................................................24
5.2 Enhanced surfaces for gases - Steel serrated fins welded to steel
tube ...............................................................................................................24
5.3 Tubes with circumferential and strip fins on their outer surface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.4 An example of a tube filled with metal foam, tested at Brunel
university ...............................................................................................26
5.5 Typical integral externally finned tubes...............................................27
5.6 Illustration of cross section of porous boiling surface..........................28
5.7 An example of the surface topography possible using Surfi -
Sculpt, the process developed at TWI................................................28
5.8 Tubes with rough surfaces made up of structured two-dimensional
helical ribs and knurled three-dimensional diamond-shaped dim-
ples.................................................................................................................29
5.9 Helical rib roughness tube....................................................................30

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5.10 Geometrical descriptions of structured ribbed roughness and their
profile shapes.........................................................................................31
5.11 Use of twisted-tape inserts in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger, and schematic representation of the geometric features
a typical twist tape................................................................................31
5.12 Twisted tape..........................................................................................32
5.13 Geometrical parameters of perforated helical twisted tape................33
5.14 Geometries of V-cut twisted tapes.......................................................33
5.15 Rectangular cut twisted tape inserts....................................................34
5.16 Twisted tapes with baffles ...................................................................34
5.17 A typical looped wire mesh insert for tubular exchangers and
mixers used in the chemical process industry.....................................34
5.18 Schematic representation of curved and coiled tubes and their
geometric attributes................................................................................35

6.1 Double twisted tapes and helically-ribbed tube with double

twisted tape insert 39
6.2 Variation of Reynolds number with Nusselt number..........................40
6.3 Twisted tape with alternated axis ......................................................42
6.4 Helical screw tape inserts .........................................................................43
6.5 Microfin pipe enhanced with single and dual twisted tapes . 44
6.6 Microfin pipe enhanced with single and dual twisted tapes . 44
6.7 Nanoparticle concentration contours between the sixth and sev-
enth baffles at Re = 400, dp = 10nm, andφ = 4%....................................45
6.8 Schematic of double pipe heat exchanger equipped with helical
baffles ....................................................................................................47
Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

HE Heat Exchanger
EHD Electro Hydrodynamics
P-HTTs Perforated Helical Twisted