CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Every person has its own personality and
characteristic trait. He adopts the condition of his environment
in which he lives. He cannot live alone by himself. All his
activity may reach a point that will germinate some situation and
circumstances within the society, community, family, friends and
himself.
Delinquency refers to a behaviour, especially of a young
people, that is illegal or not acceptable to most people.
Parents means an individual who has established a parent-
child relationship. Defined also as the legal or biological
parents of a child, inclusive of a putative father.
Parenting styles are the manner in which parents rear their
children. Parenting is a complex activity that includes many
specific behaviors that work individually and together to
influence child outcomes. Although specific parenting behaviors,
such as spanking or reading aloud, may influence child
development, looking at any specific behavior in isolation may be
misleading. Many writers have noted that specific parenting
practices are less important in predicting child well-being than
is the broad pattern of parenting. Most researchers who attempt
to describe this broad parental milieu rely on Diana Baumrind's
concept of parenting style. The construct of parenting style is
used to capture normal variations in parents' attempts to control
and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Two points are
critical in understanding this definition. First, parenting style
is meant to describe normal variations in parenting. In other
words, the parenting style typology Baumrind developed should not
be understood to include deviant parenting, such as might be
observed in abusive or neglectful homes. Second, Baumrind assumes
that normal parenting revolves around issues of control. Although
parents may differ in how they try to control or socialize their
children and the extent to which they do so, it is assumed that
the primary role of all parents is to influence, teach, and
control their children.
Parenting style captures two important elements of
parenting: parental responsiveness and parental demandingness
(Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Parental responsiveness (also referred
to as parental warmth or supportiveness) refers to the extent to
which parents intentionally foster individuality, self-
regulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive, and
acquiescent to children's special needs and demands (Baumrind,
1991). Parental demandingness (also referred to as behavioral
control) refers to the claims parents make on children to become
integrated into the family whole, by their maturity demands,
supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the
child who disobeys (Baumrind, 1991).
These are some influencing factors which force a
child to be a delinquent. Some of these factors are the home, bad
neighbour and broken family. The home is the major factors that
influence a child. This is where the child molded. In fact, the
kind of conscience that a child develops depends largely with the
kind of parents and family he was raised. This is where the child
is being taught and shown love, attention, guidance, security and
all other essential thing. And whatever character traits are
being shown by a child outside the house portrays the kind of
home he came from. Thus, children considered as the mirror of the
family.
The bad neighbour is considered as an influencing
factor. Because it is the place where the child grew up, an area
where the dwelling is unsanitary and unhealthy. It can damage the
morale, health and the threat safety of populace. Bad
neighbourhood is characterized by overcrowded population and
houses. This is the kind of neighbourhood where bad activities
can be seen.
The last influences factor is broken home. Broken
home is the product of separated parents due to death of the
other or just physically absent because of work or lack of
interest on the part of the parents. Broken home could trigger
juvenile delinquency and criminality. Most delinquent person are
ill-advised, if not misguided.
Therefore, determining the causes of delinquency
would be essential to help solve the problem.
Parents have a world of influence over their children and
basically mold and shape their children into adults. The
discipline style they use has a great impact. Diana Baumrind
(1971) defined three parenting styles based on Earl Schaefer's
(1959) concepts of parental demandingness and responsiveness.
Parental demandingness is the degree to which parents set
guidelines for their children, and how they discipline based on
these guidelines. Parental responsiveness is the emotional aspect
of parenting. Responsiveness refers to the degree to which
parents attend to their children's needs and support their
children. With these concepts in mind, Baumrind identified three
styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.
Authoritative parenting is high in both demandingness and
responsiveness (Baumrind, 1971). Thus, the parents monitor and
discipline their children fairly, while being very supportive at
the same time. This is generally considered the best environment
in which to rear children. Authoritarian parents are high in
demandingness and low in responsiveness (Baumrind, 1971).
Authoritarian parents are often strict and in some families,
unfair in punishing their children. They are often described as
"cold" and unemotional. Depending on cultural context, rigid
discipline can be harmful to a child as he or she is maturing.
The third style, permissive parenting, is low in demandingness
and high in responsiveness (Baumrind, 1971). Permissive parents
do not impose rules on their children; their children can do what
they want when they want. Permissive parents can either be
supportive (indulgent) or not care about their children
(neglectful). This style of parenting can also be harmful to a
developing child.
 With the above premises and variables the researchers and
motivated to conduct this study in light correlating the
parenting style and its impact to delinquency.

Statement of the Problem:

1. What is the parenting styles of the parents among junior and
senior high school in Roxas City as evaluated by the respondents?
2. What is the level of juvenile delinquency among junior and senior
high school in Roxas City.
3. Is there significant relationship between parenting styles in
terms of permissive, authoritative and authoritarian parenting
style to level juvenile delinquency among junior and senior high
school in Roxas City?

Hypothesis of the Study:

1. There is no significant relationship between parenting styles in
terms of permissive, authoritative and authoritarian parenting
style to level juvenile delinquency among junior and senior high
school in Roxas City?

Scope and limitation of the study:

 The study was limited finding out the impact of parenting style
to delinquency.
 The instrument used in the study was a survey question. The
respondent were (100) delinquent children in selected school in
Roxas City. This study used a correlational – descriptive
research design.

Theoretical Framework
Social Learning theory is also a major theory that implies
criminal behaviour is learned through close relations with others, it
asserts that children are both good but learned to be bad. This theory
states that all people have potential to become a criminals because
the modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity
but one has the choice to not engage. If a child is raised in a clean
community that has strong morals and if that child is positive role
models at home and in community, he or she is more likely to grow up
achieving her goals. Opposing that scenario, when you have a child
growing in a poor neighbourhood when he or she surrounded by gangs,
drugs and violence everyday, It is very likely that this child will
grow up committing crime.
There is not set answer on why our youth turn to criminal
behaviour, but there are plenty of biological, sociological and
psychological theories that can help acquire reasoning’s and knowledge
to better understand our juveniles. Once these theories have been
carefully analysed, applying them to our juvenile in a case by case
scenario can help them and keep our children from choosing a life of
criminal behaviour.

Research Paradigm
 Dependent Variables Independent Variables

Parenting Style

 Permissive
 Authoritative
Level of Juvenile
 Authoritarian Delinquency
among junior
and senior high
school in Roxas
City.

Conceptual Framework:
The schematic diagram shows the independent variable which
include age, sex, educational attainment. The dependent variables were
the impact of parenting styles to delinquency.
Significance of the study:
Results of this study are provide valuable information to
the youth, parents and guardians, barangay officials, teachers and
future researchers.
Youth - Results of this study can enable them to acquire
information to find out about the kind of behaviour they have and to
develop positive attitude as a Law abiding citizen in our society.
Parents and Guardians - Results of this study can benefit
parents or guardians to our God fearing and morally upright children.
The Barangay Officials – Data obtained from this study
can serve as baseline information about the Parenting styles and its
impact to delinquency and will provide helpful programs and activities
that will divert the attention of the parents to become productive and
effective guardian.
Teachers – Knowledge of the result of this study will
keep the teachers updated with information about the behaviour or
problems suffered of how they treat by their parents and able to
strengthened and emphasize proper, right values integration in their
respective subjects.
Future Researchers – Results of this study can benefit
to those future researcher to find out information about the study
entitled parenting styles and its impact to delinquency.

Definition of Terms:
 For a better understanding of the important terms used in
this study, the following are defined both conceptually and
operationally.
Delinquency It refers to the criminal or anti-social
behaviour of juveniles: anti-social or illegal behaviour or acts,
especially by young people.
In this study, refers to the anti-social behaviour of
juveniles.
Parenting Styles Is a psychological construct representing
standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing.
Impact refers to an action of one object coming forcibly into
contact with another or have a strong effect on someone or something.