Sample Quanti Teenagers Exposure To Parenting Style and Mental Health Restrivera Et Al. 2019 1

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna – JONELTA
Basic Education Department - Senior High School

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
A person’s well-being is complex and complicated in different ways. The one
with the biggest contribution and the most significant part in influencing and developing
every aspect of a person’s well-being is the type of parenting that an individual receives
from their parents. Parenting comes in different styles which can either have a positive or
negative effect on the person’s well-being. Different parenting styles may be harmful not
only to the person’s mental health but also the emotional, social and psychological well-
being of a person for every part of it are interrelated with each other (Bianca & Rachel,
2013).
Different parenting styles can result in different outcomes that can affect the well-
being of an individual. These can lead to the misbehaving of the child or difficulties in
social interacting with another person. Another factor that is affected by the different
parenting styles is the academic performance of the child. The child could lose interest in
their studies and become a bully or a rebel because of the lack of motivation that a child
receives from their parents (Gross, 2016). The everyday interaction between the parents
and the child contributes to the development and changes in the social, physical,
emotional and cognitive aspects.
Mental health is one of the factors affected by different parenting styles. Mental
health is the state of well-being wherein the individual recognizes his or her own
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capabilities, can handle the normal stresses of life, can work effectively and efficiently,
and is able to take part to his or her community (World Health Organization, 2017). The
person’s cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being pertains to the mental health of
the person. Mental health also has an impact on a person’s physical health. Mental health
influences a person’s ability to enjoy life, to maintain a relationship with others, to obtain
balance in life activities, and to reach psychological resilience (Medilexicon, 2017).
Since 2001, the Philippines already has the National Mental Health Policy that
addresses the major issues of mental health in the country. About one out of five Filipinos
are affected by major mental health disorder. Among the high school students with ages
ranging from 13-15 years old, 17% of the high school students have tried to commit
suicide, 10% of the high school students have planned to commit suicide, and 15% of the
high school students committed suicide (Gonzales & Reyes, 2017).
An example of an environmental factor that influences a teenagers’ mental health
is their household. Treatment at home and parenting style affects the mental health of
teenagers. Different parenting styles perceive the normal variations of the management
and socialization of parents towards their children. Parenting styles can affect an
adolescent’s academic performance, self-esteem, social skills and levels of depression.
Parents who punish their child without reason and demand strict obedience exhibit
authoritarian style. Parents who do not set rules and boundaries and lacks control over the
child’s behavior display permissive style. Parents who are approachable and responsive,
set rules and limitations, and give the child a suitable consequence express authoritative
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style. Lastly, parents who are distant from their child, and lack attention indicate
uninvolved style (Baumrind, 1991).
Over-involved parenting is not good for kids because it might affect their
emotional, mental, and physical development (Allen, 2013). According to Anxiety
Organization (2013), teenagers are more depressed when parents control them but feel
better when their parents give them freedom. Parents who are not aware of how they will
handle and tend to their child’s mental health can cause different mental health disorders
(Lengua, 2015). One out of eight children is suffering from an anxiety disorder that if left
unattended can lead to academic and social problems (Anxiety Disorders Association of
America, 2013).
Recognizing different parenting styles and how it could affect the mental health of
the youth in the society, the researchers aimed to determine the ideal type of parenting
style that is appropriate and helpful to the development of the child’s well-being. In
addition, this study is a possible starting point for the awareness of parents to the effects
of different parenting styles to the child’s mental health.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
This study was anchored on the Pillar Theory proposed by Diana Baumrind
(1991) which explains the relationship between different parenting styles and the mental
health of teenagers. The effects of different parenting styles explain how responsive and
demanding a parent can be towards a teenager. The emotional, social, and psychological
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functioning is established based on how authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and
uninvolved parents raise a teenager.
According to Diana Baumrind (1991), different parenting styles have different
effects on the child's well-being. There are four types of parenting styles namely
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. An authoritarian parent demands
and inflicts strict rules which result in the child’s inability to deal with challenges and
low self-esteem. An authoritative parent implements rules with appropriate reasons and
suitable consequences that result in the stable emotional well-being of a child. A
permissive parent is lenient, tolerant and lacks guidance that results in depression and
impulsive behaviors of a child. Lastly, an uninvolved parent is negligent, uncaring, and
thoughtless to the child that results in worst outcomes.
Figure 1. Model of Theoretical Framework
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Figure 1 shows the relationship between different parenting styles and the mental
health of teenagers. According to Diana Baumrind (1991), each parenting style
corresponds to a certain mental health issue that can possibly occur during the developing
years. Likewise, each parenting style has an associated outcome when a specific
parenting style is done. Based on figure 1, authoritative parenting style has high
responsiveness and high demandingness which can be seen in parents who are warm,
supportive, and responsive in nature. Authoritative parents have clear and definite rules,
high expectation, and values independence. This type of parenting style helps the child
attain higher academic performance, increased self-esteem, better social skills, less
mental illness and lower delinquency. Whereas the authoritarian parenting style has the
low responsiveness and high demandingness which can be distinguished when the
parents are responsive, has strict rules, has high expectation, and expects blind obedience.
This type of parenting style can induce a possible outcome in which the child has lower
academic performance, less self-esteem, inadequate social skills, mental illness, drug and
alcohol abuse, and delinquency. As for the permissive parenting style which has high
responsiveness and low demandingness that is perceived when the parents are warm and
responsive, implements few or no rules, and show indulgence and leniency. This type of
parenting style can result in impulsive behavior, egocentric, poor social skills, and a
problematic relationship. Lastly, an uninvolved parenting style has low responsiveness
and low demandingness which is seen in parents who are cold and unresponsive, lack
concern and rules, and show indifference toward the child. This type of parenting style
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results in impulsive behavior, delinquency, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and suicidal
tendency of the child.
Operational Framework
This study was anchored on the Pillar Theory proposed by Diana Baumrind
(1991) which expounds the relationship between the four parenting styles and the mental
health of teenagers. Different parenting styles affect the mental health of teenagers. The
four parenting styles show how responsive and demanding a parent can be towards a
teenager. The emotional, social and psychological well-being depends on how
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved parents raise a teenager.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Parenting Styles: Mental Health:

• Authoritarian • Self-esteem
• Authoritative • Emotional well-being
• Permissive • Social well-being
• Uninvolved • Psychological well-being
Intervening Variable
Respondent’s Profile:
• Age
• Gender
• Daily Allowance
• General Weighted Average (GWA)
• Birth order
Figure 2. Operational model showing the relationship among variables
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Figure 2 shows the operational model showing the relationship among variables.
First, the independent variable which is the different parenting styles was classified in
terms of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Next, the dependent
variable which is mental health was described in terms of self-esteem, emotional well-
being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Then, the intervening variable
which is the respondents’ profile was described in terms of age, gender, daily allowance,
general weighted average, and birth order. Lastly, the researchers determined the
relationship between the independent and dependent variable and as well as the
relationship between the dependent and independent variable to the intervening variable.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to describe the teenagers’ exposure to parenting style and
mental health. Specifically, it answered the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. age;
1.2. gender;
1.3. daily allowance;
1.4. General Weighted Average (GWA) of 1st semester of A.Y. 2018-2019;
and,
1.5. birth order?
2. What parenting style are the respondents exposed to in terms of:
2.1. authoritarian;
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2.2. authoritative;
2.3. permissive; and,
2.4. uninvolved?
3. How can the respondents’ mental health be described?
3.1. self-esteem;
3.2. emotional well-being;
3.3. social well-being; and,
3.4. psychological well-being?
4. Is there a significant difference in the parenting styles the respondents are
exposed to when grouped according to their profile variables?
5. Is there a significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when
grouped according to their profile variable?
6. How significant is the relationship between the parenting style the respondents
are exposed to and their mental health?
Hypothesis of the Study
To answer the main problem, the researcher tested the following null hypotheses
at 0.05 level of significance:
H0 = There is no significant difference among the parenting styles in which the
respondents are exposed to when grouped according to profile variables.
H0 = There is no significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when
grouped according to their profile variables.

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H0 = There is no significant relationship between the parenting styles the
respondents are exposed to and the respondents’ mental health.
Assumption of the Study
The researchers based this study on the following assumptions:
1. Different parenting styles have positive and negative effects on a teenager’s
mental health.
2. Parents have a significant role in the development of their child's mental
health.
3. The respondents will answer the survey questionnaire with all honesty.
Scope and Delimitation
This study focused on how different parenting style can affect a teenager’s mental
health. The profile of the respondents includes the age, gender, daily allowance, General
Weighted Average (GWA) of 1st semester of A.Y. 2018-2019, and birth order. How
different parenting styles influence an adolescent’s mental health was described in terms
of self-esteem, emotional, social, and psychological well-being.
The respondents of this study consisted of 348 Senior High School students
enrolled in the University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA during the
Academic Year 2018-2019.
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Significance of the Study
This study aimed to assess the ideal type of parenting style to teenagers that could
affect their mental health. Having this kind of information is beneficial to the teenagers,
students, parents, teachers, guidance counselors, researchers, and future researchers and
other interested individuals for this can serve as a basis and source of information. The
findings of this study could be of great significance to the following:
This study can be of great help to teenagers, for it can provide the awareness and
knowledge about the different factors that could affect their mental health during their
younger days. Under other conditions, they can understand the reason behind each
parenting style that their parents are currently practicing.
This study can help students to understand and have deeper realization regarding
the parenting style of their parents. Through this study, the students will know how their
academic performance will be affected by the type of parenting style of their parents.
Also, the communication and relationship between the parents and the child can be
strengthened and have a better and stronger foundation.
The study could be immensely beneficial to parents, for it can provide them with
better understanding and information on which parenting style is best. An acceptable and
appropriate parenting style can help a child to have a healthy mental state that will result
in productivity and efficiency.
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The study can serve as a guideline to teachers on how they can treat their
students better. Considering that students deal with different personal issues in life that
requires appropriate and better understanding from the people around them, this study
will help them to deal with this kind of situations.
Guidance counselors may also benefit from this study since they are in charge of
the students’ welfare inside the school. The result of this study can be the basis of each
guidance counselor to better understand and sympathize with their students’ mental
health issues depending on the parenting style of the parents.
This study provided the researchers with data and information that is beneficial
to the study. The results of the data gathered helped in the fulfillment of the study. This
also gave a better understanding and learning about the effects of different parenting
styles on the mental health of teenagers.
The findings of this study will provide future researchers with information that
will further enhance a study related to this topic. This study would serve as a guideline
that can provide an overview of the topic. Moreover, the data and results can strengthen
the validity of the facts and standing of their study.
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in this study are defined conceptually and operationally:
Effects are brought about by a cause or an agent. This refers to the possible outcomes of
each parenting style that contributes to the mental health of teenagers.
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Parenting or child-rearing refers to the process of encouraging and assisting the child in
the development of the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual aspects. Parenting can
be identified as authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved depending on
how they treat their children.
Style refers to the way of speaking, doing, expressing and performing. Style refers to the
way parents interact and communicate with their child.
Parenting Style is used to determine the normal variations in the parents attempt to
control and socialize with their child. Parenting style is the independent variable of the
study.
Teenager refers to a person who falls between the ages of 13-19 years old. The teenagers
will serve as the respondents of the study.
Mental Health refers to how an individual thinks, feels, and behaves. Mental health was
defined in terms of self-esteem, emotional, social and psychological well-being of the
respondents.
Teenager’s Mental Health is described as the way of thinking, feeling, and behaving of
a person from the ages 13 to 19. Teenager’s mental health is the dependent variable of the
study.
Authoritarian Parents strictly exercise discipline and punishment to control their child’s
behavior. Parents are authoritarian if they are warm and responsive, have clear rules and
high expectations, supportive, and value independence.
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Authoritative Parents expect high academic achievements and early maturity, but they
express warmth and responsiveness. Parents are authoritative if they are unresponsive,
have strict rules and high expectations, and expect blind obedience.
Permissive Parents are loving and caring but enforcing rules is unlikely for them.
Parents are permissive if they have few or no rules, warm, responsive, indulgent, and
lenient.
Uninvolved Parents are emotionally distant from their child, and they do not establish
definite rules and expectations. Parents are uninvolved if they are cold and unresponsive,
no rules, uninvolved, and indifferent.
Age refers to the period of time the person has lived, or a thing has existed. The age of
the respondents was needed to determine if they belong to the specific age group.
Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as
norms, roles, and relationships between groups of women and men. The gender of the
respondents was needed to determine if gender affects the type of parenting style of
parents.
Daily Allowance refers to the amount of money that a person receives every day. The
daily allowance given to the respondents was needed to know if their daily allowance
depends on what type of parenting style is applied.
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Birth Order refers to the biological order of birth among siblings in the family. The birth
order of the respondents was needed to identify if there is a difference in how the
parenting style is applied to every child.
General Weighted Average is the evaluation of the student’s overall academic
performance at a particular level including the subjects taken excluded from the
curriculum. The General Weighted Average (GWA) of the respondents is needed to
determine how each parenting style affects the respondents’ academic performance.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter reviews the related literature which substantiated and supported the
details of this comprehensive study. It also provided a synthesis of the reviewed related
literature and a discussion of the gaps bridged by this research.
State of the Art
The researcher presented both local and foreign literature and studies to provide a
comprehensive background of the problem under study. Concepts, findings, theories, and
notions from scholarly researches and articles presented was fortified, negated, or
improved by the additional knowledge that this study provided.
The Development of a Teenager’s Mental Health
During the adolescence stage, different types of stresses, constant pressure to
attain academic success, open communication with the family, and difficult situations
make it hard and complicated for a teenager to live life to the fullest. According to the
National Institute of Mental Health (2015), worrying about these kinds of challenges is
normal, and teenagers cannot avoid these kinds of pressures, but these could lead to the
development of mental health issues.
Mental health is the most significant of aspect of health of the child, teenager, and
adult. Some adults are suffering from a mental health issue that was not addressed during
their childhood. It is a must to tend and treat a child who exhibits any symptom of a
mental health issue to avoid complications as they grow up. An early treatment is advised
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to help prevent different mental health issues. Mental health disorders are a group of
illnesses that can affect a teenager’s mood and actions. According to Girls Health
Government (2011), mental health disorders can affect the child’s ability to focus.
Understanding more about one’s mental health condition and the proper way of taking
care of it can help in preventing any complications in the future.
Hormonal and physical changes that occur during puberty stage has an impact in a
teenager’s mood. However, when different types of mental health illness are involved, it
will be difficult to distinguish if it is still normal or it is already a symptom of depression,
anxiety, or other emotional problems. Teenagers get mad easily when they are separated
from those people who understand them. According to Byrne (2008), the process of
separation begins in the early adolescent stage. The child begins to feel embarrassed
whenever they are spending time with their parents. They rather spend time with their
friends than their family. Separation is normal to a teenager in order for them to be
independent.
Age of Teenagers with Relation to their Mental Health and Applied Parenting Style
As stated by Byrne (2018), teenagers are usually temperamental because they are
undergoing puberty stage which causes their hormonal change and physical change. The
adolescence stage is the point wherein the teenager experiences new things and opens up
new opportunities. Not having a good relationship with others, not excelling in school,
and not having the appropriate style of clothing for attending school cause teenagers to be
upset. Teenagers are likely to be oversensitive and self-conscious. This is because they
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are yet to develop their ability to cope up with these problems. It is noticeable that some
of them encounter episodes of being upset, frustrated and overwhelmed. The mentioned
episodes should not last long; if these feelings last longer, the teenager might be
experiencing mental health issues.
According to the Mental Health Foundation (2008), based on the conducted
survey, adolescents who experience mental health problems reached up to 20% in any
given year. Up to 50% of mental health problems occurred by the age of 14, and 75 % by
the age of 24. Children and teenagers whose ages range from 5-16 years old have been
diagnosed with a mental health problem, and about 70% of them were not given the
immediate response during the early stage.
According to Pickhardt (2010), it was observed that children from the ages of 9 to
13 develop a sense of independence and no longer relies on their parents’ commands.
When a child enters the stage of adolescence, it is difficult for the parents to exercise
compliance and cooperation which results in the loss of authority and control over their
child.
New Survey Highlights Mental Health Gender Differences
The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) released its 2014 findings and
was compared to the results in the last survey which was in 2007. It was noticeable that
the rates have degenerated over time. It was observed that this degeneration was mainly
among women. It was discovered that there was an increase in the population of women
with symptoms of common mental illnesses in 2000. There were noticeably higher rates
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of common mental health problems found in female adolescents than the male
adolescents in the 2014 survey. These symptoms were three times more common in 2014
with 26.0% in women and 9.1% in men, than it was in 1993 with 19.2% in women and
8.4% in men. The survey showed that almost 25% of young female adolescents have tried
to harm themselves. It is relevant to prevent these common mental health problems of
female adolescents so that in the 2021 APMS, there will be changes in the results.
Effects of Parenting Style on the Mental Health of Female Adolescents
Child-rearing greatly affects the child’s behavior. A disoriented parenting style
can lead to the increase of stress and anxiety levels at home that affects the relationship
between the parents and their child. Jahan and Suri (2016), sought the relationship
between different parenting styles with the female adolescent’s mental health. They
discovered that there is an existing positive relationship between indifferent, abusive, and
over-controlling parenting of the mother with stress, anxiety, and depression. According
to Meredith Stephens (2009), significant differences existed in the type of parenting style
with regards to their gender. It was observed that fathers are more overprotective to their
daughters compared to their sons.
Childhood Poverty Linked with Worse Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood
The U.S. Census Bureau states that one out of four children residing in the United
States is more exposed to poverty. Psychological scientists Evans and Cassells set out to
find the correlation of children’s exposure to poverty to the development of their mental
health when they enter the adolescent stage. Data gathered from 200 participants showed
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that those who experienced poverty during their childhood years have worse mental
health than those who did not. It was discovered that the long-term linkage between
poverty and mental health are caused by the accumulation of exposures to psychosocial
and physical risk factors. The researchers state that the progression of these
accumulations is caused by the incapability of children and their families to adapt to
circumstances as they battle poverty. According to Evans and Cassells (2013), persistent
research will lead to better understanding and can help lighten the weight of families
living in poverty.
Socioeconomic Factors can Influence the Type of Parenting Style of the Parents
Dr. Fabrizio Zilibotti and co-author Dr. Matthias Doepke stated in their study that
economic factors affect child-rearing. The type of parenting style used by parents,
changes as the economy develops. According to Zilibotti and Doepke (2017), altruism
and paternalism are used as a basis of the parents in raising their children. These will lead
to the three types of parenting styles namely permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian
parenting style. Permissive parents give their children freedom. Authoritative parents
influence the personality of their children to coincide with their beliefs of success. And,
authoritarian parents try to control their children’s choices.
The researchers hypothesized that socioeconomic conditions affect how parents
control their children. After comparing the parenting styles of different time periods
around the world, they noticed that the permissive parenting style was more exercised in
the 1960s and 1970s due to economic inequality. It was also discovered that parents are
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strict in countries practicing inequality. While parents are tolerant and open-minded in
countries practicing equality like the Scandinavian countries.
The Relationship between the Mental Health, Parenting Styles and Academic
Achievement among the University Students
Mental health is affected by three main factors namely, stress, anxiety, and
depression. The mental health of an individual helps them to be aware of their true
capability and their ability to handle stress and pressure. The mental health issues of a
student can affect their academic performance. According to Odongo, Aloka, and Raburu
(2016), different parenting styles can predict the student’s academic performance. They
stated that the authoritative parenting style has positive effects on an adolescent’s
academic performance while the authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting
styles have negative effects on an adolescent’s academic performance. If not treated or
given the treatment as soon as possible, these could lead to the worse situation possible.
However, academic performance is not only the factor that is affected by the mental
health but also the student’s daily life. According to the National Institute for Clinical
Excellence (2003), social well-being is related to positive relationships, positive health
outcomes, and good school performances. They also stated that having a high/stable
psychological well-being encompasses resilience, attentiveness and problem-solving
skills.
Depression can ruin the student’s academic performance because it lowers the
chance of learning and attaining new lessons (Zaid et al., 2007). Likewise, anxiety is a
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huge factor to consider, regarding the student’s mental health with relation to the
academic performance. The higher the level of anxiety, the lower the academic
performance of the student. The ability to observe, learn, and remember, is affected by
anxiety because a student that is not able to finish a task can trigger anxiety. According to
Azhar (2002), 25% to 35% of the university students in Malaysia are experiencing stress
because of overloaded student workloads. With this being said, the effects of stress
affects the student’s academic performance.
Mental health issues like depression, stress, and anxiety affect the emotional well-
being of students. Plenty of research findings proved that there is a relationship between
mental health and academic performance. Awareness regarding mental health issues
should be promoted for early diagnosis to prevent any mental health issue.
Relation of Birth Order to the Type of Parenting Style
Parenting style can vary when it comes to the birth order of the child. Being first-
time parents, they do not know how to take care and handle the child. They tend to be
rigid to make the child obey the rules or become too anxious even to small matters that
makes their child feel pressured about pleasing them or doing the right thing. After
becoming second-time parents, they change their way of parenting. They are not too strict
in handling the baby unlike how they were with the first child. They are less anxious and
relaxed because they already have some experience and knowledge in handling the baby
but this lessen their attentiveness to the child (Reuss, 2011).
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The firstborn child is obliged to their parents because their parents have high
expectations. They think that the firstborn is more mature and has more responsibilities to
their family. The firstborn experiences all the pressure coming from the parents.
Whereas, the parents practice tolerance to the younger ones. Parents become permissive
when they give more freedom and opportunity to the child (Tyagi, 2017).
Effects of Authoritarian Parenting Style to the Child
Authoritarian parenting style pertains to parents who lack support and
encouragement and inflicts high psychological control. They tend to control their child by
giving orders and imposing fear on them through threats. Authoritarian parents do not
encourage a give-and-take relationship because they consider themselves as the boss in
any situation.
According to Baumrind (1991), authoritarian parents give orders that the child
should comply with, without asking questions. Moreover, they set rules without
providing an explanation as to why their child should obey them. They control their child
through threats or harsh punishments.
Authoritarian parenting style is different from an authoritative parenting style in
many aspects. Authoritative parents express warmth and control towards the child in a
balanced way. They are highly responsive but less demanding to their child. Whereas,
authoritarian parents are over controlling and avoids showing warmth towards the child.
They are less responsive but highly demanding to their child.
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A child who has authoritarian parents receive high expectation from others. They
usually bully or command the people around them but, they are anxious. They are scared
of being the loser because of the high expectations coming from their parents. There is a
high possibility that in the future, they will become authoritarian parents as well.
Authoritative Parenting Style as the Most Effective Parenting Style for Discipline
Parents often ponder the thought of building a comfortable environment in their
homes and a strong relationship with their children which will support and develop their
children’s capabilities and skills in overcoming challenges. The type of discipline applied
will significantly influence the choice you want to make. There are three customarily
used parenting styles which are the permissive style, aggressive style (authoritarian), and
assertive style (authoritative). The difference between the three parenting style is the
amount and type of discipline that it inflicts to the children. Different viewpoints are
managed based on the arc of a pendulum which is from the most unsteady organization to
the most unyielding. Most families apply the combination of the three strategies having
one method as a dominant. Although there are three commonly used parenting styles,
authoritative parenting style ranked first among other parenting styles. Authoritative
parents are willing to listen and analyze the situation before talking to the child. They
give their children choices. They set limits and give adjustable and flexible rules. Also,
the authoritative parenting style is considered as the most successful among other
parenting styles (Center for Parenting Education, 2019).
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Effects of Authoritative Parents to Mental Health
Authoritative parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than reprimanding,
if their children fail to meet their expectations. According to Baumrind (1991),
authoritative parents supervise and give clear standards to help their child’s development.
As for the disciplinary method, they prefer to support their child rather than punish them.
Cooperation, social responsibility, and self-regulation is something that they want for
their child to develop (Jahan & Suri, 2016). Authoritative parenting style is a better
response to the adolescent’s mental health.
According to Dewar (2017), authoritative parents use positive reinforcement and
reasoning to guide their child. Teenagers who grew up adapting to this type of parenting
style achieves independence, social acceptance, academic success, and respect. They
have lower chances of suffering from depression and anxiety that helps in avoiding the
use of drugs and alcohol. A give-and-take relationship is encouraged by authoritative
parents. They give well-explained rules and appropriate consequences that made it easier
for the child to comply.
Moreover, parents who avoid reprimanding their children for their mistakes help
them to become more resilient problem-solvers (Schmittmann et al., 2006; Van
Duijvenvoorde et al., 2008). It can also help preschoolers in preventing aggression and
reducing problems with other kids (Choe et al., 2013; Yamagata, 2013). Bednar and
Fisher (2003) stated that students who have authoritative parents are more likely to
conclude that their parents would influence their decisions.
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Being Permissive Parents with Relation to Mental Health
Permissive parents tend to be very loving and caring, but provide few guidelines
and rules. They are the type of parents who do not expect mature behavior from their
children and often perceived more as a friend than a parental figure. According to Cherry
(2018), permissive parents rarely give rules to their children. They usually follow the
saying that kids will be kids. They made little or no attempt in disciplining their kids.
Because permissive parents impose few rules, expectations, and demands, children tend
to struggle in controlling themselves. Children raised by permissive parents may result in
low self-esteem, poor social skills, and insecurity due to the lack of boundaries and
guidance.
Because they have parents who do not expect anything from them, these kids do
not know what to strive for in life. Studies have linked permissive parenting to low
academic performance. These kids will find it hard to acquire problem-solving and
decision-making skills. They will have a hard time learning how to deal with their
emotions and struggles when facing stressful situations. Studies suggest that children
raised by permissive parents have a high possibility of engaging in drinking alcohol and
using illegal drugs. Because of the lack of rules and regulations at home, these kids will
not learn the limitations and boundaries of life. This will lead to excessive watching of
television, playing of computer games, and eating of junk foods. In a recent study in
Britain, kids with permissive parents have five times the risk of watching more than four
hours of television per day (Jago et al., 2011).
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Effects of Uninvolved Parenting Style to Their Child
Each parenting style has its own effect to a child. One of these styles is
uninvolved parenting style. It is the way of parenting where parents are not involved in
their child's life. They neglect their child's demands or needs.
The parents’ uncommitted style only extends to their lack of emotional
attachment to their child. They still provide their child’s basic needs - food, clothes, and
shelter. There is also a tendency for some to set a curfew but are hands-off to other
disciplining aspects. For short, uninvolved parents are only parents in form and not in
substance.
Cherry (2018) identified the characteristics of uninvolved parents. Uncommitted
parents are generally characterized as emotionally detached from their children. They do
not imply nor express their support. Since they are preoccupied with their problems, they
lack involvement in their child's life and well-being. Some of these problems are
depression, substance abuse, and hectic and unpleasant work environment. While some
are preoccupied, most are intentionally avoiding their child's need and wants. For that
characteristics, the children who has an uninvolved parents tend to become a provider of
their own. Do not trust anybody or they are scared to be dependent on other people. In
their adolescence stage they are more likely to do crimes or wrong acts. The mental
health of the child also be affected. They tend to have an anxiety because their parents do
not supported them.
26


The absence of the parents’ support leads to a negative impact on the child’s
social skills and academic performance. The child tends to lose courage in performing
well in those areas since his/her parents pay no attention. Also, a child raised by
uninvolved parents has a high tendency to also become an uninvolved parent in the future
because they tend to imitate the style that their parents used on him/her.
The Relationship between the Type of Parenting Style and Self-esteem of Teenagers
Self-esteem is one of the most researched subject having various types of self-
esteem to study. Self-esteem, defined in general terms, is the evaluation of an individual
to his self-worth (Lightfoot & Cole, 2009). This definition includes various types of self-
esteem. According to Noronha et al. (2018), self-esteem is one of the most important
human traits that a person should have. A person with high self-esteem is able to deal and
solve problems effectively, and feel contented about them. Self-esteem can progress in
various ways. Self-esteem is established and changed due to the awareness of an
individual of his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Self-esteem has a vital role in healthy
human development. Abraham Maslow classified self-esteem as a basic human
motivation. The level of self-esteem of a child determines the level of success of the
chosen parenting style. According to Hosogi (2012), the environment where the child was
raised has a contribution to the development of self-esteem. Nurturing and supportive
parenting style helps improve the child’s self-esteem (Yang and Liang, 2008). Likewise,
the self-esteem of the child depends on how the parents treat them, and how they are able
to make their child feel their presence. Authoritative parenting style can help improve and
27


increase the child’s self-esteem by being supportive of their child. On the other hand,
authoritarian parenting style which has low responsiveness and high demandingness can
cause the child’s self-esteem to decrease.
The Positive Impact of Negative Emotions
According to Fehr and Russel (2008), the term 'emotion' is a word that anyone can
identify but is difficult to define. Still, we use this term and appear to understand its
meaning by associating it to our experiences. Psychologists often engage the word 'affect'
as an umbrella term for several positive and negative emotions and feelings that we
usually experience and recognize. Psychology turned its attention to the study of negative
emotions or effects including depression, sadness, anger, stress, and anxiety (Boniwell,
2008). Psychologists find them interesting because they often lead to or indicate the
beginning of psychological disorders. Having positive emotional well-being can broaden
the thought-action repertoires, reverse negative emotions, enhance resiliency, build the
psychological repertoire, and lead to upward development of a person. Moreover, having
positive emotional well-being could lead to a person’s personal growth and development
compared to an individual who has negative emotional well-being. The function of
negative emotions can aid in minimizing distractions in an acute situation. Whereas,
positive emotions are not related to specific actions. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO) (2017), emotional well-being is necessary to our quality of life.
Having a stable/high emotional well-being allows people to experience a meaningful life.
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Effects of Social Well-being to a Person’s Mental Health
Social well-being is defined as the end state in which human needs are met and
people are able to co-exist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement
(United States Institute of peace, 2018). Social well-being is considered as a relevant
dimension of health besides physical and mental aspects (World Health Organization,
2017). Social well-being is an important factor that reveals the functioning and situations
of the society. The social well-being of a person can be determined if the person has a
positive or negative social network that can help in determining their mental condition.
Social well-being does a valuable role in the improvement of the quality of life, social
efficacy, and social performance.
According to Moore (2008), in authoritarian parenting style, social development
is negatively affected for having opinions is immensely discouraged. Whereas, social
development benefits from an authoritative parenting style because communication is
present and children feel more comfortable with situations involving the society. Children
who have permissive parents have higher self-esteem, better social skills and lower levels
of depression. The development of social well-being of children is restricted because
their parents never taught them how to act and communicate with others. Children with
authoritative parents engaged have greater competence in early peer relationships.
Although authoritarian and permissive parenting styles revealed to represent opposite
ends of the parents’ caregiving neither parenting style may result in positive outcomes
29


because both minimize the opportunities of the children to learn to cope with stress
(Bornstein, 2008).
The Psychological Well-being of a Person
Psychological well-being is a term used to know the rate of the happiness,
contentment, and satisfaction with the achievements of a person in life. It is used to
determine the meaning of daily living, events in the present, improvement of the future,
and the purpose of life. According to Henriques (2014), psychological well-being is
measured through the Six Domains of Psychological Well-being or the "Ryff's six" by
Carol Ryff. It is associated with the model of thinking of the optimal psychological
functioning. It is distinguished by the six broad phases that link the optimal psychological
functioning with self-acceptance, positive relations, autonomy, environmental mastery,
purpose in life, and personal growth.
According to Khan, Taghdisi, and Nourijelyani (2015), adolescence is a critical
developmental stage marked by complex transitions which make psychological well-
being important. According to the study, adolescents who have low psychological well-
being experience negative effects on their mental health. Whereas, having higher
psychological well-being results in positive and good outcomes for the individual's well-
being.
30


Influence of Parenting Styles on the Mental Health of Adolescents
The primary factor in maintaining a healthy status is positive mental health.
Positive mental health is important for an individual to be able to manage and deal with
different stresses of life. It is a significant component of the overall health of a person.
Parenting style is defined as the way parents interact and communicate with their
children. Mental health explains the level of the cognitive and emotional well-being of an
individual. It is also referred to as the absence of mental illness (Nesse, 2005). According
to Dwairy and Menshar (2006), parent-child interactions, relationship, and parenting style
can affect a person’s mental health both in a positive and negative way. Authoritative
parenting style minimize mental health disorders but promotes a healthy mental health
(Darling & Steinberg, 1993). According to Bolghan-Abaadi, Kimiaee, and Amir (2011),
senior high school students with authoritative parents have stable mental compared to
those who experienced authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting.
According to Gupta and Mehtani (2015), authoritative parenting style causes
many positive developments in an adolescent’s health. Parenting style influences and
affects the student’s self-efficacy and mental health in many ways (Tozandehjani,
Tavakolizadeh, & Lagzian, 2011). Niaraki and Rahimi (2013) explored the relationship
between self-esteem, mental health, quality of life, and parenting styles of high school
students. They found out that parenting style has no relation to social mental health. In
addition, adolescents with authoritative parents have a higher level of connection with
their family and improved mental health (Dwairy et al., 2006).
31


According to Rohner and Britner (2002), four classes of mental health issues are
possible due to the worldwide parental acceptance-rejection. Moreover, substantial
evidences like unipolar, depression, and depressed effect supported the worldwide
correlations between parental acceptance-rejection and mental health issues. It was
noticed that the type of parenting style of parents influenced behavior problems, conduct
disorder, externalizing behaviors, delinquency, and substance abuse. According to
Bolghan-Abadi, Kimiaee, and Amir (2011), child-rearing influenced the quality of life
and mental health of children. A study conducted on the children of Japan who
experienced authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting style showed a positive
impact on the children’s mental health (Uji et al., 2014). They noticed that both maternal
and paternal authoritarian parenting style worsens the respondents’ mental health,
symptomatic problems, the risk to self, function of life, and psychological well-being.
According to Zare et al. (2014), parenting style and general health of a person has a
positive relationship.
The most important cause of mental health is the failure to recognize the
symptoms at an early stage. The family’s environment contributes to the understanding of
the mental and physical health of an adolescent. According to Taylor and Seeman (2002),
the family’s characteristics and traits associated with a broad array of adverse educational
and social outcomes are responsible for poor health and low self-esteem during adulthood
stage. They lead to diagnosable forms of psychopathology or chronic diseases that cause
disruption and destruction of an adolescent’s life. Those who belong to the age group of
32


10 to 19 are more vulnerable to stress and relationship issues that can also be a reason for
the development of mental health issues.
Late adolescents experience more mental health issue than early adolescents.
According to the United Nations Children's Fund (2011), cigarette smoking and
experimentation with drugs and alcohol are often adopted in the earlier risk-taking phase
and then carried through late adolescence and into adulthood. It is estimated that 1 in 5
adolescents aged 13–15 engage in smoking, and around half of those continue to smoke
for at least 15 more years. The flip side of the explosive brain development that occurred
during the adolescence stage can be seriously and permanently impaired by the excessive
use of drugs and alcohol. Late female adolescents are at greater risk of negative health
outcomes compared to male for it is often magnified by gender-based discrimination and
abuse. This vulnerability origin and derive in the profound anxieties over body image that
is fueled by cultural and media stereotypes of feminine beauty.
Mental health is one of the most important parameters in maintaining a good and
healthy status. It is very important for parents to understand the importance of using
positive parenting styles. It is also important to avoid harsh treatment to their children
during the adolescent stage for this is a crucial stage. This is the stage wherein an
adolescent starts to explore and establish their self-identity.
33


The Pillar Theory with Relation to the Effects of Parenting Style to Teenagers'
Mental Health
According to Diana Baumrind (1991), different parenting styles have different
effects on a child's well-being. There are four types of parenting styles namely
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. An authoritarian parent is more
demanding and inflicts strict rules that result in a child’s inability to face challenges and
having low self-esteem. An authoritative parent implements rules with appropriate
reasons and consequences that result in a better emotional well-being of the child. A
permissive parent is lenient, tolerant and lacks guidance that results in depression and
impulsive behaviors of a child. Lastly, an uninvolved parent is neglectful and lacks
concern to the child that results in worst outcomes.
This study will be anchored on the Pillar Theory proposed by Diana Baumrind
(1991) which explains the relationship between different parenting styles and the mental
health of teenagers. The effects of different parenting styles explain how responsive and
demanding a parent can be towards a teenager. The emotional, social, and psychological
functioning is established based on how authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and
uninvolved parents raise a teenager.
The Pillar Theory will be used in the study to identify which parenting style is
more appropriate to use by the parents to avoid their children from having any mental
health issue. According to Diana Baumrind (1991), each parenting style corresponds to a
34


certain mental health issue that can possibly occur during the developing years. Likewise,
each parenting style has an associated outcome when a specific parenting style is done.
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature
The aforementioned related literature and studies which have been
conscientiously organized and presented directed the researchers in conceptualizing the
study. Initially, the rationale for conducting the study was heightened by the notions of
Byrne (2008), National Institute of Mental Health (2015) and Girls Health Government
(2011) that explained the development of a teenager’s mental health.
The relationship between the age of teenagers and their mental health was stated
by Byrne (2018) and Pickhardt (2010). The Mental Health Foundation (2008) conducted
a survey about adolescents who experience mental health issues.
The relationship between gender differences and mental health was explained by
the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) (2014), which stated that women are
more prone to having mental illness than men. Also, the relationship between different
parenting styles with the female adolescent’s mental health was stated by Azmat Jahan
and Sushma Suri (2016) and Meredith Stephens (2009).
The research of Gary Evans and Rochelle Cassells (2013) explained the
relationship between the socioeconomic statuses of families with the development of the
mental health of adolescents. This was supported by the research of Dr. Fabrizio Zilibotti
35


and Dr. Matthias Doepke that explain the influence of socioeconomic factors on the type
of parenting style of the parents.
The studies of Zaid et al. (2007) and Azhar (2002), Odongo, Aloka, and Raburu
(2016), and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) stated that the mental
health of students affects their academic performance. Another factor that affects the
parenting style of parents is the birth order. The relationship between the birth order of an
adolescent and the type of parenting style is explained in the studies of Reuss (2011) and
Tyagi (2017).
The effects of different parenting styles to teenagers’ mental health were
explained with the reference to the studies of Nesse (2005), Dwairy and Menshar (2006),
Darling and Steinberg (1993), Bolghan-Abaadi, Kimiaee, and Amir (2011), Gupta and
Mehtani (2015), Tozandehjani, Tavakolizadeh, and Lagzian (2011), Niaraki and Rahimi
(2013), Rohner and Britner (2002), Uji et al. (2014), Zare et al. (2014), Taylor and
Seeman (2002), and United Nations Children's Fund (2011).
There are different factors affected by the parenting style of the parents namely
self-esteem, emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. The
relationship between different parenting styles with the child’s self-esteem was explained
with reference to the studies of Lightfoot and Cole (2009), Noronha et al. (2018), Hosogi
(2012), and Yang and Liang (2008). The emotional well-being of teenagers was defined
in the study of Fehr and Russel (2008), Boniwell (2008), and World Health Organization
(2017). The effects of parenting style on the social well-being of a person were explained
36


in with reference to the studies of the United States Institute of peace (2018), World
Health Organization (2017), Moore (2008), and Bornstein (2008). In the study of
Henriques (2014), the six domains of the psychological well-being of a person were
discovered by Carol Ryff. The effects of parenting to the psychological well-being of a
person was determined with reference to the study of Khan, Taghdisi, and Nourijelyani
(2015).
The possible outcomes of different parenting styles on the child’s mental health
were explained in the Pillar theory of Diana Baumrind (1991). The effects of
authoritarian parenting style were identified through the study of Baumrind (1991).
Authoritative parenting style as the most effective parenting style for discipline was
explained with reference to the study of the Center for Parenting Education (2019). The
effects of authoritative parenting style were explained with reference to the studies of
Jahan and Suri (2016), Dewar (2017), Schmittmann et al. (2006), Van Duijvenvoorde et
al. (2008), Choe et al. (2013), Yamagata (2013), and Bednar and Fisher (2003). The
effects of permissive parenting style were given an explanation through the study of
Cherry (2018) and Jago et al. (2011). The effects of uninvolved parenting style were
explained through the study of Cherry (2018).
Gaps Bridged by the Present Study
After a thorough review of the related literature and studies, it was observed that
the effects of parenting style on the teenagers’ mental health had been a subject of
numerous research for decades. Most of the studies conducted focused mainly on the
37


different types of parenting style that the mother or father introduced to their child. There
is a dearth in the literature on studies conducted on the ideal type of parenting style to be
introduced to different types of teenagers. To address the existing gap, fill in blind spots,
and provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon, the researchers focused on
both the different types of parenting style and the effects it has on the teenagers’ mental
health based on the different factors affected by the parenting style of the parents. This
was done through quantitative surveys and in-depth study of the child and parents' lived
experiences.
38


Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research design and sources of data as well as the
population of the study, instrumentation and validation, evaluation and scoring, data
gathering procedures, treatment and analysis of data, and ethical consideration.
Research Design
This study employed descriptive correlational research design which was intended
to determine and test the relationship between and among two or more variables which
could enable the researchers to predict future events based on present knowledge
(Stangor, 2011).
Sources of Data
The primary sources of data were the respondents who answered the survey
questionnaire. Secondary sources include books, periodicals, articles, online journals, and
other references that the researchers utilized, consulted, and cited in the review of related
literature.
Population of the Study
The respondents of the study consisted of 348 (163 male and 185 female) out of
the 3586 Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School students of the University of Perpetual
Help System Laguna enrolled during the Academic Year 2018-2019. The sample size
was computed using the Raosoft sample size calculator. The respondents were selected
using stratified and random sampling technique. Initially, the population was divided into
39


strata as to grade level, track and strand, section, and gender. Proportional allocation was
employed to calculate the number of respondents to be selected from each grade level,
track and strand, section, and gender. For Grade 11, a total of 169 out 1746 students was
our respondents. A total of 32 (10 male and 22 female) students came from ABM strand,
4 (3 male and 1 female) from GAS strand, 78 (41 male and 37 female) from STEM
strand, 26 (9 male and 17 female) from HUMMS strand, 3 (2 male and 1 female) from
Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization, 4 (1 male and 3 female) from Arts and
Design track, 12 (5 male and 7 female) from Home Economics strand, and 10 (7 male
and 3 female) from Information Communication Technology strand.
For Grade 12, 179 out of 1840 students was our respondents. A total of 31 (9 male
and 22 female) came from ABM strand, 5 (3 male and 2 female) from GAS strand, 81
(43 male and 38 female) from STEM strand, 22 (7 male and 15 female) from HUMMS
strand, 3 (1 male and 2 female) from Arts and Design track, 17 (6 male and 11 female)
from Home Economics strand, 5 (5 male and 0 female) from Industrial Arts strand, and
15 (11 male and 4 female) from Information Communication Technology strand.
The respondents from each section were selected using the table of random
numbers in which the number of students 1-40 (the average number of students per
section), was selected randomly and then the name that corresponded to the number was
identified using the class list.
40


Instrumentation and Validation
In gathering data, the researchers utilized a closed questionnaire in which the
respondents can select their answers to questions by placing a checkmark. The
questionnaire was divided into three parts: Scale 1 covered the profile of the respondent,
Scale 2 covered the parenting styles which the respondents are exposed to, and Scale 3
covered the mental health of teenagers based on the given variables.
The questions regarding the parenting styles which the respondents are exposed to
were based on the modified Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). The mental health
of teenagers was described in terms of self-esteem, emotional well-being, social well-
being, and psychological well-being. For questions about self-esteem, the modified
Rosenberg Self-esteem scale was used. For questions about emotional wellbeing, the
modified Emotional Intelligence test was utilized. For questions about social well-being,
the modified Personal and Social Well-being Test was used. And lastly, for questions
about psychological well-being, the modified Ryff’s Psychological Well-being scale
(PBW) was utilized.
The researcher instrument was presented to the research adviser for initial
checking. For further validation, the researchers consulted experts in the field of
language, statistics, and psychology who provided comments and possible
recommendations.
41


Evaluation and Scoring
To determine which parenting style the respondents are exposed to, five questions
per parenting style were selected from the standardized Parental Authority Questionnaire.
The questionnaire was validated by Mrs. Jeanette Ana Orocay-Mallari, an expert in the
field of psychology, Mr. Michael Angelo del Rosario, an expert in the field of statistics,
and Mrs. Celestina Almenanza, an expert in the field of language. The following
numerical rating, and categorical response, were used in describing authoritarian,
authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles:
Numerical
Categorical Response
Rating
4 Strongly Agree (SA)
3 Agree (A)
2 Disagree (D)
1 Strongly Disagree (SD)
To describe the mental health of the respondents, five questions from Rosenberg
Self-esteem Scale, Emotional Intelligence Test, Personal and Social Well-being Test, and
Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale were selected. The questionnaire was validated by
Mrs. Jeanette Ana Orocay-Mallari, an expert in the field of psychology. The following
numerical rating, numerical range, categorical response, verbal interpretation, and verbal
description were used in describing self-esteem, emotional, social, and psychological
well-being:
Numerical Numerical Categorical Verbal

Verbal Description
Rating Range Response Interpretation
4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree Very High/ The respondent experienced the
42


(SA) Very Stable indicator 76-100% of the time.
The respondent experienced the

3 2.51-3.25 Agree (A) High/Stable
indicator 51-75% of the time.
2 1.76-2.50 Disagree (D) Low/Unstable
Strongly Very Low/ The respondent experienced the
1 1.00-1.75
Disagree (SD) Unstable indicator 1-25% of the time.
Data Gathering Procedure
After the validation of the instrument, the researchers asked for approval from the
Office of Senior High School director to allow the researchers to conduct the study. With
the help of the research adviser and subject teachers, the room-to-room schedules were
set. Consent forms were released first for the approval of the respondents. Then, the
questionnaires were reproduced and released to the respondents. The gathered data were
organized, tallied, and subjected to statistical analysis.
Treatment and Analysis of Data
Once the survey questionnaire has been completed by the respondents, data were
tabulated and subjected to the following statistical tools:
1. Frequency, percentage distribution, and ranking were used to describe the
respondents’ profile.
2. Weighted mean and standard deviation were used to determine which parenting
style the respondents are exposed to.
3. Weighted mean and standard deviation were used to describe the respondents’
mental health.
43


4. One-way ANOVA and t-test were used to determine if there is a significant
difference in the parenting style the respondents are exposed to when grouped
according to their profile variables.
5. One-way ANOVA and t-test were utilized to determine if there is a significant
difference in the respondents’ mental when grouped according to their profile
variables.
6. Pearson-r was utilized to determine the relationship between the parenting styles
the respondents are exposed to and their mental health.
Ethical Consideration
The researchers completed this study bearing in mind the ethical considerations
especially in observing confidentiality, quality, and human subject protection. Permission
was first sought from the office of the Senior High School Director of University of
Perpetual Help System Laguna where the researchers conducted the study. Since some of
the respondents were still minors, parental approval was obtained as part of the Consent
Form to be secured explaining their right to voluntarily withdraw from the study at any
time, the central purpose of the study, the procedures used in the data collection,
comments about protecting confidentiality, statement about known risks associated with,
and the expected benefits to accrue by participating in the study.
44


Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the quantitative data gathered with the corresponding
interpretation and analysis.
1.1 age, 1.2 gender, 1.3 daily allowance, 1.4 General Weighted Average (GWA)
of 1st semester of A.Y. 2018-2019, and 1.5 birth order?
Table 1
Profile of the Respondents
Frequency Percentage Rank
16 years old and below 87 25 3
17 years old 158 45.40 1
Age
18 years old 93 26.72 2
19 years old and above 10 2.87 4
Male 155 44.54 2
Gender
Female 193 55.46 1
Php 50.00 and below 9 2.59 5
Php 51.00- Php 100.00 65 18.68 3
Php 101.00- Php
137 39.37 1
Daily Allowance 150.00
Php 151.00- Php
95 27.30 2
200.00
Php 201.00 and above 42 12.06 4
80% and below 14 4.02 4
81 %- 85% 80 22.99 3
General Weighted
86%- 90% 133 38.22 1
Average (GWA)
91%- 95% 117 33.62 2
96%- 100% 4 1.15 5
Youngest Child 104 29.89 2
Middle Child 82 23.56 3
Birth Order Eldest Child 140 40.23 1
Only Child 22 6.32 4
Total 348
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Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, daily
allowance, general weighted average, and birth order. In terms of age, 87 or 25% of the
respondents were 16 years old and below; 158 or 45.49% of the respondents were 17
years old; 93 or 26.72% of the respondents were 18 years old; 10 or 2.87% of the
respondents were 19 years old and above. In terms of gender, 155 or 44.54% were male
while 193 or 55.46% were female. In terms of daily allowance, 9 or 2.59% of the
respondents answered Php 50.00 and below; 65 or 18.68% of the respondents answered
Php 51.00-Php100.00; 137 or 39.37% of the respondents answered Php 101.00-Php
150.00; 95 or 27.30% of the respondents answered Php 151.00-Php 200.0; 42 or 12.06%
of the respondents answered Php 201.00 and above. In terms of General Weighted
Average (GWA), 14 or 4.02% of the respondents answered 80% and below; 80 or
22.99% of the respondents answered 81%-85%; 133 or 38.22% of the respondents
answered 86%-90%; 117 or 33.62% of the respondents answered 91%-95%; 4 or 1.15%
of the respondents answered 96%-100%. In terms of birth order, 104 or 29.89% of the
respondents were the youngest children; 82 or 23.56% of the respondents were the
middle children; 140 or 40.23% of the respondents were the eldest children; 22 or 6.32%
of the respondents were an only child.
To sum it up, the majority of the respondents were 17 years old, female, had a
daily allowance of Php 101.00-Php 150.00 with a GWA of 86%-90% and the eldest
child.
46


2.1 authoritarian, 2.2 authoritative, 2.3 permissive, and 2.4 uninvolved?
Table 2
Parenting Styles of the Respondents
Frequency Percentage Rank

Authoritarian 74 21.26 2
Authoritative 147 42.24 1
Permissive 47 13.51 3
Uninvolved 11 3.16 7
Authoritarian and
19 5.46 5
Authoritative
Authoritarian and Permissive 12 3.45 6
Authoritarian and Uninvolved 3 0.86 9.5
Authoritative and Permissive 21 6.03 4
Parenting
Authoritative and Uninvolved 2 0.57 11.5
Styles
Permissive and Uninvolved 3 0.86 9.5
Authoritarian, Authoritative,
5 1.44 8
and Permissive
1 0.29 13.5
and Uninvolved
Authoritative, Permissive, and
2 0.57 11.5
Uninvolved
1 0.29 13.5
Permissive, and Uninvolved
Total 348
Table 2 shows the parenting styles the respondents are exposed to. There were
42.24% or 147 respondents who answered the authoritative parenting style which ranked
first among the other parenting styles. There were 21.26% or 74 respondents who
answered the authoritarian parenting style which ranked second. There were 13.51% or
47 respondents who answered the permissive parenting style which ranked third. There
were 3.26% or 11 respondents who answered the uninvolved parenting style which
47


ranked seventh. Whereas, 0.29% or 1 respondent answered both authoritarian,
authoritative, and uninvolved parenting style and authoritarian, authoritative, permissive,
and uninvolved parenting style.
In summary, the majority of the respondents were exposed to authoritative
parenting style.
The findings agree to the article published by the Center for Parenting Education
regarding the common parenting style that parents apply to their child. According to the
Center for Parenting Education, there are three commonly used parenting styles which
are the permissive style, the aggressive style (authoritarian), and the assertive style
(authoritative). Although there are three commonly used parenting styles, the
authoritative parenting style ranked first among the other parenting styles. Authoritative
parents are willing to listen and analyze the situation before talking to the child. They
give their children choices. They set limits and give adjustable and flexible rules. Also, it
is stated that this parenting style is the most successful among the other parenting styles.
3. How can the respondents’ mental health be described in terms of:
3.1. self-esteem;
Table 3
Respondents’ Mental Health in terms of Self-Esteem
Descriptive
INDICATORS Weighted Verbal Rank
Mean Interpretation
3.07 High/Stable 1.5
1. I am satisfied with myself completely.
2. I feel that I have a number of good 2.97 High/Stable 5
48


qualities.
3. I am able to do things just as other
people.
4. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least
3.03 High/Stable 3
on an equal plane with others.
5. I have a positive attitude toward myself. 2.99 High/Stable 4
Summative Mean 3.02 High/Stable
Table 3 shows the respondents’ mental health in terms of self-esteem. The
indicator 1 which stated that “I am satisfied with myself completely” had a 3.07 weighted
mean which was interpreted as stable, ranked 1.5. The indicator 3 which stated that “I am
able to do things just as other people” had a 3.07 weighted mean which was interpreted as
stable and ranked second. The indicator 4 which stated that “I feel that I’m a person of
worth, at least on an equal plane with others” had a 3.03 weighted mean which was
interpreted as and ranked third. The indicator 5 which stated that “I have a positive
attitude toward myself” had a 2.99 weighted mean which was interpreted as stable and
ranked fourth. Lastly, indicator 2 which stated that “I feel that I have a number of good
qualities” had a 2.97 weighted mean which was interpreted as stable and ranked fifth
overall.
To sum it up, a summative mean of 3.02 revealed that the respondents had
high/stable mental health in terms of self-esteem.
The results of the study agree with the statement of Noronha et al., stating that
self-esteem is one of the most important human traits that a person should have. A person
with high self-esteem is able to deal and solve problems effectively, and feel contented
49


about them. According to Baumrind (1991), each parenting style corresponds to a certain
mental health issue that can possibly occur during the developing years. The self-esteem
of the child depends on how the parents treat them, and how they are able to make their
child feel their presence. Authoritative parenting style can help improve and increase the
child’s self-esteem by being supportive of their child. On the other hand, authoritarian
parenting style which has low responsiveness and high demandingness can cause the
child’s self-esteem to decrease.
3.2. emotional well-being;
Table 4
Respondents’ Mental Health in terms of Emotional Well-being
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
Very High/Very
1. Emotions play an important part in my 3.41 1
Stable
life.
2. I find it easy to express my feelings. 2.73 High/Stable 4
3. I can easily sense when my anger is
3.09 High/Stable 2
getting the best of me.
4. I find it easy to describe my feelings. 2.70 High/Stable 5
5. I am able to stand apart from my
thoughts and feelings. 2.92 High/Stable 3
Table 4 shows the mental health of the respondents in terms of emotional well-
being. The number 1 indicator which states that “Emotions play an important part in my
life,” had a 3.41 weighted mean, verbal interpretation of very high/very stable, and
ranked first. The number 3 indicator which states that “I can easily sense when my anger
50


is getting the best of me,” had a 3.09 weighted mean, verbal interpretation of high/stable,
and ranked second. The number 5 indicator which states that “I am able to stand apart
from my thoughts and feelings,” had a 2.92 weighted mean, verbal interpretation of
high/stable, and ranked third. The number 2 indicator which states that “I find it easy to
express my feelings,” had a 2.73 weighted mean, verbal interpretation of high/stable, and
ranked fourth. The number 4 indicator which states that “I find it easy to describe my
feelings,” has a 2.70 weighted mean, verbal interpretation of high/stable, and ranked fifth.
To sum it up, a summative mean of 2.97 revealed that the respondents had
high/stable mental health in terms of emotional well-being.
The findings of the study agree with the study of Boniwell (2008) which states
that psychology turned its attention to the study of negative emotions or effects including
depression, sadness, anger, stress, and anxiety. Psychologists find them interesting
because they often lead to or indicate the beginning of psychological disorders. Having
positive emotional well-being can broaden the thought-action repertoires, reverse
negative emotions, enhance resiliency, build the psychological repertoire, and lead to
upward development of a person. Moreover, having positive emotional well-being could
lead to a person’s personal growth and development compared to an individual who has
negative emotional well-being.
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3.3. social well-being;
Table 5
Respondents’ Mental Health in terms of Social Well-being
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
1. Most days I feel a sense of 3.00 High/Stable 3

accomplishment from what I do.
2. I feel I am free to decide for myself and
how to live my life.
3. I generally feel that what I do in my life
is valuable and worthwhile.
4. There are lots of things I feel I am good
at.
5. I am always optimistic about my future. 3.12 High/Stable 1.5
Table 5 shows the respondents’ mental health in terms of social well-being.
Indicator 3 which states that “I generally feel that what I do in my life is valuable and
worthwhile” and indicator 5 which states that “I am always optimistic about my future”
acquired the highest weighted mean of 3.12 and verbally interpreted as high/stable. This
is followed by indicator 1 which states that “Most days I feel a sense of accomplishment
from what I do” which acquired the weighted mean of 3.00 and verbally interpreted as
high/stable. While indicator 4 which states that “There are lots of things I feel I am good
at” and indicator 2 which states that “I feel I am free to decide for myself and how to live
my life” have the lowest weighted mean of 2.97 and verbally interpreted as high/stable.
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To sum it up, a summative mean of 3.04 revealed that the respondents had high or
stable mental health in terms of social well-being.
The results are parallel to the study of Bornstein (2014) which states that children
with authoritative parents engaged have greater competence in early peer relationships.
Although authoritarian and permissive parenting styles revealed to represent opposite
ends of the parents’ caregiving neither parenting style may result in positive outcomes
because both minimize the opportunities of the children to learn to cope with stress.
The findings of the study agree with the study of Moore (2008) which states that
in authoritarian parenting style, social development is negatively affected for having
opinions is immensely discouraged. Whereas, social development benefits from an
authoritative parenting style because communication is present and children feel more
comfortable with situations involving the society. Children who have permissive parents
have higher self-esteem, better social skills and lower levels of depression. Lastly, the
development of social well-being of children is restricted because their parents never
taught them how to act and communicate with others.
3.4. psychological well-being;
Table 6
Respondents’ Mental Health in terms of Psychological Well-being
Descriptive
Mean Interpretation
3.01 High/ Stable 3
1. I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even
53


when they are in opposition to the opinion
of the most.
2. Most people see me as loving and
2.86 High/Stable 5
affectionate.
3. I think it is important to have new
Very High/ Very
experiences that challenge how you think 3.45 1
Stable
about yourself and the world.
4. In general, I feel confident and positive
2.94 High/Stable 4
about myself.
5. I have a sense of direction and purpose in
my life. 3.20 High/Stable 2
Table 6 shows the mental health of the respondents in terms of psychological
well-being. The number 3 indicator which states that “I think it is important to have new
experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world.” had a 3.45
weighted mean, verbal interpretation of very high/very stable, and ranked first. The
number 5 indicator which states that “I have a sense of direction and purpose in my life.”
has a 3.20 weighted mean, verbal interpretation of high/stable, and ranked second. The
number 1 indicator which states that “I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even when
they are in opposition to the opinion of the most.” had a 3.01 weighted mean, verbal
interpretation of high/stable, and ranked third. The number 4 indicator which states that
“In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.” has a 2.94 weighted mean, verbal
interpretation of high/stable, and ranked fourth. The number 2 indicator which states that
“Most people see me as loving and affectionate.” had a 2.86 weighted mean, verbal
interpretation of high/stable, and ranked fifth.
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To sum it up, a summative mean of 3.09 revealed that the respondents had a
high/stable mental health in terms of psychological well-being.
The results of the study are related to the study of Khan, Taghdisi, and
Nourijelyani (2015) which states the importance of psychological well-being as a state of
mental health and the need for healthy psychological well-being. According to the study,
the respondents who have low psychological well-being experience negative effects on
their mental health. Whereas, having higher psychological well-being results in positive
and good outcomes for the individual's well-being.
Table 7
Respondents’ Mental Health
Summative Mean Rank
Self-Esteem 3.02 3
Emotional Well-Being 2.97 4
Respondents’ Social Well-Being 3.04 2
Mental Health
Psychological Well-Being 3.09 1
Overall Summative Mean 3.03
Table 7 shows the mental health of the respondents in terms of self-esteem,
emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Among the four
variables, psychological well-being had the highest summative mean of 3.09. Social well-
being had the second highest summative mean of 3.04. Self-esteem ranked third with a
summative mean of 3.02. Furthermore, emotional well-being ranked fourth with a
summative mean of 2.97.
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In conclusion, self-esteem, emotional well-being, social well-being, and
psychological well-being had an overall summative mean of 3.03 which indicates that the
respondents’ mental health is high/stable.
This study is correlated to the study made by Noronha et al. (2018). They stated
that self-esteem is one of the most important traits to have. High self-esteem has positive
impacts on decision-making, problem-solving and self-confidence.
The findings also agree with the World Health Organization (2017) wherein they
stated that emotional well-being is necessary to our quality of life. Having a stable/high
emotional well-being allows people to experience a meaningful life.
The results of the study are similar to the statement of the National Institute for
Clinical Excellence about social well-being connected to positive relationships, positive
health outcomes, and good school performances. They also stated that having a
high/stable psychological well-being encompasses resiliency, attentiveness and problem-
solving skills.
4. Is there a significant difference in the parenting styles the respondents are exposed to
when grouped according to their profile variables?
Table 8
Difference in the Respondents’ Parenting Styles when Grouped According to
their Profile Variables
Profile Treatment Result Interpretation
One-way 16 years old and f = 1.106 No significant
Age
ANOVA below Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.347 difference
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17 years old
18 years old
19 years old and
above
Male t = 1.030 No significant
Gender t-test
Female Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.304 difference
Php 50.00 and
below
Php 51.00- Php
100.00
Daily One-way Php 101.00-Php f = 0.635 No significant
Allowance ANOVA 150.00 Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.638 difference
Php 151.00- Php
200.00
Php 201.00 and
above
80% and below
General 81%- 85%
One-way f = 1.634 No significant
Weighted 86%-90%
ANOVA Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.165 difference
Average 91%-95%
96%-100%
Youngest Child
Birth One-way Middle Child f = 0.686 No significant
Order ANOVA Eldest Child Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.561 difference
Only Child
Table 8 shows the difference in the respondents’ parenting styles when grouped
according to their profile variables. One-way ANOVA was used to gather data from the
age, daily allowance, general weighted average and birth order of the respondents.
Whereas, a t-test was used to gather data from the gender of the respondents. An f-value
of 1.106 revealed that no significant difference exists in the respondents’ parenting styles
when grouped according to their age. In terms of gender, a T-value of 1.030 revealed that
no significant difference exists. Likewise, daily allowance with an f-value of 0.635, the
57


general weighted average with an f value of 1.634, and birth order with an f-value of
0.686 revealed that no significant difference exists in the respondents' parenting styles.
In summary, age, gender, daily allowance, general weighted average, and birth
order have no bearing to the parenting styles of the respondents.
These results are in opposition to the claims of Reuss (2011) and Tyagi (2017)
which stated that different parenting styles are dependent on the birth order of the child.
They said that parents tend to be more anxious and rigid when it comes to handling their
firstborn. Likewise, they tend to set high expectations that cause their child to feel
pressured in everything they do. On the contrary, parents are less anxious when it comes
to the youngest child because they practice tolerance leading to permissive parenting.
According to the study of Odongo, Aloka, and Raburu (2016), different parenting
styles can predict the student’s academic performance which is contrary to the results of
the study. They stated that the authoritative parenting style has positive effects on an
adolescent’s academic performance while the authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved
parenting styles have negative effects on an adolescent’s academic performance.
The results of the study are also in contrast to the study of Zilibotti and Doepke
(2017) which states that parenting styles that are exercised are dependent upon the
socioeconomic factors. They compared different time periods and found that the majority
of parents used the permissive parenting style in the 1960s and 1970s due to economic
inequality.
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The results disagree with the study of Meredith Stephens (2009) wherein
significant differences existed in the type of parenting style with regards to their gender.
It was observed that fathers are more overprotective to their daughters compared to their
sons.
The results also contradict the study of Pickhardt (2010) wherein it was observed
that children from the ages of 9 to 13 develop a sense of independence and no longer
relies on their parents’ commands. When a child enters the stage of adolescence, it is
difficult for the parents to exercise compliance and cooperation which results in the loss
of authority and control over their child.
5. Is there a significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when grouped
according to their profile variable?
Table 9
Difference in the Respondents’ Mental Health when Grouped According Profile
Variables
Profile Treatment Result Interpretation

16 years old and
below
One-way 17 years old f = 1.777 No significant
Age
ANOVA 18 years old Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.151 difference
19 years old and
above
Male t = 2.429 significant
Gender t-test
Female Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.016 difference exists
Php 50.00 and
below
Daily One-way Php 51.00- Php f = 2.786 significant
Allowance ANOVA 100.00 Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.027 difference exists
Php 101.00-Php
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150.00
Php 151.00- Php
200.00
Php 200.00 and
above
80% and below
General 81%-85%
One-way f = 0.085 No significant
Weighted 86%-90%
ANOVA Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.987 difference
Average 91%-95%
96%-100%
Youngest Child
One-way Middle Child f = 2.768 Significant
Birth Order
ANOVA Eldest Child Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.042 difference exists
Only Child
Table 9 shows the difference in the respondents’ mental health when grouped
according to their profile variables. An f-value of 1.777 revealed that no significant
difference exists in the respondents' mental health when grouped according to their age
thus the null hypothesis is accepted. With a t-value of 2.429 revealed that a significant
difference exists in the respondents’ mental health when grouped according to their
gender thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Male respondents have higher mental health
compared to the female respondents. An f-value of 2.786 revealed that a significant
difference exists in the respondents’ mental health when grouped according to their daily
allowance thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Respondents with higher daily allowance
have higher mental health compared to those with lower daily allowance. An f-value of
0.085 revealed that no significant difference exists in the respondents’ mental health
when grouped according to their general weighted average thus the null hypothesis is
accepted. An f-value of 2.768 revealed that a significant difference exists in the
60


respondents’ mental health when grouped according to their birth order thus the null
hypothesis is rejected. The youngest child has higher mental health compared to the older
child.
In the final analysis, the findings revealed that male adolescents have more stable
mental health compared to female adolescents. Respondents with higher daily allowance
have more stable mental health compared to those with lower daily allowance. Younger
children have more stable mental health compared to elder ones.
The findings support the result of the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey
(APMS) which states that higher rates of common mental health problems are found in
female adolescents than male adolescents. It was noticeable that the rates have
degenerated over time. It was observed that this degeneration was mainly among women.
It was discovered that there was an increase in the population of women with symptoms
of common mental illnesses
Likewise, the findings agree with the statement of Gary Evans and Rochelle
Cassells (2013) stating that those who experienced poverty during their childhood years
have worse mental health than those who did not. It was discovered that the long-term
linkage between poverty and mental health are caused by the accumulation of exposures
to psychosocial and physical risk factors. The researchers state that the progression of
these accumulations is caused by the incapability of children and their families to adapt to
circumstances as they battle poverty.
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Furthermore, the findings agree with the statement of Tyagi (2017) stating that the
youngest child is more relaxed and has freedom compared to the eldest child that is more
pressured by the parents.
6. How significant is the relationship between the parenting style the respondents are
exposed to and their mental health?
Table 10
Relationship between Parenting Styles and Mental Health
Variables Treatment Result Interpretation
Parenting Styles and r = 0.009 No significant

Pearson-r
Mental Health p-value= 0.861 relationship
Table 10 shows the relationship between the type of parenting style and mental
health of the respondents. With an R-value of 0.009 revealed that no significant
relationship exists between the type of parenting style and the respondents’ mental health
thus the null hypothesis is accepted.
In summary, different parenting styles do not affect the mental health of
teenagers.
The findings contradict with the statement of Dwairy and Menshar (2006) stating
that parent-child interactions and relationships, and parenting style can affect mental
health both in positive and negative ways. Authoritative parenting style limits mental
disorders and promotes mental health. The research conclusion by Bolghan- Abaadi,
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Kimiaee, and Amir (2011) showed that Senior High School students who have
authoritative parents have higher mental health compared to the other types of parenting
style. There is a need to find out the various causes responsible for affecting the mental
health status of adolescents.
63


Chapter 5
SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTION
This chapter presents the summary of findings based on the data gathered from
the study, the conclusions drawn, and the future direction offered by the researchers.
This study employed descriptive correlational research design to determine the
effects of parenting style on the mental health of senior high school students. It aimed to
answer the following questions:
1.1 age;
1.2 gender;
1.3 daily allowance;
1.4 General Weighted Average (GWA) of 1st semester of A.Y. 2018-2019;
and,
1.5 birth order?
2.1 authoritarian;
2.2 authoritative;
2.3 permissive; and,
2.4 uninvolved?
3. How can the respondents’ mental health be described?
3.1 self-esteem;
3.2 emotional well-being;
64


3.3 social well-being; and,
3.4 psychological well-being?
4. Is there a significant difference in the parenting styles the respondents are
exposed to when grouped according to their profile variables?
5. Is there a significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when
grouped according to their profile variable?
6. How significant is the relationship between the parenting style the respondents
are exposed to and their mental health?
Summary of Findings
The following are the summary of findings based on the data gathered:
1. As to the respondents’ profile
In terms of age, 87 or 25% of the respondents are 16 years old and below; 158 or
45.49% of the respondents are 17 years old; 93 or 26.72% of the respondents are 18 years
old; 10 or 2.87% of the respondents are 19 years old and above. In terms of gender, 155
or 44.54% are male while 193 or 55.46% are female. In terms of daily allowance, 9 or
2.59% of the respondents answered Php 50.00 and below; 65 or 18.68% of the
respondents answered Php 51.00-Php100.00; 137 or 39.37% of the respondents answered
Php 101.00-Php 150.00; 95 or 27.30% of the respondents answered Php 151.00-Php
200.0; 42 or 12.06% of the respondents answered Php 201.00 and above. In terms of
General Weighted Average (GWA), 14 or 4.02% of the respondents answered 80% and
65


below; 80 or 22.99% of the respondents answered 81%-85%; 133 or 38.22% of the
respondents answered 86%-90%; 117 or 33.62% of the respondents answered 91%-95%;
4 or 1.15% of the respondents answered 96%-100%. In terms of birth order, 104 or
29.89% of the respondents are the youngest children; 82 or 23.56% of the respondents are
the middle children; 140 or 40.23% of the respondents are the eldest children; 22 or
6.32% of the respondents are an only child.
2. As to the parenting style the respondents are exposed to
In terms of the parenting styles the respondents are exposed to, there are 42.24%
or 147 respondents who answered the authoritative parenting style. There are 21.26% or
74 respondents who answered the authoritarian parenting style. There are 13.51% or 47
respondents who answered the permissive parenting style. There are 3.26% or 11
respondents who answered the uninvolved parenting style. Whereas, 0.29% or 1
respondent answered both authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved parenting style and
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting style.
3. As to how the respondents’ mental health be described
The respondents’ mental health is described in terms of self-esteem with a
summative mean of 3.02, emotional well-being with a summative mean of 2.97, social
well-being with a summative mean of 3.04, and psychological well-being with a
summative mean of 3.09 obtained an overall weighted average mean of 3.03 which
indicates a high/stable mental health.
66


4. As to the significant difference in the parenting styles the respondents are exposed
to when grouped according to their profile variable
An f-value of 1.106 revealed that no significant difference exists in the
respondents’ parenting styles when grouped according to their age. In terms of gender, a
T-value of 1.030 revealed that no significant difference exists. Likewise, daily allowance
with an f-value of 0.635, the general weighted average with an f value of 1.634, and birth
order with an f-value of 0.686 revealed that no significant difference exists in the
respondents' parenting styles.
5. As to the significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when grouped
according to their profile variable
An f-value of 1.777 revealed that no significant difference exists in the
respondents' mental health when grouped according to their age thus the null hypothesis
is accepted. With a t-value of 2.429 revealed that a significant difference exists in the
respondents’ mental health when grouped according to their gender thus the null
hypothesis is rejected. Male respondents have higher mental health compared to the
female respondents. An f-value of 2.786 revealed that a significant difference exists in
the respondents’ mental health when grouped according to their daily allowance thus the
null hypothesis is rejected. Respondents with higher daily allowance have higher mental
health compared to those with lower daily allowance. An f-value of 0.085 revealed that
no significant difference exists in the respondents’ mental health when grouped according
to their general weighted average thus the null hypothesis is accepted. An f-value of
67


2.768 revealed that a significant difference exists in the respondents’ mental health when
grouped according to their birth order thus the null hypothesis is rejected.
6. As to the significant relationship of the parenting style the respondents are
exposed to and their mental health
An R-value of 0.009 revealed that no significant relationship exists between the
type of parenting style and the respondents’ mental health thus the null hypothesis is
accepted.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The majority of the respondents are 17 years old, female, have a daily allowance of
Php 101.00- Php 150.00 with a GWA of 86%- 90% and the eldest child.
2. Majority of the respondents are exposed to authoritative parenting style.
3. The respondents’ mental health in terms of self-esteem, emotional well-being, social
well-being, and psychological well-being is high or stable.
4. The parenting styles which the respondents are exposed to do not differ in terms of
age, gender, daily allowance, general weighted average, and birth order.
5. Male adolescents have higher mental health compared to female adolescents.
68


6. Respondents with higher daily allowance have more stable mental health compared to
those with lower daily allowance.
7. Younger children have more stable mental health compared to elder ones.
8. Age and General Weighted Average have no bearing to the respondents’ mental health.
9. Parenting styles do not affect the mental health of teenagers.
Future Directions
Based on the findings of the study, the following future directions were offered:
1. Teachers should articulate to the parents and students (female adolescents) the
significance of open communication by conducting seminar about it.
2. Parents should pay more attention to the mental health of their elder children by
communicating with them.
3. Teachers are urged to be more knowledgeable to the mental health of teenagers to
know the best way to approach their students.
4. Guidance counselors should conduct home visiting to communicate with the students
especially those who might be dealing with problems at home
5. Future researchers should conduct a survey with parents as the respondents. They
should conduct the study with a larger sample size in different schools and explore
69


other outside variables that could affect the mental health of teenagers. They should
also conduct an in-depth interview with the respondents. Moreover, they should take
in consideration of the sexual orientation of the respondents.
70


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http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/parenting-skills/according-experts/parenting-
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https://www.sosp.org.mt/2010/12/22/psychological-well-being/
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74


SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
To the Respondent,
We are currently conducting our research entitled; “Effects of Parenting Style to
Teenagers’ Mental Health” as a partial fulfillment of our course requirements for the
subject Practical Research 2 at University of Perpetual Help System Laguna. In light of
this, we are humbly requesting for your time and effort to go over this questionnaire as
your responses will be very much helpful in achieving the purpose of our research. Rest
assured that the information you will provide will be kept confidential and will be used
for research purposes only. Thank you!
Tricia L. Restrivera
Researcher / Group Leader
Name of the Respondent: (Optional)

Age:
Part I. Direction: Put a check mark (/) in the blank corresponding your answer.
Gender: Male Female
Daily Allowance:
Php 50.00 and below Php 151.00- Php 200.00
Php 51.00- Php 100.00 Php 201.00 and above
Php 101.00- Php 150.00
General Weighted Average (GWA) of 1st semester of A.Y. 2018-2019:
80% and below 86%- 90% 96%-100%
81 %- 85% 91%- 95%
Birth Order:
Youngest Child Eldest Child
Middle Child Only Child
75


Part II. Parenting Styles
Direction: Below are statements to measure different parenting styles that you have
witnessed/experienced from your parents while growing as a teenager in terms of
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Kindly put a check mark (/) in
the column corresponding your choice. Use the following as your guide.
Numerical
Categorical Response
Rating
4 Strongly Agree (SA)
3 Agree (A)
2 Disagree (D)
1 Strongly Disagree (SD)
Indicators SA A D SD
(4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Whenever my parents told me to do something, they
expected me to do it immediately without any objections.
2. As I was growing up, I knew what my parents expected
from me in the family and they insisted that I conform to
those expectations simply out of respect for their authority.
3. Even if their children didn't agree with them, my parents
felt that it was for our own good if we were forced to
conform to what they thought were right.
4. My parents have always felt that more force should be
used by parents in order to get their children to behave the
way they are supposed to.
5. As I was growing up, my parents did not allow me to
question any decision they make.
6. While I was growing up, my parents felt that in a well-run
home the children should have their way in the family as
often as the parents do.
7. As I was growing up, once family policy has been
established, my parents discussed the reasoning behind the
policy with us.
8. As I was growing up, my parents directed the activities
and decisions of the children in the family through reasoning
and discipline.
9. My parents have always encouraged verbal give-and-take
whenever I have felt that family rules and restrictions were
unreasonable.
10. As I was growing up, my parents consistently gave me
direction and guidance in rational and objective ways.
11. As I was growing up, my parents did not feel that I
76


needed to obey rules and regulations of behavior simply
because someone in authority had established them.
12. My parents have always felt that what children need is to
be free to make up their own minds and to do what they want
to do, even if this does not agree with what their parents
might want.
13. As I was growing up, my parents seldom gave me
expectations and guidelines for my behavior.
14. As I was growing up, my parents allowed me to decide
most things for myself without a lot of direction from them.
15. Most of the time, my parents did what I wanted when
making family decisions.
16. My parents did not bother to ask me if I needed some
help.
17. My parents did not view themselves as responsible for
directing and guiding my behavior as I was growing up.
18. My parents do not even care, even if I come home late at
night.
19. My parents do not care for me at all.
20. My parents do not have time for me to talk nor bond with
me.
Part III. Mental Health

Direction: Below are statements to measure your mental health in terms of your self-
esteem, emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Kindly
put a check mark (/) in the column corresponding your choice. Use the following as your
guide.
Numerical Numerical Categorical Verbal

Verbal Description
Rating Range Response Interpretation
Strongly Agree Very High/ The respondent experienced the
4 3.26-4.00
(SA) Very Stable indicator 76-100% of the time.
3 2.51-3.25 Agree (A) High/Stable
2 1.76-2.50 Disagree (D) Low/Unstable
Strongly Very Low/ The respondent experienced the
1 1.00-1.75
Disagree (SD) Unstable indicator 1-25% of the time.
77


INDICATORS SA A D SD
(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Self-Esteem
1. I am satisfied with myself completely.
2. I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
3. I am able to do things just as other people.
4. I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an
equal plane with others.
5. I have a positive attitude toward myself.
B. Emotional Well-being
6. Emotions play an important part in my life.
7. I find it easy to express my feelings.
8. I can easily sense when my anger is getting the best
of me.
s9. I find it easy to describe my feelings.
10. I am able to stand apart from my thoughts and
feelings.
C. Social Well-being
11. Most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from
what I do.
12. I feel I am free to decide for myself and how to
live my life.
13. I generally feel that what I do in my life is
valuable and worthwhile.
14. There are lots of things I feel I am good at.
15. I am always optimistic about my future.
D. Psychological Well-being
16. I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even when
they are in opposition to the opinion of the most.
17. Most people see me as loving and affectionate.
18. I think it is important to have new experiences
that challenge how you think about yourself and the
world.
19. In general, I feel confident and positive about
myself.
20. I have a sense of direction and purpose in my life.
78


EDITOR’S CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled “Teenagers’ Exposure to Parenting style and Mental
Health”, prepared and submitted by Viviene Yvone P. Contemprato, Hannah
Gabrielle R. Del Rosario, Sandrex Joe N. Ignacio, Chrizza Mei A. Nero, Aleah Kym
V. Rafa, Tricia L. Restrivera, and Alexandra Ysabel F. Sebastian, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2, has been edited by
the undersigned.
________________________________
Antonio R. Yango, PhD
Editor
________________________________________________________________________
STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled “Teenagers’ Exposure to Parenting style and Mental
Health”, prepared and submitted by Viviene Yvone P. Contemprato, Hannah
Gabrielle R. Del Rosario, Sandrex Joe N. Ignacio, Chrizza Mei A. Nero, Aleah Kym
V. Rafa, Tricia L. Restrivera, and Alexandra Ysabel F. Sebastian, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2, has been
statistically reviewed by the undersigned.
________________________________
Michael Angelo B. Del Rosario, LPT
Statistician
79

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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna – JONELTA

Basic Education Department - Senior High School

A person’s well-being is complex and complicated in different ways. The one

emotional and cognitive aspects.

balance in life activities, and to reach psychological resilience (Medilexicon, 2017).

high school students committed suicide (Gonzales & Reyes, 2017).

An example of an environmental factor that influences a teenagers’ mental health

adolescent’s academic performance, self-esteem, social skills and levels of depression.

uninvolved style (Baumrind, 1991).

emotional, mental, and physical development (Allen, 2013). According to Anxiety

of different parenting styles to the child’s mental health.

uninvolved parents raise a teenager.

According to Diana Baumrind (1991), different parenting styles have different

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. An authoritarian parent demands

suitable consequences that result in the stable emotional well-being of a child. A

impulsive behaviors of a child. Lastly, an uninvolved parent is negligent, uncaring, and

thoughtless to the child that results in worst outcomes.

Figure 1. Model of Theoretical Framework

health of teenagers. According to Diana Baumrind (1991), each parenting style

problematic relationship. Lastly, an uninvolved parenting style has low responsiveness

tendency of the child.

teenager. The emotional, social and psychological well-being depends on how

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved parents raise a teenager.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Parenting Styles: Mental Health:

Figure 2. Operational model showing the relationship among variables

terms of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Next, the dependent

Statement of the Problem

mental health. Specifically, it answered the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.3. daily allowance;

1.4. General Weighted Average (GWA) of 1st semester of A.Y. 2018-2019;

1.5. birth order?

2. What parenting style are the respondents exposed to in terms of:

2.3. permissive; and,

3. How can the respondents’ mental health be described?

3.2. emotional well-being;

3.3. social well-being; and,

3.4. psychological well-being?

4. Is there a significant difference in the parenting styles the respondents are

exposed to when grouped according to their profile variables?

5. Is there a significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when

grouped according to their profile variable?

are exposed to and their mental health?

Hypothesis of the Study

at 0.05 level of significance:

H0 = There is no significant difference among the parenting styles in which the

respondents are exposed to when grouped according to profile variables.

H0 = There is no significant difference in the respondents’ mental health when

grouped according to their profile variables.

respondents are exposed to and the respondents’ mental health.

Assumption of the Study

The researchers based this study on the following assumptions:

1. Different parenting styles have positive and negative effects on a teenager’s

2. Parents have a significant role in the development of their child's mental

Scope and Delimitation

of self-esteem, emotional, social, and psychological well-being.

Academic Year 2018-2019.

findings of this study could be of great significance to the following:

parenting style that their parents are currently practicing.

strengthened and have a better and stronger foundation.

in productivity and efficiency.

will help them to deal with this kind of situations.