JAMESTOWN COLONY
even centuries.
(from video on GClass).
In 1603, James the Sixth of Scotland, became
John the First of Great Britain, uniting Scotland
and England under one monarch. In 1606 King
James the first granted abcharter to colonize
Virginia the entire area claimed by England in
the new world- a joint stock company called the
Virginia Company of London. The primary
motivation for colonization was to find gold.
On May 24, 1607, three ships landed in the
mouth of Chesapeake Bay on the banks of
James River.
Here, they found JAMESTOWN - the first
permanent English colony in the new world.
- The Indians helped the entire colony and if it
wasn't for them, they would've been lost.
- "He that will not work, shall not eat" - Captain
John Smith
MYTH AND LEGEND
FOLKLORE
Folklore can be defined as all the traditions,
customs, and stories that are passed along by
word of mouth in a culture. “Folk” means...
ordinary people and “lore” means... knowledge.
Folklore not only means the stories of a group
of people, but also their arts and crafts, dances,
games, superstitions, proverbs, holidays, songs,
and so on. The stories of folklore have their
beginnings in spoken language also called the
oral tradition. Often, they were passed along
generation to generation by storytellers, and the
stories went through changes as they were told,
taking on the storytellers’ own personal
touches, personality, and exaggerations, etc.
Folklore is collected and written down only after
they have been told for many years, perhaps
PURPOSE OF THE STORIES
1. The stories help keep the past alive.
2. Introduce young people to the history, beliefs,
and religion of their society.
3. The stories teach moral lessons and illustrate
qualities that are valued by the society, such as
kindness and courage. They also warn against
negative qualities, like greed and foolishness.
FOUR MAJOR CATEGORIES OF FOLKLORE:
-FOLKTALES
Folktales are stories in the oral tradition, or tales
that people tel each other out loud, rather than
stories in written form.
-LEGENDS
A nonhistorical or unverifiable story handed
down by tradition from earlier times and
popularly accepted as historical.
-FABLES
A Fable is a short fictional story that has a moral
or teaches a lesson.
-MYTHS
Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives
that play a fundamental role in a society, such as
foundational tales or origin myths.
LEGEND:
A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a
narrative featuring human actions perceived or
believed both by teller and listeners to have
taken place within human history. Narratives in
this genre may demonstrate human values and
possess certain qualities that give the tale
verisimilitude.
Legend is a loanword from Old French that
entered English usage circa 1340. The Old
French noun legende derives from the Medieval
Latin legend. In its early English-language usage,
the word indicated a narrative of an event. The
word legendary was originally a noun
(introduced in the 1510s) meaning a collection
or corpus of legends. This word changed to
legendry, and legendary became the adjectival
form.
LEGEND CHARACTERISTICS:
1. A NARRATIVE of human actions that are
believed by the storyteller and the
reader/listener to have taken place in HUMAN
history.
2. Written in such a way as be at least
potentially real/true; includes no happenings
outside of the realm of possibility.
3. Legends have a specific SETTING: a time, and
a place. They often include beliefs and ideas of a
culture.
4. Legends have flexible guidelines, and
therefore, can begin with miracles that are
believed to have really happened.
5. Legends transform over time. Facts will
change or be stretched, HYPERBOLE will enter
the PLOTLINE, and colorful details will remain
and/or get more colorful.
6. Legends evolve over the years and are kept
fresh, lively and exciting.
7. Legends can be prose or poetry. They
combine a real event or real person’s unusual
life story with the exaggeration and heroic
actions that we associate with stores of heroes
and great national events.
8. Legends are like Folk Tales but have at least a
bit of historical truth.
9. Legends are different than myths because
they portray a historical hero rather than one
who is a god or goddess.
VALUES OF LEGEND IN CHILDREN'S
LITERATURE:
1. Legend as a source of children’s literature
deals with religious facts. Religious facts help
children in strengthening their faith in God.
2. Legend deals with historical backgrounds.
They awaken the national consciousness of
children.
3. They develop vivid and fantastic imagination.
4. Some legends give children a moral lesson.
They serve as a guide on what is right and what
is wrong.
5. Legends help acquaint children with the
cultural phase of the country.
6. They give pleasure and enjoyment to
children.
MYTH
Myth, a symbolic narrative, usually of unknown
origin and at least partly traditional, that
ostensibly relates actual events and that is
especially associated with religious belief. It is
distinguished from symbolic behavior (cult,
ritual) and symbolic places or objects (temples,
icons).
The word myth derives from the Greek mythos,
which has a range of meanings from “word,”
through “saying” and “story,” to “fiction”; the
unquestioned validity of mythos can be
contrasted with logos, the word whose validity
or truth can be argued and demonstrated.
TEN CHARACTERISTICS OF MYTH
1. A myth is a story that is, or was considered, a
true explanation of the natural world and how it
came to be.
2. Characters are often non-human and are
typically gods, goddesses, supernatural beings
or mystical “fist people.”
3. Setting is typically ancient, or prior to the
time when actual records were kept. Myths are
typically set in a world very similar to our own,
but with supernatural monsters or areas.
4. The plot of a myth may take place between a
supernatural world and our present-day world.
Myths do this to highlight the basic human
behaviors that are essential in any setting.
5. Myths possess events that bend or break
natural laws. This is often done to magnify the
“super-naturalness” of the mythical world.
6. Promotes “Social Action”—myths try to tell
people how to act and live. Core values such as
individualism, family and community are often
instilled in mythical heroes.
7. Myths have sense of mystery, or the
unknown.
8. Dualities (or complete opposites such as
night/day, good/evil) often play important roles
in the plot of a myth.
9. Myths often have an emphasis on language...
Mythical heroes are often sophisticated
storytellers.
10. Myths are often metaphoric—that is, myths
are created to comment or analyze a real-world
event. Real world questions that myths often
attempt to answer are:
• Why are we here?
• Who are we?
• Why are we living? What is our purpose?
CREATION MYTH
DEFINITION:
At the foundation of nearly every culture is a
creation myth that explains how the wonders of
the earth came to be.
WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?
1. These myths have an immense influence on
people's frame of reference.
2. They influence the way people think about
the world and their place in relation to their
surroundings.
3. Despite geographical differences, all creation
myths share some common elements.
SIMILARITIES SEEN IN CREATION MYTH
1. Many creation myths begin with the “birth”
of the earth.
2. According to some myths, animals and people
lived together peacefully until some “sin”
separated them or a “god took that peace
away”.
3. A supreme being is usually found in all
creation myths; this being(s) trigger a chain of
events that create the earth; sometimes there
are two beings.
4. Not all creation myths begin on earth; some
cultures believe life started above or below the
earth.
ARCHETYPES - symbols, images, or patterns that
appear in myths, literature,
and visual arts throughout all cultures.
COMMON ARCHETYPE CHARACTERS:
● Female Archetype: Earth Mother, Old Hag,
Great Mother, Temptress, Mother Goddess,
Female Hero (princess or maiden), Damsel in
distress (passive female hero)
● Ruler/leader: role model/ peacemaker
● Hero: Epic hero
● Antihero: reluctant hero
● Sage: Wise man/ Mentor/ Soothsayer/ Guide
● Trickster
● Villain
● Caregiver: supporter/advisor/ advocate/
nurturer/ altruist
● Innocent: idealist/ traditionalist/
optimist/cheerleader
● Jester: entertainer, wise fool, holy fool, wit
EIGHT ARCHETYPAL STORYLINES:
1. Cinderella - Unrecognized virtue at last
recognized. It's the same story as the Tortoise
and the Hare.
2. Achilles - The Fatal Flaw, that is the
groundwork for practically all classical tragedy,
although it can be made comedy too, as in the
old standard
3. Faust- The Debt that Must be Paid, the fate
that catches up with all of us sooner or later.
4. Tristan - that standard triangular plot of two
women and one man, or two men and one
woman. The Constant Nymph, or almost any
French farce.
5. Circe - The Spider and the Fly. Othello. The
Barretts of Wimpole Street, if you want to
change the sex. And if you don't believe me
about Othello (the real plot of which is not the
triangle and only incidentally jealousy) try
casting it with a good Desdemona but a poor
Iago.
6. Romeo and Juliet - Boy meets Girl, Boy loses
Girl, Boy either finds or does not find Girl:
7. Orpheus – The Gift taken Away.
8. The Hero Who Cannot Be Kept Down. The
best example of this is that splendid play
Harvey, made into a film with James Stewart.
ARCHETYPAL STORY PATTERNS:
1. Hero overcomes obstacles and gets home or
wins
2. A magician who helps make dreams come
true
3. A jester who brings out the fun in a situation
4. The story of good vs evil
5. The quest for knowledge of self
6. The journey home
7. Hero saves damsel in distress
8. Star-crossed lovers
EXAMPLES OF MYTH IN LITERATURE:
1.Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
- Roman and Greek myths, though originally not
available in English, have deeply influenced
English works.
2. No Second Troy by William Butler Yeats
- In another Greek myth, Greeks devastated the
city of Troy in an outburst of the Trojan War.
3. Paradise Lost by John Milton
- Biblical stories and myths have also played an
important role in shaping English literary works.
4. The Waste Land by T.S Eliot
- These myths are of the Grail Quest and the
Fisher King.
FUNCTIONS OF MYTH
Myths exist in every society, as they are basic
elements of human culture. The main function
of myths is to teach moral lessons and explain
historical events. Authors of great literary works
have often taken their stories and themes from
myths. Myths and their mythical symbols lead
to creativity in
literary works. We can understand a culture
more deeply, and in a much better way, by
knowing and appreciating its stories, dreams,
and myths. Myths came before religions, and all
religious stories are, in fact, retellings of global
mythical themes. Besides literature, myths also
play a great role in science, psychology, and
philosophy.
STORY ELEMENTS OF MYTH AND LEGEND
• A collection or set of myths becomes a
Mythology.
• A mythology can have a connected plot about
an institution, situation, behavior, or happening
that provides an explanation of power through
force or energy in human form. With the force
or energy used to control nature, people, or a
complex situation. This control is traditionally
exercised by gods with godly attributes.

1. Characterization • Attributes can be for good or bad: wise,

foolish, love, hate, virtuous, evil, ...
• Characters are very few Animated, inanimate,
or personified gods or humans with super or • In a more modern sense the beings may be
god like traits. superheroes.

• The gods or superheroes can take the form of 4. Theme

human but are immortal with super natural
• Explains natural phenomena, origins of life,
powers.
human behavior, social phenomena, religious
2. Setting customs, human strengths, weaknesses or
lessons for life.
• Place is cultural relevant.
5. Style
• Time is past realistic time.
• Reflects culture's customs, values, and beliefs.
3. Plot
• Reflection of human strengths, frailties,
• The plot will most likely include plenty of
weaknesses, or imperfections.
action, suspense, and basic conflict.
• Usually includes supernatural beings or
• May offer explanations about the beginnings
events.
of the world or natural phenomenon.
• Believe main character can survive all
• May also focus on difficult tasks or obstacles
obstacles to achieve goal.
to be overcome.
6. Tone
• Plot deals with relationships between humans
and gods/superheroes, or gods/ superheroes • Reader is lead to new insights and/or
and gods/superheroes, the way people accept understandings.
or fulfill their destiny, and human's struggle with
7. Point of View
god and evil forces both within themselves and
outside themselves. • Often third person narrative.
• Others plots tell how the world began, how
people were made, how seasons change,
animals have certain characteristics, how the
moon, sun, and earth interact...
DETERMINING THE RELEVANCE AND THE
TRUTHFULNESS OF THE IDEAS PRESENTED IN
THE MATERIAL VIEWED
RELEVANCE
- Relation to the matter at hand
- Practical and especially social applicability; Not
out of date; current
- Relevance is the concept of one topic being
connected to another topic in a way that makes
it useful. The concept of relevance is studied in
many different fields, including cognitive
sciences, logic and library and information
science. Most fundamentally, however, it is
studied in epistemology (the study of
knowledge). Different theories of knowledge
have different implications for what is
considered relevant and these functional views
have implications for all other fields as well.
HOW TO DETERMINE IF THE TOPIC IS
RELEVANT. CONSIDER THESE QUESTIONS:
- Is the material viewed organized?
- What is the goal of the material?
- Is there a central theme?
- Is there a narrative structure?
- Does it make linear sense? (Some items may
be designed to be deliberately obtuse but
others are flat out badly made)
- Is it relevant?
- How is the information useful to you? How
does it answer the questions?
TRUTH
- The body of real things, events, and fact
- Synonyms: state of being realistic or true to
life, understanding and presenting any truth
- It is about accepting
CONCEPT OF TRUTH
1. JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEF - rooted in an ancient
Greek philisophy's concept of knowledge as
"justfied, true belief." This concept states that
something is true because you believe it is to be
true, and there is justification for such belief
2. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY – States that
something is true if it corresponds to reality of
the actual state of affairs. This theory assumes a
direct relationship between an idea and reality
that can be taken as “fact”
3. COHERENCE THEORY – propose that
something is true if it makes sense when placed
in a certain situation or context
4. RELATIVISM – is a philosophical concept
which contends that there are no absolute
truths
5. CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY – holds that
knowledge is shaped by social forces and
influenced by culture and history
6. CONSENSUS THEORY – views knowledge as
based on argument and that something is true if
almost everyone agrees that it is true
7. PRAGMATIC THEORY - holds view that
something is true if we can act it out into
practice or is useful in real life. It also believes
that ideas should be continually treated to
confirm their validity. A related theory,
verification, considers that ideas must be
verified using the senses of experience
INFORMATION DISORDERS
1. Fabricated Content – this new content is
100% false, designed to deceive and do harm.
2. Impostor Content – when genuine sources
are impersonated
3. Misleading Content – misleading use of
information to frame an issue or individual
4. Satire or Parody – no intention to cause harm
but has the potential to fool
5. False Content – when headlines, visuals, and
captions do not support the content
6. False Context – when genuine content is
shared with false contextual information
7. Manipulated Content – when genuine
information or images is manipulated to deceive
MULTIMODAL DOCUMENTS
The majority of texts that young people are
encountering and creating are multimodal. A
multimodal document is one in which the
meaning is conveyed by multiple modes, such as
written text, audio, still messages, moving
images, motion, use of space and so on.
TWO TYPES OF MULTIMODAL DOCUMENTS
1. Digital Multimedia Text –
photos/slideshows/websites
2. Live Multimedia text –
theater/storytelling/dancing
VIEWING
- Viewing is defined as an active process of
attending and comprehending visual media such
as televisions, advertising images, films,
diagrams, symbols, photographs, videos,
dramas, drawing, sculptures and paintings.
- It conveys information whether the text is a
piece of writing, an advertisement, a painting, a
performance, or a film.
- It is not only observed using videos or slide
shares. It could be achieved through a photo
gallery. Photos convey stories to which we can
connect to what they are trying to impart to us.
STEPS IN VIEWING
1. Pre-viewing – YOU PREPARE TO VIEW by
activating your schema (prior knowledge)
anticipating a message, predicting, speculating,
asking questions, setting a purpose for viewing
2. During Viewing – YOU VIEW THE VISUAL TEXT
TO understand the message by seeking and
checking understanding, making connections,
making and confirming predictions and
inferences, interpreting and summarizing,
pausing and reviewing, and analyzing and
evaluating.
3. After Viewing – YOU ARE GIVEN
OPPORTUNITIES TO respond to visual texts in an
intimate, critical, and creative way; respond by
reflecting, analyzing, evaluating and creating
IMPORTANCE OF VIEWING
- Develop the knowledge and skills to analyze
and evaluate visual texts and multimodal texts
that use visuals
- Acquire information and appreciate ideas and
experiences visually communicated by others
- Slow down, reflect, and think about the images
you are seeing, and develop the knowledge and
skills to analyze and evaluate visual texts and
multimodal texts that use visuals