Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Speaking ............................................................... 5
Read Aloud............................................................................ 5
Repeat Sentence ................................................................... 27
Describe Image ..................................................................... 50
Retell Lecture ....................................................................... 99
Answer Short Questions ........................................................ 127
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Speaking
Read Aloud
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4. Himalayas #1000005
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas.
This plant now looks entirely at home on the banks of English
rives. Brought to the UK in 1839. It quickly escaped from
Victorian gardens and colonized riverbanks and damp woodlands.
In the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests but
take these away and it grows and reproduces unhindered. Now it
is spreading across Europe, New Zeala nd, Canada and the US.
7. Pluto #1000008
Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday when the
International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system
from nine to eight planets. Although there had been a passionate
debate at the General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the
definition of a planet – and whether Pluto met the specifications
– the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.
rainforests, and prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had
microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park.
Only a small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be
already listed in databases.
from the government. However, these sums are not sufficient for
the solution of all problems. The second most import ant issue
consists of huge spending. The money social services achieve is
not enough for normal functioning. The third problem, affecting
human services, is the lack of skilled and experienced employees.
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Repeat Sentence
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#2000247
4. Arteries carry blood from the heart to other organs of the body.
#2001171
5. The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.
#2000690
buildings. #2000691
#2000045
9. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
#2000811
10. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and
11. The gap between rich and poor is not decreasing rapidly as expected.
#2000846
12. The professor will be the last speaker this evening. #2000683
13. Eating too much can lead to many health problems. #2000100
14. The United States has developed a coffee culture in recent years.
#2000687
15. The lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the Pack
Building. #2001218
16. All students and staff have access to the printers and scanners.
#2000137
17. Essays with few or no citations will raise the concern of the lecturers.
#2001222
19. She doesn't care about anything but what is honest and true.
#2000362
#2000685
22. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to your
23. You can find the student service center on level one of the Home
Building. #2000693
24. The timetable for the next term will be available next week.
#2000686
25. The US ranks the 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
#2000688
26. The lecture tomorrow will discuss the education policies in the United
States. #2000372
27. This is how we deliver health care to millions of people over the
world. #2001282
#2001225
30. The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply
for. #2001226
#2001228
32. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability
to flourish. #2001230
33. It is argued that students can learn more in collaborative rather than
34. The rules on breaks and lunch hours vary from company to company.
#2001232
2000412
progress. #2000796
37. The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab. #2001283
38. Our school of Arts and Technology accepts applications at all points
39. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with
40. You need to read the chapter before the management class.
#2001224
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42. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
#2000447
43. We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture.
#2001313
46. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their
tutors. #2000930
Journalism. #2000191
48. Applicants for the course should preferably have a degree in English
or Journalism. # 2001316
49. You should raise your concern with the head of school. #2000463
50. It's time to finalize the work before Wednesday’s seminar. #2000162
#2000130
53. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of
55. The author expressed an idea that modern readers invariably cannot
accept. #2000243
56. Every year, students pass the biology course easily. #2001294
58. Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their
59. We will need to make sure the school principal knows about the
changes. #2001272
60. Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay
Agreement. #2001242
#2001243
#2001244
64. The small Indian island is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
#2000863
66. The new English classes will start next Monday morning. #2000301
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#2000425
68. You should include your name and identification number on the
bigotry. #2000366
71. The agricultural sector in that country has been heavily subsidized.
#2000219
#2001271
phenomenon. #2000367
75. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial
circumstances. #2001240
#2000368
77. Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the
president. #2001245
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78. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #2000278
79. The verdict depends on which side is more convincing to the jury.
#2000394
80. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost
impossible. #2000068
my timetable. #2000338
83. We are not going to accept the assignment after the due date on
Friday. #2000426
84. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
#2000151
86. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
#2001239
87. Make sure you correctly cite all your sources. #2000893
88. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need
89. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal product. #2000703
#2001249
92. The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building at the end
95. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the
96. The portfolio is due at the internal review office no later than
Tuesday. #2000003
97. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.
#2000005
99. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for
instructor. #2001182
103. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioural events are
104. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture
106. Glass is not a real solid, because it doesn’t have a crystal structure.
#2000279
75%.#2000296
108. The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the
#2000312
111. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
#2000322
democracy. #2001252
115. Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
#2000659
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month. #2000201
119. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.
#2000330
120. Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical
flow. #2000335
121. I would like tomatoes and cheese sandwiches on white bread and
122. Most printers in the computer lab are out of ink. #2000677
123. Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational
programs. #2001203
#2000347
competing. #2000697
#2000122
131. The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current
events. #2001248
133. All students on engineering courses spent one year working on war
experience. #2000707
134. Higher fees make students think more critically about what
135. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
#2001170
136. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow. #2001255
137. If you forget your student number, you need to contact Jenny Brice.
#2001250
138. History is not the simple collection of dates and events. #2000694
139. Sport is the cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States.
#2000020
#2000709
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141. Your tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don’t understand
anything. #2001259
144. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
#2000854
145. Students will not be given credits for the assignments submitted after
#2001260
147. Much of the evidence used has only recently become available.
#2000701
148. Our fundamental realities, especially national needs, have seen the
149. The trip for professional training will start soon, so pack the items
150. Students can download the materials from the website. #2000302
152. Those reference books are too old, while the others are OK.
#2000868
40
153. The new timetable will be posted on the website before class starts.
#2000305
#2000166
155. If you need help, I can give you a hand in finding a flat. #2000743
156. No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #2000116
157. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find global
solutions. #2001202
158. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.
#2001289
159. The contest includes both land living history and human history.
#2000702
160. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
#2001227
161. In English, the first letter of the month of the year is always
capitalized. #2001263
162. You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry.
#2001262
#2001207
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words. #2001307
165. The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation
169. The current statistical evidence indicates the need for further
research. #2000266
170. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.
#2000749
172. We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three
tasks. #2000857
#2001261
#2000676
175. If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography. #2000864
176. On behalf of our department, I would like to thank you for your
participation. #2000121
42
177. Lots of students have their money and passports stolen especially at
night. #2001306
178. If she doesn’t speak the language, she’s not gonna sit around a week
university. #2000870
#2000042
181. Exam results will be available next week on the course website .
#2000942
182. The politics combine both the legislative and the political authorities.
#2000818
183. Would you please put the materials on the table? #2000748
184. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information.
#2001208
185. Don’t forget to take the library tour in the first week of the semester.
#2001265
186. More muscles are used in swimming than any other sports.
#2001193
189. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
#2001214
190. The student service center is located on the main campus behind the
library. #2000880
progress. #2001290
#2000238
193. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible
#2000131
injustice. #2000855
197. It is good for the environment, also good for your electricity bill.
#2000710
198. It’s within the framework that we’re making our survey. #2000860
#2001266
toddlers. #2001194
#2000761
207. You can change your courses on the website during the registration
period. #2000773
209. I don't agree with the author's point of view, but his presentation is
good. #2000776
210. Children can share their lunch at school around noon. #2001267
211. Companies are to earn money but not change society. #2001268
213. The university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the
world. #2000387
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215. The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply
for. #2001226
218. You should go to the reception to get your student card. #2001277
students. #2001291
220. The university supplies a number of scholarships for those who have
#2001292
#2001305
journalism. #2001309
226. The health center is situated at the corner of the university behind
227. The free trades are mutually beneficial for two partners. #2001310
46
228. The puppets do comedy routines and there is some terrific formation
dancing. #2001300
regulations. #2001299
230. Any text or references you make should be cited appropriately in the
bibliography. #2001298
231. Please read the first five chapters before the next week’s tutorial.
#2001325
232. Ideally, free trade is beneficial for trading with two partners.
#2001297
233. Only those who are over 18 years of age are eligible to open a bank
234. Physiology is the study of the internal and external structure of the
body. #2001314
235. Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets can support life
forms. #2001317
236. Students should take advantage of the internet before attending the
lecture. # 2001318
#2000109
238. A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break.
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#2000127
quarter. #2001319
240. When the demand for the course rose, university authorities took on
241. Those students have to retake the module if their marks are too low.
#2000828
242. The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online.
#2000316
#2000395
#2000417
#2000730
246. The professor will talk about the summary of the lecture. #2000317
247. Students can download the lecture handouts from the course
website. #2001320
#2001324
251. When I was in school, I had many of the same problems you have
now. #2000442
255. The quality of our accommodation is high, but it is still affordable for
students. #2001374
257. If you forget your passport, you need to contact the student center.
#2001412
49
Describe Image
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9. Media in UK # 3000537
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Retell Lecture
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The arising concern that a lot of people have about raising children
bilingually, especially the preschool year is based on the
conceptualization that the human brain at birth is essentially
monolingual. And the reason why come to this occasion. Because
often the parents will ask me if they use two languages at home
will their child be confused, because they hearing two languages.
And parents are often ask my advice about whether they should
use one language on parent role which is …………… complete
script & audio on www.alfapte.com
NASA took a picture of the galaxy that has been used in many
different media, which is regarded as the largest picture ever shot.
The greatest mystery is the darkness between each galaxy which
scientists want to know why it is dark at night. That question is
not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears
dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away
from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But
what about all those other faraway suns that appears as stars in
the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion
stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion
galaxies. You might suppose that many stars would light up the
99
night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronom ers didn't
think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe.
They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they
thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard to
imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is th at no matter
where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars
should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle
of a …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
4. Brain # 4000178
The brain is basically built from the bottom up. First, the brain
builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills. And then
more complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits as
we develop more complex skills. Biologically, the brain is prepared
to be shaped by experience. It’s expecting the experiences that a
young child has to literally influence the formation of its circuity;
it’s built into our biology. The interaction between genetics and
experience that shapes brain architecture is embedded in the
reciprocal relationship, the …………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
100
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us
the world's premier taxi service, for it was going to this exhibition,
and this fabulous exhibition invention from all around the four
corners of the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed
and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point
of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that modern
literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and
102
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course,
there’s lots of sugar in donuts of ice cream, or pastries, or other
things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places
where you see it and you don’t necessarily expect i t. So as an
example: peanut butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from Skippy
Peanut Butter and you see that sugar is the second most common
ingredient. So that you may know from the reading food labels
that these ingredients in any food labels that are lis ted in order
of how much there is …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
to food and when the dogs drooled in response to food that's called
an unconditioned response things that have been naturally are
considered unconditioned my learned connections are called
conditions Wesley the bell is called a neutral stimulus bec ause it
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny between China and
little Bhutan, wedged the Gross National India, has adopted
central index of Happiness as the government policy, and actually
has a good deal of success in education and in health and in
economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a
rather sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different
policies on people's happiness. They are the only country to go
that far. But you are now beginning to get other countries
interested…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
This illustration often used is the one that the monkeys and the
typewriters. Ok, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the
claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you
will get life, don't worry about it, yes, its's strange, yes, it's
wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on earth
and you will have life. So, the monkey sifting at the typewriter the
chances are eventually he produces the complete works of
Shakespeare so what's the problem. So, there's no problem.
There's no issue, right? You just leave it long enough and you'll
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
Western countries birth rate. The birth rate increased during the
twentieth century, but it starts to decrease over these last 2
decades in the year 2000 as an example the birth rate remained
at around 1.1 per cent to 1.2 per cent. Birth rates dropped to its
lowest point that is never been seen in the society there are even
some negative birth rate in other countries. …………… complete
script & audio on www.alfapte.com
So, the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and
grooming, nipple switching an arch back nursing. So, the rats that
do a lot of licking and grooming and their last rats that rule very
little. But most rats are in between. So that resembles a human
behavior as well, right you have mothers that are highly mothering
and mothers that couldn't care less and most mothers are
somewhere in between. So, if you look at these rats. So all you
do you observe them and put them in separate cages. So you put
the high lickers in one cage not the mothers, but the offspring and
the low lickers in another cage and then you let ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
I have said before that you can't have a civilization that doesn't
have art when we think about the great civilizations historically
all of them had a great production of culture and art because
society did not fail to observe itself the sophistication of the great
civilizations where their ability to look at themselves what exactly
allows a society to do to be the producers of art and culture into
mirror back to the core of the socie ty. What is being produced
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
This busy little town is named after sir David's first cousin. It's
also a Welsh language stronghold. According to the 2001 census
results, seventy percent of the town's population could speak
Welsh but even here the language may not be completely safe.
The Welsh language board expects last year's census results to
show a fall in the number of Welsh speakers living in its northern
and western heartlands. One of the main reasons for that the
board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to
leave the country.…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when
you had the term robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very
first robots. These were the very first robots. They were
characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal
Robots, and they…, the play was written by Czech writer called
Karel Capek. And …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
114
I want to say that Wilson who died over 30 years ago, began his
career before modern lit was taught and analyzed in the
universities, as he said at one time and I think a piece about
Christian golfs Gauss's I called him Gauss as my father in his
generation at Princeton a year or two after Wilson called him.
When Wilson was studying there that the latest daring writers to
get into the curriculum were widths of the 90s and maybe Gauss
had his reputation as a bohemian romantic because he had known
Oscar in Paris, but there was no modern lit Wilson came ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
116
A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies. But you
know, sometimes people say it dies when the second -last person
who speaks it dies because the last person has nobody to talk to.
Well, of course, languages have come and gone throughout histo ry
as communities have come and gone. But what's happening now
is something really quite extraordinary. Well, there are about
6000 languages in the world at the moment, more or less. Nobody
knows the exact number. Of these, about half of them are so
seriously in danger, are likely to die out in the course of present
century. Now the present century is a hundred years, half is 3000
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
118
If you liked the colorful animals we just saw, you're going to love
these next animals: frogs. You might not normally think of frogs
as being colorful, but these frogs definitely are. They are the dart -
poison frogs of Central and South America. Look at the ir striking
colors, often yellow with black stripes or deep blue with black
spots. Beyond being nice to look at, these markings have a
purpose. They warn predators that these frogs are poisonous.
When threatened, these frogs secrete a substance through the ir
skin that would easily kill whatever animal might try to eat them.
Their bright colors communicate this, and so most animals
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
Let's take a look at this video of these little kids they were offered
the option of having one marshmallow immediately now or two
marshmallows 15 minutes later and you've got some very cute
videotape of this experiment. So let's take a look okay, what we
found is a very simple and direct way of measuring a competence
that seems to make an important life difference a researcher tells
these pre-schoolers that she's going to leave the room if they wait
for her to come back without eating the marshmallows. The y'll get
two marshmallows, or they can…………… complete script &
audio on www.alfapte.com
Loggerhead turtles are the most abundant of all the marine turtle
species in U.S. waters. But persistent population declines due to
pollution, shrimp trawling, and development in their nesting
areas, among other factors, have kept this wide -ranging sea-goer
on the threatened species list since 1978. Their enormous range
encompasses all but the most frigid waters of the world's oceans.
They seem to prefer coastal habitats, but often frequent inland
water bodies and will travel hundreds of miles out to sea. T he
largest of …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
The mother turtles bury the eggs on the beach and then returned
to the sea and the eggs hatch about 50 to 60 days later.
I think with our linguistic training we also get all this invisible
training to be authorities, to be the people who know. It is part of
that process that you come out as a world authority on your
chosen subject. But when we move into working with communities,
we have to recognize that the communities have to be the
authority in their language. Actually, a woman in the class I'm
teaching …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
Let's say if I'm asking which source you often use to get
information. Newspaper? Radio? TV? And the survey shows 62%
of the people chose internet. You might be thinking I am going to
say, how important the internet is, or how quickly it has changed
the world for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is
conducted on the website globalandmail.com? Our ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
The basis of all life on Earth is the cell. All creatures on Earth are
made of cells. I am not gonna dwell on the biology of cells and
much it is not that relevant. But I do want to point out a few
things. First of all, there are 2 sorts of cells. As we th ink all the
prokaryotic cells, which is fairly simple and it is the thing that all
bacteria are made of. And then we have a eukaryotic cell,
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
122
So, when we talk about the Polar Regions, just to clarify exactly
what we mean. And we have first of all the Arctic at the top of the
earth and the Antarctic at the bottom, and so the Arctic was named
after the Greek word for bear. Now surprisingly it’ s not after the
polar bears that live in the Antarctic or live in the Arctic and based
on it’s after the little and great bear constellations that can be
seen in the sky. Now the Greeks also hypothesize that ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
Why just burning a food item provide information about its value
as a portion of food the nutritional value of food can be measured
on many different scales the most basic measurement scale is the
free energy content of the food in other words how much ene rgy
is …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
record, and the abilities of her crew, we can. I think, plot a wise
course between the …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
I'm just going to take on where Stafford left off and the hormone I
want to talk to you about is called melatonin and is synthesized in
the pineal gland which is very small it's the size of a pea in your
brain Jaykar called the seat of the soul and it is w here melatonin
is made. So it's …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
124
Indeed the library, we've all been to a historic library, we've all
enjoyed the smell of a historic library but what is it and what does
it mean? When we've recently, when the UCLA Center for
Sustainable Heritage, we've ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
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1. What books can only be read in the library, but cannot be borrowed
3. If a coat had a stain in it where would you take it? - Dry cleaners
#5000347
4. Into how many hemispheres does the equator split the earth into? -
Two #5000081
# 5000668
Two #5000550
8. What is the hard object in the center of peaches, apples, and pears?
- Stone #5000551
#5000526
#5000253
11. Which one would you use to describe the desert, aridity or humidity?
– Aridity #5000096
Chemist/Pharmacist #5000243
13. What’s the force that pushes everything to the earth? – Gravity
#5000552
14. What device do you use to type when you use a computer? -
Keyboard #5000467
16. To which system does the earth belong? - Solar system #5000092
18. In which direction does the Sun rise from? – East #5000511
21. In the sentence: “He has been quite upset since he went back to
22. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one,
23. What do you call the alphabetical list, at the end of the textbook
#5000475
25. What do you call a list in front of a book which outlines the structure
Telescope #5000555
27. What do you call the strap that secures a person in a car or an
28. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can-do operations?
– Surgeon # 5000557
Thermometer #5000405
129
37. What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys?
– Piano #5000227
#5000067
40. What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have bought an
#5000242
42. Which animal has white ivory and long trunk? – Elephant #5000561
#5000340
47. How many years are there in a century? - 100 years #5000531
#5000562
#5000526
#5000253
52. If you have a toothache, who would you go to? - Dentist #5000563
53. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day
54. What do we call the instructions for how to cook food? – Recipe
#5000232
55. What is the job title for someone who makes meals in a restaurant?
– Chef #5000231
56. What’s the name of the building where you can borrow books? –
Library #5000367
57. What do we call a book that contains lots of words with their
59. What is the thing you touch when you play guitar? – Strings
#5000222
60. Which kind of sense are you using via your ears? – Hearing
#5000221
#5000258
62. What identification document does most people need to carry when
64. What’s the area for colleges and universities called? – Campus
#5000218
65. When the writer of a book is unknown, what word is used for the
66. When you get lost in a city, what do you need to buy to find out
67. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life? -
Autobiography #5000371
68. Which part at the end of the book can be used for further reading?
#5000393
70. Whose job is to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a
71. What does the chemical symbol H2O stand for in chemistry? –
Water #5000566
72. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? – Wick
#5000088
73. What is the adjective to describe the creatures that no longer exist?
– Extinct #5000075
75. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you
77. What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm? – Elbow
#5000225
78. How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and
79. Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America
80. How do you describe the line that segment a circle? – Chord
#5000033
82. How would you describe the process by which snow becomes water?
– Melting #5000568
#5000245
#5000091
88. What do you need to see things which are far away? – Binoculars
#5000472
#5000571
90. In what section of a library can you use the books and materials as
collection #5000007
134
91. When a person’s Blood Alcohol Content is higher than the standard
#5000572
92. What do we call a car that uses two types of fuels? -A hybrid car
#5000573
93. When you have the primary and the secondary, what do you have
– Prescription #5000576
96. When we say "Dollars, cents, pounds, euro…", what are these called?
– Currencies #5000577
97. Apart from coffee and hot chocolate, what beverages also contain
98. What would you call a doctor who treat sick animals? - Vet
#5000578
99. Who takes care of people who are sick and stay in the hospital? –
Nurse #5000579
month. What do you call the publication that is published four times
102. What movement can babies do before they can sit and walk? -
Crawling #5000582
103. Where can you normally find the index in a book? - At the end
#5000583
104. What subject involves the study of the Periodic Table? – Chemistry
#5000584
105. What rises from the east in the morning and sets to the west in the
#5000586
#5000589
110. What is the short piece of music that comes before a longer piece,
#5000630
#5000592
#5000593
#5000021
Flowers #5000594
119. What type of food does a vegetarian eat, beef pie or fruit salad? -
120. When you fill in a form, what are the two options for ‘gender’? -
#5000596
137
125. What kind of clothes and shoes do you wear to keep comfortable
126. What shines at night in the sky and uses its own brightness? - Star
#5000600
127. Which shape has four equal sides and four angles, and each angle
128. What are the people who study history and historical evidence? –
Historian #5000602
130. If you want to study the human brain and behavior, what should you
133. How often does February have one extra day? - Every four years
#5000606
138
134. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? –
Bilingual #5000018
135. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days? – Week
#5000607
136. When you use Microsoft Word, which category does “Times New
# 5000657
#5000611
143. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the
#5000496
147. What is the opposite direction to where the Sun rises? – West
#5000614
149. When something is given in a pair, how many of them are there? –
Two #5000615
#5000616
#5000617
5000656
5000676
140
Soundtrack #5000620
157. What’s the color of the medal that a champion gets? – Golden
#5000621
#5000622
161. What are the two holes in your nose that you use to breathe? –
Nostrils #5000703
162. Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? – Wings #5000624
163. Which part of the body do mammals use to feed their next
164. What is the long speech that is spoken by only one actor in a film or
#5000060
166. Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries? – Baker
#5000366
167. What material is used both in windows and a light bulb? – Glass
#5000029
141
168. What is the job title of someone who works at the beach and save
– Lifesavers #5000626
170. What is the list that shows the names of actors and actresses in a
– Altimeters #5000664
172. What is the study of the stars and planets called? – Astronomy
#5000443
173. Despite all the advances and qualities of sexes, would more men or
- Insomnia #5000665
175. What is the horizontal line that separates the globe into two
176. What is the description of events that are spoken with background
178. How do you call the siblings who were born at the same time?
142
-Twins #5000674
179. What do you call a difficult time when economic activities slow down,
180. If a couple has a pair of children, how many children do they have?
-Two #5000685
181. What is the ceremony where two people get married? – Wedding
#5000706
#5000721
184. Which document does a student get when he completes his study at
#5000712
#5000713
187. What is the verb describing the process that water becomes ice?
- Freeze # 5000715
188. What do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called
system #5000716
143
191. What do we call the legal document that states how people’s
#5000717
192. When it’s raining, what object would you raise over your head?
- Umbrella #5000027
#5000719
194. What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Horizon /
Skyline #5000724
#5000725
196. What gas will be formed from the boiling water? – Vapor #5000726
197. What are buses, trains, and cars used for? - Transportation /
Travel #5000722
198. If you are celebrating a biannual activity, how many years ago did
200. What is the external organ used for hearing? – Ears #5000732
144
Library #5000728
202. What are the people who study religions? – Theologian #5000735
203. What is the opposite of the word "public", for example, when
205. What do you call people who travel to visit famous sightseeing
206. What is added to a drink if you want to cool it down on a hot day? –
Ice #5000734
207. What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the
145
Writing
1. Carbon-neutrality # 6000160
You used to think that being green was a luxury for your
company, but climate change has made you realize that you can
no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon -neutral,
but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to
become carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial
reasons or to help save the planet? Simon Armitage of the
Carbon Neutral Company believes: "Your drivers will help you
tailor your carbon-reduction program and determine key
performance indicators." This will help build a case for going
carbon-neutral. First, measure your carbon footprint, or get a
specialist to do it for you. That primarily means taking account
of your energy usage and emissions caused by travel. Before
you begin, think about whether you're collecting the right data
and whether it's readily accessible. When implementing any
energy reduction measures, ensure you engage with your staff.
"It's much better if your people decide for themselves when it's
sensible for them to travel," says Armitage. You'll also need
them to participate in switching off the lights and other energy -
saving measures. Set targets and show it's not a one -off
exercise.
The National Honey Board recently found that honey has the
same functions but less negative impact. This clinical trial is the
third in a series of studies focusing on the use of honey by
athletes. The first study (involving 71 subjects) determined that
honey has a milder effect on blood sugar than other popular
forms of carbohydrate gel.
This type of war does not provide for any warning time. It
challenges not only the external security of the nation states
and international community, but also their internal safety.
I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born
and reared on a farm I had been seduced for a few years by the
idea of being a big shot that lived and worked in a city rather
than only going for the day to wave at the buses. True, I was
familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country living
such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a
range of flora and fauna (including, on one memorable occasion,
a dead lamb), the absence of central heating in farmhouses and
cottages, and a single-track farm road easily blocked by snow,
broken down machinery or escaped livestock. But there were
many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid Seventies. Town
born and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm,
substantial Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage
on a much lower income, persuading her that country had it
over town might have been difficult.
5. Columbus # 6000045
Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish
coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of mining themselves.
Hence the conquerors divided up the island and its Indian
population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to
work as virtual slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian
diseases and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years after
Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a million had
been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of
smallpox to bring the population down to 3,000.
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug -in
vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you and many other
people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now.
At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first
unplug your car - your plug-in vehicle. Its big on-board batteries
will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for
you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car o nce again, this
time into a socket that allows power to flow form your car's
batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when
152
you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favorite
electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limit ed amount of
power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps
because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices.
The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your
car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good
deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power
form peaking stations.
If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked
like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient
engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas,
even biofuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator
that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save
and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that
costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan f or
153
Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was,
as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be
harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting
me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles.
"My husband is a firstborn. He's always sticking up for the
oldest. He feels bad for her that the others came so fast. He
helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and
then lose it." Silverstone sees birth order triggers as "an
opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I've learned to teach my
middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn't teach
me that. I'm conscious of giving my middle daughter tools, so
she has a nice way to protect herself." Whether or not you
156
The World Wide Web, or the Web, is often confused with the
Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet. In fact, it is
just one part of the Internet, along with with email, video
conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim
Berners-Lee now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology introduced a new system of communication on the
Internet which used hyperlinks and a user -friendly graphical
interface, his slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as
the World Wide Web.
Since the web went global 20 years ago, the way we shop, listen
to music and communicate has been transformed. There are
implications for politics, literature, e conomics even terrorism
because an individual can now have the same access to
information as the elite. Society will never be the same.
The computer scientist from Oxford, who built his own computer
from a television screen and spare parts after he was ba nned
from one of the university computers, is a cultural guru as much
as a technological one.
A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has
been preserved in amber for 25 million years, a researcher said.
The chunk of amber containing the frog, less than half an inch
long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico’s southern Chiapas
state in 2005 and was bought by a private collector, who loaned
it to scientists for study.
The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years ago,
based on the geological strata where the amber was found.
They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben
Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week,
including at Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus.
Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks,
he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including
The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the
full-time position would see him working on the broader issues
of crime prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am
not there to patrol the school.
Those who skip food in the morning are also more likely to be
fatter and less well-educated, meaning they find it harder to get
a job. Researcher Dr Anna Keski -Rahkonen said: Smoking,
171
Individuals who skip breakfast may care less about their health
than those who eat breakfast. Previously, experts assumed that
missing breakfast often called the most important meal of the
day was simply the marker of a hectic life or a way to try to lose
weight. But Dr Keski-Rahkonen, who led the study at Helsinki
University, said the results revealed starting the day without
food suggests an unhealthy lifestyle.
For both children and adults, a simple bowl of cereal with milk
goes a long way toward providing a sufficiently nutritious start
to the day. Green-Burgeson recommends choosing a cereal
172
that’s low in sugarless than five grams per serving — and using
nonfat or one per cent milk.
While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one
where both the challenges as well as the opportuni ties will
emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research,
dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and
economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous
phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older
ones, and opportunities present themselves in the sheer number
of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to
gain from their contribution.
This
ageing of the population permeates all social, economic and cu
ltural spheres.
Revolutionary change calls for new, revolutionary thinking, whi
ch can position policy formulation and
implementation on sounder footing. In our ageing world,
new thinking requires that we view ageing as a lifelong
and older person.
In the past few decades, Australia has taken a real step toward
treating women with dignity and respect. Young women are
174
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the
message that thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that
men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country
where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time
and 70% of schoolgirls say they want to lose weight, despite the
fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly
hazardous to the mental health of young Au stralians.
The study concluded that napping was more likely than diet or
physical activity to lower the incidence of heart attacks and
other like-ending heart ailments.
Specialists not involved with the study said there are sound
biochemical reasons to believe that a nap may help protect
against heart disease. Essentially, they said, sleep at any time
of day acts like a value to release the stress of everyday life.
It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our
feet and why it's so important to protect it. One tablespoon of
soil contains more organisms than there are people on Earth;
billions of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms combine
with minerals, water, air, and organic matter to create a living
system that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil
can store as much as 3,750 tons of water per hectare, reducing
177
The ways of life Upper Paleolithic people are known through the
remains of meals scattered around their hearths, together with
many tools and weapons and the debris leftover from their
making. The people were hunter -gathers who lived exclusively
from what they could find in nature without practicing either
agriculture or herding. They hunted the bigger herbivores, while
berries, leaves, roots, wild fruit, and mushrooms probably
played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was
indiscriminate; perhaps because so many animals were about
they did not need to spare pregnant females or the young. In
the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and
bison fetuses were found. Apparent ly, Upper Paleolithic people
hunted like other predators and killed the weakest prey first.
They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon suns and
migrating herds of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about a
caveman, upper Paleolithic people did n ot live deep inside
caves. They rather close the foot of cliffs, especially when an
overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the
valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they
killed. At time, on the great Russian plains, they bui lt huts with
huge boned and tusks collected from skeletons of mammals.
182
Men hunted mostly with spears, the bow and arrow were
probably not invented until the Magdalenian period that came
at the end of the Upper Paleolithic. Tools and weapons, made
out of wood or reindeer antlers, often had flint cutting edges.
Flint snappers were skillful and traditions in flint snapping were
purchased for thousands of years. This continuity means that
they must have been carefully thought how to find good flint
modules and how to snap them in order to make knives, buries
(chisel-like tools), or scrapers, which could be used for various
purposes.
Slightly less than one in five carers (19%) were primary carers
(475,000 people). That is, they were the main carer of a person
who was limited in carrying out the core everyday activities of
mobility, communication or self -care. Both primary carers and
the larger group of other carers (close to 2 million) contribute
to the wellbeing of older people and people with disabilities.
However, because they care for people who otherwise would
have difficulty carrying out basic everyday activities, there is
particular interest in primary carers: in the contribution they
make, their wellbeing, labor force experiences, motivations and
the support they receive in caring.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be assisting
someone who lived in the same household (81% compared with
76%). As with caring as a whole, the likelihood of being a
primary carer increased with age to peak at age 55 -64 years,
where one in twenty people were primary carers. However,
rather than then declining, the likelihood of being a primary
carer remained at around this level among the older ag e groups.
Consequently, primary carers had a somewhat older age profile
than other carers. The median age of primary carers was 52
years, compared with 47 years for other carers.
183
Renewable
Clean
Low Maintenance
194
Essay Writing
Register for FREE & practice on www.alfapte.com
5. There are more and more situations using credit cards instead
of cash. It seems that cashless society is becoming a reality.
How realistic do you think it is? And do you think it brings
benefits or problems? # 7000090
16. Nowadays, the mass media including TV, radio, and newspaper
have become an essential part of our lives. What is your
opinion? # 7000223
18. Space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues,
such as environmental problems, that we should be focusing
on. What are your views on the allocation of public funding?
# 7000207
20. Do you think extreme sports like skiing, water rafting, etc. are
dangerous and should be prohibited /banned? Are you in favor
of these activities, why? # 7000084
26. You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area
would you prefer? Explain why you pick this particular area of
your study and give an example in the area you pick. #7000227
28. Some people think law changes human behavior. Do you agre
e or disagree? #7000116
30. Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life
experiences can teach more effectively than books or formal
school education. How far do you agree with this idea?
Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal
experience. # 7000203
32. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of
the library has become obsolete. Universities should only
procure digital materials rather than constantly textbooks.
198
36. What do you think is the most important invention for the pa st
100 years? antibiotics, airplanes, or computers? And why?
# 7000072
37. The time people devote to job leaves very little time for
personal life. How widespread is the problem? What problem
will this shortage of time cause? # 7000115
39. What do you think are the strengths and weakness of the
education system in your country? Use your own experience to
support your idea. # 7000212
199
40. Some people say that a man’s life is defined by the place where
he grows up. Use a successful celebrity to discuss how his
accomplishments were or weren’t influenced by the place
where he lived when he was young # 7000133
48. There are many people who are defined by the place where
they grow up. Please think of a celebrity you know who
becomes famous because of his/her hometown or the place
where he/she grows up. Give examples of how his/her
accomplishment is influenced by the place where he/she grows
up. #7000232
50. More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please
give your suggestions on a personal level and national level.
#7000233
54. In the future, people will work fewer hours at their jobs. To
what extent do you agree with it? Please support your opinion
with your own experience. #7000237
56. Nowadays, more and more people believed that overburden can
help complete higher quality in achievements. For example,
201
202
57.
203
Reading
Re-Order Paragraphs
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6. Vegetarian #10000418
A. Vegetarians eat only vegetables. They do not eat meat.
B. The school cafeteria provides food according to these vegetarian
requirements.
C. Many non-vegetarians also like vegetarian food.
D. This improvement is highly relevant to the increasing population
of vegetarians.
B. In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations
met in San Francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations
Conference on International Organization.
C. The recent high-profile conferences on development issues,
which have continued a series that began in the 1970s, have
broken new ground in many areas: by involving Presidents,
Prime Ministers and other heads of state - as pioneered at the
1990 World Summit for Children.
D. These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty
and environmental degradation at the top of the global agenda.
E. These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency
to grab front-page headlines and command the attention of
world leaders.
A. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his
first job as the chief pilot of an airmail routeopera ted by
Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
B. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH -4 biplane to Springfield,
Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.
C. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for
delivering the mail under any circ umstances.
D. After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning
aircraft and immediately phoned AlexanderVarney, Peoria's
airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
E. "Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even
more than last year," Duke said. "This end -of-month
[purchases] cycle is growing to be a concern.
D. But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make
a phone call when we are under a crisis.
E. In other words, I firmly believe that the development of science
and the extension of understanding is a public good.
B. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we
mix.
C. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are
more likely to listen to those that offer us some reward.
D. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice,
environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie.
E. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the
face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.
C. Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why
hadn’t it been done before?
D. Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask
chief executives, governments, NGOs, foundations.
companies that do not bear responsibility for clean -up at the old
mine.
C. If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be
bankrupted by clean-up costs, the company instead denies its
responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
D. In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it
remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S.
federal government and the Montana state government pay for
the clean-up through the federal Superfund and a corresponding
Montana state fund.
D. They are hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful
insights into the kinds of biology that could help microbes exist
on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and moons.
235
7. Poverty # 12000357
9. Seatbelt # 12000014
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive
and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am
convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have
240
actually need longer sleep. So, parents should try and speak to
their children, who are suitable to help them understand that a
night of sound sleep is always helpful.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of
trees such as the maple have a single -blade structure that
allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These
seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the
air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the
behavior of the samara with high -speed cameras, Ulrich and his
team were able to copy its design.
The samara copter is not the first single -winged helicopter - one
was flown in 1952, and others have been attempted since -but
243
painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not
only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been
painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could
capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by
painting air (in plain air).
Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from
nectar, which actually is a fluid that is collected in the heart of
the flowers to encourage pollination by insects and other
animals. Secondly, come from pollen, it is fine powdery
substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains stored
from the male part of a flower or from a male cone. It contains
a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, which is
transferred by wind, insects or other animals.
Let us go with the honeybee from her flower to the hive and see
what happens. Most bees gather only pollen or nectar. As she
sucks nectar from the flower, it is stored in her special honey
stomach ready to be transferred to the honey -making bees in
the live.
with their environment and other kiwi," she says. The book
covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and
closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behavior and
current conservation issues, making this the perfect
introduction for anyone with an interest in these fascinating
birds. The book is the second ti tle in a new series on New
Zealand's wildlife, targeted at a family readership.
bodies are more likely to get passed down to the next generation
because well-constructed bodies are more likely to surviv e and
thus to reproduce. This is Darwin's theory of natural selection
stated in the language of DNA.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling
question that may not have a definitive answer. One leading
researcher, however, has proposed that the key to
understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving
bond between mother and child.
What history books tell us about the past is not everything that
happened, but what historians have selected. They cannot put
in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly
be made about which aspects of the past should be formally
taught to the next generation in the shape of school history
lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for
England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s,
the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public
and media interest. Politicians argued about it; people wrote
letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time,
Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first
about the question of content. There were two main camps on
this issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take
pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as
'world history'.
A dog may be man's best friend, but man is not always a dog’s.
Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine
body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of
the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when
found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does,
though, offer a chance to those wh o would like to understand
how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches
is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter
size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work
with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this
simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of
America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish
to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular
pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.
treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the
backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through
the throat.
Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total
stranger — or so says a new study from Harvard University,
which shows that another person’s experience is often more
informative than your own best guess.
“If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience,
you are better off knowing how much someone else enjoyed it
than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says
Gilbert. “Rather than closing our eyes and imagining the
future, we should examine the experience of those who have
been there.
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This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major
source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest
reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs
counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of
evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the
Amazon basin is ‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says
graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison
frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably
the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have
shown that you cannot understand Am azonian biodiversity by
looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major
role.”
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Over the last ten thousand years there se em to have been two
separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the
history of towns and cities. One is the desire to start again, for
a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have
demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city
marks a new political beginning. The other can be likened to
the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people,
who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their
arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in
every established city unless its development has been almost
completely accidental or is lost in his tory. Incidentally, many
settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a
variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good
example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales,
which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th c entury, in
expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and
a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South
Wales started with an original survey whose grid lines are still
there today in the pattern of the original streets.
No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents
often puzzle about why their children are so different from one
another. They’ll say, I brought them up all the same. They
forget that what determines our behavior isn't what happens
to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two
people ever see anything in exactly the same way.
Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard,
unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly.
Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able
to return to Ireland.
of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and
squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this,
of course, not only because we like the sounds but because
details of the sounds contain information about the intentions
of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means
of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When
we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have
never been thought before and that never would have occurred
to us on our own. Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the
bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he
is in chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with
a comfortable home and happy disposition seemed to unite some
of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the
speed of light squared. I have found it impossible to carry the
heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as
King without the help and support of the woman I love.
people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off -
street parking is no longer required or needed.
way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain
the overall responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can
provide constructive feedback on their performance.
While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs,
teachers are wondering how to use education to insulate the
next generation from such a fate. This has worked before.
When the last wave of automation swept the developed world
at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided
education was the answer. “If machines were going to
substitute for brawn”, they reasoned, “more people would
need to use their brains”. The US invested heavily in
education, with good results. Workers reaped the benefits
301
The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor
down. One emerges from the elevators into a spacious hallway.
At some hours, museum staff members are giving small hands -
on demonstrations of techniques such as quillwork. These
activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These
small surveys of the museum's vast holdings are called
302
Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west,
but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects termites,
stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs
are on the menu for an estimated 80 percent of the world’s
population. More than 1000 species of insects are served up
around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” made from
midges are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-
eating or entomophagous hotspot, where more than 200 insect
species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are
now under threat, including white agave worms. These
caterpillars of the tequila giant -skipper butterfly fetch around
$250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes nutritional sense.
Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female
gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects
can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron,
zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon
tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and
fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably,
inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects
are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US
Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the
number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example,
it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to
225 insect fragments.
2. Kashmiri # 11000190
4. Enigma # 11000282
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean
ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite pursuit for
many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically
spectacular, coral reefs also support the livelihoods of over half
a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to
double in coming decades while the area of high -quality reef is
expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of
climate change, which could lead to increased seawater
temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at
some quite frightening scenarios.
Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location
and then the in-built compass finds north, adjusting to the
direction you're facing and pointing the way. But that's not
easy because there are two 'norths'. There's true north - which
is the direction of the North Pole and which reliably stays put -
and there's magnetic north which, thanks to the flowing layer
of molten iron in the Earth's outer core, has a habit of moving
around.
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner,
I feel confident not only that I can tell what kind of emotional
state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions.
Yet as a hard-headed scientist, I try to take a more [rational'
and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more
likely to result from my desire for a good relationship with my
dogs.
Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard
constantly in Venice and his influence blanketed Europe. He
spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing
productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's
scores, copied them for performance and arranged some for
other instruments.
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or
that you should become a slave to spare, unadorned writing.
Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent
hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking
journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to
be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words,
active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to
follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay
attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments
of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning
altogether.
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played
a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and softer than lead,
it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for
automobile grease, and in the production of glass and
ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure
form in nature. Lithium floats n water—or, rather, it skitters
317
The allure of the book has always been negative and positive,
for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many
young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in
a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also
enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers'
dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out
to be junk food. The texts and pictures titillate children or
reinforce certain formulaic patterns of thinking that reduce the
possibility for the child to develop his or her own creative and
critical talents.
You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming
sooner; I think that there are several reasons. We were from
the 1970s until the end of the century distracted by the
important global problem of stratospheric ozone depletion,
which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it
and succeeded but had little time to spend on climate change.
Climate science was also neglected because twentieth -century
science failed to recognize the true nature of Earth as a
responsive self-regulating entity. Biologists were so carried
away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see that living
things were tightly coupled to their material environment and
that evolution concerns the whole Earth system with living
organisms an integral part of it. Earth is not the Goldilocks
planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It
was in this favorable state some two billion years ago but now
our planet has to work hard, against ever increasing heat from
the Sun, to keep itself habitable. We have chosen the worst of
times to add to its difficulties.
seashore. But the numbers have stabilized over the past five
years as overfishing thinned the shark population near shore
and swimmers learned about the risks of wading into certain
areas, Burgess said.
I Ice storm is a type of weather. Cold rain falls down into the
cold air changing from water into ice. A heavy ice storm
left more than hundred residents’ electricity cutoff. Because
the ice storm hit down the wire.
to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable
to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical
performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say
that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring
activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of
sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep is
frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep.
Number and form, they reveal, are the essence of our world:
from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from
the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces.
Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and
introducing geniuses from Alcibiades, the enfant terrible of
Athens, to Gauss, the Mozart of numbers, this inspiring book
makes the mysteries of math’s accessible and its rich patterns
brilliantly clear.
Gentle or fierce, the wind always starts in the same way. The
wind is formed by the circulation of air. The sun heats up some
parts of the sea and the land. The air among the hot spot warms
up and rises. The cold air drops because it is heavy. Some wind
circulates within a small area. Others blow in the entire globe.
I use the word civilization now for the first time, because before
the Bronze Age--there is nothing that we would define as
civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent
dwelling areas that we call cities, as opposed to villages.
Agricultural villages will have existed all over the place in the
late Stone Age, in the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But the re
is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains
a number of people who do not provide for their own support.
That is to say, they don't produce food. They need to acquire
339
The Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast
as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour Winds can travel around
the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat
from your body faster when it is windy Weather forecasters
need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength
of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force
when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage
houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by
their school the last term, compared with 0.9% for the same
term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness,
the same figure as last year.
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought
of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European
societies and their colonies around the world. This understanding
of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both
with nature or non-civilization. According to this understanding
of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and
some people are more cultured than others. Anything that
doesn’t FIT into this category is labeled as chaos or anarchy.
From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which
is the progressive refinement of hum an behavior. In practice,
culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute
cuisine, high fashion or haute couture, museum -caliber art, and
346
347
348
Listening
Summarize Spoken Text
Register for FREE & practice on www.alfapte.com
What do you desire? What makes you itch? What's all of the
situation would you like? Let's suppose, I do this often in
349
4. Shakespeare # 13000036
Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would
like to know, ought to know about Shakespeare if they're getting
into his works. The first thing to say is that he did live quite a
long time ago. He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading
Shakespeare or listening to Shakespeare, you're listening to
somebody whose language is not quite the language of our
current. You're …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
What makes a happy home for dogs is a broad question, and the
answer depends on individual cases. Firstly, dog owners should
provide dogs with some basic needs, such as food, water and
shelter. Secondly, as a social animal, dogs need communication
and interactive stimulation just like humans do. However, dog
owners often leave dogs alone at home. Even a luxury penthouse
is not a happy home for dogs.
8. Architecture # 13000047
Well, I would argue that what they will say was the most
important thing to happen in the early twenty first century was
the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. The two really
fused in a way that more and more IT started to drive more and
more globalization. And more and more …………… complete
script & audio on www.alfapte.com
from that also talk a bit about the kinds of history that I think
museums are particularly good at creating and communicating. I
think this is something I would really like to discuss because it is
not necessarily very well understood is that I think museums, as
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial
Revolution was that it was the work of some genius inventors
who created machines used primarily in the textile industry but
354
I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well
informed. Maybe it's something we take for granted in our liberal
western democracies. But there will be plenty of societies, well,
that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of
the world still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing
information. Governments, especially the …………… complete
script & audio on www.alfapte.com
The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved
over the last half million years and more recently the last
200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution
of cognitive function and perception in different ways, can only
happen to the actions of a small number of genes. If one needed
to adapt dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to acquire
the penetrating minds that we now have, …………… complete
script & audio on www.alfapte.com
You've got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful.
We're not going to talk about them at any length, but there's
little flappy, these little spiky things going along in your ear and
they can translate vibrational energy coming from your ear,
hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the
359
Another
example comes from the other end of life and has to do with
what's called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a
few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on
Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a
lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed
marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies,
360
all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian
speaking …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very
fast burst of radio waves. It comes from outer space, a long way
away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So , it starts and stops in
about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and
it’s finished. Fast radio bursts are a real mystery. We don’t
exactly understand where they com e from, or what actually
makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really
don’t have an answer for. There …………… complete script &
audio on www.alfapte.com
So, faults are breaks in the earth crust, we can identify them
because of the discontinuity in the structure within the earth
crust across fault. And earthquakes occur on these faults, so vary
processes by which these faults move to a large extent is due to
364
The human rights act can be said by reaching, some of them are
controversial in the UK' s history of rights. At the same time, it
can be described as some cause documents, they provide some
start point for world application for low to rights. In many ways,
the precious protection contain UN the human rights act that we
365
Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in
the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the
pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to
366
Well, the 90s came around and finally it clicked that normal
people could get online, which hadn't really clicked before. And
the little trick that finally put it together was Tim Berners Lee
HTML, so thank you to the UK …………… complete script &
audio on www.alfapte.com
368
Many different types of bar code scanning machines exist, but they
all work on the same fundamental principles. They all use
the intensity of light reflected from a series of black and white
stripes to tell a computer what code it is seeing White stripes
reflect light very well, while black stripes reflect hardly any light
at all. The bar code scanner …………… complete paragraph &
audio on www.alfapte.com
6. CEO # 15000155
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate
change was that a shift in ocean currents could radically cool
Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning ……………
complete paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com
373
# 20000670
#20000008
physical. #20000696
#20001082
forms. #20001047
responsibility. #20000769
#20001044
9. The students will meet their new teachers after the summer
vacation. #20001048
11. Those who are considering a career of marketing should attend the
talk. #20000229
12. Fruits containing too much sugar and calories have little or no
#20000983
#20000003
17. Free campus tours run daily during summer for prospective
students. #20000275
20. Human beings compete with other species for resources and space.
#20000679
22. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
#20000704
375
#20000728
24. The reading list will be available before the course begins.
#20000193
practice. #20000734
scientists. #20000736
counterparts. #20000761
#20000778
#20000168
#20000672
#20000656
35. It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would
react. #20000646
#20000626
37. Most of these students have not considered this issue before.
#20000800
or opposite. #20000617
#20000966
40. The city’s founders created a set of rules that became law.
#20000498
41. The research will investigate the great impact of gender on social
attitude. #20000924
42. Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own
language. #20000616
43. Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
#20000240
#20000431
#20000613
46. Our new medical students must attend the talk about optional
courses. #20000223
#20000598
#20000577
#20000566
50. Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk.
#20000565
#20000637
53. Scientists are always asking the government for more money.
#20000557
#20000537
378
evaluation. #20000784
56. The paper has the potential to transform life science. #20000987
57. We will never learn that if life exists on other planets. #20000980
61. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade.
#20000434
programs. #20000332
63. Having clean water for consumption is vital for health. #20000927
argument. #20000444
66. The island is located at the south end of the bay. #20000455
#20000467
379
#20000967
#20000970
70. The city’s founder created a set of rules that became law.
#20000498
71. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
#20000505
73. The artists tied to the conservative politicians earned their own roles
of critics. #20000511
75. The application process may take longer than it’s expected.
#20000517
76. One of the key conclusions is that the development needs were met.
#20000973
#20000527
380
#20000989
79. The poster of this play is hung in the large lecture theatre.
#20000249
81. If you need a parking ticket, see me after the lecture. #20000974
82. The physics students will be given an additional module this year.
#20001015
84. The chemistry building is located near the entrance to the campus.
#20000618
government. #20000910
87. Artificial intelligence has made significant progress for the last few
years. #20000968
88. The workshop will show you how to search for library catalogs.
#20000930
semester. #20000427
381
approach. #20000423
91. The railway makes long distance travel possible for everyone.
#20000422
#20000401
Friday. #20000534
94. The teacher asked the group to commence the task. #20000396
#20000912
#20000388
98. His appointment with the Minister of Culture seems like a demotion.
#20000752
#20000377
100. They were struggling last year to make their service pay.
#20000218
382
#20000352
102. Those seeking formal extension should contact their faculty for
information. #20000344
103. Tribes vied with each other to build up the monolithic statues.
#20000657
104. When the court pronounces the sentence, the judge will see if she
is regretting. #20000871
important. #20000990
#20000322
107. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.
#20000317
108. When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise prices.
#20000306
110. You are required to complete the research paper by next Monday.
#20000300
111. Students should take the training course to use the gym.
383
#20000931
#20000290
114. Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.
#20000280
115. The extent of advertising for children is very much open to debate.
#20000472
116. Before submitting your dissertation, your adviser must approve your
application. #20000753
field. #20000635
121. The university provides leisure activities for students and staff.
#20000914
123. The school canteen sells a large variety of water and food.
#20001019
384
124. Fast food becomes more popular for many students. #20000957
#20000880
#20000881
127. Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.
#20000932
128. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
#20000494
129. The first commercial airport was built on the island relatively
recently. #20001016
#20001020
experiences. #20001017
#20000818
385
#20000144
options. #20000804
workforce. #20000939
#20000944
139. The finding shows that chocolate can improve memory, immunity
140. The sociology exam will take place in Week 13. #20000943
nearby. #20000827
#20000926
143. You can buy a ticket for the lecture from the school secretary.
#20000935
#20000945
#20000834
386
146. At that time, few people moved from towns to villages. #20000962
147. The cafeteria will only serve cold milk on Friday this week.
#20000955
#20000839
#20000938
#20000854
151. Mobile devices are not allowed to be used during the examination.
#20000961
152. Many cities are actively working on ways for reducing air pollution.
#20000940
153. Please click on the logo above to enter the site. #20000257
#20000787
#20000102
#20000936
159. Family life is difficult for parents who have shift work. #20000918
160. According to the law of gravity, all objects attract each other.
#20000950
#20001022
#20000866
#20000883
164. You wrote poetry and plays as well as scientific papers. #20000884
165. The university main library will be open till midnight until next
Monday. #20000885
#20000919
167. Family life is difficult for parents who have shift work. #20000918
#20000948
169. Money and how it is paid can affect the motivation to work.
#20000897
388
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173. Many experts think that the world climate is constantly changing.
#20001005
#20000682
179. Social policy describes the ways societies meet human needs.
#20000977
181. The university canteen is now offering many healthy meal options.
#20000981
#20000992
#20001021
Revolution. #20001013
188. The balance in diet and exercise makes good health. # 20000997
#20001003
190. Undergraduate students can select what interests them the most in
191. Diet and exercise are the foundation parts of good health.
#20000999
193. Physics students will do an additional module if their marks are low.
#20001010
194. The digital revolution has changed the way we read. #20001001
195. You should inform your professor if you are absent from your
classroom. #20001002
390
196. Rivers provide habitat and migration pathways for numerous aquatic
species. #20000561
#20000213
199. The food crops require a large quantity of water and fertilizer.
#20001037
200. The prevailing wind ensures that the temperature extremes unwell.
#20001012
201. Human beings compete with other species for resources and space.
#20001023
202. Heavy snow means no flight could take off or land. #20000953
204. The restrooms are down the hall to the right. #20001035
government. #20000934
206. Please close the door behind you when you leave the room.
#20001068
studies. #20000408
391
209. New materials and techniques are changing the way of architecture.
#20000373
#20001036
increasing. #20000105
#20000694
#20000713
enterprises. #20000125
218. Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post.
#20000755
219. Daily practice can build confidence and improve skills. #20000721
#20000868
#20000756
222. Students are advised that all the lectures today have been canceled.
#20001045
223. Archeologists discovered tools and other artifacts near the tombs.
#20000068
#20000110
226. The author's previous works are more theoretical and less
experimental. #20000508
227. Essays and assignments are spread out across the academic year.
#20000108
#20001055
#20001039
230. City planners recognize the need for accessible public transport
options. #20000804
233. Every student has the right and ability to succeed. #20001046
234. Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world. # 20001059
237. Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century. #20001051
238. Please move us to the meeting room for the next hour. #20001049
239. Scientists were unsure when the first man left Africa. #20001050
240. Blue whales are the largest animals to have ever lived. #20001038
241. Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.
#20000560
244. New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology. #20001040
245. People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life.
#20001056
246. Students must attend the safety course before entering the
247. Before preparing food, please make sure to wash your hands.
#20001061
248. You will study two courses and three modules. #20000156
394
251. Every student has a regular meeting with his or her personal tutor.
#20000029
#20001062
256. You have to send me your essay in two courses and three modules.
#20001071
257. The weather used to be lovely at this time of the year. #20001083
beautiful. #20001081
drawn. #20000028
261. Industries now bring more job opportunities than agriculture and
262. You will get your uniform on the first day. #20001075
395
#20000079
264. You can get your coffee and tea in the lounge. #20001086
266. There are opportunities to receive grants from most artistic fields.
#20000235
#20001087
268. It was four more years before the theory was fully developed.
#20000197
269. You do not need to have specialist knowledge to enjoy this book.
#20001091
#20000107
important. #20001090
lecture. #20001089
#20001088
396
#20000841
278. Students may only park their cars in authorized university parking
spaces. #20000906
281. The government financial plan has threatened the social services.
#20001094
#20000847
287. Supply and demand are some of the most fundamental concepts in
economics. #20000531
291. The lack of sleep can increase the chance of getting some illness.
#20001100
292. Technology and industry are the drivers of the global economy.
#20001105
#20001104
library. #20001101
295. The study of anthropology can help us learn about science today.
#20001099
398