ital iNT iN Te From Conception to Birth what will you know? erry ey letateee cd Genes and Chromosomes \reora Among Pesle Genotype ard heros Shared and Overgere Genes Ma ars Female. ins Boye? ‘ er ThaFist ‘Corseaianeas ‘Conearsone Rinally, a Baby. Ths Navona Fires Mares ‘Abies Newton cca Assistonc eth he Neo FeilThe Moment of Concoon Sg sere rec ‘aoe bringing together about 21.000 fence pigs ceo ecnytomal ni OMA steomcsome ‘intra teedeves of A paren ney set me things endure: Every pregnancy ana births «mace Genes ensure, too, Babies get hal thelr gonos frm eech par lent, $0 1s5ac has one-fourth of rine, and mine came from gneettors, passed down over thousands of years This cheeter eserbes genetics, prenatal davelopmant. and birt, a8 well as ome of the many differences (fom ona era, one culture, even te fornly to anther: Possible harm s noted: causes and con Sequences of diseases, malnutrition low birthweight, drugs pollution, sass, and a on, The more we lbarh, tre more we realize what we do Not naw All of us—povernments, communities, professionals, and parants—shape each Ife from the vary begining, which is ono aoson this chapter is for everyone, immediate social support tmaters 9 well Isaac arrived sist many caring strangers tnd relates) Not every newoorn Is <0 fortunate, o #0 bio Isaac wos 9 pounds, 4 ounces Genes and Chromosomes ‘A ving things re composed f cells that promote rom and suai i seconding {tions air oleae of deonpeibonnelee acid (DNA) (Fags 2.1). Takinwlecie of DNA w packaged int chromosome, Aloe all amass live “Ibsen other rns hae mere ano pe than 46. Chowne c= ‘Ma guvenl lcsed ona ptr cremosone Humans have about 21,090 genes “ah one excrpion every cll ie a copy ofthat peo’ chromosomes ranged inp Th encepin the opie el eal ome. ash gamero—gom e013 FIGURE 1 How Proton Are Made Tre ges riba dvoroveresin re mies ei Npenn se rtvar strstr tu beso TG tyre ena, 6 tesa seein cots mandac te Hotere eet seta fe and devi "A concptoy,he goon ch of Ui 3 conor om esc par OPTI Sco ‘pees are identical for every human), she person i suid to be homozygous (Literally, OCI Variations Among People Some gees cone slighty rent verona ia ey-color genes Each veion is cal alee. Gens ha hve wigs alles ae called plyeplc (anyshape). IFahe gene fom ane paren dfs frm She smi pene fom the ther parent the ote tid be heterozygous for tht ea Since cach arate har only 23 chrmowomes (ane eon eich of the parents 2 pi, cach man or woman can price 2° cierat ganetes—mote thas 8 min versions of hse chromonones actually 8.38548). Tha, when a sperm San an cob, the ayger they create arc ell forme Fem oe of 8 milion psbl pein rom tie athe serving with 8 lion posse ova om ‘he mater Your nem coal have given yo ah tonomieal miner sls More variations gear The DINA cre on those chomowome conte about > alow hep of cerca oni in ps ts ee pi), eah of which species potion of ene of 2 possble sino ake Thowe ano ais combine {hprediteprcens an howe protein combine t produce 3 person. Sipallraistions ttony or eepotions fale tami ora) in the Ete in oe ples ame a notable dieence i the pre sa hs, event he seron. Sone genes hese rp rnspons, letons, or repettions no ou i Usher wero ofthe sme ee Ths geese termcees ane ond tal eli with Inge apprese mizaker—somiallyacquied deletions, dupiasons, tid ober mation” (Maco & McCarroll 2013, p56. Additonal DNA ad RNA (other molec) ssrround each fee a oc ils matin, ch tel nce bes, connec, empower, slenes, mia, and alt genes. has rte see be cle jb row “tere such Ahingsjuak DNA" (Linon, 2018, p.1),At one em exis tory eterno to oe ea st ‘ir nsone a aoa seal mero tennant ae One af temo noma dcr in geet the at 1 ‘a he the mt myn teased DNA sitions Seca tego oth gene ht woo bled ke DDN esne thy do cok inn We Bo hat ‘he xo bo ect met to tnd tevin encarta expe fey Spay 20,9705) NC EXPRESSION Puse fora momen consider how his Obvouly gees are cri, bt even more cruel toc nota gene epee, whch mest ht become donning th pon. ENA rors ome genes nals of Peale han parc ene ae ic pouty newer appear in that pena Deane eerie“Tae of 3 Bion Pair The TEacomputer ttn E2SR tor anaes in peso prone. iat merotes boone, oe, ‘SGononnty tne ure “Tink of taing on lap, Many elses mast ben place Heirs the m0 shal The ap acd a unspent bub screwed int dhe soca cord eor- ready logged ian electric bl pid and an electity source. Ye the mom willbe {De unt he ich a iped. Thar RNA, ‘Roscectrs who aougin te gene fo, sy sehizphrena, of omer oF sen ey dtl scan hewn for chefs have been diappimted ‘No sot ge genes ex read, almost every tat aries fou a combination of Sessa poten pac ach dependent om epigeete tors that neste gene i expresed ot enced (Ayyauthan, 2014), “THE MICROBIOME One epigeneeinfence at prsundly affects each person is Thenticrobione, sick fers tall the res Gute wires ng aeine ety a le wana ee body. The micobiome inclads what pepe ell "gens seen ay ty wl wk damfernt and mnubioncs. However, met ndrobes a elite tnd. Mires ave die on DNA, tepdacing sroushout i Mca thntas of eis of eee aerobes Tog iey hve an esimated 3 lo dren gene—inusaring imanity weigh sets, mood ane ch see uteri cer dy (Das et al, 2016 Koch, 2079). Rasa ineiguing e-ferae feces ele goder FAX per and rah he evum Bs Howes ae an ne cate es ees 0 hy TERENCE Ari de mtn Boy abow 110 Feet mre trmatomeson, The eer sa high in dese eto 0:00 Neen burps ant Non Aes) Bt ower se eee, Janne (01:10) (United Nao, Dearaent of ono ray RIEGEL, The robles le eben ve ore vue Sar hangey ond nck prac. ha ure ENG thei pr ei cominues- Duin infincy and iio bape at shy Hi ey ltd he alter ao 5 alee. ’ ‘more offen: in the United States, people over age 85 are Hae ee Myke nT cmtenen paul Opponing Mepectives Twins vey ayes genes Unig, Do MONOZYGOTIC MULTIPLES About once ia oy Fromm conceptions the ypote at ly d pre complete eating sj ecepion to genetic dvescy Anhows 2a) fps se Too Many Boys? Jn pacer miions of newborns wos ile beast ance of ike owen Chine cups est ‘ay wee th wht soe pacts tht Geisler Hate aF Te cigs ond then’ one fn expr een le ‘kx tad New the tne gol achieve fg before bir abot sya yee epee ere calamereapecen ee ane rer tion) imering ely male or feale gon alr in vigo.eecoupes can decile how may chien to have aad ion, or () aborting XX or XY fees shi x they shoul be (Mr 2014), The cod bore TReceny lions of couples hve ned these tho, tthe ely ee, of they appote abet, they could Spool hn be pine the Ine? Ar feet 36 tts any eet oy ort gil wing tes eer wo mods et the United Sate ue oe thee pte coe Tone prospective pare, tre 6 to ae unig But maybe laws sould oid ex scene ren in sins ae every atom lows sir mesures 10 ait many boy Dera iit er ih ma Me tered diated newborns, Irs couple nr they ight ell ieyng women ae sarc If an cnt Bad cacao Siete Wl cece, ty Saretrend “parable as te rose one Bop, io allowing inpvesion of only (0 4 ation with oe few wormed tes € cine, het Tas poe Tite i eal ents bree jee" Sch lps deat Ol selon tlie 30 tl lc of hey eben peutl selection ef hood) wil e higher. ovement 3h? People di Bue aes Chromone do nt dri bebo Every gre (Pel & En, 2017; Wis, 2015, sex ference tence by cane Even as ht og ‘One ean the ace 1985 bas ben ena twit ology chm veoh te her arto ee eect Chia. ifleen year carer, Clint ben's coee fee -toe by enviroment (nie det aed oe rated seeties Saag cope to Hare te an rt aneeee ud che tes, who cir for sine praes. Tinka aad ary Indced, vey sex or pune dference soy in pores aed ht ony child ta bes By Antons the n-eneed fy eae and pie, ot ony fr eh fee Alps cesesuence: at tho for the sale For exile do you wonder why toys died, culeures eheourged men 1 have tewral wives se thas every wom could bea wile anda moe, aad tery shld could haves erat home, Could co * ip 2010, witha of unarichldlesren (ed “bore Hemel) Bp 2017, fe more des a Chi nsindd ihe one pc 2018 Move, [PERRIER eve pre net BEGAN evicted Nee Tssgpoe Meee $2 eect nil ws orginal ayo Hse mpl and Boles oc sine por he ples page 2 P les on ps Eston als mononygaie (12) ein Fo 0) menses htc wins once le Satneretvis) peers ee ply appearnc, pychologis unt, vulnerable rts shouts a wring che Hoot, Doce tte ac fc as, apm cmocas mh SE mencrponc lil oigmas fen eon ay hare ily Bere bata e feee SS sen nnn { J pense ten the Kihei en = enc vine da ot hate ext the ame paenorspe Oa the Biri a Smillan ) specs pl nino 'No get fanctions ale Thos almost eney eae pale | macmmillan | ers ce yp sn waly Selo dns ein They nigh oe learning So halo ie ter oso ACTIV ene! ‘en Groming om er Seehmcsao (Seinen Lic) Almost sily reechen dicover now completes in mlttictrl intercon ne we deri fe other, Mont genes are additive genes. Their eis a! wp 19 nike the phenonpe Wien genes nec ately hep notype may efcr al the genes hat ar inveve, Height, aie ‘anes, and skin cols for istane, at inleneed by a= ‘be gene Indo height is probly nuence by 1M ges, tah comeibting 3 ry salon (Eevik, 201), {Les commen ae naval gees, which donot cea ute aga shars Ta one nonadlive form len rset in laters, ut Hot Twins, fn ona ) doeuinant-recessve pattern. Thet fo pir of genes (one fn cach parent), Roma phat wove inher ale ay fo anaes, bo one ‘One M2. wn wetes J te hecemal cheage all dinon ow etn teou did Hw sede alos, aos ley we arin Beery ay Tvns bt waa bal regamea gana onc win tan UP a "Tine i Tats oe one enna compar, bur de Sea remy pont eon ules indvione onsite woe aenee (02) twins, ako sled tain a8 pizveoric MULTIPLES Dizygotic (J Tyo wetesinegby ssa by two ema fered by twa sperm (Una he ovaries release only on oven someone has 2 receive gene that i ot expresed that person is enreier of cat ume lnm ge aloe a fon Tarecc pea a on a pee eres aie ARERS. Mt vecesive gous armles.For ecmpleblve eesare determined Seagrass ica aiitee giersinbe ey eenbice “Geen on Jeedbyatioe ged pesonsodablom ced pst valu hat bom ey peo thy ore “Guys bce ons bee asa carga Mace Sheena cn spo Intute bayer coup om chris aUue~qe gone ARTE ON fon betbeeel ped enlinn sD canceolieing imcolteee gan Sete eat, fam heer pre Haff the chien oi congo i ne ie qs md? ore soe Silane bom oes ge ‘onsenanon Uz anos rca bik ora oe aries These chion br senebmes id CEMOSNON Gis four finkrting tem ene mba paces Th psu ot cd Se Soc hc ae peippeceee Bongh eset m cer poe lemeTa come omis Aine aby ca ne be pel pets i 23 TE imnie ell cat of tie damimorseeate pce ova pot it re ustwite-ty oe oe linked focacdon tt X chomorone) In Xela gene vronve—ia are eneeneranain an or enna ace” xonth, but sometimes fwo or more ova are released) = Dizygone multiples like any offipring from the same parents, h peepee is about | in 45 European Americans, “chance of inheriting her ewin-prodiucing X: | ‘son's daughters mia have twins because their X is from bis = who ane ae of LZ is she me 0), Hee dager ala ave a 3/50 thence dy len ve tis eri= Tecause hey door ovale But er roth an lf he ie ibe fier iat is on the X chomnasome eal (ee Tbe 2.1), lomian recessive paturn ‘hemersson a sanans alle ai 2 | aa covert | faa | Saray phat era oss immonlng? vo Vueenvyaimrenstoncarytetbevegm fang certe ay bears | Merhersgntfamechicom hans segmemncseams himusirshasticntore13 Types woman ets aie coo tndnees sorted men aertaommetey Split cisen wn have romal so woos 623% Colptind women here bt) Nee ene Xr a THs: ety on til This flows Gam what you aeny kno Since the Y-eomorome i mv snr than the. n Xclked ccsive gone alot rer his adnan cou {erp on the, Therefore, seve rat amie on dhe X after the phenorype: fons more ofenghan danger The gis ane rotcted by ther ater X chor ‘rovome, chic tally is dhe damn gene. Tis expins why. mals with an Xelinked dso inherited tf dei ters. not ce fathers Beate of the Frothes 2 ines more buys a it hae eo lindas (MIs 22). [EPIGENETIC “The final compleity mentioned hve is gets not wey genetic [As noted exer, genes ave acted fom the moment of conception By othe hater ps9 prefix at nears above, ob, over nearby pont ter, Hee i aldivon to og: aac fo; or toni” All nporabt human chances ne epigenedcsacladang discs Know toe ober, soc a ance. schizphe fhiaand awa ect doer (Kurd, 2013 Poni eta, 2013) [Ae-Spae “Links Epigenei atrodced ip Chapec | ‘Disbers iss ote example, Many Americans perhaps one in vey Couches enc thar pr them a rl for eype 2 (oonuvenle)daberes, bu hey do not ee sank) bee dabei. Ligayle—erpeily poor nico and ek of execs fecates genetic rk The, if beter emerges, emiay cause epigenetic changes Or ‘ottinie forthe rt of ie Reddy & Nan, 2013), ‘One intervention —augey eo demataly reduce weight—may rede diabetes ‘One snd oud tha cites appre afer baratiesamgery im move (72 pes ‘bce pata. Diet, aces, and emotional hey are crac, however, bean nes hove already ben acted, Jn sore than hal of chose 72 parent dade ruucd Epigenetic anges ein be contre but at ested (Sst tal, 2014 ‘he meemh ao found tha barat surgery cama reduced bens ol increased depnesion with bovt | pee ofthe paints commiting iid (dana chal, 2017), Soon of thar may Besse suger Her opioid ust and aii chic again affes de genes Obes may Hoduce igen changes tat oe Fre generations (Chapman sal, 217 TH re or ter devsogmentl cues over the ie apn. Drug se cigyete cool and so tse to proce epionesic hange dat sake ait lly. Thar cone peso sapped aang the crag for yes (Rann 2018), Once nklsion ha ecard adds ab ever se he cing the bob what have you learned? ‘mat the elationhip among DNA, domasa nes one gees? 2 Why litanid hat your parentacoalzhsve seen you milion of iesnt stolnge? et spies carer the Human Genome Projet? j 4: How ic ths ex of a2yaotcetrmined? | Hows co manozyg at ins, age ain, and ingle-bor sings ier? {6 How could hill inort eeathat thr porent haa? ‘How I labess bat nate anc nt gene? From Zygote to Newborn Singy fc goth occurs foe ith: You hive seu el hat tix gout tie eal of apy nlp cls dist by one inuenced by the pena tvionment, Now sine det The First 14 Days The fine ovo weeks ae led the germinal plod, when the singe cell sale, han the poral attend of his sentncs, peat nro ap embryo with hoes fell, Win ous aller conception he zygote beso dapat addin Fs the 25 pass of ehtomoxomes dpbeat ring owe erp sts the genes contained within the developing organism (xcept r monney oie ving 2 aheady bined). These wo new call dapiate and ide, becoming oar hich inurn dpi ya dave beeing ee, cach Qh the oil genarype Aer shout the eigtecl sage, adi proces, difienatin,jiosdapcation division. bs dlreatation, celle specie, king dierent Free at eho cng 2 various sts depending on here they ate load. They se loge bones em cell tat could develop into a new pron. Abu «week ate Kovception the mnuiplying cells (now auinbering iow tha 100) separate st ‘he ower cll fora x sell hat will besoin the plac be ong thats Foss and proc the developing erature), grows fir bea trust nourith Before cleo and the de ts forthe ene pens pero Fiat Stages of the {Germinal Pviod Theos egos Sr igh calipatton . nin ea De eh week oer “The fit tk of thos ter cal is enplatation us ened eens inthe lng ofthe utr. Thi a estas: hal of canes nat tole Met ew lf nds befor am embryo beens (Seder, 25), Sacer i Pahttion slows the eal mam to tp ste nourishmen m che mothers uterine teil begining the iendopenence of mae a ck Embryo: From the Third Through the Eighth Week ‘Aer impli tiring borg aot megan nee Ss a omy ei, Te ‘ord cin len ied looudy ba ach age a proc ante Her eye ‘ser tote deeepine oman om dy 145 dy 56) See 2.2) the joi pr ein, The fries ins of alls becomes + DAY BY DAY El day brings new growth in the embrye. AC bout dy 14a thin lin alle the primi mek on the mle ofthe el a forms the mural ube 22 day er concepion. The new tube develops ints the cette ee ‘ou gtem [hethe brain ad pial clan) Sader, 2015) Soon te ead pes fe eyes ett ce, and mau art fore and a sls Mood veal at wi Uecome he eat begins 1 pate By the fn week, bude a ll same seman es emerge Upper anes a8 thon frees pls and weed agers grow: Le kes fey, rd webbed tein Shae onde appear a fee das ltr, each wh the Depaning of 3 seton Then, 32 nnd 4 dye ater conception respectively figs dts pa Sale, 28, ‘Ae the end of the eighth week ase concepson (35 di), the embiye weigh Jint one-act ofan ounce (a) ade bose 1 ch 2 centimete) ong ‘homes Segue, shew 19D ieee por ho, bat the oven eeporopnie Popular al rfesoralbeoks se vats pana egret he stage regrmcy the olowingcomsnatr ay hoo sanyo pets se sissy Dd sn rl orn Pog {ant rom th womanslot mara prod (SH, way Sao de tre + Lena ofpreanenay: ub orm prgnane at 288 dys oF 38 wes 0F9 oh ‘orcnnd no uner mona: Ahmar orth 28 ye on) * Teeter pari not et ents 2 andor coe traremester morine a and he sand ‘noroun and monte bathe hese + Dine nah awit at apon hex rt Teron we mena sen onc fl ar ecaumnroed a8 (etree ei ts channel tay na soe ayaa enna, atop many nes a conser wat sot ‘stir bor bie spots, o o th wom, Rando am alg motemens are mee Fequent ex in pregnancy thon ae on (luke ee al, 2016) by 8 wees he developing person ba al of dhe ‘engnt and body poets oF uma beg lading cows at ees, The aly ery hat bth sale (i Welln dt) snd Sal (is iris es} peril in 8 ny etex gonad, Arte endl ofthe embryonic period ho ‘onal and genesicinltences eypelly cause one ofthe eter to shen, and then ari cr tie. anda vagina or penis, gow ffom that omnipotent gem (Zio ‘al 201/)Asaleady enone one gene —aheSILY genom che¥ cemosome— is vial ental, making Ue 2s Lecomte nals Rarely Goss dun 1 percent fe tine) ue proces oes ay and aus develops with tces afb maleated fersle orn nd sn ganization. FREWTAL TESTING Seng s metal po! aig Be pt ote ene fos many eas Women lar Be ar vte ssa ctrnbe deme oe Bespin ang emcee copreind Bh cecpuicr censuses 4 Hinmmanity in fhe newborn, Prenatal tess (of blood, urine. and a Beran) meeps iclngtbecocdlporer- HHL bon long before fetal mavemcnt is apparent. i Bere ny ove pel rts bie ad wes ps ie tcige Atul Gott es tt dec pe ie cake eed BS es nd pon, Whe smplcnon spp fib woe, pa Ben nay wget cee shel th Seca mere toot 29 poet of exh regan te ani Bet iucogic es mw pseu sungle redone Bl nd gcc gabe. The ner yf naan thal he Btn oc ong oy 2015), Coals sy ngs i Perret ie Bp cic om ot in ple fr decker sy oprin Bio igh os om ery inde mull es coved pow Boston Ny sch tgs Be pov tat by ly Bap cos oe Cm, ty ing. wht i ns a ny sudan ‘Tho Embryonto Period At Gime ory oat nc {Botnet aronsy ‘et spe iesthan on inn arin ton Even nos te dete ‘Moot Your Baby Th potest tue deep efor ‘hen 572g newer Sina si rar famiy we ‘am ans bra Hah terete Apt Init retbo oregano hoch2 rca aims Samcousetenaere vans macmillan ‘VIDEO; Bran Development | sar Stn Ready for Blah? wa hoge teat tal 8 west) Tints sr lo clseus hs body fle wore mest compat Fetus: From the Ninth Week Until Birth “The onpsm sella ato tom che int week er cone Teal pcin encompass dramatic hun om ny creature salle tha “fircafgour thant born about 2 inches endnete) eg arora de ets igh about 3 avnces (7 grams) and about 3 inches ven} moms 3 ones, 3 nehos—are rounded rons fesse se not pion unl bith The Bal {7 Secatimeten) fog. Those minbe Sor cay ecolleton, bu goth es sary—some 3 (ute 9 ounces and others ead weigh 4 Nilowegetay (owns 4,5 and 6 be peiod of the gree bin grav of the seeks ne un The bain incre about sx times in sie and develops my a Camp) and synapses (naples andi dies io hem ate torr & Maer, 2012), Before this he cortex lad een smoot, but Bethe bai ols and wrinkles td che hed Myr about 22 weeks pot cones. the brn il sage of eae, when a ats born ay mighs core aby who sues Note Tee per natriuon, not By ses 8 era: Wins Boon 222 weeks sometimes thats ao Gy weigh es un single ha oR, Heese mca are the 2g of wb decreed anneal inthe wom canyon? ont t,t sec ack at 22 week because we the eeruneed technology cannot natin Be without some bran sponse: Much cat coune or gro to con i dhe teas for acer 16 weeks or 0 the li tineser (ont 7,8, anu 9) ngans mature, egh td Ree te), and ee es pre~ So meal help needed. The fn practices, breathing by swallowing uid apd then brain it ot the tyes an cts prue to se and bra Shu the fe mae the tess descend The heat one of he fs tng begin Reno 2 about Seek) and contnaes ©. mate thavughout prgncy being at 3 lager sate ot bith (Deoween 100 fn 14S bets pr inate) than 3th Fexinniog ofthe fet pesied abot 2h beats per mn) Bh el Cdvrbed at he eral tis chaps Fciuy mamas to reach the what have you learned? ‘vit must happen bel the developing organs clad an ebro? 2. Wena to de sox organs elon? ‘wat brain roth esur ig prenatal vlapmen? i What rth ergurvnt fra sie pene tng? {net must happen afore si 8? {iy athe oe of iby unl tal blow 2 woe? 3 Wihet happens th fee ne Fl eter? Problems and Solutions ‘Those caty months pice dhe fore peo an ee ps wand ee ad cc ‘ot not, Somstines here disorder uitvorabe prenatal li, or ial bth ect a pets long Forauatly ely newvbor ate the nor, not ee excep fon, Honever, if something sms my be pare of» cacade of poole tht beplas at conception (Ranga et al, 2014, Chromosomal Anomalies Ph pr ann oat any ir cy 2 hn a Sper have oe Cn e fone Ha 0 cross (Mihy 8 Mle 2) alwys thy lodge ve crete dina ey ues tints tirdl tcoedidpoad bi excactiatit coated Oh IF tape out corn rany etry wth crea 00> sr te atid aby cs Nie es ‘that survive until bird have the wssial 46 chromosomes, For thie cae bith is haeandous (Renn, 2016). itt esr Srl or common iol sme cl ar comatose bive ( ombn ele main of only ne ns oman eng et ictus gpa to rohan ebe ek hay ep fees Ua We ception” ep 2013 6 588, Unealy mos hs dev athoogh ccs in od We Hi {Tee i aig heh i dn er eset oe sr Us he ges erisorie ard jcc loin neat oe pid ret ceil falled sew, am " Down syNaROME The Sperone ad's Dove elcta ak Mca avn te Tif $A macmillan learning | VIDEO: Genetic Disorders Usiversal Happiness Al vos endear ‘ogreopopmnemrenare ‘+ onseavaTion CUZa Se +— lea nescnsineim caine - sch en en iipetieiien = - a 18651 Langon Dow ne we opened Hot 2 Oe ing tatty cons be ane capable, The Wold XE noma ad ieee ocd. 92 poe penne do ot dep ae | AB | Macmillan eas Opinion ficial named com 21 Doom apne Tos gece yc aBbood—ut ht mene prea be nae learning Melt fm trsonny-21, No iia bu htc sally prods l= wk Down sytem tial to another, but his iso Ti pope hance thick tong, sound fae, and and ees 2 el a ra aa fet and Rogerpritt. ‘The brain is somevchar sale, the Feet Timpnane frmeso) mpc alee ar on eee ote eng plans, bese problem in the ponosgpe ae wel hee ponoeype (Chong ea, 2015), Everyone ‘Stressbout 40 alles Ha eld cae serous deste. The phenorype i ated ‘nly hea Some, 300 ditint chases at ‘arti ei + the inherited gone dominan oF ereta atone pe of 1 bygone received these reco gene fom oth pase oF fondant Exped or Teoehers me leaingreyetnen "May pone wih Dor, ha dw ep + ipl ave genes combine to cue a prble Roun incr ee roar, Fa a eenlly in language, with a noble debit fn hearing sounds tha sees iets especialy Language. wis 9 mane dee * DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE? Most ofc 7010 noun single-gune donde se Soe tne 26). Mie member tay (en Sey ey af decopmen os cover Se) ere ante em a pls ener (ab 201 co den h Dow sce dil bebe ae 8.Now ne eh ces) cape 2 Fane i pet quate a Under, 218.798) Alona hon expect Midna & Mii, 2016). Mont donot dale dr lately il severe ones ar neque Deca chien eth severe onder sly di fre pubes ha thy nese pt tht eal ee. owes dots nde ie tnt wt adhe Ones Hin ie sil ene ery ae Seer cased by» copy ber aa nore chan 35 septions af putt eto duce bse prs “Aough clea wid the damian gee sometimes ae acted (Miaky & ly 20), deat symptoms Ge app in ri By then» pean eld hve lad may cles Half of cron would inher che dominant gene and thos develop Hunton’ deve econ dienes ate mom xm tin doninant ones Bm they ae re dos by cars hi ot iced Met rome onder ose tomes an thi are not Xliked, which ean totter parent co he 3 rier (Minsky lao, 2016). Only inthe are ee when vo erie he Bis canes) the gue xproned Thre ae howand of ean cs ve tie dtcon cnet penile roy svc de ‘few rcessve condom ate Xlink, which meas they ate atid onthe X earosome One fae sion, eich ented by oe than 290 mp ns of one gene Poms ot al 2013) (Some repetons te nora but Ho hi tie impact of that hind chromosome > ion om (aril Sent ea bt fare acer, cowl ws at lea autoromes ad one PROBLEMS AT THE 25RD PAIR Fer) hm bi id a ae ne amet deo mann th #8 Hanon . ‘with only one sex claromosorne (po Y) or wich three oF fren pepe mbination of ex roms “hore (not ts) Beno, 2016). Each parca feu ina piel syndeome fe Tae 23. i Sead number of sex chromromes impairs cognition and sexs res cased apciics Hong 8 Res, 2034-14 not usual for ered matics to be ype wl lchood, when dey comut 2 doctor beaut they me wer: faromosomne ‘Who He the Fata! Dominant Portege Orrtaaten Inert Dineaaet Trott rot ances ‘on ae on ering in 700mete Pee isauee 2x attr syndrome) ee, ewpeaaty in foun Arundel al gow ious cons doana dyngtnoe age Bow {tre ant morons, brady. cone ie Socuenn vy tumcos'semdiona) Mie. yen Te ei etd eashiestortin oe pee nia mo teint wna Seca eet YOK (Tedple X encrame) ae eae ‘nniiactal ls _zygoies without the dominant gene cecimemamin niente Seen asm) "neck, Secondary ‘expecially rate to rath See eeema Meee =. Ses va Ea 2; Ned ala Powd 21 Be 20662 «PART | w ThoBosinnog® nang) Ths eogniive deficits case by fe X syndrome ate the mnt ceranion Tourgof oud elect debi (Many forms are noc usally here) Boys Me more oft npaied by fagie X than aegis, bse sey bave ony one X, {THE MOST COMMON GENETIC DISORDERS About | in 12 Nor American Res and ome eerie allele fr etic bros halen ose ease, “i devon in iden who inert the receive gone om both paren. Thee “ondtonsaecominon becse cress hve benefit fon the gen "Comider ibe tant studed exaipe: sce-cel) dene, Caren die Jes oon from mala tne, four dine alleles ease gokle-cell anemia, exch onginating ina malar prone tion. Sccve ndpaion lied thou alleles become wilesprendbeease more people ie caren) wee protected than died (Ose who inherited the wcenive eau bods parca, Oa were tha i couple wer both ct and had four argaiea one weal de of clea dase, one would not bea carer and this ‘ght ie of aaa bu tw wouk! be ccres, preted agit 9 common, ia Fens They woul be more Iie o survive to salthood ani become paca Jn that way. the vevetve walt Dearne widespread. ‘Aes overy dine andr of death more common none group hen a oe eating Kogpucl 2014) Whenever particular getetccontion scan theres Denes or cre but 1 percent of Americans with Aiea ancestors RRS dis acceuve gene for deklecell deme-ehey ae protected agit mais Gp dvdr move common among Americas with ances font nore Hloweves, some spontaneous mations rl in ever dbs, indiiagible from ined dab exept wih genetic anny, For pens of ach che, pete tng and courting ie ec ltl Genetic Counseling Psesionak who provide genetic counseling help prosoctv parents uns tn gene eso sha ey can mk nfm decisions noe pulse eat tess They ase about special haz, precision, and ueoanents, bere “once, din reg, nar bi The genetic counslore tick He conplestd, New genetic. dsoader—ond eatmentare eae mse week For example inherits sre ha once ‘nent ltelong neeoogiel impemen eg. phenylketonuria, or PRU) might now net 2 noc ie ‘Met parents need guidance in onder o interpret dhe rls of etn. For x ample,» patiular gene muy intene tsk by only cng aout, peas DL ren, and another genetic comnbinston leas to 2 30/50 chance ef a severely {Sable shld In beth sss, the emoconal pace of nosing that one’s eid right sul leads sone prospective parents wo ighore She data ad odes to eg ste ther, Conder the experience of one of my stents. A month befie she became pregrane Jeanette plone rquied her to have 4 rb vaccination, Hein hat oz ada he sot her oon oe her the Following poses macmillan VIDEO: Gonotie Testing Hoopes cures ay have hewn roeci fom cole Trenas ave appuent For adie gens at well Dark skin is protective again! shin cancer an ight sin alls enor vin D tobe absorbed fro the sa—- Bee RATT fy fees here slg i seats or Hold. enter an38 wer to cover up Molrn Europents inherited between 1 and 4 percent of shee gene {fom Neanderal, who becane extinct soot 30,000 yeas ao, ‘Those pene pots | ‘conteripomry hemans aginst some skin conditions ad other diseases but may alo ‘cat rarely to allergies and deprsion—sepenling on which Neandertal tres cy ner Sey. 2016), My bby wold be ban ih ays ica wold nt bea wld peepee cepellesereecrey caer aay ay Tp bend ty woke A ea ps wes) eset may have miuncertood wa she ws cb tht enacaly hy a tic counselor, caine to make infomation clear, isnceded—espeily for + women vo er tha someting they dl or emperincd ced» fie oF developing embryo; J ig Individual vs ae apie lingo hid with eto gente condi Seep wh hire ha eee ypontcons besos oy li © ge pe whe ae nese “a CMEAL as omen over age 98 and men overage Mh and | Gea emantg that ple fn | Soret coms SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS Many gett and Shmmmotal_ poole are spenuneous mutton {Amici & Calpe, 2016; Reilly & Noon 20 ‘They ar wor praca in the paren’ genes, and th they cou ot be prt atbance, Nor a er likely wo eappes future cbeyo,Spenaneous 1 tan are noe Hl fhe pens Haw been expore to variows pollatanis ot radian, hich dhen C4 the perm, orn oF ype (Cama ct 2019, ‘Age mutes, too. The fequency of crososor nicoune ries when the mober is ose age 35:8 rte mutaion ince the spe when the the ower age 40 This docs noe meas te older pe Shonld nt have cle Serous problems are wnt tp mates how ol he paves a ‘he ame ethnic group pactcuty they ate elatie Be tyes ag pn who fen rm Thi Stree enn hr A oe Bh 170 ty 158 ir il crn dlennin ch msl heen Pl pe Bch, Then Cypser tf el hae cnn seth: Nw cy no ser Cpr ete coco SOs ag ria ct Sega ta Bi aren Season fay A sbryn with no gancis donlers plans and sans to grow but Shen one Hic) Winging soos pllosen, enustecn,, SEO MECCA I none ould harn an embrya cf. ‘aruner sects ores dah Double Tole or Gaetc Joy? Siero Ehn Orn ; asi Tessa gore ro he ae a cae ek cae ook sete srobenre sete Oe ay oe ah a sy one 91 coins Harrenmcanepoveem eee Sy «ung My th saa Nl See ec tanteraa toner FO Some mutations are helpfal and become more 6m | ee Eee taae See Tocrne tole she tlc as gro Bry mek a door thom in beer genentions, a withhe Blame the Mother? tos 2 pest fal he ie ci hat on Systeme scl ent oni See cet a te a ae enna fom Fos yn dhe wd ne ha her eis the wer ea ean bere Nom eee eta ect tat ny 1 9a sp ling Yo" raking dat presale deermanes Sry Ting motes when ‘One fy ees woe re or ol when her ances Se coe te Sree mente ei Sct ooo Foyer the bn wont bis mouth Why be he rot df ese? {per matin) bing ner hat it Noe ony sel SES pn ketene! Cold rr others ‘No One Knows. Dott fnaborsin norm isco nue rcacepay tral ede Moe ‘icon ap ont emia Srroeta dn ce deb the rin Te en wad yl cba 1 Re, aie he in Sees tan ere es who pet on Ph Salen ipl hey seen TO} mae inden Pde 207, in ot wi et te Pl bah Suche scent este deplete poli ard ne ma roe ces Tne on fovnd a ccnton? Alfa? Joneate teraeation a id ave edad the ct? ti eei-eute piles be af hi tri ng eh pete ante or neeclly dled. Th ar boviorl teretoges eho ernogens cin be sal, ye ther ets Lat Hie. Tht 6 one conchnion fom leapt reach onthe babi barn woeren expr tothe inser panne i 1918-3 mide age Sone bor in Frage ion ered Jee elit, wots uneighoient, nal Hower incor Han thre born yor eter (Alon 20) They a ew yes sooner dus dose bor io (917 oF 1919. ea ‘expo to he ed 0 ID alfioogh entra ae the at going ag poop OVERALL HEALTH Reyucing prenatal bea, women who mann god mu thw and avo drugs ant tetogenic heme fund in pestis, cleaning fh and counetic) usmaly ne edt babs. Some medications ae neces) {egatin women with epilepsy dhe an severe dapenson, bu vice eganting Specie dus should occur bre conception, ‘Many women ssume tit herbal medicines or over-the-counter drugs ae Not 0, Ae perics profesor Allen Misa expla, "Many over-the-counter hs ere geiaddicred in idk so tues of thee posible ees during pr aney” (quoted in Brody 201, p. DS). Grindiatered” mens dacs chey were lop im dy pe the rms ep so morn esting needed) Secor of erage li bagi with pment belt Valid snd who ave ao precocepson cae. For excmple, soko ae more often kes [asyon Famer in A Case Say), ad nigaat workers ee more fen expe to chemia nd peniciday and they aely have ely prnatal cae [EXPERT ADVICE Although pret cate ony post the desoping fem, con acts aoe ays eel. One coucera span mevicaton, Opi (bcou) ter given a prectipon fr aot (De ct 201). Hapefily the posring Actor ci eaize dhe pave wa pregnant and ine women da ake the das. ‘Wore wil that some obwetriciny da not ak aout harm be pacers For example, one Matsladstudy found tht ain onetid of pregnant woanen were fot aked abot alcohol (Cheng et, 2011), Those wl were aver age 35 and who Ao clog dscns woe let lyr be queried Dit hr doctor ase they Try a bi eta hte ‘Hot oh dun ondoonegWteome Home fr many res wh sone use eer {ete inkmeve pty and ‘tet vecoone. steady avoided shat trata, they wet ong, Ole; dete women a ste eekly co drink daring pregney The re fr pregnant woman over paves Bt the rr fo oer pognant women 19 pewent and far colege seed women 13 percent (Tan ea 2015). To lass hae meteains ae pregant women often consul the Inert stones anrly of 28 Web sites ha foster appoved 235 medications found that ets taper tertlegts who analyze deg sey) Hd ecaed oly 6U (29 pr Te) sas be net were not pron anf, Duc TERS found wsuicient evidence cee safety (Pees eval 013). Those 25 Internet sits sometimes ase un= TRiedaaSome dragp om thes i of ne te were on the dangers oF note “> Espociay for Judes Sr tunes a rmenmi sowelwedeeY Coes qND) PRENATAL HEALTH Prvening harm wo developing potions + plain, ad every fly mee traetaceed cel nvoling public hea fila book. Mths lager, one Specie about the many fertogenseoukd shy Pesce soens portant to hiight—gencs of ath the mother nd he fens ‘Whee 2 wena carpng dizyzne sas drinks aloool, the wi cone deter eye concertos alah bot Fetes ye ne ay be mre sere {Ratan of eco alles fr dhe enzyme tht metabolites aleobl. decd anc rain may be hae hall ofthe Spas of fetal aleoho syndrome (PASH. alumni paced je. his upper edi dices and frequen yi reas et cry appear nowtal ut iny have Aca ering ed, Sil ditsenl suscepeblity occurs or many eaters (McCarty & Eberhart, 2018) ree mathe wn pene nceracg wih er dit aya at the fas, O08 satel ale nov sew levels offic cn wovpans bloat and Dee ajo, abich cin produce nutty det—eiter spn Bd, wil the ai af the opine noc encleed propery (encour morally occurs a 30 speek hor amply, when part ofthe bean ming. Newaanbe detect ‘Tone coumon incerta ehaie ge ish, English, nd Fxypsion) “nthe United Sates a7 oer hatons fur none in Europe) oi ack 0 fet lool aysrome ES! omotatae ero | macmillan ) FA ‘learning ara connecnons Ronny, Torsten eS Soe so wownen wo et colt eben cont ht va ee emereet | remain rence te ncdence of pins ida MAME May 72009. arog te dn aeetconpitd ecco of eis, dt polinion drs nds esa ‘ale af erage ato be preicnd prectly fra parca es, Howse . denwateen Schon sncener valor omy tan -* o Low Birthweight: Causes and Consequences Cepuon, Ranking woe thn now dewlped ation ted wih Urn le 50 rats but een wih exalt cry ow ha them de rd at So aa a SSuornegnsmrot th "200 ns spas ean ‘enna ee MATERNAL BEHAVIOR AND LOW BIRTHWEIGHT Tlhe cass of LBW ase ‘aa Tins and eer suis gain weg more lly than singlotons. Babes ‘oem preter (ws ox more wees ey longer ld rma) ate ofen LEM, Sins tater ne ‘tee he ile gotrg hese BW uta Low ithneight a Slot tne ~ 12. Newbors ate rina fie oc nsection 8 ies ak Meads ac cmovonaly contd io hele aby wd NGIStice ever suppant comes wih sox be ad ‘ee complains Problems and! Solitons Cyryonea srs conceit, toe wn ce xis win see i HoweeniTanextrcbeoorone ss e234 eeu, eling utah meompces or une er i sesso ln: Hever a ape scone lsh The mo lace Un wnat aby ed Sts ny ve os eek, MUL ue sal soporte me, os sie an mo xf fled un Both yore ME oe ‘ompbomiic ai (DNA) wooo amber rnin 4) OK) OBSERVATION QUIZ ANSWERS Sarena Gone 5 hc hn mene to Obseratn Qui to ie Pn ela he som cui fm of dca, wich th Down sere ary ny eu il ere ae et ink stow making ers ike ero. fe ceo anes Corte 9 ce bpd sae nee sire nme gd Gasman 5 son spe eo Epes hibernate reer te ope EOE up rath ony MZ) Inpsetize ke Mya ner poe Sehnert ng se os ea oie eae ten) mine 46 enanie 17)