EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph

SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

NAME: Ricafort, Sean Christopher R. DATE: May 17, 2023

SECTION: MMLS 3-2 IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY

ASSIGNMENT #3
EMERGING VIRUSES

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Research regarding new, emerging viruses that have not caused pandemics or epidemics. Focus on
new, novel viruses that have the potential to cause diseases.
2. Explain its mode of transmission, rate of transmissibility, origin, mode of acquisition, virulence, and
its probability of causing mortality and morbidity among communities. Is this virus more prominent
in developed or developing countries?
3. Explain its structure. What are the important components of the structure of this virus and how do
these parts contribute to the virus’s virulence?
4. What are ways to prevent the spread of this virus?
5. What are the serological and molecular ways to determine the presence of this virus? Explain the
method and what is the target antigen for each assay?

Topic: Bats and Viruses: Emergence of Novel Lyssaviruses and Association of Bats with Viral Zoonoses in
the EU

1. Lyssavirus
Mode of Transmission close contact, most likely requiring physical and
direct contact such as biting and scratching,

Rate of Transmissibility Transmissibility of bat Lyssavirus is low in

humans than rabies virus across human and
animal population. However, this can be capable
of causing explosive outbreaks of disease in
human or animal populations. If cross species
transmission event happen, this even might
increase proportionally to the increased
intrusion of human populations into areas of bat
habitation, including the increasing popularity of
leisure activities and occupations that involve
entering habitats frequented by bats.

Origin insectivorous bats (Nyctalus noctula) from the

FR Yugoslavia
Mode of acquisition Through animal to human route via direct
contact such as bites and scratches.
Virulence While an Alanine/Threonine alteration at
position 242 appears to help RABV sustainability
among the carnivore population, a Serine at

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 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph

SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

position 242 in the viral G protein appears to

predominate in contrast.

Probability of causing mortality Since bat lyssaviruses are rare to human, it has
also low mortality rate. Meanwhile rabies
viruses that comes from dogs have high
mortality rate to human.
2. The bat lyssavirus Alanine/Threonine substitution at position 242 which exist to help in
sustainability with carnivore population while a Serine at position 242 in the viral G protein
appeared to predominate. These Molecular mechanisms of the virus helps to survive in their host
to be able to spread to other hosts and cause infection to them.
3. The researchers identified that there are no current vaccine against the lyssavirus. However it is
still in progress to be developed in market. Rabies that came from dogs have its own vaccine that
is being developed until now. As a way of avoiding the virus, it is best to avoid the bats that are
potentially reservoir of this virus. Also, it is important that bats should not be bothered when in
its habitat because they might cause harm to us and can cause to spread the virus through
physical contact. It can be also important to be aware to our environment so that we can
determine if there are bats nearby the places that we are staying or going to.
4. There are several serological and molecular ways to determine the bat lyssavirus. Fluorescent
antibody test (FAT) is a serological test that can help to screen the virus, however, it cannot
differentiate different lyssavirus species. Several confirmatory tests are then being done to
determine lyssavirus such as PCR and sequencing.

REFERENCES:

Shipley R. et al. (2019). Bats and Viruses: Emergence of Novel Lyssaviruses and Association of Bats with
Viral Zoonoses in the EU. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.
4.31.10.3390/tropicalmed4010031. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330943495_Bats_and_Viruses_Emergence_of_Novel_
Lyssaviruses_and_Association_of_Bats_with_Viral_Zoonoses_in_the_EU/citations

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