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MIDTERM PERIOD

1st Semester A.Y. 2022-2023

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Samal Island City College- Purposive Communication
Lesson 4 Evaluation of Texts
and Images in Multicultural Contexts

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:


 Apply strategies in evaluating texts and images in
multicultural contexts;
 Practice critical reading in evaluating texts and images; and
 Reflect on a learning experience.

Time Frame: 3 hours

Introduction

In this lesson, you will examine texts and images in multicultural contexts
through application of critical reading. In addition, you will learn more about the
qualities of a critical reader which would later help you understand how the
message is being conveyed as well as its purpose, thus giving you the capacity
not just to understand the texts or images but also break down its relevance,
validity and logic.

Activity 1.1- Let’s get started!

Multimodal texts are characterized by the combination of the five (5)


different modes of communication: linguistic, visual, gestural, audio and
spatial. (Lim, Hamada & Alata, 2019)

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Listed below are the elements or features that belong to the different
modes. Draw lines to connect these features to its corresponding mode.

 Hand gestures

 Body language

 Word choice

 Coherence

 Delivery of spoken or written text

 Noise/sounds

 Organization into sentences, phrases, paragraphs

 Music

 Facial expressions

 Accent

 Volume of sound

 Perspective

Activity 1.2- Let’s dig more!

Direction: Watch at least one TV commercial/ advertisement. After you have


watched the video, answer the following questions:

1) What is the message of the advertisement?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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2) What is the purpose of the message?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3) How is the message conveyed by the text and/or video?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4) Who is the target audience of the advertisement?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5) What modes were used in presenting the message?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

6) Do you think it effectively integrate the different modes in conveying its


message? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Analysis 1.1- Let’s Think About it!


Direction: Now, you are being challenged to analyze different multimodal texts
by answering the questions below the given information.

 The goal here is not simply to analyze the elements of a multimodal


texts but to determine misleading information subtly embedded in

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the different texts. Then, at the end of each analysis, decide if the
text contains factual or misleading information.

Information No. 1

1) Is the source reliable?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2) What is the purpose of the message?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3) Who is the target audience of the information/message?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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4) Is there any biases? If yes, what are those?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5) Do you think the information is true? Why do you say so?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Information No. 2

MANILA, PHILIPPINES
‘Mayor of the Philippines’ leaves LGUs blind amid COVID-19
JUNE 29, 2020 2:18 PM PHT
Writers: PIA RANADARAMBO TALABONGJC GOTINGA
Source: Rappler.com
1) Is the source reliable?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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2) What are the credentials of the author?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3) What modes are used in presenting the message? Did it help build the
credibility of the information?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4) Does the picture/ headline seemed one-sided or biased towards a


particular point of view?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5) Do you think the information is true? Why do you say so?


___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Analysis 1.2- Let’s decide!

Direction: Put a check √ if the information above is factual and X if it’s misleading.

Multimodal Text FACTUAL MISLEADING


Information 1
Information 2

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Abstraction- Let’s Explore!

Today, evaluating texts and/or images is essential because of the


proliferation of information resources and rapid technological change. As you
have noticed, you are always confronted with a diverse wealth of information
for personal, academic or professional use that can be accessed in multicultural
settings.

With the advent of digital environment or the internet,


most of the information is unfiltered making its
authenticity, validity, and reliability questionable.

The abundance of information from various media, namely:


electronic mail; social media; print and electronic
journals; periodicals; and advertisements poses a
challenge for you in terms of evaluating and understanding
it fully.

Critical Reading

As a competent communicator,
you should be able to The goal of critical reading is to
evaluate, manage, and use examine not only what the message is,
information effectively. but also how the message is conveyed
as well as its purpose, target audience,
One best way to evaluate and other ways of presenting it.
messages and images is Essentially, critical reading requires you
through to be an investigator and “break down” a
CRITICAL READING! text to appreciate and understand it
better. (Barrot & Sipacio, 2018)

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Qualities of a Critical Reader
o reads with an open mind.
o distinguishes facts from opinions.
o makes inferences about the text or images and the author’s ideas,
biases, claims, agenda or views.
o reads with specific question in mind that he/she wants the text or image
to answer.
o asks critical questions that promote analysis, synthesis and evaluation
of text.
o considers the cultural and historical background of the text or image.
o looks beyond the text or ideas that are not explicitly stated.
o evaluates the author’s credibility by checking on his/her credentials or
academic and scholarly background.
o evaluates the source of the text and image.

General Guide Questions in Evaluating a TEXT

Source  What is the source?


 When was the text published?
 Is the source reliable?
Context  What is the context of the text?
 What pieces of information are given that provide
the context of the text?
Contents  What is the message?
 What is the purpose of the message?
 What are the facts or figures that support the
message?
 How is the message conveyed by the text?
 What is the tone of the text?
 What words contribute to frame the message of
the text?
 How do you think the audience might be affected
the way text is written?
Audience  Who is the target audience?

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 What information is provided that give you the
idea about the target audience of the text?
Author  Who is the author?
 What are the credentials of the author?
 What is the author’s purpose of writing
(informational, persuasive or entertainment)?
 What is/are the author’s major idea/s?

General Guide Questions in Evaluating IMAGES

Source  What is the source of the image? How did you


find the source?
 Are there pieces of information about the
source of the image?
 How did you know the source? Is it reliable?
Context  Does the information provide the context of the
image or where, when, why, how and for whom
the image is?
Contents  What message does the image convey? Is the
message clear?
 What elements in the image support the
message?
 Are there people/animals/objects in the image?
How are they presented?
 What feelings does the image evoke?
 How do others see the image?
Audience  Who is the target audience?
 What information is provided that gives you an
idea about the target audience of the image?
Author  Is the name of the author given?
 Who is the author?
 What are the credentials of the author?
 What is the author’s purpose (informational,
persuasive or entertainment)?
Visual  How do you find the layout, design and color?
How are they used? Are they helpful in framing
the message of the image?
 Can you identify what is in the foreground and in
the background? What are they?

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Technical Quality  What can you say about the color and size of the
image?
 What can you say about the quality of the image?
 Is it copyrighted?

Application- Let’s Do It!


Task 1
Direction: Write CT on the space provided if the statement conveys critical
reading; otherwise, write NCT.

______ 1. I distinguish facts from opinions.


______ 2. I assume the target audience of the scholarly articles are always
teachers.
______ 3. I assess the relevance of the text.
______ 4. I question the intended message of the text or image.
______ 5. I examine the author’s purpose and biases.
______ 6. I examine closely the relationship of ideas presented in the text.
______ 7. I analyze the text and its meaning as a whole.
______ 8. I compare and contrast what I read to other related articles to look
for consistencies.
______ 9. I read all newspaper articles from the first page up to the last page.
______ 10. I highlight confusing ideas.

Task 2. Pair Activity


1) Find a pair
2) Choose either Task A or Task B
3) Be prepared to present your output in class using oral, audio-visual,
digital or web-based presentation. Your presentation should not
exceed 5 minutes.

A. Choose and watch two videos from the following links. Then, evaluate your
chosen video using the General Guide Questions for Evaluating Images.
 Jollibee’s Commercial, “Breakfast”
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQqUhNeAPVs

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 Apple, “Perspective”
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j64lCbFoMRY
 LBC Spelling Bee Remittance
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUU5dlh97bE
 McDonald’s commercial, “Tuloy parin”
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tCt_ouHQxE

B. Choose two of the advertisements below. Then, evaluate your chosen


advertisements using the General Guide Questions for Evaluating Images.

Image credit: Terremoto


Made by: terremotopropaganda.com.br

Image credit: NHTSA


Made by: www.nhtsa.gov

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Image credit: Walt Disney


Made by: thewaltdisneycompany.com

Closure

A job well done! You have just finished learning how to apply
critical reading in analyzing texts and images. The knowledge
that you acquired in this lesson will prove necessary as you
evaluate, manage, and use information effectively in
accomplishing a specific purpose.

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Samal Island City College- Purposive Communication
Lesson 5 Communication Aids and
Strategies Using Tools of Technology

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:


 Identify communication aids and strategies using the
tools of technology;
 Discover communication strategies that can overcome
common cross-cultural communication barriers; and
 Engage to different technological/online tools which can
facilitate effective communication.

Time Frame: 2 ½ hours

Introduction

In this lesson, you will immerse yourself in deeper understanding about


the cultural differences between high-context & low-context cultures.
Additionally, you will be challenged by identifying different technological tools
that can be used in communication.

Activity 1- Let’s get started!

In today’s generation, technological tools/methods


in exchanging information and facilitating
communication are readily available. In short, there
is no escape in the world of gadgets, computers
and the internet. Now, you will be tested if you are
truly into technology. So be ready!

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Direction: Below is the list of technological tools used in communication. If
answers are not given inside the column, provide a sample for each online
communication tool including its benefits and disadvantages. Write your
answers inside the column.

Online Sample Benefits in Disadvantages


Communication Site/App/Software Communication
Tool
chats messenger

videoconferencing Lack of
personal
connection.

Educational tool o Students are


engage to
online
collaborative
groups
o Easy to
access
educational
materials
Email

Activity 2- Let’s dig more!

Hope you got all the answers right in activity 1. With technological
tools, you now have the power to reach other people from faraway places.

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Now, you are being challenged to know more about others by knowing
the differences in communicating people belonged in high-context or low-
context cultures.

Direction: Analyze each statements listed below and identify whether it


describes low-context or high-context culture. Write LCC for low-context and
HCC for high-context culture. (Refer to the diagram above before finalizing your
answers)

______ 1. You need to be accurate at all times. Accuracy is very important in


this culture.
______ 2. You use words all the time because they are highly valued in this
culture.
______ 3. Message is understood using between-the-lines interpretation of
what is actually said.
______ 4. Communication tends to be dramatic and open.

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______ 5. What you say (content) is more important than the context—when or
where you said it.
______ 6. When conversing, you are expected to speak after the one you are
conversing with is done talking. Turn-taking is highly valued.
______ 7. Standing very close to each other is a common practice.
______ 8. The speed of which you complete a particular work is very important.
______ 9. Relationship-oriented culture
______ 10. How the message is being delivered matters most than what
(content) is actually said.

Analysis- Let’s Think About it!


Direction: Answer the following questions on your own. This will be your
contribution to the abstraction phase of this lesson.

1) Did you ever have an opportunity to interact with people coming from
different backgrounds using online communication tools like chat or
videoconferencing? Briefly describe your experience.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2) What did you learn from your interaction?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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3) What were the challenges that you encountered when conveying your
message?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4) How did the online communication tool help you convey your message?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5) What specific strategies did you use to make sure that your communication
succeeds?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Abstraction- Let’s Explore!


Just as communication in general is different for high and low context
cultures, the forms of communication also change, including the types of media
that they enjoy. In today’s fast-paced digital age, these forms can shift, but
underlying preferences stay the same.
Generally, high-context cultures prefer oral communications, while low-context
cultures favor written communications.

Cultures typically can’t be organized strictly into either high


or low context. Most cultures fall between the extremes on
the spectrum and can share characteristics of both high
and low context traits to varying degrees.
Do you have a lot of questions in mind? Worry no more
because I prepared a summary for you on the next page!

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High- Context Culture
The primary purpose of communication is to form and develop relationships;
contextual information is needed.

Low-Context Culture
The primary purpose of communication is the exchange of information— facts
and opinions.

Hall, 1959 (High & Low-Context Cultures)

Clearly, it’s important for us to know the difference between high


and low context cultures. A full understanding of these
differences will effectively improve both outward, client-focused
communication as well as inter-business relationships.
As a summary for you, high-context cultures use communication
that focuses on underlying context, meaning, and tone in the
message, and not just the words themselves. On the other hand,
low-context cultures expect communications to be explicitly
stated so that there’s no risk of confusion. In short, messages
should be clear enough to understand.

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Application- Let’s Do It!
At this point, it is expected that you already understand the importance
of cultural sensitivity and awareness while communicating with people from
other cultures. Successful communication across cultures heavily relies on
your ability not only to recognize the differences that exist between and
among cultures, but also on your ability to identify your common ground or
shared understanding.
Now, you are tasked to find one viral post about a social issue that
concerns everyone regardless of social background. Complete the organizer
below by following the instructions.

Describe the social issue discussed in the viral post. (2 points)

_________

If you are to post a comment of your In the post, find two or three comments of
personal stand on the issue, what would it non-Filipinos. Write their comments here
be? Write a brief paragraph here. (3 points) about the issue. (2 points)

Compare and contrast your comment from the comments of non-Filipinos. Write the
similarities and differences. (10 points)

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Closure

Congratulations! You have just completed this lesson. You


are now equipped with the needed knowledge, skills and
sensitivities that will help you foster relationships with people
from other cultures with ease.

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Lesson 6 Principles and Types of Speeches

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:


 Identify different types of speeches;
 Appreciate the value of oral communication;
 Develop confidence in writing and delivering a speech; and
 Reflect on a learning experience.

Time Frame: 2 hours

Introduction

In this lesson, you will be exposed to different types of speeches


according to its specific goal or purpose including methods of delivery. Also,
you will learn the components of speech as well as the manners in delivery.
This will help you establish connection with your intended audience.

Activity 1.1- Let’s get started!

1) Pick any topic that interests you. Then, plan a five-minute speech about
your own chosen topic.
2) Give yourself five minutes to prepare for your speech.
3) Record a video of yourself while delivering the speech.
4) Submit the recorded video to your instructor/professor via online
(messenger or email).

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Activity 1.2- Self-Audit
After completing Activity 1.1, tick the column that best describes your
ability to deliver a speech. Answer this section as objectively as possible. Bear
in mind that there are no wrong answers. Based your self-audit task on your
speech performance in Activity 1.1.
Usually Sometimes Seldom Never
3 2 1 0
1. I have a clear purpose in developing my
speech.
2. I organize my speech effectively.
3. I am able to begin my speech with an
effective attention-getter.
4. I have sufficient support for my speech.
5. I document my sources properly.
6. I end my speech effectively.
7. I fit my speech to the needs, interests,
values and beliefs of my audience.
8. I feel confident and comfortable when I
deliver a speech.
9. I wore appropriate attire during the
delivery of my speech.
10. I avoid mannerisms or any distractions
during the delivery of my speech.
TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
Interpretation:
Score Level of Proficiency
28-30 Advanced
25-27 Proficient
23-24 Approaching Proficiency
21-22 Developing
20 and below Beginning
Remember your results as you learn more in the succeeding activities.

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Analysis- Let’s Think About it!
Direction: Answer the following questions on your own. This will be your
contribution to the abstraction phase of this lesson.
1) Do you agree that every speech must have a main goal/ purpose? Briefly
explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2) Why there is a need to know the needs of your audience before delivering a
speech?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Abstraction- Let’s Explore!

Essentials of Oral Communication


There are a lot of people who are more comfortable communicating by
sending messages through electronic mail, social media, or cellular phones
than in person.

However, we need to put in mind that having excellent


communication skills can practically help you express
yourself clearly and confidently, gain the respect of other
people, achieve your goals and succeed in life.

Competence in oral communication is also important because it makes


you become an effective leader. One who is able to:
1) Listen attentively to identify the conveyed meaning;
2) Collaborate with others;

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3) Use critical thinking and problem solving skills;
4) Give appropriate feedback; and
5) Converse with others of different backgrounds.

Public Speaking
As the name implies, public speaking is speaking in public. Your early
exposures to it can either be in school through hosting a program, campaigning
during a campus election, or joining in declamation, oratorical, impromptu,
storytelling contests or even outside the school such as giving a wish to a
celebrator, reading verses in public during religious activities, or making public
announcements.

When you are developing your message, it is very


important to know the needs, beliefs and values of your
audience so that you can engage them easily in your
speech.

Once you have connected with your audience, it will be easy for you to convey
your message according to your goal or purpose: to inform, to entertain, or
to persuade.

Speech to inform seeks to provide the audience with a clear understanding of


the concept of idea presented by the speaker.
Example: lectures of teachers

Speech to entertain seeks to provide the audience with entertainment.


Example: humorous speeches of your favorite speakers

Speech to persuade (to convince) seeks to provide the audience with


favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas and decisions.
Example: campaign speeches of politicians

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Methods of Delivery
1) Memorized speech- delivered by speakers who intend to memorize their
speech word for word to their audience.
2) Impromptu speech- delivered by speakers who are suddenly asked or
requested by someone or group of people to say few words about
something. In short, there is no time for preparation.
3) Extemporaneous speech- delivered by speakers with the help of short
notes and clear outline. In this method, speakers are given time to prepare
before the delivery of the speech hence, speech is planned and rehearsed
ahead of time.
4) Manuscript- delivered by speakers who intend to read aloud their speech
word for word to their audience.

Manners in Speech
As cited by Barrot and Sipacio (2018) —Manners in speech refer to the
ethical standards in delivering a speech in public. Here as follows:

1) Observe ethically sound goals


Avoid criticizing your teachers, family, friends, and other people or
promoting mass destruction.
2) Prepare all the time
You have a full responsibility to yourself and to your audience when you
are asked to deliver a speech. In order to fulfil it, you have to be
prepared.
3) Tell the Truth
Be accurate with your sources and data. Acknowledge the author of your
borrowed ideas including quotes, songs, phrases and statistics. Simply
observe, “Honesty is the best policy”.
4) Be sensible and sensitive
Your audience come from different backgrounds, so as much as
possible, respect their identity, affiliation, religion, beliefs, values,
preferences, and orientation through your language and gestures.

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Components of a Speech (Barrot & Sipacio, 2018)

I. Introduction

a) Attention-getter
b) Initial summary
c) Speaker’s credibility (telling the audience why you are the right person to
talk about the subject/topic.
d) Relevance of the topic to the audience (stating what’s in it for the
audience)
e) Self-introduction (optional)
f) Thesis statement (e.g. argument, proposition, assumption)

II. Body (Content)


(You can begin by sharing what you read in books, articles, newspapers)
a) Main idea 1
 Supporting detail 1 (You can support your ideas with
 Supporting detail 2 research or any valuable information)
b) Main Idea 2
 Supporting detail 1
 Supporting detail 2
c) Main idea 3
 Supporting detail 1
 Supporting detail 2

III. Conclusion (This is a summary of your purpose and main points while leaving a
lasting impression with your audience.)
 Closure (letting your audience know that you are about to end your speech)
 Summary
 Call to action
 Powerful closing statement

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Things to Remember:

 Use your conclusion as an opportunity to summarize the main points of your


speech.
 Don’t repeat your main points word for word; rather, paraphrase the key themes
and arguments you have just presented.
 Consider ending your speech with an additional anecdote or quotation that
captures the theme of your speech.
 Don’t introduce any new points or supportive evidence into your conclusion as it
will confuse your audience.
 Use trigger phrases such as “in conclusion” or “in summary” to prepare your
audience for the end of your speech.
 Write your conclusion at the same time as the introduction (after you write the body)
so that the introduction and conclusion complement one another.

Application 1- Let’s Do It!


Direction: Write T on the space provided if the statement is true and F if the
statement is false.

______ 1. In your introduction, you need to state the relevance of your speech.
______ 2. Major components of a speech include the introduction, body and
conclusion.
______ 3. Ethical standards are necessary in order to gain respect.
______ 4. It is a must that you let your audience know that you are ending your
speech.
______ 5. Eye contact and audience rapport are insignificant in memorized
speech.
______ 6. The primary purpose of informative speech is to share one’s
knowledge of a subject to an intended audience.
______ 7. One of the benefits that you will gain from public speaking is an
increased ability to think critically.

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______ 8. You need to have a striking opening and significant closing when
delivering a speech.
______ 9. Your speech opening and closing should be related.
______ 10. Motivating clients to purchase your company’s products is one
example of speech “to entertain”.

Let’s check how far you have learned from the lesson!

Application 2

Direction: Read and analyze each question and encircle the letter of
your answer.

1) The goal of this type of speech is to influence, motivate, or change the


audience’s mind.
a) Informative speech
b) Persuasive speech
c) Entertainment speech
d) Speech for special occasions

2) In preparing a speech, you need to _________.


a) Know your audience and content
b) Write first your main idea
c) Choose only controversial topics
d) Gather experts to help you with facts

3) This method is delivered with the aid of an outline of the speech.


a) Manuscript
b) Impromptu Speech
c) Extemporaneous Speech
d) Memorized Speech

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4) This method requires you to bind the speech to memory to avoid bringing
notes during the delivery.
a) Manuscript
b) Impromptu Speech
c) Extemporaneous Speech
d) Memorized Speech

5) Which speech delivery mode requires one to speak on a spur of a moment or


without any prior preparation?
a) Manuscript
b) Impromptu Speech
c) Extemporaneous Speech
d) Memorized Speech

Application 3: Concretizing

What to do:
1) Prepare a topic outline of a highly relevant topic.
2) Deliver your extemporaneous speech in class.

Rubric for extemporaneous speech


Criteria 8-10 pts 5-7 pts 3-4 pts 1-2 pts
Fully developed Developed Some Vague sense
topic/idea with topic/idea with understanding of the topic or
unified unified of the topic with idea.
Content
substantial supporting few supporting
supporting details. details.
details.
Excellent Good Understandable Inaccurate
Language Use
command of command of language yet words and

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the language, the language, lacks accuracy marked with
uses varied somewhat and with some grammar
and accurate accurate and grammar errors. errors that
words to with few affect the
express ideas, grammar message.
grammatically errors.
correct
expressions.
Very natural Natural and Somewhat Marked with
and spontaneous natural with long awkward
Spontaneity and spontaneous with some some awkward pauses.
naturalness with awkward pauses.
appropriate pauses.
pauses.
Very clear and Clear and Somewhat clear Monotonous
Vocal clarity and
appropriately varied voice. and varied and lacks
dynamics
varied voice. voice. vocal clarity.
Maintains eye Maintains eye Inconsistent Avoids eye
contact with contact most of eye contact. contact with
Eye
the audience the time. the audience.
contact/connection
throughout the
speech.
Very relevant Relevant to the Somewhat Of little
Relevance of the and useful to majority of the relevant to the relevance to
chosen topic the majority of audience. majority of the the audience.
the audience. audience.

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Samal Island City College- Purposive Communication
Closure

Very Good Work! You have completed your learning


exploration about the principles of effective public speaking
as well as identifying types of speeches according to purpose.
Hope this would be of great help to you in your chosen career.
Good luck and God bless!

References

Barrot, J., & Sipacio, P. J. (2018). Purposive Communication in the 21st Century. C &
E Publishing, Inc.
Felipe, C (2020). Agencies urged: Take advantage of extended state of calamity.
Retrieved on Sept 20, 2020, fromhttps://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/
09/20/2043762/agencies-urged-take-advantage-extended-state-calamity
Lim, J., Hamada, I., & Alata, E. (2019). A Course Module for Purposive
Communication. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Madrunio, M. & Martin, I. (2018). Purposive Communication using English in
Multilingual Contexts. C & E Publishing Inc.
Ranada, P., Talabong R., & Gotinga J. (2020). Mayor of the Philippines’ leaves LGUs
blind amid COVID-19. Retrieved on Sept. 14, 2020, from
https://rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/mayor-of-the-philippines-leaves-lgus-
blind-amid-covid-19
Wakat, G. et. al. (2018). Purposive Communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Compiled by: Jollie Grace Mendoza

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Samal Island City College- Purposive Communication

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