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FINA 2303 Chapter 2 Part 1 Spring 2023
FINA 2303 Chapter 2 Part 1 Spring 2023
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Chapter 2
Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
• Financial statements are accounting reports issued periodically to show
past performance and provide a snapshot of the firm’s assets and liabilities
& shareholder equity.
• The company’s annual report with financial statements must be sent to
their shareholders every year.
• Financial statements enable finance manager to assess the success of his
firm and compare it to competitors.
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Types of Financial Statements
- Balance sheet (statement of financial position) We focus on these two only
- Income statement (profit and loss statement)
- Statement of cash flows
- Statement of stockholders’ equity
Balance Sheet for fiscal year end 2020,
recorded (took a snap shot) on Dec 2020
Year 2020
Jan 2020 Dec 2020
Income Statement lists firm’s revenues
and expenses over a period of time (Jan
2020 to Dec 2020)
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Balance Sheet
lists the firm’s assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity
provides a snapshot of the firm’s financial position at a given point in time
(at historical value or acquisition cost)
all numbers are valued based on their historical costs, not current market
values
Assets Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current Assets 5 Current Liabilities 2
Non‐Current Assets 10 Non‐Current Liabilities 4
Shareholders' equity 9
Total Assets 15 Total Liabilities and 15
Shareholders' Equity
Total Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity
10+5 = 2+4+9
15 = 15
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FINA 2303 Spring 2023
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Assets Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current Assets 5 Current Liabilities 2
Non‐Current Assets 10 Non‐Current Liabilities 4
Shareholders' equity 9
Total Assets 15 Total Liabilities and 15
Shareholders' Equity
Net Working Capital = Current Asset – Current Liability = 5 – 2 = 3
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Assets Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current Assets 5 Current Liabilities 2
Non‐Current Assets 10 Non‐Current Liabilities 4
Total Liabilities 6
Total Shareholders' equity 9
Total Assets 15 Total Liabilities and 15
Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders’ equity = total book value of equity
= direct investment + reinvestment of profit
= common stock + retained earnings
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Stocks
Secondary
Reinvestment = retained earnings Markets
=3
Net Income = Dividends + Change in retained earnings
8 = 5 + 3
Payout ratio = Dividends / Net Income
= 5/8 = 0.625 = 62.5% Retention ratio = 3/8 = 37.5%
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FINA 2303
ASIA‐PACIFIC CORPORATION Spring 2023
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2010 and 2011 Balance Sheets
($ in millions)
Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity
2010 2011 2010 2011
Current assets Current liabilities
Cash 104 160 Accounts payable 232 266
Account receivable 455 688 Notes payable 196 123
Inventory 553 555 Total current liabilities 428 389
Total current assets 1,112 1,403
Fixed assets
Net Plant and
Equipment 1,644 1,709 Long‐term debt 408 454
Owners' equity
Common stock and
paid‐in surplus 600 640
Retained earnings 1,320 1,629
Total equity 1,920 2,269
Total liabilities and
Total assets
Ekkachai Saenyasiri
2,756 3,112 Page
owners' equity
7 2,756
2/25/2023
3,112
FINA 2303 ASIA‐PACIFIC CORPORATION Spring 2023
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2011 Income Statement
($ in millions)
Net Sales 1509
Cost of goods sold 700
Selling, general, and administration expenses 50
Depreciation 65
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) 694
Interest paid 70
Taxable income 624
Taxes (34%) 212
Net income 412
Dividends 103
Addition to retained earnings 309
Asia‐Pacific Corp had 200 million shares outstanding at the end of 2011
Earnings per share (EPS) = Net Income / Shares outstanding
= 412/200 = $2.06 per share
Dividends per share = Total dividends / Shares outstanding
= 103/200 = $0.515 per share
Payout ratio = dividends/net income = 103/412 = 0.515/2.06 = 25%
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FINA 2303 Spring 2023
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Book Value vs. Market Value of Equity
Total market value of equity = stock price per share* number of shares outstanding
= market capitalization
On December 31, 2011, Stock price of Asia‐Pacific Corp was $40 per share.
Asia‐Pacific’s market capitalization on Dec 31, 2011 = 40 * 200 = 8 billion
Asia‐Pacific’s book value of equity on Dec 31, 2011 = 2.269billion
Market value does not equal to Book Value
• There are sources of value that do not appear on the balance sheet.
• These include
– opportunities for growth
– the quality of the management team
– relationship with suppliers and customers, etc.
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FINA 2303 Spring 2023
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Market‐to‐Book Ratio refer to equity
- Market‐to‐book ratio = Market Value of equity/Book value of equity
‐ Market‐to‐book ratio = Market value per share / Book value per share
‐ For Asia‐Pacific, M/B ratio = 8 billion/ 2.269 billion = 3.526
- Note that book value is the total equity
- M/B sometimes called Price‐to‐book ratio (P/B)
- Growth stock high market‐to‐book ratio, expecting high growth rate in the
future. The company has been successful overall in creating value for its
stockholders
- Value stock low market‐to‐book ratio, expecting growth rate to be low
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