INDEX

EXERCISE NO. EXERCISE NAME PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION TO GISCIENCE 2.

1. CANVAS GEOREFERENCING 3-14

2. URBAN SPRAWL 15-23
3. FOREST MONITORING 24-30
4. LAND USE LAND COVER 31-37
5. CHOROPLETH 38-40
SYNOPSIS 41-42

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 GISCIENCE
GIScience, or Geographic Information Science, is a discipline that deals with the study of
spatial data and its associated technologies. This field incorporates various aspects of
computer science, geography, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret spatial
data in order to make informed decisions about a range of topics, including environmental
management, urban planning, emergency response, and social issues.
GIScience professionals use specialized software and tools to analyze geographic data,
including geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and GPS. These
technologies are used to gather, store, analyze, and display data in a spatial context,
allowing researchers to make informed decisions about a variety of issues. For example,
GIScience can be used to analyze the impact of land use changes on ecosystems, to plan
transportation routes for emergency responders, or to identify patterns of crime in urban
areas.
The use of GIScience is not limited to specific industries, but rather is applicable to a broad
range of fields. For example, the agricultural industry uses GIScience to map and monitor
crop growth and yields, while the healthcare industry uses it to analyze the spread of
diseases and to plan the distribution of medical resources.
GIScience professionals need to have a deep understanding of spatial data analysis and
visualization, as well as proficiency in programming languages and software tools commonly
used in the field. They must also be able to communicate complex findings to a variety of
audiences, including policymakers, industry professionals, and the general public.
The importance of GIScience has only increased in recent years, as the amount of spatial
data available has grown exponentially. With the advent of big data and the Internet of Things
(IoT), GIScience professionals have access to an unprecedented amount of data, and must be
able to effectively analyze and interpret this data to make informed decisions.

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 EXERCISE 1
GEOREFERENCING OF UP MAP.

INTRODUCTION
Georeferencing is the process of assigning spatial coordinates to digital or physical geographic data to
enable it to be viewed, analyzed, and compared with other spatial datasets. Georeferencing is an essential
tool in modern mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) and helps to integrate different
datasets and create accurate maps and models.
There are several ways to perform canvas georeferencing, including:
1.Manual georeferencing: This involves manually aligning the control points on the image with the
corresponding points on the reference map or dataset. This is a time-consuming process and requires a
high degree of accuracy, but it can be effective for small or simple maps.
2.Canvas georeferencing.:-One common method of georeferencing is canvas georeferencing. This
method involves placing a physical map on a flat surface, such as a table or scanner, and capturing an
image of the map. The image is then uploaded into a GIS or image processing software and aligned with an
existing map or dataset using control points.
3.Automated georeferencing: This uses software to automatically align the control points on the image
with the corresponding points on the reference map or dataset. This is faster than manual
georeferencing and can be effective for larger or more complex maps.
4.Hybrid georeferencing: This combines manual and automated georeferencing techniques to improve
accuracy and speed. This involves manually aligning some control points and using software to align the
remaining points.
Uttar Pradesh, located in northern India, is the most populous state in the country, with a total area of
243,290 square kilometers and latitude-longitude of 26.8467° N, 80.9462° E. The state has a diverse
geography, with the Himalayan region in the north, which includes high-altitude mountains like the
Himalayas and Trans-Himalayas. The major rivers that flow through this region are the Ganges, Yamuna,
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and Ghaghra.Moving to the middle of the state, the Gangetic plain is the largest region in Uttar Pradesh,
covering around 98,000 square kilometers. This region is known for its fertile land and is often referred
to as the "breadbasket of India." The plain is irrigated by the Ganges and its tributaries, including the
Yamuna, Betwa, and Chambal rivers. The region is home to several important cities, including Lucknow,
Kanpur, and Varanasi.Lastly, the southern part of Uttar Pradesh is known as the Vindhya Hills and Plateau,
covering an area of around 21,000 square kilometers. This region is characterized by hills and plateaus
and is known for its mineral resources, including coal and iron ore. The major rivers that flow through
this region are the Son and the Ken. The state is also home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks, such as the Panna National Park and the Chitrakoot Wildlife Sanctuary, which reflect the richness
of its forest soil and natural resources.

IMPORTANCE OF GEOREFERENCING
Georeferencing is a process that takes known ground control points and connects them to the raster in
order to apply a coordinate system and projection to the image. Without aprojection, GIS software has no
way to know where a raster should exist on the globe, and because of that, it cannot analyze it correctly.
By giving a coordinate system and projection to the raster, a great number of quantitative GIS tools can
be applied to analyze the raster data. Essentially, the georeferencing process takes what was a picture
and turns it into geospatial data that can be scientifically analyzed.
Georeferencing refers to associating coordinates of spatial data with locations in physical space. It is an
integral part of Geographical Information System (GIS). Georeferencing is essential for processing of raw
images to avoid distortions. To georeference an image, control points need to be established with known
geographic coordinates of these control points.

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 A.Creation of a new shape file layer polygon.

PROCEDURE TO GEOREFERNCE A TOPOSHEET

STEP 1: Collect GPS points from different locations in the college, feed them in Excel Sheet and save it as
CSV format. Open Qgis, under Browser scroll to XYZ tiles, then right click to add new connection and use
the google map link and press OK. Now a connection is formed under XYZ tiles, double click on the
connection. A layer and map are added.

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STEP 1: Open QGIS and click on Layer ‣ Georeferencer.

• The georeferencer will open. It is divided into 2 sections: top section where the image will be
displayed and the bottom section where a table your GCPs will appear.

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STEP 2: Go to File ‣ Open Raster. Browse to the downloaded image of the scanned map and click Open.

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• You will see the image will be loaded on the top section. You can use the zoom/pan controls in the
toolbar to learn more about the map.

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 • Now we need to assign coordinates to some points on this map

STEP 3: Before adding Ground Control Points (GCP), we need to define the Transformation Settings. Click on
the Gear icon ( ) in georeferencing window to open the Transformation settings dialog. In
the Transformation settings dialog, choose the Transformation type as Polynomial 1 and then select
the Resampling method as the Nearest Neighbour. Click the Select CRS button next to Target CRS.

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• While geo-referencing a scanned map like this, one can obtain the CRS information from the map
itself. Looking at this map image, the coordinates are in Latitude/Longitude. Search for WGS84 and
select the suitable CRS. Click OK.

• Name your output raster as Toposheet as per your choice. Check the Save GCP points to store the
points as separate file for future purpose. Make sure to check the Load in Project when done option is
checked and Click OK

STEP 4: Now we can start adding Ground Control Points (GCPs). The Georeferencer have following
tools:

1. Add Point: To add Ground Control Point on the image.

2. Delete Point: To delete the added Ground Control Point.

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• Now place the cross-hair at the border of the map and remember the point and click on from map
Canvas and click on the same point on open street map

• Once you have added the minimum number of points required for the transform, you will notice
that the GCPs now have a non-zero dX, dY and Residual error values. If a particular GCP has
unusually high error values, that usually means a human-error in entering the coordinate values.
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 So you can delete that GCP and capture it again. You can also edit the coordinate values in
the GCP Table by clicking the cell in either Dest.X or Dest.Y columns.

STEP 5: Click the Start Georeferencing button ( ). This will start the process of warping the image
using the GCPs and creating the target raster

• Once the process finishes, you will see the georeferenced layer loaded in QGIS. The georeferencing is
now complete.
• The Home Screen will look like this after all the Steps.

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 B. Digitization of polygon boundary and topology correction.

STEP 1: Start with georeferencing the map.

STEP 1: Click on ‘Layer’ menu, click on ‘Create Layer’ and select ‘New Shapefile Layer’.

STEP 2: Enter ‘File name’, select ‘file encoding’ as ‘UTF-8’. Select ‘Geometry type’ as ‘Polygon’. To add new
field, enter name for desired fields, select field typeaccording to the desired type and then set the length.
Click on ‘Add field’ and then Click Ok.

-Once the process finishes, you will see the Shapefile layer loaded in QGIS.

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STEP3: After creating Shapefile layer with Geometry type Polygon. Turn on Toggle Editing by clicking on( )
Icon. Click on Add Polygon Feature IIcon and Start digitizing from one node of the feature, add vertexes
along the feature. Once the feature have been marked with details, Right click and fill the details for the
feature

Once all the steps are completed the Toposheet will look like this.

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 EXERCISE 2
APPLICATION OF GIS IN

URBAN SPRAWL
OF DELHI NCR (1973-2023)

INTRODUCTION
Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas beyond their original
boundaries. It is a gradual process that occurs due to a variety of factors such as population growth,
increased demand for amenities, increased mobility, congestion, and rising land prices in the city. Urban
sprawl can have negative impacts on the environment, public health, and quality of life. It leads to the
fragmentation of habitats, loss of agricultural land, and increased pollution levels. It also results in the
depletion of natural resources such as water and energy. To mitigate the effects of urban sprawl, urban
planners are increasingly adopting measures such as compact city planning, mixed land use, and public
transport-oriented development. These measures aim to reduce the dependence on private cars, create
walkable communities, and preserve open spaces. In India, urban sprawl is a growing concern, especially
in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, where the population has been rapidly increasing, leading to the
conversion of rural areas into urban landscapes. The National Capital Region (NCR) is a prime example of
urban sprawl, with its administrative boundaries flanked by several districts that are slowly being
integrated into the urban landscape.
The National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, geographically situated between the coordinates of 28.41°N,
76.84°E by 28.88°N, 77.35°E, spans an area of 1483 square kilometers. It serves as the nucleus of the
National Capital Region (NCR), encompassed by the administrative boundaries of the Ghaziabad, Gautam
Buddha Nagar, Baghpat, Sonipat, Jhajjar, Faridabad, and Gurgaon districts. The urbanization of the NCT of
Delhi and the surrounding regions has been subject to urban sprawl, a gradual and disorderly expansion
of urban areas due to the surging population, amplified demand for amenities, increased mobility, rising
congestion, and escalating land prices in the core city. The rural-urban fringe areas have undergone a

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significant transformation into an urban landscape, giving rise to the need for deliberate planning of
urban cities. The NCR region encompasses not only the adjacent districts of Panipat, Rohtak, Rewari,
Alwar, Bulandshahar, and Meerut but also the potential for future urbanization in these areas.

Causes of Urban Sprawl

1.Population Expansion :-As the population of a city grows, there is an increased demand for housing,
amenities, and services. This often leads to the expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural or
undeveloped land.
2.Increased Mobility :-As transportation infrastructure improves, people are able to travel longer
distances more quickly. This can lead to the development of suburbs and exurbs, as people are willing to
live farther from the city center.
3.Land Use Policies:- The policies of local governments and planning agencies can also contribute to
urban sprawl. For example, zoning laws that permit only low-density development can lead to the spread
of urban areas.
4.Economic Factors :-Rising land prices in urban areas can also contribute to urban sprawl. As the cost
of land becomes prohibitively expensive in the city center, developers may seek out cheaper land on the
outskirts of town.

Features of Urban Sprawl:

1.Low-Density Development :-Urban sprawl is characterized by low-density, automobile-dependent
development. This means that there are large distances between homes, shops, and other amenities,
which often makes it necessary to drive to get around.
2.Separation of Land Uses:- In many cases, urban sprawl leads to a separation of land uses. This means
that residential areas are located far away from commercial areas, which can lead to longer commutes
and increased traffic congestion.
3.Lack of Public Transportation:- Urban sprawl often results in a lack of public transportation options,
as the low-density development makes it difficult to provide cost-effective services.
4.Environmental Impacts :-Urban sprawl can have significant environmental impacts. The expansion of
urban areas into rural and undeveloped land can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, increased air and
water pollution, and other negative effects.

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 DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY USED

1.Obtain Toposheets from Survey of India :-Government Source To analyze urban sprawl, we obtained
the Delhi toposheets of 1970 from the Survey of India Government source.
2.Use QGIS for Comparison and Analysis :-We used QGIS software version 3.28.3 to compare and
analyze the urban area in 1970 with the urban area expansion that has occurred till now.
3.Statistical Tools:- for Calculating Urban Sprawl Using statistical tools available in QGIS, we calculated
the area of urban sprawl observed.
4.Microsoft Excel for Calculation:- To calculate the difference between the urban area expansion in
1970 and the current scenario, we used Microsoft Excel.
5.Perform Required Steps for Comparison and Analysis :-We performed the necessary steps in QGIS to
compare and analyze urban sprawl between two different time periods.

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 A. GEOREFERENCING OF TOPOGRAPHIC SHEET OF DELHI CITY FOR PREPARATION OF
BASE YEAR (1972).
B. DIGITIZATION OF URBAN AREA FROM THE GOOGLE EARTH IMAGES FOR 2020.

Steps to Digitize Urban Sprawl in QGIS

1.Open QGIS 3.28.3 Software Version:- Upon launching the QGIS 3.28.3 software version, proceed to
initiate the required task for analyzing the urban sprawl in the study area.
2.Georeference the Toposheets of Delhi :-The toposheets of Delhi must be georeferenced for spatial
analysis. This process involves assigning real-world coordinates to the toposheets for the accurate
digitization of the urban sprawl in the study area.
3.Create a New Shapefile Layer :-to Digitize the Area with the Help of Polygon In order to effectively
digitize the urban sprawl area, it is necessary to create a new shapefile layer using polygons. This layer
will be used to accurately outline the boundaries of the urban sprawl in the study area.
4.Digitize the Area of Urban Sprawl :- with the Help of Polygon Using the newly created shapefile layer,
proceed to digitize the area of urban sprawl (Settlements). This process involves using the polygon tool to
outline the settlements within the study area.
5.Make a Map Layout and Select Appropriate Settings:- Create a map layout to display the digitized
urban sprawl area. Select the appropriate settings such as the coordinate reference system (CRS),
coordinates, north direction, and other relevant settings to ensure the accuracy of the map layout.

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6.Save the Map Layout of Urban Sprawl :-In 1970 After creating the map layout of the urban sprawl
area in 1970, save it for future analysis and comparison.

7.Digitize the Current Urban Area:- Expansion by Creating Another Layer Repeat the digitization
process by creating another layer to observe the current urban area expansion. Use OpenStreetMap to
obtain the necessary data for digitization.
8.Create and Save a Map Layout:- of Current Urban Area Expansion After digitizing the current urban

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area expansion, create a map layout and save it for future analysis and comparison.
9.Combine the Two Maps of 1970 and 2023 :-to Compare and Analyze Urban Sprawl Expansion Merge
the two map layouts of 1970 and 2023 to facilitate a comparative analysis of the urban sprawl expansion
in the study area. This will provide a clear visualization of the changes in urbanization over time.
10.Analyze the Map Layouts :-of Urban Sprawl Expansion in 1970 and 2023 Upon comparing and
analyzing the map layouts, the extent of urban sprawl expansion in the study area can be determined. This
information will be useful in identifying the causes and potential consequences of urban sprawl.
11.Interpret the Map Layout and Draw Conclusions :-Using the analyzed data and map layouts, draw
conclusions on the spatial distribution and extent of urban sprawl in the study area. This information will provide valuable
insights into the factors driving urbanization and potential policy interventions to mitigate its negative impacts.

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 C. ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN THE URBAN AREA AND DIMENSION.

INTERPRETATION
1.Introduction: Urban sprawl is a complex phenomenon that has been studied for decades. It refers to the
uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rural lands. Delhi, the capital city of India, has
undergone a significant transformation over the past few decades, leading to an increase in urban
sprawl. This essay presents an analysis of the causes, features and implications of urban sprawl in Delhi.
2. Causes of Urban Sprawl in Delhi:- The primary cause of urban sprawl in Delhi is the increase in the
migration rate from villages to cities. Better job opportunities, improved education facilities, and
government policies are among the significant factors contributing to the urbanization of the city. The
emergence of new industries and a boost in the economy have also played a significant role in this
process. Additionally, the lack of basic amenities and infrastructure in rural areas has led to an influx of
people into the city.
3. Features of Urban Sprawl in Delhi :-The urban sprawl of Delhi is characterized by three types of
urban patterns based on districts. Highly sprawled districts include the west, north, northeast and east
districts. Medium sprawled districts include the north-west, south, and south-west districts. Least
sprawled districts include the central and new Delhi districts. There has been a significant expansion of
urban areas in the south-west and east and south-east regions of Delhi.
4. Implications of Urban Sprawl in Delhi :-The expansion of urban areas in Delhi has led to several
problems related to poor standards of living, the emergence of slums, environmental pollution, and the
spread of new diseases. The scarcity of basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation and healthcare is
a significant issue. Due to these problems, people have been preferring to live in the outskirts of the city,
leading to an increase in the urban sprawl of the area.
5. Conclusion,:- The urban sprawl of Delhi is a complex phenomenon that has significant implications for
the city's development. The expansion of urban areas has led to a population explosion, environmental
degradation and poor living standards. Better infrastructure and basic amenities need to be developed in
the city's outskirts to prevent further urban sprawl. It is essential to adopt sustainable urban planning
policies to ensure the city's growth does not come at the cost of environmental degradation and a
reduction in living standards.

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 SYNOPSIS
This study has shed light on the issue of urban sprawl and its consequences on the lives of people. As
cities develop and infrastructure improves, people tend to migrate towards these areas in search of job
opportunities and basic necessities. This results in high population density, which in turn leads to the
emergence of environmental and health problems. It is important to study this issue in order to
understand the problems and find suitable measures to solve them.One of the main problems associated
with urban sprawl is the unplanned and disorganized development of cities. This leads to the emergence
of urban sprawl in areas where there is insufficient infrastructure, which results in a range of problems
such as poor standard of living, emergence of slums, environmental pollution, emergence of new
diseases, and scarcity of basic amenities. As the city grows, people tend to prefer living in the outskirts
rather than in the main city due to these issues. This is also a reason why we can see expansion of urban
area in the outskirts.
Through this study, we have gained knowledge about different tools and techniques that can be used to
study urban sprawl.By using these tools, we were able to analyze the expansion of urban areas in Delhi
from 1970-2023. The study revealed that there has been a significant expansion of urban areas in the
south-west, east and south-east Delhi.Moreover, the study also revealed that the spatial dynamics of
urban areas indicate faster growth in developing cities on a large scale as compared to developed cities.
The study identified three different types of urban patterns in Delhi districts: highly,medium, and least
sprawled districts. Highly sprawled districts include districts like west, north, north-east, and east
districts. Medium sprawled districts are found in north-west, south, and south-west districts, while least
sprawled districts can be found in central and new Delhi districts.In conclusion, this study has provided
valuable insights into the issue of urban sprawl and its consequences. It is essential to develop and
implement policies that address the issue of urban sprawl in a comprehensive and sustainable manner,
ensuring the provision of basic amenities, infrastructure, and a better standard of living for all.

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 EXERCISE 3
APPLICATION OF GIS IN

FOREST MONITORING
OF LALITPUR (1973-2023)

INTRODUCTION
Forests are essential resources that provide a wide range of benefits, including environmental, social,
and economic benefits. Sustainable forest management (SFM) is crucial for ensuring that forests' long-
term sustainability, which entails the conservation and management of forest resources in a manner that
balances the benefits of forest use with the need to maintain the forest ecosystem's health and
biodiversity.
Effective forest monitoring is an essential aspect of SFM, as it provides valuable information for evidence-
based decision-making to support the conservation and sustainable use of forest resources. In addition to
measuring the technical, environmental, and social performance and impacts of forest management
practices, monitoring systems also provide critical information on forest health, biodiversity, and
ecosystem services.
Forest monitoring systems are designed to ensure the efficient and accurate collection, analysis, and
reporting of forest-related data. These systems encompass a range of activities, including forest
inventory and mapping, forest carbon accounting, forest fire monitoring, and wildlife monitoring.
Monitoring systems vary in complexity, and the level of sophistication is dependent on the objectives of
the system and the available resources.
An essential component of forest monitoring systems is the measurement, reporting, and verification
(MRV) functions. MRV functions provide robust, reliable data on forest carbon estimates, which are
critical for monitoring forest carbon stocks and changes over time. These data are essential for climate
change mitigation efforts, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD+) initiatives, which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by deforestation and forest
degradation.
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 IMPORTANCE :
Forests and trees play a crucial role in sustaining the planet and supporting human well-being by
providing various benefits such as improving livelihoods, ensuring clean air, protecting soils and water
resources, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change.
For over a billion people, forests serve as a source of fibre, food, and fuel. Furthermore, forests harbor
the majority of the world's terrestrial biodiversity, providing essential habitats for numerous plant and
animal species.
The benefits of forests go beyond their ecological significance. They provide an array of products and
services that contribute significantly to socio-economic development, particularly in rural areas, where
they are essential for the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people, including many of the world's
poorest.
To ensure sustainable forest management, monitoring the world's forest resources is critical. An
effective monitoring system provides a reliable basis for evidence-based decision-making, which is
necessary for advancing sustainable forest management. It enables the assessment of the environmental
and social impacts of forest management practices, as well as the identification of emerging challenges,
such as deforestation and forest degradation.

ABOUT LALITPUR :
Lalitpur is a district located in the southwestern region of Uttar Pradesh, India. The district is situated
between 24°11' and 25°13' north latitude and 78°10' and 79°17' east longitude. It is surrounded by Jhansi in
the north, Sagar in the south, Tikamgarh in the west, and Jalaun in the east. The district spans an area of
approximately 5,039 square kilometers and has a population of around 1.2 million people. The district is
primarily hilly and rocky, with a few plains scattered throughout. The Betwa River flows through the
district, and the Ken River forms its southern boundary.
Lalitpur district has a significant forest cover, with approximately 35% of the district's total area
covered by forests. The district's forests are mainly concentrated in the southern region, adjacent to the
Ken River. The forest cover includes a variety of tree species, including Sal, Teak, Bamboo, Khair, and
Tendu. The forested area provides essential ecosystem services, such as maintaining soil and water
resources, regulating the local climate, and supporting biodiversity. The district's forests also serve as a
source of livelihood for the local communities, who depend on them for fuelwood, fodder, and medicinal
plants. However, like many other forested regions in India, the forests of Lalitpur district are threatened
by deforestation, illegal logging, and unsustainable land use practices, highlighting the need for effective
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forest management and conservation strategies.

DATABASE
Our study has relied on two primary sources of data:
(i)The Survey of India
(ii)Google Satellite Map.
The Survey of India is the country's National Survey and Mapping Organization and operates under the
Department of Science and Technology. As the oldest scientific department of the Government of India, it
provides topographic maps that are widely used for various applications. In our study, we used 16
topographic sheets from 1983 produced by the Survey of India to observe the forest area and dimensions
of Lalitpur and its adjoining areas.
We also utilized Google Satellite Map, a location search tool that provides geolocation services, route
calculation, and street-level views through Google Street View. Our study used the latest version of
Google Satellite Map from 2023 to mark the present-day forest area in the region. By using these two
sources of data, we were able to gather accurate and reliable information about the forest area in
Lalitpur and its adjoining areas, enabling us to make informed decisions about sustainable forest
management practices.

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 METHODOLOGY
1.Open QGIS software: Launch QGIS software on your computer to start the analysis.
2.Georeference the 16 toposheets of Lalitpur: Load the 16 toposheets of Lalitpur in QGIS and
georeference them using ground control points to match them with the real-world coordinates.
3.Create a new shapefile layer: Create a new shapefile layer in QGIS to digitize the boundary of Lalitpur
using the polygon tool. Make sure the layer is in the same coordinate reference system as the toposheets.
4.Digitize the forest area: Use the polygon tool again to digitize the forest area on the 16 toposheets of
Lalitpur. This involves manually tracing the forest boundaries using the toposheets as a reference.
5.Prepare a map layout: Create a map layout in QGIS that includes the digitized forest area, boundary of
Lalitpur, coordinate reference system, grid, title, legend, north direction, and any other necessary
elements.
6.Save the map layout of forest area of Lalitpur in 1983: Save the map layout of Lalitpur's forest area
in 1983 for future reference.

7.Digitize the current forest area expansion: Open OpenStreetMap and create a new layer in QGIS to
digitize the current forest area expansion in Lalitpur using the polygon tool.

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8.Prepare a map layout of the current forest area: Create a new map layout that includes the
digitized current forest area expansion, boundary of Lalitpur, coordinate reference system, grid, title,
legend, north direction, and any other necessary elements.
9.Save the map layout of the current forest area expansion: Save the map layout of the current
forest area expansion for future reference.
10.Combine the two maps of 1983 and 2023: Overlay the two maps created in steps 5 and 8 to
compare and analyze the change in forest area and dimension. Dark green color should represent the
forest area in 1983, and light green color should represent the forest area of 2023.
11.Create a new map layout to compare the two maps: Create a new map layout that includes the two
maps of forest area, boundary of Lalitpur, coordinate reference system, grid, title, legend, north
direction, and any other necessary elements.
12.Analyze the change in forest area and dimension: Use the comparison map layout to analyze the
changes in the forest area and dimension between 1983 and 2023. This can be done by visually comparing
the two maps, calculating the difference in area, or other methods.

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29
 INTERPRETATION
The aforementioned exercise enables us to perceive that there has been an expansion in the forest area
of Lalitpur from 1983 to 2022. The extent of this expansion can be categorized into three levels based on
its intensity:
• Highest Expansion – Noted in the southern and southwestern parts of Lalitpur.
• Moderate Expansion – Observed in the northern, northeastern, and southeastern parts of the district.
• Least Expansion – Witnessed in the central and central-northern parts of Lalitpur.
The expansion in the forest area can be attributed to the afforestation initiatives launched by the central
and state governments to augment the forest cover in the region. The Uttar Pradesh Department of
Environment, Forest, and Climate Change carries out departmental tree plantation programs during the
rainy season. Additionally, the Uttar Pradesh government has implemented various schemes to increase
the forest and tree cover in the state.

SYNOPSIS
Through this project, we have gained a comprehensive understanding of the expansion of the forest area
in Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh, from 1983 to the present day. This exercise has highlighted the importance of
forest monitoring and management, and the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in effective
forest management.
Furthermore, this project has provided us with a better understanding of the GIS software and its
application in studying and understanding real-world issues. We have gained hands-on experience in using
various features and operations of QGIS software, which will be useful in our future work.
In addition, we have used Microsoft Excel/Numbers (Mac) to compare and analyze the data, which has
helped us to gain insights into the trends in forest cover and expansion in Lalitpur. This project has
equipped us with valuable skills in data analysis and presentation.
Overall, this project has been an enriching learning experience, providing us with valuable insights into
forest management and GIS technology. It has enabled us to gain practical knowledge and skills, which will
be useful in our future work in the field of environmental science and resource management.

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 EXERCISE 4
APPLICATION OF GIS IN

LAND USE/COVER ANALYSIS.

OF LALITPUR

INTRODUCTION
Land use refers to the human activities that take place on a piece of land, such as agriculture, forestry,
urban development, or transportation. Land use can be classified into various categories based on the
type of activity that takes place on the land, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, etc.
Land cover refers to the physical and biological characteristics of the earth's surface, including natural
vegetation, water bodies, bare ground, and human-made features such as buildings and roads. Land cover
can be classified into various categories based on the type of cover, such as forests, grasslands,
wetlands, urban areas, etc.
Land use/land cover mapping is the process of identifying and classifying the different types of land use
and land cover within a given area. This involves using remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery, to
identify and differentiate between different types of land use and land cover.Remote sensing is the
process of acquiring information about the earth's surface without physically being present at the
location. This is typically done using sensors mounted on satellites or aircraft, which capture images of
the earth's surface and provide data that can be used to identify different types of land use and land
cover.
Classification is the process of grouping similar objects or features together based on their
characteristics. In the context of land use and land cover mapping, classification involves grouping similar
areas of land cover or land use together based on their physical or biological characteristics.
Accuracy assessment is the process of evaluating the accuracy of a land use/land cover map by
comparing it to ground truth data collected in the field. This helps to determine the reliability of the map
and identify any errors or discrepancies that need to be corrected.

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Exercise 4
Application of GIS in Land Use/cover Analysis.
a. Georeferencing of the topographic sheet of selected grids toprepare of Base year (1972)
b. Digitization of land use/ coverfrom the Google Earth images for 2020.
d. Analysis of changes in the Forest area and dimension.
Introduction
GIS (Geographic Information System) plays a crucial role in land use planning, management, and decision-
making. Here are some of the ways in which GIS is used in land use,Mapping and Analysis: GIS can be used
to create detailed maps of land use patterns and changes over time. This information can be used to
identify areas of high development potential or areas that need protection,Site Selection: GIS can help in
identifying suitable sites for different types of land use, such as commercial, residential, or industrial.
This can be done by analyzing various factors such as land topography, soil type, water resources, and
accessibility,Environmental Impact Assessment: GIS can be used to assess the environmental impact of
land use activities. This can include analyzing the potential for soil erosion, groundwater depletion, or
habitat destruction,Zoning and Permitting: GIS can help in the creation and management of zoning maps
and permit databases. This information can be used to ensure that land use activities comply with local
regulations,Emergency Management: GIS can be used to identify areas that are at risk of natural
disasters such as floods, fires, or earthquakes. This information can be used to create emergency plans
and response strategies.
Overall, GIS provides valuable tools for land use planners and decision-makers, enabling them to make
informed decisions about how to use land in the most sustainable and effective way.

STUDY AREA
The area which is undertaken for land cover is Lalitpur, a city located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
It is situated in the southern part of the state, and it is known for its rich cultural heritage and historical
significance. The city is also known for its traditional handicrafts, such as pottery, terracotta, and
brassware. These handicrafts are sold in local markets and are exported to various parts of the world.

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 DATABASE
Database refers to a organied collection of structered information , or data , typically stored
electronically in a computer system. It provides a base of study area , over which further analysis is
done.. For deriving information about forest cover two types of maps and from two different time periods
are under taken one includes Toposheets (1972) , open series map with the scale of 1:50,000, eleven
toposheet (No. 54 -L9) are used, Which have been published by Survey of India. Another, map include the
google maps which provides the live information of the area, it is used to digitise the forest area of 2020.

METHODOLOGY
In order to understand the changes in land cover/use in Lalitpur, an open source GIS software Quantum
GIS (QGIS) has been used. This software allows for the analysis and interpretation of spatial data, which is
essential in making informed decisions about a range of topics, including environmental management,
urban planning, and social issues.

Step 1: Open a browser and go to Google Maps.

Step 2: Click on the "Layer" tab and select "Georeferencer".
Step 3: A new tab will appear, click on "Open Raster" and choose any one toposheet.
Step 4: Click on "Add Point" and add at least 7 GCP (ground control points) points.
Step 5: Click on "Settings" and select "Transformation Settings". Choose "Polynomial 2" and "Nearest
Neighbour" (mean error must be below 3).
Step 6: Click on "Georeferencer".
Step 7: Click on "Layer" and select "Add Layer". Create a new shapefile layer and enter the file name (land
cover 1972). Choose geometry as polygon and set the length to 20. Add a field for the name and click "OK".

Output: A new shapefile layer named "land cover 1972" will be created with polygon geometry and a field
for the name.

Step 8: Digitise the forest area, river, barren land, settlements, and cultivable land on the toposheet.

Output: The specified areas will be digitized and added to the "land cover 1972" layer.

Step 9: Right-click on the "land cover 1972" layer and select "Properties". Click on the "Symbology" tab
and select "Categorized". Choose "Value - Name" and click "Classify". Click "Apply" and then "OK".

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Output: The "land cover 1972" layer will be categorized by name value.

Step 10: Create one more shapefile layer for land use/cover in 2020.

Output: A new shapefile layer will be created for land use/cover in 2020.

Step 11: Right-click on the "land cover 1972" layer and select "Open Attribute Table". Select all and click on
"Calculator". Enter "area" in the field name and select "Geometry - Area" from the list. Click "OK".

Output: The area of each polygon in the "land cover 1972" layer will be calculated and added to a new
"area" field in the attribute table.

Step 12: Click on "Properties" and select "New Print Layout". Enter a file name and click "OK".
Step 13: Click on "Add Map" and draw it on the sheet. Adjust the size as needed. Click on "Grids" and select
"Add Grid". Modify the grid as desired, including the line boundary and coordinate display.
Step 14: Add a north arrow, scale, and legends. Add a heading that includes the land cover, Lalitpur, and
the years 1972-2020.

Output: A print layout will be created with a map, grid, north arrow, scale, legends, and a heading.By
following these steps, you will be able to analyze the changes in land cover/use in Lalitpur over time. This
information can be used to make informed decisions about environmental management, urban planning,
and social issues.

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 INTERPRETATION

The land cover includes various natural and man made structure , the structures which have been
covered in this case study is forest area , settlements , barren land , cultivable land, river. The outcome
of the case study provides an analysis that there is a variation in different physical and man made
structures . In 1972 the area under forest was much higher as compared to 2020 , earlier it was 55186
kms which have been reduced to 3190 kms only it shows a huge variation in forest cover , this change
could be due to deforestation. The river has also face change but it is comparatively lesser than forest
area ,area covered by river was 12697 kms whereas in 2020 it is 11956 kms. Settlements refers to area
where human population lives , the area which is covered by settlements has also reduced from 9110 kms
to 4824 kms . the reduction in settlement could be due to migration or increase in barren land , which
has increased from 54414 kms to 144296 kms. Increase in barren land led to decrease in area under
cultivation from 415373 to 379514 kms. Overall an increase in barren land lead to decrease in cultivable
land and settlements , river being seasonal faces decrease in land under river .

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 EXERCISE 5
PREPARATION OF A

CHLOROPLETH MAP
ON UTTAR PRADESH USING LITERACY RATE DATA AND MAKE MAP COMPOSITION.

INTRODUCTION
Uttar Pradesh is a state located in northern India. It is the most populous state in the country and covers
an area of approximately 243,290 square kilometers. The state shares its borders with Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar.
The geography of Uttar Pradesh is diverse and consists of several regions. The northern part of the state
is dominated by the Himalayas, while the central and southern parts are characterized by the Indo-
Gangetic Plain. The state is drained by several rivers, including the Ganges, Yamuna, and Ghaghara. These
rivers provide fertile alluvial soil that supports agriculture in the state.Uttar Pradesh is home to several
natural and man-made lakes, including the Saryu River, Gomti River, and the Chilka Lake. The state is also
known for its wildlife, including tigers, elephants, deer, and various species of birds.
When it comes to literacy, Uttar Pradesh has made significant progress in recent years. According to the
2011 census, the literacy rate in the state was 67.68%, which is lower than the national average of
74.04%. However, the state government has taken several initiatives to improve the literacy rate in the
state.The government has set up several schools and colleges, and it has also introduced several
programs to promote education among girls and children from marginalized communities. The state has
also implemented several schemes to provide financial assistance to families living below the poverty line
to support their children's education.
Despite these efforts, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed to improve the literacy
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rate in Uttar Pradesh. The state needs to focus on improving the quality of education and ensuring that
every child has access to education. Additionally, there is a need to address the issue of school dropouts,
particularly among girls, and provide vocational training to youth to improve their employability.

LITERACY RATE DATA

1. Enter the literacy rate of uttar pradesh district wise from a government source (census of india)
of 2011.
2. Enter the data in excel and save it in csv format.
3. Then by following the previous steps geo-reference the map and digitize the district boundaries.
4. Then add the csv file and join the attributes of literacy rate.

5. Then categorize(graduated) the district boundary on the basis of literacy rate.

6. Then click ok and the map will be choropleth map, then make a map layout by adding the map
elements like (scale, coordinate reference system, legend, direction).
7. At last, save the map composition.

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 JJ

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 SYNOPSIS
This file was divided into 5 Exercises and had its own importance,the main focus of the course was on the
real life implementation of GIS and the objective is well fulfilled by following analysis .The exercise
performed by us are:-
Canvas Georeferencing: GIScience refers to the science of capturing, storing, analyzing and managing
geographic data. One of the important tasks in GIScience is georeferencing, which involves assigning
real-world coordinates to a digital map or image. Canvas georeferencing is the process of assigning
spatial reference to a canvas or drawing that has no spatial information. This is done by matching
features on the canvas with known geographic features on a reference map, thereby creating a spatially
accurate representation of the canvas. Canvas georeferencing has many applications in various fields
such as urban planning, environmental management and archaeology.
Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled expansion of cities and towns into surrounding rural
areas, often resulting in the loss of open spaces and agricultural lands. GIScience plays a vital role in
understanding and monitoring urban sprawl. By using remote sensing data and geographic information
systems (GIS), urban planners can analyze the impact of urbanization on the environment and
infrastructure. This information can be used to make informed decisions about urban growth, land use
and transportation planning.
Forest Monitoring: Forest monitoring is the process of tracking changes in forest cover, health and
composition over time. GIScience provides a powerful tool for forest monitoring by integrating remote
sensing data with other geographic data such as topography, climate and soil information. This
information can be used to create detailed maps of forest cover and to identify areas that are at risk of
deforestation or degradation. Forest monitoring is critical for the conservation and sustainable
management of forest ecosystems.
Land Use Land Cover: Land use and land cover refer to the ways in which land is utilized and the types of
vegetation and other land cover features that exist in a given area. GIScience plays an important role in
land use and land cover analysis by providing a framework for mapping and analyzing these features. By
using remote sensing data and other geographic information, researchers can identify changes in land
use and land cover over time, which can inform land management decisions.
Choropleth: A choropleth map is a type of thematic map that uses shading or coloring to represent data
values for different geographic regions. GIScience provides a powerful tool for creating choropleth maps
by integrating data from various sources and analyzing spatial patterns. Choropleth maps can be used to

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visualize and analyze data related to various topics such as population, income, and environmental
variables.
In conclusion, GIScience plays a critical role in understanding and managing our environment and natural
resources. The use of GIScience in canvas georeferencing, urban sprawl, forest monitoring, land use land
cover, and choropleth mapping provides valuable information to support decision-making processes. By
continuing to innovate and apply GIScience to new challenges, we can create a more sustainable and
resilient future.

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