Professional Documents
Culture Documents
)
SESSION : (2021-22)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Car Parking System Using Arduino Uno” is based on my own work carried out
during the course of my study under the supervision of Mrs. Varsha Shrivas.
I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of
the project work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that
the report does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the
of India or any other country. All helps received and citations used for the
_______________________
(Signature of the Candidate)
Name of the Candidate: NAYAB UL MALIK
Roll No.:08111
Enrollment No.:2017013339
_________________________
Signature of the Supervisor
(Mrs.Varsha Shrivas)
Head of the physics Dept.
1
CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR
This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled “Smart Car Parking
System Using Arduino Uno” is a record of bonafide work carried out by Nayab
guidance and supervision for the award of Degree of Master of Science in the
_________________________
Signature of the Supervisor
(Mrs.Varsha Shrivas)
Head of the physics Dept.
2
CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS
The Project entitled “Smart Car Parking System Using Arduino Uno” by
Nayab-Ul-Malik (Roll No.:08111 Enrollment No.:2017013339)has been
examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby
recommended for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Physics of
D.L.S. P.G. College, Sarkanda, Bilaspur(C.G.)
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Though the following project is an individual work, I could never have reached the
heights or explored the depths without the help, support, guidance and efforts of a lot of people.
Firstly, I would like to thank my guide Mrs.Varsha Shrivas for her huge support and advice
during the whole duration of the project, for their guidance in my professional career. Their
enthusiasm and unlimited zeal have been major driving forces throughout my project. Successful
completion of the present work not has been possible without his support, which not only served
as my guide but also encouraged and challenged me throughout my academic program. He
patiently guided me through the project process, never accepting less than my best efforts. I
express my sincere gratitude for the unparalleled guidance and competent advice received. I am
indebted to Mrs.Varsha Shrivas, Assistant Professor and Head, for providing me an opportunity
and also Physics facilities for completing M.Sc.
This work would not have been possible without the support of my family. I thank my
parents Mr.Nafis Ul Malik and Mrs.Ghazala Malik for their unconditional love, understanding
and tolerance during my long and crazy schedules, without their love and motivation over the
years I would not be at this point today.
Finally, my dissertation work would not have been the same without the academic
challenges and diversions provided by all my student-colleagues in the Department. I extend my
sincere thanks to my colleagues are always willing to help and give best oral and written
comments/suggestions which were extremely perceptive, helpful, and appropriate.
Date:-
Nayab Ul Malik
Place:- Bilaspur M.Sc. Physics IV Sem.
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Table of Content
Sr. No. Title Page Number
1 Abstract 06
2 Introduction 07
3 Related Work 13
4 Proposed Methodology 22
5 Apparatus 25
6 Hardware Connectivity 40
7 Coding 41
9 Conclusion 47
10 Future Scope 48
11 References 49
5
ABSTRACT
In the early times the concepts of smart cities have gained great popularity.
module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of availability of single
parking space. This project introduce an IoT based coordinated framework for
efficient and easy way of parking the vehicles by checking the availability of slots.
The proposed Smart Parking Project comprises of an IoT module that is utilized to
the empty slot .By measuring the distance using ultrasonic sensor drivers are able
to find the empty slot in parking to park the car and help the driver to find the slot
easily and reduce the searching time. As the parking place is found to be empty it
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
objects that can communicate directly with one another without human
intervention. The “things” in the IoT include physical devices, such as sensor
devices, which monitor and gather all types of data on machines and human social
life [1]. The arrival of the IoT has led to the constant universal connection of
people, objects, sensors, and services. The main objective of the IoT is to provide a
dishwasher, microwave oven, food, and medicines, anytime and on any network
The IoT has drawn attention recently because of the expansion of appliances
integrated to form an information network with the specific end goal of providing
advanced and smart services to users [3]. The connected “things” (for example,
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sensors or mobile devices) monitor and collect all types of environment data. They
enable the collection of real-time data about properties, individuals, plants, and
extract data and make choices from the extracted data by using actuator-equipped
devices [4], which enhance the communication among nodes. With the degree and
size of the IoT components, the IoT applications have been improved using
frameworks.
The IoT is required to address the problems related to the IoT application
8
actuator, and the distributed heterogeneous nature of the IoT. Different research
groups have investigated the method of securing a wireless sensor network (WSN),
WSNs are ad hoc networks that are considered the major building blocks for
the IoT devices. They are used for gathering data from their surrounding and
delivering them to users and for accessing connected IoT devices remotely. They
comprise an extensive number of small nodes that can detect, compute, and
communicate with other devices [5]. The communication between the Internet and
the sensor nodes should satisfy secrecy, trustworthiness, verification, and non-
revocation. The privacy and security issues in the IoT differ from those in
The IoT can be classified into three layers [6], namely, application,
exists. The application layer can be structured in several ways based on the service
it offers. The application layer is the uppermost layer and is visible to the end user.
Applications, such as smart grid, smart city, healthcare system, and intelligent
distributed over multiple end systems, in which the application in one end system
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uses a protocol to exchange information packets with an application in another end
platform.
classified into two sections, namely, the perception node (sensors, controllers, and
so on) and the perception network that interconnects the network layer. Data are
acquired and controlled at the perception node, while control instructions for
sending and controlling data are carried out at the perception network layer.
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Perception layer technologies include all types of sensors, such as RFID, ZigBee,
and delivers pervasive access environment to the perception layer, that is, data
transmission and storage awareness. The network layer includes mobile devices,
At the point when IoT is increased with sensors and actuators, the innovation
turns into an occurrence of the more broad class of digital physical frameworks,
which likewise incorporates advances. For Example, keen networks, virtual power
Among the difficulties that confront in everyday life one of most unavoidable test
is parking the car wherever people go. As our need expands our setting out
increment in populace this project confront the intense assignment of parking car
especially amid busiest hours of the day. Amid pinnacle hours the majority of the
saved parking zone gets full and this leaves the client to scan for their parking
among other parking area which makes more movement and abandons them with
there need to assess reservation of parking space with ideal parking spot which
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relies upon cost and time. However this project composes the time driven grouping
strategy which takes care of the issue of parking utilizing opening assignment
technique.
clog that happens in and around the urban zones which is brought on by vehicles
looking for parking. In the daily papers, many articles with respect to the stopping
issue all over India like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and numerous
stopping issue is one of the enormous issues in our everyday life. In a current
study, analysts have found that for one year, car cruising for stopping made what
might as well be called 38 times trips far and wide, consuming 177914.8 liters of
fuel and delivering 730 tons of CO2. To diminish every one of these elements we
territory.
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RELATED WORD
2.1Literature Review
on public vehicles. They use their own vehicles to travel. So traffic increases.
When people travel through a city the most difficult problem is to park the vehicle.
It causes not only a waste of time and fuel for drivers looking for parking but it
also leads to additional waste of time and fuel for other drivers as a result of traffic
congestion. At first we use PGI (Parking Guidance Information) for better parking
To overcome the limitations of PGI system in [8] uses the concept of mixed
downtown area, there much rush and traffic. In this case to find the available
location for parking is very difficult. So implementing optimal parking people can
easily park vehicle in the reserved locations. When a person with disability trying
such a situation to search and park the vehicle difficult. The disabled person can
park the vehicle in a specially designed location. The intelligent parking finds the
best available parking, minimizing the cost. The parking and un parking can be
13
done with the help of an android application. User has to install the android
application on his/her smart phone devices, which would have the facility to pre-
In [9] author, has worked on IoT based smart parking system. Recent times
the concept of smart cities have gained grate popularity. Thanks to the evolution of
Internet of things the idea of smart city now seems to be achievable. Consistent
efforts are being made in the field of IoT in order to maximize the productivity and
traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety are being addressed
by IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based cloud integrated smart parking
deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of
availability of each single parking space. The concept of Smart Cities has always
been a dream for humanity. Since the past couple of years large advancements
have been made in making smart cities a reality. The growth of Internet of Things
and Cloud technologies have give rise to new possibilities in terms of smart cities.
Smart parking facilities and traffic management systems have always been at
the core of constructing smart cities. In this paper, we address the issue of parking
and present an IoT based Cloud integrated smart parking system. The system that
a parking area. Users from remote locations could book a parking slot for them by
14
the use of our mobile application. The efforts made in this paper are indented to
improve the parking facilities of a city and thereby aiming to enhance the
Based on Image Processing. This paper aims to present an intelligent system for
parking space detection based on image processing technique that capture and
process the brown rounded image drawn at parking lot and produce the
information of the empty car parking spaces. It will be display at the display unit
that consists of seven segments in real time. The seven segments display shows the
number of current available parking lots in the parking area. This proposed system,
Parking Fee Collection Based on Number Plate Recognition. This paper discussed
on carmatic parking system and electronic parking fee collection based on vehicle
number plate recognition. The aim of this research is to develop and implement an
carmatic parking system that will increase convenience and security of the public
hassles of using magnetic card. The car parking system will able to have less
interaction of humans and use no magnetic card and its devices. In additions to
that, it has parking guidance system that can show and guide user towards a
parking space. The system used image processing of recognizing number plates for
15
operation of parking and billing system. Overall, the systems run with pre-
Author in [12] has worked on integrated approach in the design of car park
occupancy information system .In large parking areas such as those at mega
shopping malls or stadiums, drivers always have difficulty to find vacant car park
lots especially during peak periods or when the parking lots are almost full. A
solution to reduce the drivers’ searching time for vacant car-park lots will greatly
save time, reduce cost and improve the traffic flow in the car park areas. In this
Security surveillance cameras which are readily available in most car parks can be
used to acquire the images of the car park. This project is called as Car-Park
Occupancy Information System (COINS), and it was tested using simulation model
and also in real-case scenarios. Many different parking guidance systems have
been developed and designed to shorten the searching time for vacant parking lots.
This is especially crucial for drivers who need to search for available car parks
during peak hours or when the car parks are almost full. Researches on car park
based, wireless-based and image-based systems. Results from the tests have been
presented in this paper and shows accurate detection result of the car park
16
occupancy. Feature detection stream is able to compensate the presence of image
noise while edge detection stream is able to compensate weakness caused by low
surrounding illumination.
Author in [13] has worked on a cloud based intelligent car parking services
for smart cities. In this the IOT sub system includes sensor layer, communication
layer and application layer. The primary goal of the intelligent car parking system
is to find, allocate and reserve the best available car parking lot for a user who is
driving a car in a particular area and to provide instructions for reaching this lot.
Sensor layer detecting the car lot occupancy. A car parking lot detection method is
system for reducing the waiting time proposed. At the application layer, an
administrates the smart city via an IOT integrated service portal. A number of
business services explore interfaces to the sensor layer. These includes a car
parking locator service, car parking supervision service, car parking information
service, GIS and GPS services, vehicle license patrolling, vehicle tracking service.
between the application and the sensor layer based on the ABC&S(Always Best
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anywhere-anyhow communication” among smart cities. Different sensing
used for embedded parking solutions. CCTV with video image processing for
detecting the status of parking lots. Communication layer includes3G, 4G, ZigBee,
Wifi, wiMax, V2X,WSN, VANET. 3G/4G communication module used for car’s
tracking and tracing. Parking meter is an optimal element needed only for paid car
parks. The architecture consists of a cloud tier, mobile apps tier, OSGI web servers
tier. Cloud tier provides data storage and computing resources for the car parking
service. It stores available car parking lots, car’s location, user’s location, profiles
etc. The recent data is usually stored in Hadoop’s Hbase it support real time
queries. The OSGI web server, it acts as bridge between mobile application tier
and cloud tier. Considering the great number of web applications running in this
modularize web applications into bundles. The bundles are registering itself in its
environment. A distributed collecting system collects web server’s log data and
sends them to the cloud. In the mobile application tier, the first version of the car
parking mobile application is developed for android mobile phones. When a user
enters into a city an carmatic request is sent by the application to a OSGi car
parking web server asking for available car parking lots. The server finds the best
18
available car parking lots for this user based on their preferences specified in the
user profile. Driving directions are returned to the user along with a detailed map.
increases the capability of the current cloud based smart parking system and it also
system helps the users to find a free parking space with minimal cost based on new
performance metrics which is carmatic. This metrics will calculate the user spaces
Smart parking system based on the Internet of Things. The data that includes the
vehicle GPS location and distance between car parks and number of free parking
space in car parks will be sent to the data center. Here the data center is presented
as a cloud server which calculates the costs of a user parking request and this
network at any time. In this proposed system, each car park is an IoT network and
on Arduino with RFID technology. It uses smartphone that acts as a user interface
between the cloud and the vehicles to check the feasibility of the proposed system.
19
Author in [15] has worked on A New Smart Parking” System Based on
Optimal Resource Allocation and Reservations. In this system a new smart parking
system is implemented for cities. This system assigns and reserves a parking space
for a user (driver) based on the users distance from the parking area and parking
cost and also ensures that the overall parking capacity is effectively utilized. Their
approach solves a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) problem at each decision
point in a time-driven sequence. For each MILP there is a solution which gives an
optimal allocation based on user’s current state information and also supports
random events such as new user requests and parking space availability. The
allocation is updated at the next decision point which ensures that there is no
parking slot reservation conflict and that no user is ever assigned a parking slot
with higher than the current cost function value. This mechanism ensures a better
vehicles face parking problems in most metropolitan area, especially during peak
hours. The difficulty roots from not knowing where the parking spaces are
available at the given time, even if this is known; many vehicles may pursue a
overcome said problem using various wireless sensor network and providing real-
time data analysis from the sensors, some papers include system based on resource
20
allocation and reservation of parking lot which have various problems in efficiently
achieving the goals. The given paper would be useful for new researchers for study
of various guided parking and information techniques and algorithms which are
Author in [17] has proposed Android Based Smart Car Parking System. The
purpose of this system is to computerize the parking space reservation. Its talk
about undertaking which introduces a miniature model of car parking that can
direct and manage the number of cars that can be parked in given space at any
given time based on availability of parking space after doing the registration by
user using android application on his smart phone. Carmated parking is a strategy
for parking and leaving cars utilizing detecting device i.e., sensors. The entering to
This provides users to book parking spaces online in advance for given location
and then park the vehicle with minimal fees. We have concentrated on some
current systems and it shows that the current systems are not totally carmated and
require a certain level of human interference and communication with the system.
The difference between our system and existing systems is that we intend to make
Author in [18] has proposed A survey paper on smart parking system based
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especially during the peak hours of the day, it is a difficult task for the drivers to
find a parking space to park their vehicles. The aim of the paper is to resolve the
above mentioned issue which provides the Smart Parking system. This system uses
cloud computing and Internet of Things (IOT) technology. A suitable shortest path
algorithm is used to find the minimum distance between the user and each car park
in the system. Thus, the waiting time of the user is minimized .The paper also
introduces the usage of android application using smart phone for the interaction
between the Smart Parking system and the user. RFID technology is used in this
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Smart Car Parking System Using Arduino UNO Designing, creating and
vehicle stopping framework that helps drivers locate an empty spot. Utilizing the
correct, strong and cost effective approach to guarantee that street clients know
precisely where empty car parking spots are. As the populace expanded in the
metropolitan urban areas, the utilization of the vehicles has also expanded. It
causes issue for stopping which prompts movement clog, driver disappointment,
and air contamination. When we visit the different open spots like shopping
22
centers, multiplex film lobby and lodgings amid the celebration time or ends of the
week it makes all the more stopping issue. In the current research found that a
driver takes almost 8 minutes to stop his vehicle since he invest more energy in
looking the parking area. This seeking prompts 30 to 40% of activity blockage.
This project perceives how to diminish the stopping issue and to do secured
stopping utilizing the shrewd stopping under Slot Allocation strategy with the
stopping. In the course of recent years, movement experts in numerous urban areas
have built up a model called Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) framework
for good stopping administration. PGI frameworks, tells about the dynamic data of
stopping in the controlled region and aides the clients to the empty stopping
spaces.
23
Fig:Proposed Architecture
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APPARATUS
4.1Arduino Uno
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. "Uno" means
one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.
The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a
series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.
(IDE)). Select "Arduino/Genuino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to
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Fig. Arduino uno
4.1.1 Power
The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart)
into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
26
Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or,
if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V),
the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying
voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your
shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power
3.3V.
4.1.2 Memory
also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written
27
4.1.3 Input and Output
See the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328P ports. The
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
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LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the
AREF pin and the analogReference() function. There are a couple of other pins on
the board:
analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
4.1.4 Communication
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this
serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on
the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
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external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The
Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data
to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash
when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to
the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
Arduino Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library. second
Sensors [20] are everywhere. They’re in our homes and workplaces, our
shopping centers and hospitals. They’re embedded in smart phones and an integral
part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors have been around for a long time. The
first thermostat was introduced in the late 1880s and infrared sensors have been
around since the late 1940s. The IoT and its counterpart, the Industrial Internet of
Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in
temperature, motion and pressure. Sensors output valuable information and if they
are connected to a network, they can share data with other connected devices and
management systems.
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Sensors are crucial to the operation of many of today’s businesses. They can
warn you of potential problems before they become big problems, allowing
businesses to perform predictive maintenance and avoid costly downtime. The data
from sensors can also be analyzed for trends allowing business owners to gain
Sensors come in many shapes and sizes. Some are purpose-built containing
many built-in individual sensors, allowing you to monitor and measure many
sources of data. In Brownfield environments, it’s key for sensors to include digital
and analog inputs so that they can read data from legacy sensors.
There are many types of IoT sensors and an even greater number of
etc.
using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and
31
receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.
patterns.
the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to
receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use
a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines
the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and
out at 40kHz which travels through the air and if there is an obstacle or object, it
will bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of
Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of clear objects. For
liquid level measurement, applications that use infrared sensors, for instance,
color, surface, or material (unless the material is very soft like wool, as it would
absorb sound.) To detect transparent and other items where optical technologies
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Components Required:-
1. Two IR sensors
2 .Servo motor
3. Jumper wires and a breadboard
4. 16×2 LCD and an I2C module
5. USB cable for uploading the code
order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the
sensor.
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2 .Servo motor:- A Servo Motor is a small device that has an output shaft. This
shaft can be positioned to specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded
signal. As long as the coded signal exists on the input line, the servo will maintain
the angular position of the shaft. If the coded signal changes, the angular position
position control surfaces like the elevators and rudders. They are also used in
Servos are extremely useful in robotics. The motors are small, have built-in
control circuitry, and are extremely powerful for their size. A standard servo such
as the Futaba S-148 has 42 oz/inches of torque, which is strong for its size. It also
The guts of a servo motor is shown in the following picture. You can see the
control circuitry, the motor, a set of gears, and the case. You can also see the 3
wires that connect to the outside world. One is for power (+5volts), ground, and
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3. Jumper wires and a breadboard:- Jumper wires are used for making connections
between items on your breadboard and your Arduino’s header pins. Use them to
chips, etc.) that are wired together. Used to develop prototypes of electronic
circuits, breadboards can be reused for future jobs. They can be used to create one-
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The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are
compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there,
I2C is short for Inter-IC. And it is a type of BUS. This is designed by Philips
single-ended serial bus. ie. multiple chips can be connect to the same bus.I2C
uses only two bidirectional open collector or open drain lines, Serial Data Line
(SDA) and Serial Clock Line (SCL), pulled up with resistors. Typical voltages
36
used are +5 V or +3.3 V, although systems with other voltages are permitted. For
I2C Serial interface Adapter It is also known as I2C Module. It has total of 20
male pins. 16 pins are faced to rear side and 4 pins faced towards front side. The
16 pins for connect to 16x2 LCD and the 2 pins out of 4 pins are SDA and SCL.
SDA is the serial data pin and SCL is the clock pin. The rest 2 pins for power
supply (Vcc and ground).There is a POT on the I2C Module. We can control the
contrast of the LCD display by rotating this POT. And there is a jumber fixed on
the module. When we remove the jumber, the backlight of the LCD display will
go OFF.
37
Before starting we need to know about addressing of I2C devices. Every device
which can attached to MCU have an address. We need to know this address for
You can see three solder pads on the I2C module. which is labeled as A0, A1
and A2. This is Address selectors. ie, each solder pads have one upper potion
and a one lower potion. if, there is a connection between upper potion with lower
address would be 0x27. In default the A0, A1, A2 are in "Not connected"
condition. And some time default address is 0x3F. There is no need to change
the address of the I2C module when we use only one LCD. But when we use
more than one LCD, need to change the address. Because two or more different
device can't communicate with the same address. For more address see the table
given below.
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Step -1
Skip this Step - 1 & Step -2 if you already know the address of the LCD
In some cases A0, A1, A2 are "Not connected" state, but the address is not 0x27.
We can't communicate with this address. So we need to find the original address
of that device. For that we need to run the Arduino with "I2C Scanner" code.
I2C Scanner code is used for find the number of I2C devices and address of I2C
devices. First add the header file for include "Wire.h" library. Then in setup part,
begin the "Wire" library by "Wire.begin()". Then begin the serial monitor as the
baud rate of 9600 by "Serial.begin()". Next in loop part, define two variables
with the datatype "byte" named "error" and "address". Then define another
variable with the "Integer ( int)" datatype named as "Devices". And set initial
value as 0. Next start a for loop with minimum value of 1 and maximum of 127.
"address" used as loop variable. Next input the address to wire with the function
This return value store the value to the variable "error". The return value become
Next use a if. And the condition is "error==0". Then print the particular address
to the serial monitor only if the address<16. Here we print the address in
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Hexadecimal. The printing instruction is "Serial.print(address, HEX)". And
5. USB cable for uploading the code:- USB Cable for Arduino UNO/MEGA can
HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY
Connect the Vcc stick to the positive rail on your breadboard.
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Finally, interface the positive rail of the breadboard to 5V stick on the
Arduino and the negative rail of the breadboard to the Gnd stick on the
Arduino.
Fig:Hardware Connectivity
CODING
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
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#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo1;
int flag1 = 0;
int flag2 = 0;
void setup()
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
pinMode(IR1, INPUT);
pinMode(IR2, INPUT);
myservo1.attach(9);
myservo1.write(90);
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
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lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" SYSTEM");
delay(5000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("NAYAB UL MALIK");
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
void loop(){
if(Slot>0){flag1=1;
}else{
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print("PARKING IS FULL");
delay (3000);
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lcd.clear();
delay (1000);
myservo1.write(90);
flag1=0, flag2=0;
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print(Slot);
44
DEMOSTRAION OF PROJECT(Pics)
45
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It guarantees snappy and computerized parking and simple recovery of
vehicles.
The surface space required is identical to the parking spot of two cars as it
were.
comparable spots.
Sensors utilized have high affectability and are anything but difficult to deal
with.
Security of vehicle.
46
CONCLUSION
Our project detects the empty slots and helps the drivers to find parking
space in unfamiliar city. The average waiting time of users for parking their
the proposed system, where most of the vehicles find a free parking space
successfully. Our preliminary test results show that the performance of the Arduino
UNO based system can effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing
car parking hassles thereby minimizing the time consumed to find vacant parking
lot and real time information rendering. This smart parking system provides better
performance, low cost and efficient large scale parking system. When car enters
the parking area, the driver will park the car in the nearest empty slot when slot is
occupied the LED light glows and when slot is empty LED lights are turned off
city.
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FUTURE SCOPE
In future works, this framework can be enhanced by including different
applications, For example, internet booking by utilizing GSM. The driver or client
can book their parking area at home or while in transit to the shopping center. This
can diminish the season of the client to seeking the empty parking area. As a
framework to distinguish the question and guide the driver or clients speediest. We
will attempt to decrease the mechanical structure and attempt to make it eco-
friendly.
48
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