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Retrieval

❑ Types of Retrieval Tasks

▪ Explicit memory task

Retrieval

❑ Types of Retrieval Tasks

▪ Explicit memory task

▪ Implicit memory task

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Retrieval

❑ Fill in the missing part

without being aware
of doing this
(implicitly).
❑ Implicit memory

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imp__________

exp__________

ret__________

enc_________

In many cases…

imp__________ (implicit)

exp__________ (explicit)

ret__________ (retrieval)

enc_________ (encoding)

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It could also be…

imp__________ (implant, important…)

exp__________ (explore, expand, expect….)

ret__________ (retire, retrospective, …)

enc_________ (enclosed, encapsulate, …)

Retrieval

❑ Types of Retrieval Tasks

▪ Repetition Priming: An implicit memory task.

▪ E.g., imp______ → implicit rather than implant,

important etc in this course.

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Retrieval

❑ Implicit – Explicit memory & Dissociation

❑ Evidence: Research with amnesics
❑ Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970)

Retrieval

Responses in both
amnesics and controls:
1st word→ I don’t know
2nd word→ Elephant
3rd word→ Zebra

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Retrieval

❑ Implicit – Explicit memory & Dissociation

Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970, Exp 1)

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LTM & Expertise

❑ Own-race Bias

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Retrieval

❑ Own-race Bias

Walker & Hewstone (2006)

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LTM
❑ Subdivisions of LTM

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AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
MEMORY

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Characteristics Autobiographical Memory

▪ Episodic Memory in Laboratory research

▪ AM research
▪ AM – both episodic and semantic

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Schemas & AM

▪ «Ruth and Mark had lunch at a restaurant today. They really

enjoyed the meal but were worried about its cost. However,
when the bill arrived after the ice cream, they were pleasantly
surprised to find that it was very reasonable.»

▪ Schema

▪ Self-schema: Our schemas about ourselves

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Schemas & AM

▪ Self-schema

▪ Consistency bias

▪ In some cases → memory distortions

«The way we were depends on the way we are»

(Schacter, 2001).

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Source Monitoring

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Source Monitoring & Source Monitoring Error

▪ Marsh et al. (1997)

✓ Two groups of students → Discuss on a topic
✓ One week later:
✓ Group 1 →A recognition test: Was it your idea or someone
else’s? → They were usually correct
✓ Group 2 → Write down new ideas about the discussion
topic → They usually wrote down ideas another person
supplied one week earlier → Source monitoring error!

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Source Monitoring & Source Monitoring Error

▪ Source monitoring and schemas (Marsh et al. 2006)

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Eye Witness Memory

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Eye Witness Memory

▪ The post-event misinformation effect (Loftus)

1. View an event
2. Given misleading information about the event
3. Mistaken recall of the misleading information (rather than
the actual event).

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Inconsistent condition: Leading post-

event question with misinformation
“Did another car pass the red Datsun
while it was stopped at
the yield sign?”.

Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978

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“Which one did you see in the first

phase?”

Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978

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Eye Witness Memory

▪ Constructivist Approach: Emphasizes the active, constructive

nature of memory.

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• Brewer & Treyens, 1981.

• Wait in the Office for experiment.
• In the experiment → remember
SCHEMAS everything in the room in which you
had waited.
&
SCRIPTS

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Factors Affecting Eye Witness Memory

1. Schemas

2. Source monitoring errors

3. Retroactive interference

4. Long delay

5. Plausibility of misleading info

6. Social pressure

7. Positive feedback

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