Nguyễn Văn Thắng – SE172612

3.0.3
Objectives:
Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating
interoperability in network communications?
- Most protocols are created by a standards organization such as the IETF or IEEE.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a professional organization
for those in the electrical engineering and electronics fields. ISO, the International
Organization for Standardization, is the world's largest developer of international
standards for a wide variety of products and services. They ensure that products
that are developed maintain Internet Standards so that technology is available
world wide.

Reflection Question:
What steps did you identify as important to communicating your repair request?
Justify your answer?
- To resolve this issue, some steps might include:
- Establishing a language for communication (could be voice, written, or
kinesthetic/physical).
- Very carefully (in small steps), explaining the problem experienced with the
automobile (again voice, written/pictures, or kinesthetic/physical representations).
- Asking the mechanic to confirm his/her understanding of the problem.
- Waiting for the repair to be done.
- Driving the automobile to ensure repairs were successful.
- Closing the meeting by paying for the repairs and thanking the mechanic.
3.4.4
Step 1: Research Networking Standards Organizations
1. Who is Jonathan B. Postel and what is he known for? (Search hint: Jon
Postel)
- Jonathan Postel was an American computer scientist who made significant
contributions to the development of the internet standards, to the creation of
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and as the RFC Editor.
2. Which two related organizations are responsible for managing the top-
level domain name space and the root Domain Name System (DNS) name
servers on the internet?
- International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
3. Vinton Cerf has been called one of main fathers of the internet. What
internet organizations did he chair or help found? What internet
technologies did he help to develop?
- Vinton Cerf co-founded Internet Society (ISOC) with Bob Kahn in 1992,
helped with the creation of ICANN, and served as the chair of Internet
Architecture Board (IAB) from 1989 – 1991.
4. What organization is responsible for publishing Request for Comments
(RFC)?
- Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
5. What do RFC 349 and RFC 1700 have in common?
- Port Numbers.
6. What RFC number is the ARPAWOCKY? What is it?
- RFC 527. The first humorous RFC which then led to IETF launching April
fool’s day RFC in 1989.
7. Who founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)?
- Founded by Tim Berners-Lee at MIT
8. Name 10 World Wide Web (WWW) standards that the W3C develops and
maintains?
- Some samples: Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Document Object
Model (DOM), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup
Language (XML)
9. Where is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
headquarters located and what is the significance of its logo?
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is headquartered in
New York City, New York, United States. The IEEE logo is a diamond-
shaped design which illustrates the right hand grip rule embedded in
Benjamin Franklin’s kite.
10. What is the IEEE standard for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)
security protocol?
- WPA2 is based on IEEE 802.11i standard. It is commonly used on Wi-Fi
wireless network.
11. Is the Wi-Fi Alliance a non-profit standards organization? What is
their goal?
- Yes, Wi-Fi Alliance is a non-profit trade association, and its goals are to
ensure interoperability and backward compatibility and provide innovation
support.
12. Who is Hamadoun Touré?
- Hamadoun Touré of Mali is the Secretary General of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).
13. What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and where
is it headquartered?
- ITU is an agency of the United Nations dedicated to the information and
communication technologies. ITU’s headquarters are located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
14.Name the three ITU sectors.
- The three ITU sectors are: Radio communication, Standardization and
Development.
15. What does the RS in RS-232 stand for and which organization
introduced it?
- RS stands for Recommended Standard. RS-232 was introduced by the
Radio Section of Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).
16. What is SpaceWire?
- SpaceWire is a standard for high-speed links and networks for use onboard
spacecraft.
17. What is the mission of the ISOC and where are its headquarters
located?
- The Internet Society (ISOC) headquarters are located in Reston, Virginia
and Geneva, Switzerland. Its mission is “to assure the open development,
evolution and use of the internet for the benefit of all people throughout the
world”.
18.What organizations does the IAB oversee?
- AB oversees Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research
Task Force (IRTF).
19. What organization oversees the IAB?
- ISOC oversees IAB.
20. When was the ISO founded and where are its headquarters located?
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded in 1947
and its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland.
Step 2: Reflect on Internet and Computer Networking
Experiences
1. How do the internet standards allow for greater commerce? What
potential problems could we have if we did not have the IEEE?
- Each company would development its own protocols and products which
may not work with equipment from other companies.
2. What potential problems could we have if we did not have the W3C?
- We would not have a “common” language on the internet to display
information and communicate with each other.
3. What can we learn from the example of the Wi-Fi Alliance with regard
to the necessity of networking standards?
- If equipment manufacturers follow the same standards/rules, it allows for
interoperability and backward compatibility. This encourages competition,
allows for consumer choices and encourages the manufacturers to create
better products.
3.7.10 Lab - Use Wireshark to View Network Traffic

Park 1: Capture and Analyze Local ICMP Data in Wireshark

Step 1 + Step 2:
Step 3:
Questions:
1. Does the source MAC address match your PC interface?
Yes
2. Does the destination MAC address in Wireshark match your team?
Yes
 3. How is the MAC address of the pinged PC obtained by your PC?
- The MAC address is obtain it through the ARP request.
Part 2: Capture and Analyze Remote ICMP Data in Wireshark

Step 1: Start capturing data on the interface.

Step 2: Examining and analyzing the data from the remote hosts.
Questions:
1. IP address for www.yahoo.com:

- IP address 202.165.107.49
2. MAC address for www.yahoo.com:

- MAC address: f4:7b:09:a5:21:ca

3. IP address for www.cisco.com:

- IP address: 184.87.134.107
4. MAC address for www.cisco.com:

MAC address: f4:7b:90:a3:61:e0

 5. IP address for www.google.com:

IP address: 142.250.66.36
6. MAC address for www.google.com:

- MAC address: f4:7b:09:a5:21:ca

7. What is significant about this information?
- The others will be the same for all three locations. It is the physical
address of the default gateway LAN interface of the router. The long
interface on your other. That is the MAC address for the three locations
of the log interface on your router
8. How does this information differ from the local ping information
you received in Part 1?
- Ping to a local host returns the MAC address of the PC NIC. Network
interface card a beef to a remote host returns the MAC address of the
default gateway LAN interface. For example ipconfig/all and. This is
your for my Ethernet adapter. Maybe you are using Wi-Fi adapter.

Reflection Question
Why does Wireshark show the actual MAC address of the local hosts,
but not the actual MAC address for the remote hosts?
- MAC addresses for remote hosts are not known on the local network,
so the MAC address of the default-gateway is used. After the packet
reaches the default-gateway router, the Layer 2 information is stripped
from the packet and a new Layer 2 header is attached with the
destination MAC address of the next hop router.

Appendix A: Allowing ICMP Traffic Through a Firewall

Part 1: Create a new inbound rule allowing ICMP traffic through the
firewall.

Part 2: Disabling or deleting the new ICMP rule.