1

(Based on the syllabus of class Eight, Nine and Ten)

Written & Compiled by

Mohammed Yousuf Ali

B.A (Hons.), M.A in English
B.Ed, Trained in T.Q.I, CELT
Board Examiner of Dhaka Board
Asst. English Language Teacher
Zirabo Cantonment Public School and College
Savar Cantonment, Dhaka
 2

Sl no. Topic Page No.

01. Parts of speech 03
03. Article 04
04. Preposition 08
05. Voice 25
06. Passive verb form 26
07. Passive voice of imperative sentence 27
08. Passive voice of interrogative sentence 28
09. Assertive to interrogative 31
10. Affirmative to negative 33
11. Degree 35
12. Complex to compound 38
13. Structure: Simple, Complex, Compound 39
14. Sentence narration 53
15. Passage narration 58
16. Completing Sentences 63
17. Right form of verbs 65
18 Tag question 68
19. Suffix-Prefix 74
20. Sentence connectors 77
21. Phrase and idioms 80
 3

Parts of Speech
1. Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech. The parts of speech are eight in
number :-
1. Noun.
2. Adjective.
3. Pronoun.
4. Verb.
5. Adverb.
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction.
8. Interjection.

A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing, as,

Akbar was a great King.
Calcutta is on the Hooghly.
The rose smells sweet.
The sun shines bright.
His courage won him honour.
Note.- The word thing includes (i) all objective that we can see, hear, taste, touch or smell; and (ii)
something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the senses.
2. An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun; as,
He is a brave boy.
There are twenty boys in this class.
3. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as,
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left them.
4. A Verb is a word to express an action or state; as,
The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
Calcutta is a big town.
Iron and copper are useful metals.
5. An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as,
He worked the sum quickly.
This flower is very beautiful.
She pronounced the word quite correctly.
6. A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the
noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else; as,
There is a cow in the garden.
The girl is found of music.
A fair little girl sat under a tree.
7. A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences: as,
Rana and Hari are cousins.
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.
8. An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling as,
Hurrah! We have won the game.
Alas! She is dead.
9. Some modern grammars include determiners among the parts of speech. Determiners are words like a,
an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two etc, which determine or limit the
meaning of the nouns that follow. In this book, as in many traditional grammars, all determiners except
a, an andthe are classed among adjectives.
 4

10. As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in sentences, it is clear that we
cannot say to which part of speech a word belongs unless we see it used in a sentence.
They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
They arrived after us. (Preposition)
They arrived after we had left. (Conjunction)

From the above examples we see that the same word can be used as different parts of speech.
Exercise in Grammar
Name the part of speech of each italicized word in the following sentences, giving in each case your reason
for the classification:-

1. Still waters run deep. 9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off
2. He still lives in that house. 10. Mohammedans fast in the month of
Ramzan.
3. After the storm comes the calm. 11. He kept the fast for a week.
4. The after effects of the drug are bad. 12. He is on the committee.
5. The up train is late 13. Let us move on.
6. It weighs about a pound. 14. Sit down and rest a while.
7. He told us all about the battle. 15. I will watch while you sleep.
8. He was only a yard off me. 16. They while away their evenings with books
and games.

Articles

Objectives: By the end of the lesson students will have-

1. Learnt what articles are.
2. Learnt the use of articles.
What are articles:
A or An and The are usually called articles. But they belong to adjective. They are used to indicate a noun
definitely or indefinitely.

There are two kinds of articles: 1. Indefinite article and 2. Definite article.

A and An are used as indefinite article. They are used to indicate a noun indefinitely.

A tiger lives in a forest.

An ass is a beast of burden.

A/An and One

1. We can use a/an before singular countable nouns.
Sometimes we can use either a/an or one:
➢ We’ll be in Australia for one (or a) year.
➢ Wait here for one (or a) minute and I’ll be with you.
➢ She scored one (or a) hundred and eighty points.
(Using one in sentences like these give a little more emphasis to the number.)

2. We use one rather than a/an if we want to emphasize that we are talking about only one thing or person
rather than two or more.
➢ Are you staying just one night?
➢ Close one eye and than the other.

3. We use also use a/an, not one in number and quantity expressions such as:
➢ three times a year half an hour a quarter of an hour
 5

➢ 50 pence a litre
➢ A week or two
➢ A few a little a huge number of
4. We use a before words that begin with consonant sound. Some words start with a vowel letter but begin
with a consonant sound, so we use a before these words, too:
➢ A university a European a one-parent family
5. We use an before words that begin with a vowel sound:
➢ An orange an Italian an umbrella
6. These include words that begin with a silent letter ‘h’:
➢ An hour an heir an honest child
7. Abbreviations said as individual letters that begin with A, E, F,H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S or X:
➢ An MP an FBI an IOU
8. But compare abbreviations said as words:
➢ A NATO a FIFA

9. After ‘many’ and before ‘must’ we use ‘a’ if it indicates a singular noun:
➢ English is a must to cope with the changing world.
➢ Many a boy agreed to do the work.

10. To indicate something of same kind:

➢ Birds of a feather flock together.
➢ They are sailing in a same boat.

11. To make a comparison of same kind:

➢ He thinks he is a Nazrul.
➢ He seems to be an Indian.
12. Before the name or designation of an unknown person:
➢ A Mr. Khan came to our house.
➢ An Omar came here to tell the news.

Uses of The”

1. Before a particular person/ object (singular/plural). As-

Look at the boy/ boys. I saw the boy.
2. Before a singular common noun to indicate all of same kind. As-
The dog is a faithful animal. The rose is the best of all flowers.
(This kind of æThe” is called ‘Generalizing the’.)
3. Before a meaningful geographical location. As-
The USA.The Punjab.The UK etc.
4. Before the name of a nation or community. As-
The English.The rich.The poor.The pious.The Muslim etc.
5. Before the adjective of superlative degree. As-
Sakib is one of the best cricketers in the world.

EXERCISE
Insert article where necessary to fill in the blanks:
1. Mr. Ahmad is -------. M.P 2. Mr. Rahman is ------ honours graduate. 3. My brother is ------ engineer.
4. ------ Meghna falls into the Bay of Bengal. 5. -----moon is up. 6. ---- mother rose in her at the sight of the
child. 7. -------- Muslims are a brave nation. 8. ------- more you read, the more you learn. 9. Narayangonj is
------- Dundee of Bangladesh. 10. Nazrul is ---- Byron of Bengal. 11. None but ------ brave deserves the fair.
12. ------- orange is a good fruit. 13. ----- Punjab is a land of five rivers. 14. Rice sells ten taka------- seer.
15. ------- rich are not always happy. 16. ------ rice of Barisal is fine. 17. She is ------ beauty. 18. She is -----
 6

most intelligent girl. 19. She reads -------- Bangladesh Observer. 20. She is ----- innocent girl. 21. She is ----
-- university student. 22. ----- sooner, ------ better. 23. This is ---- unique opportunity. 24. The king has -----
heir. 25. The teacher pulled the boy by ------ ear. 26. The game came to ----- end. 27. We went ----- hunting.
28. We made ----- fire. 29. We crossed ---- Atlantic. 30. We should be kind to --------- poor. 31. You are ----
Nazrul, I see. 32. Anis has bought ------ ewe. 33. Always speak ------- truth. 34. Check ---- beast in you. 35.
Dhaka is ---- London of Bangladesh. 36. Do not go out for ----- walk. 37. Doctor Islam is ---- F.R.C.S. 38.
Everest is ------- highest mountain in the world. 39. ------ English are an industrious nation. 40. ---------
earlier ------ better. 41. -------- father rose in him. 42. Give me ------- one taka note. 43. ------- gold of
Mysore is pure. 44. God helps -------- weak. 45. He is ------ L.L.B./L.M.F. 46. He is ----- M.B.B.S. 47. He is
------ B.A./B.Sc..B.Com/B/Ed. 49. ------ Hindus read the Ramayn. 50. He is -------- best player in the team.
51. He struck me on ----------- head. 52. He speaks English like---- English. 53. He has joined ------- bar. 54.
He looks like---- owl. 55. He stay in ----- hotel. 56. He visited ----- Tajmahal. 57. I met ------ one-eyed man
in the street. 58. I caught him by ----- hand. 59. Iqbal was ------ eminent poet. 60. I have ----- bad headace.
61. I will return in ---- hour or two. 62. -------- Japanese are industrious. 63. Let us enjoy ------one act drama.
64. Let me have ------ cup of tea. 65. London is on ---- Thames. 66. ------- lion is the beast of prey.

1. an 2. an 3. an 4. the 5. the 6. the 7. the 8. the 9. the 10. the 11. the 12. an
13. the 14. a 15. the 16. the 17. a 18. the 19. the 20. an 21. a 22. the 23. a 24. an
25. by 26. an 27. a 28. a 29. the 30. the 31. a 32. a 33. the 34. the 35. the 36. a.
37. an 38. the 39. the 40. the 41. the 42. a 43. the 44. the 45. an 46. an 47. a 48. a
49. the 50. the 51. the 52. the 53. the 54. an 55. a 56. the 57. a 58. the 59. an 60. a
61. an 62. the 63. a 64. a 65. the 66 the

Exercise For Practice

1. Use article where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
A railway station is (a) ------- place where trains stop and start from. Passengers get into (b) ---- train, get
down from (c) ----- train there. It has a platform for (d) ---- passengers. In (e) -----big railway station there is
(f) ---- shed over (g) ------ platform but at (h) ------ small station it is open, (i) ---- railway station has its
master’s office, (j) -------- booking-office and waiting rooms for men and women. There are restaurants,
book stalls and stationary shops in it.

2. Use article where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
(a) --------- village market is held in (b) ----- open space in (c) ------ centre of the surrounding village, The
paths of (d) ------- villages lead to (e) -------- market-place. There is a daily market there. Of course, there is
(f) ----- difference between a `Hat’ and a market’. A `Hat’ is not helpful like (g) -------- `market’ daily. It is
held only once or twice a week and it is more crowded than a market. However, there are (h) ---- various
kinds of shops in (i) ---- village market. (j) ---- villagers get rice, dal, oil, vegetable, fish, meat and all other
necessaries of their daily life from the market.

3. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
a) ----- school common room is (b) ------- part and parcel of (c) ---- school. It is (d) ---- centre of amusement
and recreation. It gives (e) ------ students immense pleasure when they feel bored in (f) ------- classes. Our
school has (g) ----- big common room. It is in (h) ------ ground floor of (i) ------ school. It is well-ventilated.
It faces (j) ---- south.
 7

4. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
The invention of computer is one of (a) --------- greatest advances in (b) --- modern technology. It is (c) ------
fairly recent invention. Computer is (d) ----- substitute for (e) ------ human brain, Computers are capable of
doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning. In a few minutes. (f) -------- computer can
perform calculations that trained mathematicians would need years to complete. (g) ------ fastest computers
can handle millions of problems in (h) ---- few seconds. It can perform many operations at (i) ------- time
and (j) ---- same time without any confusion.

5. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
There lived (a) --- farmer in (b) ---- village. He had (c) --- wonderful goose. The goose laid (d) ---- egg of
gold everyday. (e) ---- farmer was very greedy. He thought that (f) ----- stomach of the goose was full of (g)
---- eggs. If he could get all (h) ------- eggs at (i) ------ time, he would be (j) ---- rich man quickly.

6. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
After summer comes (a) ---- rainy season. People have (b) ---- sign of relief. (c) ---- sky is over cast with
clouds and (d) ----sun can not be seen for hours. Rivers are full to (e) ---- brim. Rain is (f) --- great blessing
for our country. If it rains in time, our farmers can reap (g)--- good harvest. After (h) ----- rainy season
comes (i) ----- autumn season. Then (j) ----- sky looks very clear.

7. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
Milk is one of (a) ---- most important items of (b) --- human food; and it is (c) ---- only food young babies
can take. For (d) --- children, it is (e) --- perfect food; there is in milk alone all (f)---- food that is needed to
make (g) ---- child grow and keep healthy. For (h) ---- grown-up people, milk is still good and necessary; but
they need (i) --- solid food as well. But it is (j) --- best kind of food for grown-up people when they are ill.

8. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
Long ago there was ------------ emperor in --------- china. He increased --------- taxes very severely. The
people of the country were unhappy and could not afford ---- food to eat or ------ tea to drink. They were in -
--- uncomfortable state. But no body dared to complain to ---- emperor.

9. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
Last Friday I stayed at home. At 8 a.m I was in ---- the Kitchen preparing ---- breakfast. I was roasting -------
- full chicken for my breakfast. ----- Chicken was almost ready when ------- doorbell rang. I opened -----
door. ------- man was standing there. I did not know ----- man. He said he was from ----- local hospital and
he wanted to inform me about ------ injured friend.

10. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
The population of a country is (a) ------ asset, but it becomes (b) ---- problem when the country cannot afford
to her people (c) ---- basic needs of life. Bangladesh is (d) ----country having (e) ----- area of about 1,44000
square kilometers. So Bangladesh is (f) ---- densely populated country. Still her population is increasing in
(g) ------ alarming rate. The present growth rate of (h) ------ population in (i) ---------- Bangladesh is 21.6 per
1000 people. It is obviously (j) ------- very high rate.
 8

Prepositions at a Glance

On Day on Sunday
On Date on 26th March
In Month in March
In Part of day in the morning/in the evening
To Base form of verb I am glad to know it/ I want to get GPA-5
In Year in 1971
In Season in winter
At Clock time at 5 pm
at 11 o’clock
At Precise time At midday, at midnight, at dawn, at sunset, at noon, at
night, at day-break
By Transport by bus
by train
On Article + transport on the bus
on the train
In Article + personal transport in a car
in a taxi
On Special day on my birthday
on Eid day (But at Eid)
on Chrismas day(But at Chrismas)
At Holiday / Festival / Weekend at Eid
at Chrismas
at Eid-ul-fitr
at Weekend

In Century in 21century
In Decade in the last decade
In Era in that Era

The Use of Prepositions

Prepositions Ges Zv‡`i eûwea e¨envimg~n

[AT]
1. Ae¯’vb A‡_© †QvU kni ev ¯’v‡bi bv‡gi c~‡e© at e‡m|
She lives at Agrabad. His office is at Uttara.
He lives at kakrail in Dhaka.
2. Nwoi mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m A_©vr wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m|
He goes to school at 10 a.m. I came here at 3.30pm.
I could not sleep at midnight.
 9

At midday, at midnight, at dawn, at sunset, at noon, at night, at day-break, at the weekend.

3. Kg©¯’j ev wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi Av‡M at e‡m|
My brother studies at Dhaka University.
His Father works at PDB.
4. ‡Kvb w`‡K j¶¨ Kiv ev ZvKv‡bv eySv‡Z ev j¶¨e¯‘‡K eySv‡Z at e‡m|
Look at the moon. He aimed his pistol at me. Don’t shot at me .
5. Public holidays (miKvwi QywUmg~n) Ges festivals (Drm‡ei)-Gi c~‡e© at e‡m| †hgb : Christmas, Eid-ul-fitr, The
weekend etc.
I will see you at Eid-ul-fitr.
They will come here Christmas.
6. Lvevi mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m|
Please phone me at lunchtime.
He will come here at dinner time.
7. ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó ev w¯’i we›`y eySv‡Z at e‡m|
They arrived at the bus-stop, Standing at the door.
At page 20, at a distance.
8. evoxi bv¤^vi mn Road-Gi bvg _vK‡j Zvi c~©‡e at e‡m|
We live at 89, Mirpur road,Dhaka.
They have opened an office at 29, Central road.
Note: ïaygvÎ road-Gi bvg _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© in e‡m|
We live in Mirpur road, Dhaka. They have opened an office in central road.
9. eqm, `i, MwZ, nvi, ch©©vq/¯Íi BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z at e‡m|
He left school at the age of 16.
The mangoes were sold at tk.5 each.
To drive at 180 kilometres an hour.
10. ‡Kvb wKQy‡Z Kv‡iv `¶Zv eySvZ (hv‡Z †m `¶ Zvi Av‡M) at e‡m|
Rima is good at mathematics. Salma is good at typing.
11. gvÎ GKwU cÖ‡Póvq wKQy m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z at e‡m|
At a time (GKev‡i), at a stroke (GKav°vq, GKwm×v‡šÍB), at one call ,
At the first time trial, at least,at one effort.
11. Pig mvgx eySv‡Z Superlative- Gi Av‡M at e‡m
At least, at best, at first, at last.
12. avivevwnKfv‡e Pj‡Q Ggb †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Ae¯’v eySv‡Z at e‡m|
They are at play. She does not sing at work,
Now the dog is at rest, These two countries are at war.
13. ‡Kv‡bv Abyf~wZ ev Kv‡Ri Kvib eySv‡Z at e‡m|
They were pleased at your behaviour.
We were surprised at your bhaviour.
We laugh at her joke.
He was shocked at his father’s sudden death.
I was delighted at my son’s success.
He was alarmed at the news.
14. The end of month/week/year Ges The beginning of month/week/year
etc Gi c~‡e© at e‡m|
I will see you at the end of January.
My father will go to London at the beginning of March.
15. we`ª~c A‡_© : we should not laugh at the poor.
[In]
1. mßvn, gvm, FZz, eQi, kZvãx mn¯ªv‡ãi c~‡e© in e‡m|
 10

He will go in March, I was born in March.

She was born in 1999, We like to travel in winter.
th
Our house was built in the 19 century.
He learnt driving in three months.
2. wfZ‡i w¯’wZ †evSv‡j in e‡m|
He is in the class, We are in the class. He lives in a tent.
My pen was in the drawer.
Note :- Awdm, jvB‡eªwi, wm‡bgv, w_‡qUvi BZ¨vw`i †¶‡Î hLb Zvi ¯^vfvweK D‡Ï‡k¨i K_v ejv nq| ZLb Zvi c~‡e© at e‡m|
Father is at the office (On duty)
They are at the Cinema (watching film)
3. Ae¯’vb A‡_© eo ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© ine‡m|
Bangladesh is a country in Asia. He lives in Dhaka.
We have a big sea-port in chittagong. He lives at Deana in Khulna.
4. w`‡bi †Kvb Ask eyS‡Z in e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: in the afternoon.
In the morning, in the evening BZ¨vw`|
I usually get up from bed early in the morning.
He plays football with his friends in the evening.
Note: mg‡qi c~‡e© in e¨eüZ n‡j Zvici the e¨eüZ nq|
5. ‡Kvb cvV¨ ev M‡elbvi wel‡qi c~‡e© in e‡m|
He studies in physics.
She completed masters in Economics.
6. cwiavb K‡i Av‡Q Ggb eySv‡Z in e‡m|
The boy in blue shirt is my friend.
She was in Jeans. Dressed in cotton/silk.
7. Ae¯’v ev gvbwmK Ae¯’v eySv‡Z in e‡m|
The family is in danger. He is in a very bad mood.
He is not in good health. They live in poverty/peace.
8. Hospital, Church, School, newspapers, magazine BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© in e‡m|
I was in a hospital last year.
He wrote an article in the daily Ittefaq.
9. Road-Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© in e‡m |
We live in Mirpur Road, Dhaka.
10. Factory –Gi c~‡e© in e‡m wKš‘ Farm (dvg©) Gi c~‡e© on e‡m|
He works on a farm, but his brother works in a factory .
11. Street ev iv¯Ívi bv‡gi c~‡e© in e‡m wKš‘ Long road-Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© on e‡m|
We live in Rahkin street on Dhaka-Chittagong High way. Comilla stands one the Dhaka –Chittagong
High way.
12. The corner of a room-Gi c~‡e© in e‡m| wKš‘ The corner of a street-Gi c~‡e© at e‡m|
There is a television in the corner of our drawing room .
13. fwel¨r Kv‡j e¨vcK mg‡qi g‡a¨ †evSv‡Z in e‡m|
We shall finish the work in a week.
[In/on/to Gi e¨envi]
• mxgvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb eySv‡Z in e‡m|
Rangpur is in the north of Bangladesh.
• mxgvi evB‡i Ae¯’vb eySv‡Z to e‡m|
The Bay of Bengal is to the south of Bangladesh.
• mxgvi g‡a¨ Dcwifv‡M Ae¯’vb eySv‡Z on e‡m|
Tajindong is on the south of Bangladesh.
 11

[on]
1.wbw`©ó w`b ev Zvwi‡Li c~‡e© on e‡m| {on=date/day}
on Wednesday, On the 21st July, On Easter Sunday.
On Friday afternoon, On the pahela Baishakh, on the evening of the 10th June.
We went to a party on Easter Sunday.
Come and see us on Christmas day.
I have got a meeting on Monday morning.
2.jvMvjvwM Ae¯’vq Dc‡i n‡j on e‡m/w¯’wZkxj †Kvb e¯‘‡K Qyu‡q _vK‡j Dci A‡_© on e‡m/†Kvb wKQy Qyu‡q _vK‡j Dc‡i A‡_ on© e¨eüZ nq|
The book is on the table. Keep the book on the table.
She had a ring on her finger. The ball hit me on the head.
There is much dirt on your hat.
3.mxgvi Dci eySv‡Z on e¨eüZ nq|
Dhaka is on the Buriganga.
4.wbf©ikxjZv/Dcv‡q/Aej¤^b K‡i:
The cow lives on grass. This car runs on diesel.
We Bangalees Can’t live on the potato alone.
We heard this news on the radio/TV.
5.m¤^‡Ü/wel‡q/e¨vcv‡i:
He wrote an essay on”Jute”. He wrote a fine book on grammar.
A book on personnel management.
An article on the abuses of power.
6.Electronic Ges machinery things-Gi c~‡e© on e‡m|
He is now talking on phone.
7. Is there anything good on the television tonight.

7.hvZvqv‡Zi Dcvq A_v©r means of travel eySv‡Z on e‡m|

They are on the train of Dhaka.
He is on the plane to London.
8.j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨, KvR, e¨emv, welq BZ¨vw` wb‡`©k Ki‡Z on e¨eüZ nq|
He smiled on her, This is a book on grammer.
He drew a dagger on him, He came here on the occasion of my birthday.
9. Floor Gi msL¨vi c~‡e© on e‡m|
He lives in a flat on the third floor.
10.Right (Wvb) Ges left (evg) wb‡`©k Ki‡Z on e¨eüZ nq|
In England we drive on the left side of the road and not on the right side.

of
(1) Gi, i A_© eySv‡Z of e‡m|
The name of our village is Jadurchar.
She is the prime minister of Bangladesh.
It is a novel of Humayun Ahmed.
The color of his shirt. The size of the table.
The width of this river.
(2) wK Dcv`vb w`‡q ˆZwi Zv eySv‡Z of e‡m|
The house is made of brick. It is made of gold.
It is made of wood. This is a house of stone. This window is made of glass.
A dress of cotton. A ring of fgold. A shoe of leather.
 12

(3) ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z cwic~b© ev wKQz avib K‡i‡Q eySv‡Z of e‡m|

A bag of rice
[bag=aviK+of+hv avib K‡i Av‡Q =rice]
There is a glass of milk on the table.
He wrote me a letter full of mistakes.
A handful of wheat. A bottle of wine.
A book of poetry.
(4) cwigvc eySv‡Z of e‡m|
A kilo of rice. One gram of gold.
(5) m¤ú~b© †_‡K GKwU Ask eySv‡Z of e‡m|
a flock of birds. a gang of robbers.
A class of people. a part of the night.
A kilo of rice. a drop of dew.
(6) `‡ji ev ¯‘‡ci ga¨ †_‡K GKwU ev wKQz eySv‡Z of e‡m|
Some of his friends have done the work.
One of the mangoes is rotten.
One of the boys.
Many of them have said so.
(7) wkí mvwnZ¨ BZ¨vw` hvi Øviv iwPZ ev wbwg©Z Zvi Av‡M of e‡m|
a poem of Rabindranath
a song of lalon
Note: Gme †¶‡Î mPivPi by e¨envi Kiv nq:
A book by nazrul. A song by tagore.
(8) ‡hLvb †_‡K G‡m‡Q, Zv eySv‡Z Drm wb‡`©k Ki‡Z of e‡m|
The Rahim of this village. a man of the southern Khulna.
The mango of Rajshahi. The rice of Barisal.
(9) Kvib eySv‡Z of e‡m|
He died of heart failure.
(10) m¤úK© eySv‡Z of e‡m|
He is a cousin of mine. She is a friend of Rani’s.
(11) Rb¥ eySv‡Z of e‡m| He comes of a noble family .
(12) ‡Kvb wKQzi Ask eySv‡Z of e‡m|
The key of this lock is missing.
The brake of this car is weak.
To

(1) w`K wb‡`©k Kiv eySv‡Z to e‡m|

He is going to school. He went to Median yesterday.
Note: Home, here, there, abroad, upstairs, downstairs Gi c~‡e© “to” e‡m bv|
He goes home. She goes abroad.
I come here/upstairs.
(2) ch©šÍ eySv‡Z to e‡m|
The water rose to our knees.
Can the baby count (up) to fifty?
The Freedom fighters fought to the last drop of blood.
 13

(3) Kv‡iv cÖwZ ev Kv‡Q eySv‡Z to e‡m|

It is our duty to obey our parents.
Why are you so rude to beggars?
She told it to her mother?
(4) wbw`©ó mgq ev w`em n‡Z evwK eySv‡Z to e‡m|
It is five minutes to ten. It’s ten to four.
It’s only two days to the world cup.
How many weeks are there to the new Year.
It’s only three days to the Eid-ul-Azha.
(5) gy‡LvgywL ev ¯úk© K‡i eySv‡Z to e‡m|
They stood face to face. We sat back to back.
They stood still, eye to eye.
(6) Zzjbv ev AbycvZ eySv‡Z to e‡m|
We won by two goals to one (Avgiv 2-1 †Mv‡j wR‡ZwQjvg)
Ten to one will he succeed.
(7) GK¯’vb ‡_‡K Ab¨ ¯’vb ch©šÍ †evSv‡Z from……….ÒtoÓ e¨veüZ nq|
He is going from Dhaka to chittagong.
(8) ‡Kvb GK mgq †_‡K Ab¨ mgq ch©šÍ †evSv‡Z from….ÒtoÓ e‡m|
Everyday he works from 7 a.m to 2 p.m
(9) ‡Kv‡bv Abyôvb †evSv‡Z to e¨eüZ nq|
He invited me to a party.
(10) cwibvg †evSv‡Z to e¨eüZ nq|
Socrates was sentenced to death.
(11) ‡hvM Kivi †¶‡Î to e¨eüZ nq|
Add three to two.
(12) `yB msL¨vi gvSvgvwS to e‡m|
He is 50 to 55 years of age.
With

(1) e¯‘i Øviv (instrument) ‡evSv‡j with nq|

Rabi killed a snake with a stick.
(2) mv‡_, m½x wn‡m‡e, Kv‡Q, Ab¨‡`i g‡a¨:
I am staying with my uncle.
She is goin to Khulna with me.
Mix this wheat with hot water.
(3) ‡Kvb ¸‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ eySv‡Z:
They fought with courage.
They listened to us with enthusiasm.
(4) wel‡q, e¨vcv‡i, †¶‡Î, m¤ú‡K©:
Be careful with the glass. Be gentle with the baby.
Be patient with those naughty boys.
(5) Kvi‡b, dj¯^iƒc:
He was trembling with fear.
He was struck with surprise.
The old man was shivering with cold.
(6) m‡Ë¡I: With all her riches, she is unhappy.
(7) g‡bvfve: He looked at me with satisfaction.
(8) Z¨vM Kiv eyvSv‡Z: Do not part with such a good pen.
 14

(9) Dci: Do not angry with me.

By
(1) hvbevnb Øviv †evSv‡Z by e‡m|
I go to school by bus. We went to India by air.
Note: Z‡e cv‡q †nu‡U = on boot, mvB‡K‡j P‡o = on a bicycle, ‡Nvovq P‡o = On
horse back BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq|
(2) cv‡k eySv‡Z by e‡m|
He sits by me. She sat by the window.
(3) wkíKg© ev mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i mªóv‡K †evSv‡Z by e‡m|
A play by Shakespeare.
A Painting by joinul Abedin.
(4) wbw`©ó mg‡qi Av‡M †evSv‡Z by e‡m|
I will come back by 4 p.m
She will reach there by tomorrow.
(5) A½ cÖZ¨½ Øviv †evSv‡Z by e‡m|
I kicked the ball by the left leg. She took me by the hand.
(6) wnmv‡e †evSv‡Z by e‡m|
They are paid by the hour.
Zv‡`i‡K N›Uv wnmv‡e †eZb †`qv nq|
The oranges are sold by the dozem.
(7) G‡Ki ci GK ev chv©qµ‡g †evSv‡Z by e‡m|
Come in one by one. He is improving day by day.
(8) eM© ev Nb gvc cÖKvk Ki‡Z by e‡m|
The room is 12m by 1om.
(9) RxešÍ gva¨‡gi mv‡_ by Ges wbRx©e gva¨‡gi mv‡_ with e‡m A_ev KZ©v ev †h KvR K‡i Zvi
mv‡_ by Ges KZ©v hv w`‡q KvR K‡i Zvi mv‡_ with e‡m|
The Tajmahal was built by Shahjahan.
The snake was killed by kamal with a stick.
(10) Passive verb Gi mv‡_, KvRwU Kvi Øviv Kiv n‡jv Zv eyvSv‡Z by e‡m|
It was done by me.
(11) kc_ Kiv t He swore by Allah.
(12) gva¨g t The work has been done by him.
(13) ¸Y I fvM eySv‡Z t 10 divided by 5 is 2. Divide 50 by 5. Multiply 6 by 6.

For
(1) e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© for e‡m|
It has been raining for two hours.
I have not seen him for years.
(2) `~iZ¡ eySv‡Z t They walked for about a mile
(3) cwie‡Z© t He acted for me.
He bought a new hat for old.
(4) w`‡K t He left for home.
(5) ¯^‡Ë¡I t For all his wealth he is dissatisfied. For all his resources he could not
save his wife.
(6) c‡¶t I will not speak for you.
The pleader moved for the accused.
(7) g‡b Kiv t I took the rope for a snake
 15

Avwg `wowU‡K mvc g‡b K‡iwQjvg

He mistook Rahim for karim.
He took me for a fool.
(8) KvibekZ t I could not go to college for my illness.
The soldiers took preparation for war.
The boy was punished for his disobedience.
He could not see will for the mist (Kzqvmv)
He lost the game only for your fault.
(9) wewbgq t Della sold her hair for twenty dollars
(10) Abycv‡Z t The boy was pardoned for his age.
(11) we‡ePbvq t He’s too bold for his age.
You’re tall for your age.
She’s heavy for a small girl. From

(1) From/Since/ For: Point of time ev †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq †_‡K †evSv‡Z Since I from e‡m| Z‡e present perfect ev perfect
continuous tense G Since e‡m Ges mg¯Í tense G from e¨eüZ nq| e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© for e‡m|
We have been living in this house since 1990.
I was waiting here from six O’ clock.
He has been here since Friday last.
He was fond of music from his childhood.
(2) Drm t We draw inspiration from our national anthem
This gentleman is from vienna.
This a letter from my friend.
(3) wbKU n‡Z `~‡i t He went away from me.
(4) Kvib eySv‡Zt He is suffering from fever.
(5) `yB ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ eySv‡Zt
The bus stop is just a kilometre from my house.
(6) ïiæ Kivi ¯’vb ev mgq eySv‡Zt
Tomorrow I will flying from Dhaka to Delhi.
She is on leave from 15 January.
After

(1) c‡i eySv‡Z after e‡m|

He came here after me. We will start after lunch.
(2) Zvov Kiv ev wcQz †bqv eySv‡Z after e‡m|
They ran after the thief. The dog ran after the Fox.
He ran after me with a knife.
(3) K‡iv bv‡g bvgKib Kiv eySv‡Z after e‡m|
The city was named after the king.
The school was named after his father.
(4) †Kvb wKQzi cybive„wË eySv‡Z after e¨eüZ nq|
We fired shot after shot.
We suffer day after day /week after week.
(5) Abymv‡i: The shirt is after my choice.
This is a poem after Nazrul.
(6) gZvbymv‡i t We took decision after his view.
 16

Make the dining table after the design.

(7) AZxZKv‡ji e¨vcK mgq eySv‡Z after e‡m|
I returned to my native village after six months.
His father died after two months.
About

1) ‡Kvb wel‡q ev Kv‡iv m¤ú‡K© wKQz eySv‡Z about e¨eüZ nq|

He is careless about his duties. I know everything about kamal.
I told you everything about this matter.
(2) cÖvq A‡_© about e¨eüZ nq|
This stick is about six inches long.
The train is about to start.
There are about five thousands people in our village.
(3) Gw`K Iw`K †evSv‡Z about e‡m|
The boy was rushing about the garden. She was walking about the corridor.
(4) KvQvKvwQ ev Av‡kcv‡k †evSv‡Z about e‡m|
I have lost my key somewhere about here.
She is some where about the office.
(5) civgk© ev cÖ¯Íve w`‡Z about e‡m|
How about going for a walk? How about taking a break now?
(6) Dcjঠt I talked to him about our business.
(7) Pvwiw`‡Kt The news of his death spread all about.
(8) KvQvKvwvQ †Kvb ¯’vb ev mgq wb‡`©k Ki‡Z about e¨eüZ nq|
He arrived (at) about ten O’ clock.
I drop the key somewhere about here.
Before

(1) c~‡e© ev Av‡M eySv‡Z ev †Kv‡bv mg‡qi Av‡M Before e‡m|

He came herer before me. Look the door before you leave.
This dress was not seen before 1990.
(2) mvg‡b eySv‡Z before e‡m|
Everything happened before my eyes. Ladies sat before gentlemen
(3) µgvbymv‡i †Kvb wKQzi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vb eySv‡Z before e¨eüZ nq|
A comes before B in the alphabet.
Your name comes before mine on the list.
(ZvwjKvi Av‡M eySv‡Z before e‡m)
(4) wePvi - we‡ePbvi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv eySv‡Z before e‡m|
He submitted the documents before the court.
She said it before witness.
He was brought before the judge.
Beside

Beside/besides: cv‡k eySv‡Z beside e‡m Gevs Bnv Qvov/ e¨ZxZ ev AwaKš‘ eySv‡Z besides e‡m|
He sat beside me. I have none to help me besides you.
Besides my son, my cousin also sat beside me.
Besides English, she knows many other languages.
Besides this pen I have two other pens.
 17

(2) Zzjbxq A‡_© beside e‡m|

My painting looks childish beside yours.. I always feel small beside you.
(3) mvnvh¨Kvix A‡_© beside e‡m|
His wife always stood beside him in his bad days.
We seldom find our police beside us at crying needs.

Between
(1) `yÕwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ eySv‡j between e‡m|
Divide the mangoes between the two boys.
Apu is taller between the two brothers.
There is a wall between the two houses.
(2) `yÕwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eySv‡j between e‡m|
What is the difference between the two things?
(3) `yÕwU mg‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eySv‡j between e‡m|
Many changes took place between the two world wars.
Between youth and middle age.

(1) `yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ eySv‡Z among e‡m| Among
Distribute the mangoes among the boys.
They divided the money among the 5 partners.
Divide the mangoes among them.
(2) cwi‡ewóZ eySv‡Z among e‡m|
Our village home is among the trees.
(3) ‡Kv‡bv `j ev †kªYxfy³ eySv‡Z among e‡m|
you are among our family members now. This type of attitude is common among the under 25s.

off
(1) `~‡i eySv‡Z off e‡m|
We are getting the subject. (Avgiv welqe¯‘ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvwv”Q)
keep off the carpet with the shoes.
(2) mvgvb¨ `~‡i ev A`~‡i eySv‡Z off e‡m|
Our house is off the main road.
There is a bathroom off the bedroom.
(3) g~j¨ nªvm eySv‡Z off e‡m|
They knocked 50.000 taka off the car.
Behind
(1) ‡KvbwKQzi wcQbw`‡Kt
The tiger came out from behind a bush. Look behind you.
There is nothing important behind his absence. He fell behind me.
(2) Amv¶vr t We should not speak ill behind other’s back.
1. He told many things behind me.
(3) wej¤^: You are behind time.
We reached the station behind time.
(4) Ae¯’v‡b ev gv‡b wbgœt
The exam will be held behind schedule.
She’s behind me in the class in English.
 18

Against
(i) Kv‡iv ev †Kvb wKQzi weiæ‡× ev wecix‡Z wKQz ej‡Z Against e¨eüZ nq|
He was married against his will. I am against this proposal.
He is against me. He is working against me.
(ii) ‡Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ jvMv‡bv eySv‡Z against e¨eüZ nq|
Put a ladder against the letter. He was leaning against the wall.
(iii) cv‡k : He kept the bag against the wall.
He leant against the wall.
(iv) ‡Kvb wKQzi cÖwZ‡iva eySv‡Z against e¨eüZ nq|
This is an injection against cholera.
Take precautions against fire.
(v) ms¯’vb : We should try our best to save against rainy day.
(vi) ¯’‡j : Fifty students passed against seventy.
Along
(i) eivei A‡_© along e‡m|
Go along the bank of the river.
We were driving along the highway.
In / Into – Gi e¨envi
‡Kvb wKQzi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z ev w¯’wZkxjZv eySv‡j in Ges wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek ev MwZkxjZv Ges iæcvšÍwiZ nIqv eyS‡j into e‡m|
They are in the room.
He ran into the room.
The ice melts into water.

On / Over / Above
(i) Zj ¯úk© K‡i _vK‡j on, Z‡ji Ic‡i _vK‡j over Ges¯úk©nxb Ae¯’vq _vK‡j above e‡m|
The book is on the table.
The fan is over my head.
The sky is above us.
Across
(i) through / across : †Kvb ¯’v‡bi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cªv‡šÍ k~Y¨ w`‡q †M‡j through e¨eüZ nq, wKš‘ f~wg w`‡q †M‡j across e¨eüZ nq|
The bird flies through the room.
The man goes across the forest.
(ii) AvovAvwo eySv‡j across e‡m|
Go across the street.
(iii). Aci cv‡k^© eySv‡Z across e‡m|
The school is just across the road.
Below / Under
Zj ¯úk© K‡i _vK‡j below Ges Zj ¯úk© bv K‡i _vK‡j under
Keep the bag below the box.
Keep the basket under the table.

Prepositional Chart (In detail)

English Bangla
a week 1 mßv‡n
In a month 1 gv‡m
a year 1 eQ‡i
Winter kx‡Z
 19

February ‡deªæqvwi‡Z
time / no time mg‡q / Amg‡q
English Bangla
the dark AÜKv‡i
the shade Qvqvq
In the sun ‡iŠ‡`ª
danger wec‡`
peace my‡L / kvwšÍ‡Z
sorrow `yt‡L
well and woe my‡L - `yt‡L
English Bangla
T.V wUwf‡Z
On the radio ‡iwWI‡Z
foot cv‡q †nu‡U
the roof Qv‡`i Dc‡i
the wall ‡`qv‡ji Dc‡i
the table ‡Uwe‡ji Dc‡i
the phone/ mobile ‡dv‡b
the internet B›Uvi‡b‡U
the chair ‡Pqv‡ii Dc‡i
On fire Av¸‡b R¦‡j
grass Nv‡mi Dc‡i
the way to hvevi c‡_
Sunday iweevi
my birthday Avgvi Rb¥w`‡b
English Bangla
a minute 1 wgwb‡Ui Rb¨
For a year 1 eQ‡ii Rb¨
a while wKQzÿ‡Yi Rb¨
the time being AvcvZZ
the whole day mviv w`b a‡i
English Bangla
office Awd‡m (Kg©iZ)
Chawkbazar PKevRv‡i
dawn Lye mKv‡j
At noon `ycy‡i
afternoon weKv‡j
evening mÜvq
night iv‡Î
home evwo‡Z
the present eZ©gv‡b
the weekend mßvnv‡šÍ
hand nv‡Zi Kv‡Q
the moment GB gyn~‡Z©
 20

GROUP WISE SOME MOST IMPORTANT APPRORIATE PREPOSITIONS

After group From group
Look after (†`Lvïbv Kiv) Abstain from (weiZ _vKv)
Take after (Abyi~c ev mv`„k¨ nIqv) Prevent from (wb‡la Kiv)
Run after (QyUvQywU Kiv, †Kvb wKQyi wcQ‡b QyUv) Deviate from (`~‡i m‡i Avmv, wePz¨Z nIqv)
Hanker after (jvjvwqZ nIqv , Zxeª evmbv _vKv) Hinder from (weiZ ivLv)
Name after (bvgKiY Kiv) Suffer from (Kó Kiv)
Aspire after ( D”P AvKv•Lv Kiv) Different from (wfbœ)
Prohibit from (wb‡la Kiv)
Escape from ( ‡invB cvIqv )
Depart from( we`vq †bqv ,gviv hvIqv )
Of group On group
Deprive of (ewÂZ ) Depend on (wbf©i Kiv)
Bereft of (ewÂZ nIqv) Determined on (`„X cÖwZÁ)
Destitute of (ewÂZ) Carry on (Pvwj‡q hvIqv)
Fond of (Abyi³/ wcÖq) Bent on (`„p cÖwZÁ)
Proud of (Mwe©Z) Insist on (wcovwcwo Kiv, †R` aiv)
Worthy of (‡hvM¨)
Devoid of ( weewR©Z )
Afraid of ( fxZ )
At group To group
Mock at (Dcnvm, we`yªc Kiv) Adhere to (AvKwo‡q _vKv, †j‡M _vKv)
Laught at (Dcnvm, we`yªc Kiv) Cling to (AvKwo‡q _vKv)
Sneer at (Dcnvm, we`yªc Kiv) Stick to (AvKwo‡q _vKv)
GKB word Gi wewfbœ preposition Injurious to (¶wZKi )
Smile at (Dcnvi, we`yªc Kiv) Key to ( PvweKvwV/g~j )
Smile upon (mycÖmbœ nIqv) True to ( K_vi †Ljvc bv Kiv)
Blind of (AÜ) Attentive to ( g‡bv‡hvMx )
Blind to (D`vmxb, ‡`‡LI bv †`Lv) Indifferent to (D`vmxb )

Consist of (MwVZ)
Come of (Rb¥ MÖnY Kiv) Consist in (wbwnZ)
Come off (mym¤úbœ nIqv) Suffer from (Kó Kiv)
Angry with (e¨w³i mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z) Suffer for (†Kvb wKQyi Afv‡e Kó Kiv)
Angry at (†Kvb KvR ev AvPi‡bi mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z) Agree with (e¨w³i mv‡_ GKgZ)
Call on (†`Lv Kiv) Agree to (Kv‡Ri ev cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei mv‡_ GKgZ)
Call in (Wv³vi WvKv) Appear at (cix¶v †`qv)
Injurious to (¶wZKi) Appear before (nvwRi nIqv)
Detrimental to (¶wZKi) Appear in (cªKvwkZ nIqv)
Attend at (†Kvb RvqMvq Dcw¯’Z nIqv)
Attend on (†mev Kiv)
Result of (†Kvb wKQyi dj)
Result in (Avbqb Kiv ev wKQy nIqv)
Result from (†Kvb wKQyi ‡_‡K m„wó nIqv)

For group
Long for (Zxeªfv‡e AvKv•¶v Kiv)
Crave for ( jvjvwqZ nIqv/†jvf Kiv)
Ambition for(‡KvbwKQzi cÖwZ AvKv•ÿv _vKv )
 21

Yearn for (Mfxi AvKv•¶v †cvlb Kiv)

Appetite for (‡Kvb wKQzi cªwZ iæwP )
Desire for (B”Qv _vKv )
Thirst for(Z…òv/evmbv )
Greed for (‡jvf _vKv)

With group
Contented with (mš‘ó )
Angry with (Kv‡iv mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z nIqv)
Friendly with(eÜzfvevcbœ)
Satisfied with(cwiZ…ß)
Popular with(RbwcÖq)
Beset with(cwic~Y©/‡ewóZ/RR©wiZ)
Busy with (e¨¯Í)
Blessed with(Avkx©ev`cyó) SOME IMPORTANT APPRORIATE PREPOSITIONS
* Abide by (†g‡b Pjv)-We should abide by the rules of
Endowed with(f~wlZ/ Avkx©ev`cyó nIqv)
health.
Attentive to (g‡bv‡hvMx)-A good student is always attentive
In group to his studies.
Consist in (wbwnZ)
* Absorbed in(Mfxi fv‡e gM¥)- A pious man is absorbed in
Lie in (wbwnZ)
meditation.
Succeed in (mdjZv AR©b Kiv)
Abstain from(weiZ _vKv)- We should abstain from evil
Interested in (AvMªnx)
deeds.
Absorbed in ( Mfxifv‡e gMœ)
Absent from (Abycw¯’Z)-He was absent from the meeting.
Proficient in (`ÿ)
Accountable to (Kv‡iv wbKU `vqx nIqv)-We are accountable to
KwZcq phrase Gi mv‡_ wbw`©ó wKQy preposition Allah.
e‡m| †hgb- Access to (cÖ‡ekvwaKvi)-We have access to the Headmaster’s
In the long run (cwibv‡g)- The sinners suffer in the long run. room.
End in smoke(wbùj nIqv)- All my hopes ended in smoke. Accountable for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ `vqx)- He knows that man is
Come to an end (†kl nIqv)- The function came to an end at accountable to the Almighty for his action.
4 p.m Addicted to(Lvivc Kv‡R Avm³)- He is addicted to drinking.
Look down upon(N„Yv Kiv)- We should not look down upon Note : fv‡jv Kv‡R Avm³ eySv‡jÕ devoted toe‡m | he is devoted
the poor. to studies.
At stake(wec`vcbœ)- His life is at stake. * Adhere to (AvuKwo‡q _vKv)- He adheres to his studies.
At best(Lye †ewk n‡j) The man is at best fifty years old. Cling to (AvuKwo‡q _vKv)- He clings to his faith.
At least(Kgc‡¶)- At least fifty boys were present in the Afraid of (fxZ)- I am not afraid of danger.
class. Agree with (†Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ GKgZ nIq I cannot agree with
In brief (ms‡¶‡c)- Tell the story in brief. you.
At any rate (†h †Kvb g~‡j¨)- I shall do the work at any rate. Agree to (‡Kvb cÖ¯Ív‡e GKgZ nIqv)-He agreed to my proposal.
Ambition for(D”P AvKv•Lv)- He has no ambition for worldly
Some special case things.
Go in for (cixÿv †`qv)-I will go in for the B C S exam. Angry with(†Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z)- He is not angry with
Get away with (cvi nIqv)-You can’t get away with your anybody.
crime . Abhorence of(N„Yv) - He has abhorrence of theft.
Do away with (iwnZ Kiv )- Dowry system should be done Accuse of (†`vlviyc Kiv)- The man was accused of theft.
away with . Acquit of (Ae¨vwnZ †`Iqv)- The man was acquitted of the
Look up (kã Ly‡R †ei Kiv )-Look up the word in the charge.
dictionary. Accustomed to (Af¨¯Í)- He is accustomed to hard work.
Look over /through(cixÿv K‡i †`Lv)-The teacher looked Appetite for (†Kvb wKQyi cÖwZ iywP)-He has no appetite for food
over /through the script . .
Look into(Z`šÍ Kiv)-The police looked into the matter. Anxious about (DwØMœ)-I am anxious about the result.
Look upon (we‡ePbv Kiv)-I look upon him as my brother
 22
Appear at (cwi¶v †`Iqv)-I shall appear at the S.S.C
Examination this years.
Averse to (wegyL)- The boy is averse to studies.
* Aware of ( m‡PZb)- He is not aware of the dangers of
smoking.
Atone for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ cÖvqwðË Kiv)- A sinner has to atone
for sin.
Attend at ( Mgb Kiv) He attends at school in time .
Ask for (PvIqv) He does not ask for any material gain.
* Aspire after (†jvf Kiv)- He aspires after money.
According to (Abymv‡i)-Lead life according to religion.
Apply for (‡Kvb wKQzi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kiv)-I applied for the post.
Apply to(Kv‡iv Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Kiv)-I applied to him .
Appoint to (‡Kvb Kv‡R wbhy³ Kiv )-Authority appointed him
to the post .
Authority on/over (‡Kvb wKQz‡Z we‡kò/AvwacZ¨)-He has
authority on English/ He has authority over his son .
Beset with (†ewôZ)- Our country is beset with many
problems.
Blind of (AÜ)- He is blind of one eye.
* Blind to (D`vmxb/ †`LvI bv †`Lv)- The man is blind to his
son’s fault.
Busy with(e¨¯Í)- He is always busy with a lot of
commitments.
Beneficial to (DcKvix)- Early rising is beneficial to health.
Blessed with (myLx, Avkxev©` cyó)- He is blessed with a son.
Bring about (Avbqb Kiv, mvab Kiv)- Evil deeds bring about
ruin.
Because of (Rb¨)- He could not go to school because of
illiness.
Bar to (evav)-There is no bar to his success.
Bring up(jvjb cvjb Kiv)-He brought me up.
Consist of (MwVZ)- My family consists of ten members.
* Consist in (wbwnZ)- Happiness consist in contentment.
Common to (mvaviY)-Death is common to all.
Lie in (wbwnZ)-True happiness lies in contentment.
Congratulate on (Awfb›`b Rvbv‡bv) – I Congratulate you on
your success.
Cure of (Av‡ivM¨ Kiv)- The doctor cured him of fever.
Call at (†Kvb ¯’v‡b †`Lv Kiv) – I called at his house.
Call in (Wv³vi WvKv) - Please call in a doctor.
Capable of (mvg_©¨evb nIqv)- They are capable of earning
practical knowledge.
Content with (mšÍyó)- We are content with what we have.
*Contented with (mšÍyó)- We should be contented with
what we have.
Confide in (wek^vm Kiv)-I confide in them.
Comprised of (MwVZ)-Our family is comprised of 5
members.
Condemn to(wePv‡i kvw¯Í †`Iqv)- He was condemned to death.
Confined in (Ave×)-He was confined in the room.
Confined to (kh¨vMZ)-He was confined to bed by an
accident.
* Detrimental to (¶wZKi) Smoking is detrimental to health.
* Deviate from (wePz¨Z nIqv)-He does not deviate from the
path of virtue.
* Depend on (wbf©i Kiv) – Every success depends on hard
work.
* Desire for (†Kvb wKQyi cÖwZ cÖej B”Qv)- Everyone desires for
wealth.
Destitute of (ewÂZ)- He is destitute of wealth.
*Deprive of (ewÂZ)- The poor are deprived of the basic
needs of life.
Determined on (`„p cÖwZÁ)- A good student is determined
on carrying on his studies
Depart from (we`vq †bqv)- One day he will depart from this
world.
Due to (Kvi‡b)-I could not do the work due to my illness.
Deal with (e¨envi Kiv )-The students deals well with him.
Deal in (e¨emv Kiv)-He deals in rice.
Die of (‡Kv‡bv †iv‡M giv)-The man died of cholera.
Die by (`yN©Ubvq giv )-He died by road accident
Die from(Abvnv‡i /bv †L‡q giv)-He died from hunger
Die for (‡Kv‡bv wKQzi Rb¨ giv)-The patriots can die for the
country .
Devote to (wb‡qvwRZ Kiv)- He was devoted to his parents.
Divide into (fvM Kiv)- Greece was divided into many cityes.
Engage in (wbgMœ _vKv)-He engages himself in good deeds.
Enter into (cÖ‡ek Kiv)-He entered into the room .
Experience in (AwfÁZv)-He has vast experience in English.
*Endowed with (f~wlZ, mg„×)- Our country has been richly
endowed with water resources.
Efficient in (`¶)- He is efficient in English.
Escape from ( †invB cvIqv)- We have no escape from death.
Enchanted with (gy» Kiv)-He was enchanted with the
beauty of nature .
Expose to (Db¥y³ Kiv)-Don’t expose it to the sum.
Famous for (weL¨vZ)- He is famous for his learning.
* Fond of (AbyivMx – A good student is fond of books.
Faith in (Kv‡iv cÖwZ wek¦vm _vKv)- A pious man has firm faith in
Allah.
Fit for (Dchy³) –He is fit for the post .
Full of (cyY© )-Bangladesh is full of natural resources.
Fill with -(cwic~Y© _vKv/‡X‡K _vKv )-Our fields are filled with
crops./At For this sight Mohsin’s heart was filled with
sorrow.
Grateful to (K…ZÁ)-He was grateful to you.
Good at (`ÿ)- He is good at English.
* Give up (cwiZ¨vM Kiv)- You should give up your bad
habits.
 23
Give away (weZiY Kiv)- Our headmaster gave away the
prizes among the students.
Habituated to (Af¨¯Í)- I am not habituated to smoking.
* Hanker after (AvKv•Lv Kiv)- Some people hanker after
riches.
Hindrance to (cÖwZeÜKZv)- Poverty was a serious hindrance
to his success.
Hinder from (weiZ ivLv ev cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó Kiv)- It hindered him
from going abroad.
Hopeful of (Avkvev`x)- I am hopeful of success.
Hit upon (cwiKíbv Kiv)- He hit upon a plan.
Harmful to (ÿwZKi)- Noise is harmful to our health.
Indifferent to (D`vmxb)- A good students is never indifferent
to studies.
Indebted to (Kv‡iv Kv‡Q FYx)- We are indebted to our
parents.
Indebted for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ `vqx)- We are indebted to our
parents for our birth.
Interested in (AvMÖnx)- I am interested in history.
* Injurious to (¶wZKi)- smoking is injurious to health.
Indulge in (Avm³ nIqv, ev AevwÃZ e¨vcv‡i Ask MÖnY Kiv)- Do not
indulge in corruption.
Jealous of (Cl©vwš^Z/wnsmyK)- He is jealous of my fame.
Envious of (Cl©vwš^Z/wnsmyK)- He is envious of my popularity.
Key to (PvweKvwV)- Industry is the key to success.
Lead to (cwiPvwjZ Kiv, †V‡j †`qv)- Drinking leads one to
death.
Laugh at (VvUªv Kiv)- Do not laugh at the lame.
Long for (Kvgbv Kiv, cÖej B”Qv _vKv)- Everybody longs for
happiness
Look down upon (N„Yv Kiv)- We should not look down upon
the poor.
Liking for( cQ›`)-I have liking for music.
Mourn for (‡kvK Kiv )-We should not mourn for death.
Name after (bvgKiY Kiv)- The Olympic Games were named
after the town of Olympia in Greece./The Eiffel Tower was
named after Gustav Eiffel.
Prevent from (evav †`Iqv/weiZ Kiv)- He prevented me from
going there.
* Popular with (RbwcÖq)- Mr. Abdullah was very popular
with the students.
Proud of (Mwe©Z)- We are proud of your success.
* Proficient in (`¶) He was proficient in English.
Proficiency in (`¶Zv) – He has proficiency in English.
Preside over(mfvcwZZÍ Kiv )-Our headmaster presided over
the function.
Worthy of (†hvM¨)- He is worthy of praise.
Zest for (AbyivM)-He has zest for music .
Pass away(gviv hvIqv)-One day we shall pass away .
Put off(‡d‡j ivLv)-He never puts off his work .
Prefer to (AwaK cQ›` Kiv)-He preferred honour to death.
Put up with (mn¨ Kiv)-I can not put up with his words.
* Remedy for (cÖwZKvi- There is no remedy for some fatal
diseases.
Repentant for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ AbyZß)- A sinner feels
repentant for his sin.
Repent of (AbyZvc Kiv)- He repented of his misdeeds.
Result of (‡Kvb wKQyi dj)- The result of honesty is beyond
description.
Result from (†Kvb wKQy n‡Z D™¢~Z ev m„ó nIqv)- Our misery
results from vice.
Result in (†Kvb wKQyi d‡j ch©ewmZ nIqv) - Vice results in
misery.
* Run after (QyUvQywU Kiv)- One should not run after money.
Root of (g~j)-Money is the root of all evils .
Stand for (mg_©K nIqv/‡evSv‡bv)-patriotism stands for
nationalism.
Stand against (weiæ‡× `vov‡bv/‡evSv‡bv)-patriotism does not
stand against internationalism
Suffer from (†fvMv, Kó Kiv) - Today man has been suffering
from various diseases.
Skim through (‡PvL eywj‡q hvIqv)-He never skims through the
text.
Satisfied with (mš‘ó)- I am satisfied with your work.
Sure of (wbwðZ)- I am sure of his success.
Succeed in (mdjZv jvf Kiv)- He succeeded in life.
Smile upon (AbyMÖn Kiv)- Fortune smiles upon the
industrious.
* Subject to (†Kvb wKQyi Ke‡j cov)- Man is subject to decay
and death.
Set out for (†Kvb ¯’vb ev D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv †`qv)- For this, he set
out for traveling.
Stretches out (cÖmvwiZ Kiv)- The infant in arms stretches out
it’s hands to grasp the moon.
Thirst for (Z…òv/evmbv)- Man has an unquenchable thirst for
knowledge.
True to (ei‡Ljvc bv Kiv/GKwbô)- An honest men is true to his
word.
Victim to (wkKi)- An honest men does not fall victim to any
greed.
Wink at (Ab¨gb®‹, D`vmxb) – Normally parents wink at their
son’s fault.

wefw³
K‡g© 2qv- †K, †i, cÖwZ
Ki‡Y 3qv- Øviv, w`‡q, KZ…©K
with (an instrument)
wbwgËv‡_© 4_x- Rb¨
Acv`v‡b 5gx©- nB‡Z, †_‡K,
†P‡q
m¤^‡Ü 6ôx-i, Gi
AwaKi‡Y 7gx- G, q, †Z
24
A Technical Chart of Preposition :
Preposition Applications/Examples
to The book was given to Runa. (iæbv‡K)
by (an agent) The sanke was killed by Rana. (ivbv KZ©„K)
The cake was eaten by the dog.
She wrote the letter with a pen. (Kj‡gi Øviv)
for I waited for him. (Zvi Rb¨ )
from The apple fell from the tree. (MvQ †_‡K)
of The price of this book is 100 Tk. (eB‡qi)
in, at He lives in Dhaka. (XvKvq)
I live at Rasulpur. (imyjcy‡i)
There is a lot of fish in the river. (b`x‡Z)
24
 25

Voice

Voice is the form of verb which shows whether the subject does something or something has been done to
it. Read the following examples:

Hasan writes a letter.

A letter is written by Hasan.

Forming Passive Sentences

A.
Passive verb forms have one of the tenses of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were, have been, has been,
had been, shall be, will be etc.) and a past participle.
Verbs which take an object (transitive verbs) can have a passive form. So we can make corresponding
passive sentences for:

They destroyed the building. ↔ The building was destroyed.

The news surprised me. ↔ I was surprised by the news.

Verbs which do not take an object (intransitive verbs) do not have passive forms. For example, there
are no passive forms of the following sentences:

I slept for nearly ten hours last night.

The ship slowly disappeared from the view.

However, many verbs can be used at different times with or without objects-that is, thy can be both
transitive and intransitive. Compare:

Are they meeting him at the airport? (Transitive) ↔ Is he being met at the airport?
When shall we meet? (Intransitive; no passive is possible)
B.
Verbs that can be followed byobject+object or object+prepositional object in active clause can have two
corresponding passive forms. The passive form you choose depends on which is more appropriate in a
particular context. Compare:

She handed me the plate. ↔ I was handed the plate.

She handed the plate to me. ↔ The plate was handed to me.
Other verbs like this include demonstrate, explain, promise, sell, teach, tell, throw. However, verbs that
can’t be followed by object+object in the active have only one of these passive forms.
He described me the situation. ↔ I was described the situation. (Wrong)
He described the situation to me. ↔ The situation was described to me.

EXERCISE
Complete these sentences with the verbs within brackets. Use the passive form.
a. Rana is a good player. He ------ (make) captain of our team. b. He is looking for the pen. But the pen---
-- (steal) yesterday. c. A man----- (know) by the company he keeps. d. My mother was ill. She -----
(send) to hospital. e. There was a train accident. Many people ------ (injure).

25
 26

Passive Verb Forms

Present Simple
Active: tell(s) John tells me that you’re thinking of leaving.
Passive: am/is/are told I’m told (by John) that you’re thinking of leaving.

Past simple
Active: told John told me that you’re leaving.
Passive: was/were told I was told (by John) that you were leaving.

Present perfect
Active: have/has told John has told me that you are leaving.
Passive: have/has been told I have been told (by John) that you are leaving.

Past perfect
Active: had told John had already told me that you were leaving.
Passive: had been told I had already been told (by John) that you were leaving.

Present continuous
Active: am/is/are telling John is always telling me that you are leaving.
Passive: am/is/are being told I am always being told (by John) that you are thinking of leaving.

Past continuous
Active: was/were telling John was always telling me that you were leaving.
Passive: was/were being told I was always being told (by John) that you were leaving.

Future simple
Active: will tell I will tellJohn that you are leaving.
Passive: will be told John will be told(by me) that you are leaving.

Future perfect
Active: will have told By tomorrow,Iwill have toldJohn that you are leaving.
Passive: will have been told By tomorrow,Johnwill have been told(by me) that you are
leaving.

Future perfect continuous

( rare in the passive) John will have been telling me for ages that you’re leaving.
Active: will have been telling I will have been being told (by John) that you’re leaving.
Passive: will have been being told

26
 27

Structure:
Let+ objectwU e‡m + be+ g~jverbGipast participle

Active voice Passive voice

Post the latter. Let the letter be posted. /Let the letter posted.
Speak the truth. Let the truth be spoken.
Take care of your health. Let your health be taken care of.

Imperative SentencewUhw`Do not w`‡q ïiæ nq Z‡e MVbixwZwU n‡e wb¤œiæc:

Let not +objectwU e‡m + be+ g~jverbGipast participle

Active voice Passive voice

Do not open the door. Let not the door be opened.
Do not hate the poor. Let not the poor be hated.

Note: (i) Let hy³ Imperative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î AwZwi³ Let e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Passive voice cwieZ©‡bi
Ab¨vb¨ wbqg wVK _v‡K, Z‡e Let- Gi object ‡K by- Gi object wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨i †k‡l emv‡Z nq| †hgb:

Structure:
Let + object wU e‡m + be + g~j verb Gi past participle + by + cÖ`Ë e¨w³evPK object

Active voice Passive voice

Let me do it. Let it be done by me.
Let him write the letter. Let the letter be written by him.

(ii) Imperative Sentence- Gi Active voice- G advice/suggestion (Dc‡`k/cÖ¯Íve) eySv‡j passive voice- G
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z:
(a) Imperative Sentence- Gi objectwU passive voice- Subject nq|
(b) adviceev suggestion cÖKvkK g~j verb- Gi past participle form- Gi c~‡e© should/must be emv‡Z nq| A_©vr
should/must + be + Past Participle of the verb expressing advice/suggestion.

Active voice Passive voice

Eat meals at regular times. Meals should be eaten at regular times.
Call in the doctor. The doctor must be called in.
Keep your word. Your word must be kept.
Love the children. Children should be loved.
Obey teachers. Teachers should be obeyed.

27
 28

Note: Structure: [never hy³ Imperative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î ]

Let never + object wU e‡m + be + g~j verb Gi past participle

(iii) Imperative Sentence- G Active voice G hw` please _v‡K Z‡e passive voice G `You are requested to’ e¨eüZ
nq Ges Gi ci Imperative verb e‡m| wKš‘ Negative Gi †ÿ‡Î You are requested not to + verb e¨eüZ nq|

Active voice Passive voice

Please do this work. You are requested to do the work.
Please put the book on the table. You are requested to put the book on the table.
Please do not waste your time. You are requested not to waste your time.
Please do not smoke. You are requested not to smoke.

(iv) Imperative Sentence-Gi g~j Verb Gi c‡i h_vµ‡g Indirect I Direct object e¨eüZ n‡j Passive voice-G
Direct objectwU Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges Indirect object- Gi c~‡e© for ev to e‡m| †hgb:

Active voice Passive voice

Buy me a pen./ Buy a pen for me. Let a pen be bought for me.
Pluck me a flower. Let a flower be plucked for me.
Bring me a book. Let a book be brought for me.
Give me the pen. Let the pen be given to me.

EXERCISE
1. Change into passive forms.
a. Do the work. b. Take care of your health. c. Do not look down upon the poor. d. Let me do the
work. e. Never tell a lie.
2. Complete the sentences with the verbs with in bracket. Use the passive form in their correct tense.
a. Bangla---------- (speak) in Bangladesh. b. Our school ----------- (found) in 1948. c. A nice gift --
-- (give) to me by father. d. Food-------- (cook) now. e. My pen -------- (steal) yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________________

(i) Active voice-G Interrogative Sentence wU‡Z hw` Auxiliary verb _v‡K, Z‡e tense Abyhvqx `to be’ verb-Gi form
passive subject (GwU Abyhvqx) Gi c~‡e© emv‡Z nq Ges passive voice cwieZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ cwieZ©b K‡i passive
voice-G cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq| †k‡l cÖk‡œ evaK wPý e‡m|
Active voice Passive voice
Do you eat rice? Is rice eaten by you?
Does he eat orange? Are oranges eaten by him?
Did Hasan write a letter? Was a letter written by hasan?
Is Dishan flying a kite? Is a kite being flown by Dishan?
Was Rina singing a song? Was a song being sung by Rian?
Have you closed the door? Has the door been closed by you?
Will you help her? Will she be helped by you?

(ii) Active Interrogative Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g Who I whom _vK‡j h_vµ‡g by whom I who ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e¨envi
K‡i Passive voice G cwieZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx Passive voice G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|

28
 29

Structure: [who hy³ Interrogative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î ]

By whom + auxiliary verb (tense I person Abymv‡i) + object wU subject + ( ‡ÿÎ we‡k‡l tense Abyhvqx
subject Gi ci be / being / been emv‡Z nq + g~j verb Gi past participle + ?

Structure: [whom hy³ Interrogative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î ]

Who + auxiliary verb (tense I person Abymv‡i)+ verbGi past participle + by + subject wUi objective
form + ?

Active voice Passive voice

Who helps you?
Who in calling me?
Who broke the glass?
Who taught you English?
Who has taken the book?
Whom did you call?
Whom was the talking to?
By whom are you helped?
By whom am I being called?
By whom was the glass broken?
By whom were you taught English?
By whom has the book been taken?
Who was called by you?
Who was being talked to by you?

(iii) hw` Active voice-G Interrogative Sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g what, which, when, where, how BZ¨vw` _v‡K, Z‡e
G‡`i mivmwi ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g ewm‡q passive voice-G cwieZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx passive voice- G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| †hgb :
Structure: [what hy³ Interrogative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î]

What + auxiliary verb (tense Abymv‡i) + g~j verb Gi past participle + by + subject wUi objective form +?
Active voice Passive voice
What do you want? What is wanted by you?
What has he done? What has been done by him?
What did they buy? What was bought be them?
Which book will you buy? Which book will be bought by you?

Passive of the Reflexive Verb

Active voice-Gi sentence Gi object Reflexive pronoun (‡hgb : myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves,
himself, herself, themselves BZ¨vw`) n‡j Giv Passive voice- Gi Subject iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZLb Active
voice- Gi subjectwU passive voice-G subject wn‡m‡e emv‡Z nq Ges Reflexive pronounwU by- Gi object wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq| Passive voice cwieZ©‡bi wbqvbymv‡i ‘to be’ verb- Gi form I g~j verb- Gi past participle e‡m| †hgb:
Active voice Passive voice
He killed himself. He was killed by himself.
The lady praises herself. The lady is praised by herself.
You should help yourself. You should be helped by yourself.

Passive voice of Quasi-Passive verb

‡Kvb †Kvb verb Active verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡qI Passive A_© cÖKvk K‡i| G‡`i Quasi-Passive verb e‡j| Quasi-
Passive verb Avevi `yfv‡e e¨eüZ nq:
(i) Complement hy³ Quasi-Passive verb-G‡`i ci mvaviYZ GKwU adjective e¨eüZ nq Ges GwU complement.
‡hgb: Honey tastes sweet. Rice sells cheap. The bed feels soft.

GLv‡b tastes, sells, feelsIverb¸‡jvi complement n‡”Q h_vµ‡g----sweet, cheap, soft.

(ii) Complement wenxb Quasi-Passive voice :

‡hgb :The book is printing. The house is building.
29
 30

GLv‡b :printing I building Quasi-Passive Verb Ges G‡`i †Kvb Complement ‡bB|

(iii) Complement-mn Quasi-Passive wewkó Verb Active ‡K Voice Passive voice G cwieZ©‡bi MVbixwZ wb¤œi~c:
Subject AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K + Tense Abyhvqx to be verb e‡m +Complement (adjective) e‡m + When it / they e‡m +
Avev‡iv tense Abyhvqx to be verb e‡m + g~j verb Gi past particple e‡m|
wKsevActive subjectwU Passive subject wn‡m‡e e‡m + tense Abyhvqx `to be’ verb e‡m + g~j verb Gi Past particple
e‡m + Complement (adjective) e‡m|

Active voice Passive voice

Honey tastes sweet. Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
Or, Honey is tasted sweet.

Exercise (worked out)-Assertive sentence

1. Mr A Kashem teaches us English.
2. The cow gives us milk.
3. Sumi writes a letter.
4. The motor car ran over the bridge.
5. He made me drive his car.
6. His behavior annoys me sometimes.
7. We will not admit children under ten.
8. We eat rice.
9. The people in Asia mainly eat rice.
10. They think him to be a poet.
11. He is beating the thief.
12. Fortune favors the brave.
13. I will do my duty.
14. I know that work is hard.
15. The ladies fan themselves.
16. Our teacher is going to give us presents.
17. The Lilliputians made Gulliver prisoner.
18. She is weaving a sari.
19. You should keep your promise.
20. We know that the earth is round.
21. He slept a sound sleep.
22. He caught me by the hand.
23. I saw him playing football.
24. The teacher saw the students playing in the field.
25. I have to do it.
26. Nobody knows him here.
27. He will be writing the poem.
28. He has caught a bird.
29. They are going to open a bank.
30. God loves us all.

30
 31

Rule-1:
➢ evK¨w¯’Z Modals/ to be verb/ to have verb Subject Gi c~©‡e e‡m|
➢ cÖ`Ë evK¨wU Positive n‡j Dc‡iv³ Verb Gi mv‡_ not Gi mswÿß iyc n't e‡m|
➢ Dc‡iv³ Verb My‡jv bv _vK‡j Subject Gi c~©‡e Do/ does/ did e‡m| ‡hgb-

We are proud of our freedom fighters.

= Aren’t we proud of our freedom fighters?
➢ cÖ`Ë evK¨wU Negative n‡j Dc‡iv³ Verb Gi mv‡_ not Gi mswÿß iyc e‡m bv Ges ev‡K¨ not _vK‡j Zv D‡V hvq|
Borrowed garment cannot warm anyone.
= Can borrowed garment warm anyone?
Rule-2:
➢ ev‡K¨ No, nothing, never _vK‡j G¸‡jvi ö‡j h_vµ‡g any , anything, ever e‡m|

I never ate Asparagus.

= Did I ever eat asparagus?
Rule-3:
➢ ev‡K¨ No one, none, nobody _vK‡j G¸‡jvi ö‡j h_vµ‡g Who e‡m|

Nobody will say so.

= Who will say so?

Rule-4:
➢ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Everybody/ everyone/all _vK‡j Gi ö‡j Who doesn't e‡m|

Everybody loves a truthful boy.

= Who doesn’t love a truthful boy?

Rule-5:
➢ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Every + noun _vK‡j Every Gi ö‡j Is there any e‡m Ges noun Gi ci Who doesn't e‡m|

Everyman wishes to be happy.

= Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?
❖ G RvwZq ev‡K¨ must _vK‡jDoesn’t bv e‡m Will not e‡m|

Everyman must submit to destiny.

= Is there any man who will not submit to destiny?
Rule-6:
➢ Complex sentence G Principal clause Gi Interrogative Ki‡Z nq|

We take rest when we grow tired.

= Don’t we take rest when we grow tired?

31
 32

Exercise A
Change the sentences from Affirmative into Interrogative
1. Nobody can do it.
2. I can never forget you.
3. You are a coward.
4. He can do the work.
5. Everybody wants to win.

Exercise B
1. Fritz is leaving today.
2. Margery was accused of cheating.
3. Ernie ate the last doughnut.
4. The chicken crossed the road.
5. Betty can play the saxophone.
6. You can understand why I'm upset.
7. There's a doctor in the house.
8. The geese are returning early this year.
9. Your parents try to cheer you up when you're sad.
10. Darlene chose the most expensive items on the menu.
11. You will take steps to correct this problem.
12. The doctor told us to add cereal to the baby's formula.
13. Bill's teachers understand why he's sleepy all the time.
14. Laura knows how to serve her customers effectively and efficiently.
15. The prices in our cafeteria are reasonable.
16. He will drive the children to swim practice.
17. All the managers were taught how to use the new software.
18. We have received a pay raise this year.

32
 33

1. Affirmative ev‡K¨ must/have to_vK‡j Zvi¯’‡j cannot but e‡m|

Cannot but bv ewm‡q cannot help emv‡bv hvq|G‡ÿ‡Î verbGi mv‡_ ing hy³ Ki‡Z nq|

We must abide by the rules of the society.

=>We can but abide by the rules of the society.

2. Affirmative ev‡K¨ as soon as _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j no sooner had e‡m Ges `yB As‡ki ms‡hvM¯’‡j than
e‡m|
As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up.
=>No sooner had the teacher entered the classroom than the students stood up.

3. Affirmative ev‡K¨ only ev alone _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z n‡j G¸‡jv D‡V hvq|

G‡ÿ‡Î, e¨w³i c~‡e© none but e‡m |

e¯‘i c~‡e© nothing but e‡m Ges
msL¨vi c~‡e© not more than ev not less than e‡m Ges
FZzi bv‡gi c~‡e© No other season but e‡m|

The old man was alone alive.

=>None but the old man was alive.

Only the moon was visible.

Nothing but the moon was visible.

I’m only 15.

=>I’m not more than 15.

The cuckoo sings only in winter.

=> The cuckoo sings no other season but in winter.
4. Affirmative ev‡K¨ so/as……..as _vK‡j so/as Gi ¯’‡j not less Ges asGi ¯’‡j thane‡m|
He is as strong as a lion.
=>He is not less strong than a lion.
5. ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Every/A _vK‡j Every/AGi ¯’‡j there is no e‡m Ges verbGi c~‡e©but e‡m|
Every hy³ ev‡K¨ g~j verbwn‡m‡e have ev has _vK‡j everyGi ¯’‡j there is noe‡m Ges haveev
hasGi ¯’‡j without e‡m|
Everybody respects an honest man.
=>There is nobody but respects an honest man.
Every action has its reaction.
=>There is no action without its reaction.
33
 34

A patriot loves his country.

=>There is no patriot but loves his country.
6. Superlative degree hy³ evK¨‡K positive Ki‡jB Negative n‡q hvq|
He is the noblest man I have ever seen.
=>NO other man I have ever seen is as noble as he.

7. Both …..and hy³ evK¨‡K Negative Ki‡Z both Gi ¯’‡jnot only Gesand Gi ¯’‡jbut alsoe‡m|
He is both a poet and a singer.
=>He is not only a poet but also a singer.
8. Too…to hy³ evK¨‡K Negative Ki‡Z too Gi ¯’‡j soe‡m Ges to Gi ¯’‡jthat+ subject +can not /
could not e‡m|
The rate of corruption is too high for the country to develop.
=>The rate of corruption is so high for the country that it can not develop.
9. ev‡K¨ always _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j never e‡m Gesadjective ev verb Gi wecixZiƒc e‡m|
Always speak the truth.
=>Never tell a lie.
10.Dc‡iv³ wbqg ewnf~©Z evK¨‡K Negative Ki‡Z mvnvh¨Kvix verb Gi ci note‡m Ges adjective ev
verbGi wecixZ iƒc e‡m|
ev‡K¨ mvnvh¨Kvix verb bv _vK‡j subject Gi ci do/ did/ does not e‡m|
The bee lives together.
=>The bee does not live alone.
God is kind.
=>God is not unkind / cruel.
*ev‡K¨ very much/very/much_vK‡j Zv D†Vhvq| ev‡K¨i †k‡l at all e‡m|
His parents loved him very much.
=>His parents did not hate him at all.
ANOTHER TYPE

He ate many mangoes.

He did not eat a few mangoes.
Or, He ate not a few mangoes.
I have read a few books.
I have not read many books.
The boy drank a little milk.
The boy did not drink much milk.
The boys were very clever.
The boys were not a little cleve

34
 35

Exercise
Affirmative to Negative

1. Transform the following Affirmative sentences into Negative ones:

(a) Everyman wishes to be happy.
(b) Money alone can save him now.
(c) She burst into tears as soon as he heard the news.
(d) Arif always loves the poor.
(e) He is very ambitious.
(f) The man is lazy.
(g) The man is too old to walk.
(h) I shall always be grateful to you.
(i) Everybody believes in his honesty.
(j) Man is mortal.
(k) Only the moon was visible.
(l) Everyman hates a liar.
(m) You must obey your teacher.
(n) As soon as the train stopped we started for home.

2. Transform the following Negative sentences into Affirmative ones:

(a) Never tell a lie.
(b) There is no mother but loves her child.
(c) I did not find many people there.
(d) All cannot but submit to destiny.
(e) No sooner had he came than the meeting began.
(f) I never disagreed with him.
(g) This boy is not disobedient.
(h) None but Allah can help us.
(i) He is so tired that he cannot move.
(j) Nafisa ate not only fish but also meat.

Degree of comparison
`ywU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡j Degree cwie©Z‡b-
➢ Wv‡bisubject ev‡g e‡m Ges ev‡gisubjectWv‡b e‡m|
➢ g~j ev‡K¨notbv _vK‡j cwiew©Z©Znotev‡K¨ e‡m|
➢ AZGe gyj ev‡K¨not_vK‡j cwiew©Z©Z ev‡K¨notev` hv‡e| MVb wb¤œiæc-

1. Positive : Subject+verb+(not)+so/as+positive form+as+subject

2. Comparative : Subject+verb+(not)+comparative form+than+Subject
3. `ywU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡jSuperlative form nq bv|

She is as intelligent as her brother. (Comparative)

→Her brother is not more intelligent than she.

35
 36

A plane flies faster than a bird. (Positive)

→A bird does not fly as fast as palne.

• Positive Degree ‡K ComparativeKi‡ZAdjective Gi c~©‡elesskãwU emv‡j subject¯’vbvšÍi nqbv|AZGe lesshy³

Comparative sentence ‡K Positive Ki‡Z subject¯’vbvšÍi n‡ebv| ‡hgb-

She is as beautiful as Cleopetra.

→She is not less beautiful than Cleopetra.

She was less young than I expected.

→She was not as yopung as I expected.

`yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡j Degree cwie©Z‡b MVb wb¤œiƒc :

1. Positive : No other/ very few+extension+verb+so/as+positive form+as+subject.

2. Comparative : Subject+verb+comparative form+than any other/than most other +extension.
3. Superlative : Subject+verb+the/one of the+superlative form+extension

Superlative-Shakib is one of the best all-rounders in the world.

Positive-Very few all-rounders in the world are as good as Shakib.

Comparative-Shakib is better than most other all-rounders in the world.

• Superlative Degree‡Z of all _vK‡j Ab¨DegreeZv D‡V hvq| G‡ÿ‡ÎComparative Degree ‡Zthan all otheremv‡bv
hvq| ‡hgb-

Superlative : The rose is the best of all flowers.

Positive- : No other flower is as good as the rose.
Comparative : The rose is better than all other flowers.

• No other/than any other Gi ci e¨en„Z NounwUSingularnq|

• Very few/one of the/ than most other Gi ci e¨en„Z NounwUPluralnq|

Superlative : The Padma is one of the largest rivers in Bangladesh.

Positive : The Padma is larger than most otherrivers in Bangladesh.
Comparative : Very fewrivers in Bangladesh are as large as the Padma.

Superlative : He is the best boy in the class.

Positive : No otherboy in the class is as good as he.
Comparative : He is better than any otherboyin the classd.

EXERCISE

1. Transform the following Superlatives into comparatives:

(a) Akbar was the greatest emperor in India. (b) He is the noblest person I have ever seen. (c) Swimming is
the best exercise. (d) Australia is the largest of all islands in the world. (e) He is one of the wisest men in
36
 37

the village. (f) Chittagong is the biggest sea-port in Bangladesh. (g) Everest is the highest of all peaks in
the world. (h) This is one of the most beautiful pictures in the world. (i) He is one of the most competent
teachers. (j) Saudi Arabia is one of the hottest countries in the world.

2. Transform these Superlatives into Positive degree:

a) Gold is the most precious metal. b) Akbar was one of the greatest emperors in India. c) Shakespeare was
the greatest dramatist of English Literature. d) America is one of the richest countries in the world. e)
Dishan is the boy in the class. f) The rose is the finest of all flowers. g) Bhutan is one of the greatest
wonders of the world. h) Mr Khan is the most popular teacher. i) The Taj is one of the greatest wonders of
the world. j) Milk is the most nutritious food.
3. Transform these Comparatives into Positive:
a) A lion is not braver than he. b) You are older than I. c) A train runs faster than a bus. d) This pen writes
better than yours. e) Iron is more useful than any other metal. f) Gani Mia is poorer than any other farmer
in the village. g) Rima is not less wise than Lima. h) He is more cunning than a fox. i) Rabindra Nath is
more famous than most other in the world. j) Imran Khan is greater than most other cricketers.
4. Transform these Sentences of Positive degree into/those of Comparative degree:
a) He is as tall as his brother. b) A bus can not run as fast as a rickshaw. c) A lion is as ferocious as a tiger.
d) Very few metals are so precious as gold. e) No other metal is so useful as iron. f) I do not write English
so correctly as he. g) He is as dull as an ass. h) Your pen is not so fine as his. i) No other wood burns so
pretty as the apple log. j) The man is as cunning as a fox.
5. Transform these Comparatives into Superlatives:
a) He is nobler than any other person I have seen. b) Hamlet is more popular than most other dramas. c)
The rose is lovelier than most other flowers. d) Chittagong is longer than any other sea-port in Bangladesh.
e) Jerry is better than all other boys. f) Della was better than all other housewives. g) She is worse than any
other girl.
6. Transform these Sentences of Positive degree into those of Superlative degree:
a) No other animal living on lend is as large as the elephant. b) No other food is as nutritious as milk. c) No
other animal is as useful as the cow. d) Very few metals are so precious as good. e) No other story book is
so popular as the Arabian Nights. f) Very few poets of this sub-continent are as great as Nazrul. g) Very
few animals are so cunning as the fox.

Transformation of sentences
Simple, complex, compound

1. Simple ev‡K¨ †Kvb conjunction _v‡K bv Ges D³ ev‡K¨ GKwU gvÎ subject I GKwU Finite verb _v‡K|

2. Complex ev‡K¨ when, as, since, because, if, unless, who , which , what , that, though,
although, so that , so-----that BZ¨vw` Conjunction ØvivGKwU Principal Clause Ges GK ev
GKvwaK Subordinate Clause hy³ _v‡K|

3. Compound evK¨ and, and so, but, or, not only… but also, still, yet BZ¨vw` Co-
ordinatingConjunction Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Principal Clause hy³ _v‡K|

37
 38

Complex to Compound
1. Relative Pronoun hy³ complex evK¨‡Kcompound Ki‡Z Relative pronounwU D‡V hvq Ges `yB
ev‡K¨i ms‡hvM¯’‡j and e‡m|
(Relative Pronoun = WH word-Who, Which, What, When, How, that etc.)
Once upon a time a man owned a hen which laid everyday a golden egg.
2. Though / Although (hw`I) hy³ Complex evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z Though/Although D‡V
hvq| 2wU Clause Gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j But e‡m|
3. If (hw`) hy³ Complex evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z ïiæ‡Z Imperative Sentence e‡m Ges 2wU Clause
Gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j and e‡m|
If you run fast, you will be in time.
Run fast and you will be in time.
4. If + not / unless (hw` bv ) hy³ evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z kyiæ‡Z Imperative Sentence e‡m Ges 2wU
Clause ms‡hvM¯’‡j Or e‡m|
Unless you speak the truth, you will be punished.
Speak the truth or you will be punished.
5. So …….. that(GZB ......‡h) hy³ complex evK¨‡K Compound Ki‡Z so Gi ¯’‡j very Ges that
¯’‡j and e‡m|
He is so angry that he can do anything.
He is very angry and can do anything.

6. So that (‡hb)+ subject + can/could/may/might hy³complex evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z so that+

subject + can/could/may/mightGi ¯’‡j and + subject + want/wanted toe‡m|(So that +
subject + can/could/may/might D‡V hvq)

They went to war so that they might extend their empire.

Ans: They went to war and wanted to extend their empire.

38
 39

Transformation of sentences

Complex Simple Compound

As / since / when + sub + principal
verb + ext, + 2nd clause
As / since / when + sub + auxiliary
verb + ext, + 2nd clause
(If the subjects of the two clauses
are same)
As / since / when + sub + auxiliary
verb + ext, 2nd clause
(If the subjects of the two clauses
are different)
If + sub + (don’t / doesn’t)/ unless +
verb + ext + 2nd clause
If + sub + verb + ext + 2nd clause
Present form of verb + ing + ext, + Subject: + verb + ext + and
2nd clause +2nd clause
Because of + possessive + being / Sub + verb + ext, + and + so
having + ext, + 2nd clause + 2nd clause
Sub + being / having + ext, + 2nd Sub + verb + ext + and + so
clause + 2nd clause
Without + verb + ing + ext + 2nd Verb + ext + or + 2nd clause
clause
By + verb + ing + ext + 2nd clause Verb + ext + and + 2nd clause

Though/ although + sub + verb + ext In spite of + possessive + being / Sub + verb + ext + but + 2nd
+ 2nd clause having + ext, + 2nd clause clause
Sub + verb + so + adj + that + sub + Sub + verb + too + adj + to + verb Sub + verb + very + adj +
cannot / could not + verb + ext + ext and + sub + cannot / could
not + very + ext
Sub + verb + ext + so that + sub + Sub + verb + ext + to + verb + ext Sub + verb + ext + and
can / could + verb + ext +sub+ want to/wanted to+
verb + ext

Complex Compound Simple Sentence

Sentence
As/Since/When
Ex: As the criminal saw the Police,
he ran away.
Ex: Since the weather was very cold,
I could not go.
Ex: As I had caught cold, I did not
attend the class.
When (time/age/season)
Ex: When It is winter, many guest
birds come to our land.
As/Since/Because
Ex: Since he has much money, he
can buy a new Car.
Sentence
1stClause+and+2nd Clause
Ex: The criminal saw the police and
then he ran away.
Ex: The weather was very cold and I
could not go. Ex: I had caught cold
and I did not attend the class
1stClause+and+2nd Clause
Ex: It is winter and Many guest birds
come to our Land.
1stClause+and+2nd
Clause
Ex: He has much money and he can
buy a new car.
(v+ing) /Be Verb=being/have, has,
had=having
Ex: Seeing the police he ran
away. Ex: The weather being
very cold, I could not go. Ex:
Having caught cold, I did not
attend the class.
In/at +independent clause
Ex: In winter season Many guest
birds come to our Land
Because of+ (verb+ing) / Noun
Clause
Ex: Because of his having much
money, he can buy a new Car.

Though/although/Even though But/yet In spite of + (v+ing) /

Ex: Although Wahid is rich, he is Ex: Wahid is rich but unhappy. Despite+Clause
unhappy. Ex: In spite of being rich, Wahid
is unhappy.
39
 40

If/Unless And (positive) / or (negative By+ (v+ing) +….. affirmative

Ex: If you took exercise regularly,
you could be healthy.
if+negative Sentence Ex:If you
dont write,you can not write well.
So that+ can/could/might
Ex: We study so that We can learn
more.
So…. that, Sub+ can/could not +
verb…
Ex: He is So weak that he cannot
Work.
WH-Word /Relative Pronoun +
Subordinate Clause
Ex: It is health which is wealth
Ex: The writer took a cabin that was
small.
As well as
Ex:Kazi Nazrul Islam was a poet asa
well as a singer.
) Sentence
Ex: You took exercise regularly
and you could be healthy.
Ex: Write Much Or you Can not
write well.
And
Ex: We study and we can learn
more.
too/so=Very to/that=and
Ex: He is very weak and he can
not work.
1stClause+and+2nd Clause
Ex: It is health and it is wealth.
Ex: The writer took a cabin and it
was small.
Not only…. But also
Ex: Kazi Nazrul Islam was not only a
poet but also a singer.
Without+ (v+ing) +….. Negative
Sentence
Ex: By taking exercise regularly, you
could be healthy.
Ex: Without writing much, you
cannot write well.
In order to / to++verb
Ex: we study in order to learn more.
Too + adj/adv+to+verb
Ex: He is too weak to work.
Only Subject + Verb +obj
Ex: Health is wealth.
Ex: The writer took a small cabin.
Besides + (verb+ing) / noun
Clause.
Ex: Besides a poet Kazi Nazrul Islam
was a singer.

No sooner had 1stClause+and just then +2nd Clause Just before+ poss. Pronoun+( v+ing)
Ex: no sooner had we reached the Ex: We reached the station and just Ex: The train left just before our
station than the train left then the train left. reaching the station.

Exercise-1. Rewrite the following Simple sentences as compound (Double) ones:-

1. In this tower sat the poet gazing on the sea.
2. To everyone’s surprise, the project completely
failed.
3. Seeing the rain coming on, we took shelter under a
tree.
4. Besides educating nephew, he also set him up in
business.
5. The fog being very dense, the steamer sailed at less
than half speed.
6. Raleigh, taking off his cloak politely, placed it in
the muddy street.
7. Being occupied with important matter, he had no
leisure to see us.
8. In spite of his popularity he cannot be called a great
writer.
9. Rushing against Horatius, he smote with all his
might.
10. With all his learning, he was far from being a
pedant.
11. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, eating his
Christmas pie.
12. He must resign on pain of public dismissal.
13. Owing to drought the crop is short.
14. The men had not completed their work by sunset.
15. Notwithstanding several efforts, he failed.
16. By his pleasant manners he gained many friends.
17. In addition to pecuniary assistance he gave them
much valuable advice.
18. The referee having whistled, the game was stopped.
19. On account of his negligence the company suffered
heavy losses.
20. Running at top speed, he got out of breath.
21. Possessing all the advantages of education and
wealth, he never made name.
22. Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it
into a cat.
23. Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position.
24. Throwing off his coat, he plunged into sea.
40
 41

Exercise 2. Covert the following Simple sentences to Compound sentences:-

25. Hearing their father’s footsteps, the boys ran away. 39. He intends to try again notwithstanding his
26. With a great effort he lifted the box. repeated failures.
27. The man, being very hungry, ate too much. 40. In spite of all my advice he has done this foolish
28. In spite of his great strength he was overcome. thing.
29. Against the wishes of his family he left school. 41. By reason of his great ability he has been able to
30. He was universally respected on account of his win a high position.
virtue. 42. Through no fault of his own he has become very
31. His friend having helped him, he is prospering. poor.
32. Being a cripple he cannot ride a horse. 43. Knowing no better he used very inaccurate
33. The rain having washed away, the embankment the language.
train was wrecked. 44. His swords having broken, he was left defenseless.
34. Finding himself in difficulty he went to his teacher 45. He was rejected owing to ill-health.
for help. 46. I do not like him on account of his pride and
35. My friend being now in Mumbai, I shall go there to boastfulness.
meet him. 47. To avoid punishment he ran away.
36. In the event of such a thing happening, I should 48. In his ignorance he followed the wrong course.
take long leave. 49. Having made no provision for old age, he is very
37. They are forbidden to enter the sacred place on poor.
point of death. 50. Out of a desire for revenge he agreed to this.
38. To make certain of getting a place you must apply 51. To add to their troubles a tire burst on the way.
early.

41
 42
Exercise 3. Rewrite the following Compound (Double) sentences as Simple ones:-
1. They were poor, and often suffered great hardship.
2. He overslept himself, and so he missed the train.
3. The prince slew his brother and became king in his
place.
4. This coat cannot be mine, for it is too big.
5. This general fought bravely, the king therefore
made him commander-in-chief.
6. The camel pushed his head into the tent and asked
to be allowed to warm his nose.
7. As a boy he had never been at school, and therefore
he had no opportunity of learning to read or write.
8. This must not occur again, or you will be
dismissed.
9. He granted the request, for he was unwilling to
disappoint his friend.
10. They took every precaution, still they ran aground.
11. He is rich, yet he is not contented.
12. Make haste, or else you will be late.
13. The steamer went down, yet the crews were saved.
14. The piper advanced, and the children followed.
15. The horse reared and the rider was thrown.
16. Walk quickly; else you will not overtake him.
17. I called him, but he gave me no answer.
.
Exercise 4. Covert the following Compound (Double) sentences to Simple sentence:-
1. My friend arrived and we went for a walk.
2. The servant brought the lamp and I began my
homework.
3. The ink had dried up and I could not write.
4. I have a lot of work and must do it now.
5. We must hurry and we shall escape the rain.
6. He has an unpleasant duty and must perform it.
7. He not only pitied him but relieved him.
8. He did this and so offended his master.
9. He had read the book carefully and could tell the
story in his own words.
10. His object became known and everybody tried to
help him.
11. He found a rupee, and was delighted at his god
luck.
12. Rama has hurt his ankle and will not be able to play
to-day.
13. Be good and you will be happy.
14. He did not like the work and he began it
unwillingly.
15. I ordered him to halt, but he took no notice.
16. He is a good steady worker, only he is rather slow.
18. Either he is drowned or some passing ship has
saved him.
19. He must have done his duty, for he is a
conscientious man.
20. He tried hard, but he did not succeed.
21. He tried again and again, but he did not succeed.
22. We decided not to go any further that day and put
up at the nearest hotel.
23. Either you must help me or I must try to carry out
my task alone.
24. His partner died, and this added to his difficulties.
25. He was horrified for he saw blood stains on the
floor and no sign of his child.
26. Not only men, but women and children were put to
death.
27. Everybody else went down to meet the train, but I
did not.
28. He is a well-read man but in matters of business he
is a fool.
29. Work at lest six hours a day or you cannot make
sure of success.
30. He is very poor, but he does not complain.
31. He neither returned the goods not paid the bill.
17. I continually invited him to visit me, but he never
came.
18. He served out his sentence in goal and was
released.
19. He worked exceedingly hard at school, for he was a
good obedient boy.
20. The dacoits stopped to divide the booty and the
police overtook them.
21. He practiced daily and so became an expert player.
22. Your attempt can hardly be called successful for it
has had no good results.
23. The President came into the hall and everyone rose
from his seat.
24. He escaped several times but was finally caught.
25. The horse fell heavily and his rider came down
with him.
26. He found himself getting weaker and weaker; so he
consulted a doctor.
27. The plague broke out in the city and the people
moved out into the jungle.
28. I had no money with me, and I could not give the
beggar anything.
42
 43
Exercise 5. Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each
containing a Name clause-:-
1. I expect to meet Rama to-night.
2. He hoped to win the prize.
3. His father is not likely to punish him.
4. He admitted stealing the watch.
5. Krishna wisher me to play for his team.
6. He believes there success to be certain in that
case.
7. I overheard all his remarks.
8. I did no think fit to reply to his writings.
9. H confessed his fault.
10. His hiding-place is still unknown.
11. I shall he glad of your advice in this matter.
Exercise 6:- Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each
containing an Adjective clause:-
1. I saw a wounded bird.
2. Rama is happy in his present class.
3. The man near me is my brother.
4. Our guru is a man of blameless life.
5. Your father is the man to help you in this
matter.
6. The value of exercise is great.
7. Was this the deed of a good man?
8. I was the first to hear the news.
9. These are not the methods of business.
10. The class-room is not the place for boys to play
in.
12. H pleaded ignorance of the law.
13. Our friends will bear of our.
14. You imply my guilt by your works and
manner.
15. I request your help.
16. I cannot foretell the time of my departure.
17. I wish you to be quiet.
18. He is said to be a millionaire.
19. Tell the truth.
20. I have long suspected his poverty.
11. He is hardly the boy to do credit to the school.
12. H liked his former place.
13. Smoke, the certain indicator of fire appeared in
the mine.
14. I was the first to arrive.
15. That is not the way to answer.
16. It was the work of a wild animal.
17. He is the water carrier.
18. I have nowhere to sit.
19. My friend, the magistrate of this place, is on
leave.
20. He sat outside on a stone in the compound.
43
 44
Exercise 7. Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each
containing an Adverb clause-:-
1. On being punished, he wept.
2. During Queen Victoria’s reign there were
many wars.
3. Being quite contented, he never grumbled.
4. Being ill-treated by his master, he ran away.
5. He was too dull to understand.
6. The tiger is feared for its fierceness.
7. With your permission I will go away.
8. The peon would be quite happy with a rise of
Rs. 10 a month.
9. He replied to the best of his ability.
10. I can only tell you according to my memory.
11. Of Krishna and Rama the latter works the
harder.
12. Owing to ill-health he has resigned.
13. He was annoyed at being rebuked.
14. He cannot be caught on account of his
quickness.
15. He is too lazy to succeed.
16. He came in very quietly to avid waking his
father.
17. He waited there with a view to meeting me.
18. There is no admission without permission.
19. I will help you in any possible way.
20. Do not out without leave.
21. In spite of the heat they marched quickly.
22. For all his youth he is very capable.
23. Till my arrival, wait here.
24. After the death of his father he left Mumbai.
25. Up to his thirtieth year he remained unmarried.
26. From the time of that illness he has been partly
blind.
27. Previous to his death he made his will.
28. In anticipation of sanction I have issued the
order.
29. He hindered the police in the execution of their
duty.
30. This was done in my absence.
31. For fear of imprisonment they kept silence.
32. Notwithstanding my entreaties he shot the dog.
33. He wrote according to instructions.
34. He worked to the best of his ability.
35. Come back at six o’clock.
36. With every blow the body quivered.
37. Speaking honesty, I do not know.
38. I came to-day to take advantage of the special
train.
39. He failed to my great surprise.
40. Till the day of the examination he did no more
work.
41. The tiger having fallen, he climbed down from
the tree.
42. In the time of Aurangzeb taxes were very
heavy.
43. We cat to live.
44. Some people live to eat.
45. He has gone down to the river to bathe.
46. Have you come to see me?
47. Does he wish me to go?
44
 45
Exercise 8. Rewrite the following Simple sentences as Complex sentences:-
1. Can you tell me the time of his arrival?
2. After seeing the king he departed.
3. Many ships were so shattered as to be wholly
unmanageable.
4. England expects every man to do his duty.
5. The guests having departed, he went to bed.
6. Few know the date of Lucy’s death.
7. The source of the Nile was difficult to
discover.
8. I will meet you at any place convenient for
you.
9. In spite of his earnest protestations, he was
condemned.
10. He is proud of his high birth.
11. The prince was to be found in the hottest of the
battle.
12. I rejoice at his good fortune.
13. But for his own confession, the crime could
scarcely have been brought home to him.
14. He alone entered, the rest of us waiting outside.
15. Not feeling well, he decided to lie down.
16. The last of these voyages not proving very
fortunate, I grew weary of the sea.
17. Considering the difficulties of his position, he
has acted admirably.
18. Speak low, to prevent our being overheard.
19. He was too much excited to hear reason.
20. A letter from the butler brings to the club the
news of Sir Roger’s death.
21. My right there is none to dispute.
22. Accustomed to rule, he schooled himself to
obey.
23. He saved the child at the risk of his life.
24. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit.
25. I convinced him of his mistake.
26. It all depends upon the manner of your doing it.
27. He can prove his innocence.
28. Everybody knows the author of Gulliver’s
Travels.
29. The date of his arrival is uncertain.
30. The duration of the war is uncertain.
31. There is no hope of his recovery.
32. The exact date of the birth of Buddha is
unknown.
33. A daily bath is necessary to perfect health.
34. Success or failure depends largely on your own
efforts.
35. In my hurry I forgot the most important letters.
36. Listeners never hear any good of themselves.
37. Finding the door unlocked, the thief entered
house.
38. It is impossible to trust the word of a habitual
liar.
39. Gray, the author of the Elegy, lived in the
eighteenth century.
40. The shepherd found the lost sheep.
41. The boy readily admitted his mistake.
42. Tell me your plans.
43. He could clearly remember the incidents of his
youth.
44. On arriving at the foot of the hill, he blew his
trumpet.
45. A spider saved Robert Bruce.
46. The prudent man looks to the future.
47. For want of money, he was unable to prosecute
his studies.
48. All the money having been spent, we started
looking for work.
49. The idle cannot hope to succeed.
50. Our orders were to show no mercy.
51. It was too late for retreat.
52. I must be cruel, only to be kind.
53. The men fought with desperation.
54. He is too truthful to be a successful courtier.
55. Your remuneration depends on the quality of
your work.
56. He conducted himself madly to escape
suspicion.
57. Good boys need not fear punishment.
58. The accused confessed his guilt.
59. I asked him the reason of his coming.
60. But for your folly could have been a partner in
the firm to-day.
61. Tell me your age.
62. I was glad to hear of your arrival.
45
 46
Exercise 8. Rewrite the following Simple sentences as Complex sentences:-
63. Being a very diligent and clever lad, he soon
distinguished himself.
64. He is too short for a soldier.
65. This is said to be the birthplace of Buddha.
66. His success went beyond his expectations.
67. In spite of his poor health, he worked hard.
68. Feeling out of sorts, he went to bed.
69. He complained of being unjustly treated.
70. He killed the hen to get the treasure.
71. An army of ants will attack large and ferocious
animals.
72. A very miserly planter formerly lived in the
island of Jamaica.
73. He often gave his poor slave too little food.
Exercise 9. Convert each of the following Complex sentences to a Simple sentence:-
1. We believe that he is innocent.
2. It was much regretted that he was absent.
3. The consequence of his carelessness was that
the game was lost.
4. He asked why I came.
5. He ordered that the traitor should be executed.
6. It is to be hoped that he escaped unhurt.
7. I do not know when I shall return.
8. We hope that better times will come.
9. The news that the enemy landed spread like
wild fire.
74. Industry will keep you from want.
75. A drowning man will catch at a straw.
76. It is excellent to have a giant’s strength.
77. Having finished our work, we went out for a
walk.
78. With all thy faults I love thee still.
79. The news is too good to be true.
80. This tree is too high for me to climb.
81. He is too old to learn anything new.
82. The world’s greatest men have not laboured
with a view to becoming rich.
83. With a change of wind we shall have rain.
84. With all his wealth he is not happy.
10. That I was successful does not make me happy.
11. He ordered the police that they should imprison
the rioters.
12. That you should be willing to believe this is
incredible.
13. Whoever is prudent is respected.
14. It is reported that our troops have won a
victory.
15. All believed that he was guilty of murder.
46
 47
Exercise 10. Convert each of the following Complex sentences to a Simple sentence:-
1. He sold the horse which belonged to his
brother.
2. As I was unable to help in any other way, I
gave her some money.
3. I have no horse that I can lend you.
4. The marks that were left by the whip were still
visible.
5. This is the place where we camp.
6. The heart that is full of grief is heavy.
7. The reply which you have made is foolish.
8. The evil that men do live after them.
9. Do you not remember him who was formerly
your friend?
10. This is the needle with which she knits.
11. Have you nothing that you wish to say?
12. He prospered by the help he got from his
friends.
13. They were advised by a clever lawyer who was
a High Court pleader.
14. He is weak from the illness which he had
recently.
15. A man who is dead needs no riches.
16. I have seen the house which belongs to Rama.
17. He was the most learned of the judges who
lived at that time.
18. He died in the village where he was born.
19. The hose which is an Arab of pure blood, is
very swift.
20. The smell which comes from this drain, is very
bad.
21. Can he get no work that he can do?
22. Is there no place which is kept for bathing
here?
23. The birds have no water that they can drink.
24. He shot a tiger which was the scourge of the
district.
25. That is the book that belongs to me.
26. I saw a man who was blind.
27. This is the bottle which is used for water.
28. The chief that Wycliffe and his friends
achieved was the translation of the Bible into
English.
29. I found the book which I had lost.
30. The boy who stood first got the prize.
31. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.
32. People who live in glass houses must mot
throw stones.
33. The services he has rendered to the state cannot
be over-estimated.
34. The place where they live is very unhealthy.
35. This idea on which he based his philosophy, is
very difficult to comprehend.
36. I have no time that I can waste on idle talk.
37. A person who relies on his own effects has the
best chance to win success.
38. Here is a barrier that cannot be passed.
47
 48
Exercise 11. Convert the following Complex sentences into Simple sentence:-
1. As you are here you may as well see it.
2. He was angry when he heard the result.
3. Does he know the consequences if he refuses?
4. He cannot to unless I consent.
5. He cannot always talk sense if you are always
talking.
6. You never come here but you steal something.
7. The boy ran as fast as he could.
8. As it was beginning to rain we waited a while.
9. Although he has failed twice he will try again.
10. He made such good speed that he was in time.
11. Because he was ill he stayed at home.
12. As he felt cold he lit a fue.
13. Since I am unable to get much, I accept little.
14. He will pay you when he hears from me.
15. He was so tired that he could not sleep.
16. They rejoice that they are going.
17. I congratulated him because he had passed.
18. He can afford to be generous because he is
rich.
19. As the hour had arrived they started.
20. Since I believed his word I did not ask for
proof.
21. The dog jumped up when he saw the cat.
22. The horse is so old that it cannot work.
23. The tiger is renowned through all the
countryside because he is so cunning and
ferocious.
24. He was very angry when he bad to pay again.
25. The longer we wait here, the darker it will
become.
26. He is not so tall that he cannot enter the
doorway.
27. When they heard the signal they sprang up.
28. As the truth is known, further lying is useless.
29. Wherever you go I shall follow you.
30. No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.
31. As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
32. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
33. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
34. They went where living was cheaper.
35. Wherever he preached the people gathered to
listen.
36. She stood as though turned to stone.
37. We have come that we may help you.
38. You will pass if you work hard.
39. He cannot see unless he wears glasses.
40. His father still trusted him though he had
deceived him.
41. He is not so prudent as he ought to be.
42. It was so dark that you could not see your
hand.
43. When the fraud was discovered, he was
imprisoned after being tried.
44. He was so indolent that he could not be
successful.
45. An honest boy speaks as he thinks.
46. Sit down where you please.
47. The larger the brain, the more vigorous the
mind.
48. I shall give you my horse if you give me your
silver.
49. We will do the work as well as we can.
50. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he
discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
51. Though the sky falls, he will not be frightened.
52. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman
Empire lasted.
53. I will buy it, cost what it may.
54. I am surprised that you should believe such
nonsense.
55. Whatever you do, I will support.
48
 49
Exercise 12.Turn each of the following Complex sentences into a Simple sentence:-
1. It is terrible that people should die of
starvation.
2. I was unable to hear what you were saying.
3. We did not go, as the weather was too stormy.
4. It is doubtful whether he will succeed.
5. He became so ill that he was unable to walk.
6. No one is promoted to a higher class unless he
is examined.
7. He ran as fast as he could.
8. He said that he would come to-morrow.
9. Tell me where you live.
10. He confessed that he was guilty.
11. It was so dark that we lost our way.
12. Tell me how old you are.
13. When he will arrive is not known.
14. Grant me what I ask.
15. We hope that better times will come.
16. I insist that you shall not go.
17. I shall remain where I am.
18. If you turn to the right you will soon reach the
temple.
19. He gave a graphic account of how he escaped.
20. We went half-an-hour earlier, so that we might
get a good seat.
21. He complained that he had been unjustly
treated.
22. It is certain that he will come.
23. The Commissioner gave rewards to such men
as deserve them.
24. I asked him why he came.
25. A child who has lost his parents is to be pitied.
26. They left at six o’clock so that h might catch
the early train.
27. Suspicion always haunt the mind of a person
who is guilty.
28. He went to Ooty so that he might improve his
health.
29. A book in which were pictures of animals, was
presented to him by his uncle.
30. When Caesar saw Brutus among the assassins,
he covered his face with his gown.
Exercise 13:- Transform of Compound into Complex Sentences:-
1. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
2. H put on his hat and went outside.
3. At length she woke and looked round.
4. Keep quiet, or you will be punished.
31. John Bright once said that the safest place in
England was a first-class carriage in an express
train.
32. The question is so complicated that it cannot be
settled immediately.
33. Had he been absent, the motion would have
been carried.
34. The passage is so difficult that I cannot
comprehend it.
35. We must do the work as well as we can.
36. Although they fought most valiantly, they were
defeated.
37. If he wins the battle he will be crowned.
38. I wish to know the time when he died.
39. Those soldiers who survived have received
medals.
40. This is a machine which is used for sewing.
41. He seemed very anxious that we should come.
42. The priests were satisfied when he offered the
money.
43. You must be hungry if you have not dined.
44. It is time you went.
45. It is lucky that he came just then.
46. It is certain that he will help you.
47. You must write to me as soon as you reach
Bombay.
48. He gave away some books which belonged to
his brother.
49. Can you tell me the name of the person who
wrote the book?
50. It is said that he died by his own hand.
51. While my parents are absent I cannot come.
52. This sum is so hard that I cannot do it.
53. As one man fell another took his place.
54. Work as hard as you can.
55. Drink while you may.
56. Such a man as he is should succeed.
57. The police know this from information which
has been received by them.
5. The ship was wrecked, but the crews were
saved.
6. Either Shirin will come or she will send a
letter.
7. Do your best and you will never regret it.
49
 50
8. He received your telegram and set off at
once.
9. I must hurry back at once, or my business
will greatly suffer.
10. Do this, or you will be punished.
11. Rama may not be clever but he is certainly
industrious.
12. I put my hand into my pocket and gave him
a rupee.
13. Only do the right, and you will have no
reason to be ashamed.
14. The crow stole a piece of cheese and flew
with it to a tree.
15. I called at your house yesterday but you
were out.
16. We must do our work well, or our master
will be angry with us.
17. you have earned his gratitude, so you shall
not go unrewarded.
18. He failed in his first attempt and never tried
again.
19. Time files fast, yet it sometimes appears to
move slowly.
20. Mosquitoes cause malaria, and this is well
known.
21. She must weep, or she will die.
22. He ran to the station, but he missed the
train.
23. The boy was tired, therefore he went to
bed.
24. He is poor, but contented.
25. Life has few enjoyments; still we cling to
it.
26. Eat few suppers and you’ll need few
medicines.
27. He is working hard; therefore he will
succeed.
28. He wishes to succeed; therefore he works
hard.
29. He was going along this road, and met a
dragon.
30. They were refused pay, but went on
working.
31. I frowned upon him; yet he loves me still.
32. Do you find victories and we will find
rewards?
33. The archers were poorly armed, but they
offered a stubborn resistance.
34. Cross this line and you will be captured.
35. You must be warmly clad, or you will
catch cold.
36. Take care of the pence and the pounds will
take care of themselves.
37. He adored his proud wife, but in mortal
fear of her fierce temper.
38. We are few, but we are of the right sort.
39. Be diligent and you will succeed.
40. It seems too good to be true nevertheless it
is a fact.
41. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
42. I will recover it, or die in the attempt.
43. Take a farthing from a hundred pounds,
and it will be a hundred pounds no longer.
44. He has lost all his teeth, consequently he
cannot eat hard food.
45. Give him an inch and he’ll take an elf.
46. Hear him out, and you will understand him
the better.
47. Advance another step, and you are a dead
man.
48. Send the deed after me and I will sign it.
49. He was very learned and seemed to know
everything.
50. He was ambitions and therefore I killed
him.
51. We landed at karachi, and there we spent
very enjoyable week.
52. We called upon Mr. Pundit and the
introduced us to his partner.
53. He was my friend, therefore I loved him.
50
 51
Exercise 14:- Convert the following Compound into Complex sentences:-
1. Give me the book and I will read it.
2. Take quinine and your fever will be cured.
3. I tell him to be quit and he takes no notice.
4. He is deaf but he will always pretend to
hear.
5. You have paid the bill but you will get no
more credit.
6. I ran all the way to the station but I missed
the train.
7. Rama is a better player than Krishna and
therefore must take his place in the team.
8. You called me and here I am.
9. The master is nearly blind and the boys are
very sorry for him.
10. We will win or die.
11. Let me come in, or I will break down the
door.
12. Be careful in your diet and you will keep
health.
13. Listen and I will tell you all.
14. He is very agreeable but I don’t like him.
15. It is cold, so I shall were a coat.
16. Send me the gun and I will mend it.
17. Be good and you need not be clever.
18. Follow me, or you will lose your way.
19. You ordered the goods and so they have
been sent.
20. You must pay, or they would have killed
him.
21. I do not like his lectures and so I don’t
attend them.
22. He ran away, or they would have killed
him.
23. He has injured me but I will forgive him.
24. Be quiet, or I shall punish you.
25. Be just and fear not.
26. He was never present, but he always sent a
deputy.
27. Be kind and help me.
28. Pay heed to the small details and the
general plan will surely succeed.
29. He is certain to be late, so why wait for
him?
30. You or I must go away.
31. Sri Lanka went in first on a very wet
wicket, and so they lost the match.
32. They tried to bribe the peon but he was too
clever for them.
51
 52
Exercise 15:- Convert from Complex to Compound sentences:-
1. Once upon a time a man owned a hen
which laid every day a golden egg.
2. We selected this bicycle after we had tried
several times.
3. It is surprising that he did not succeed.
4. If you do not take exercise, you will be ill.
5. If you run, you will be in time.
6. He ran away because he was afraid.
7. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
8. Although he saw the danger, he pressed on.
9. Though you try with all your might, you
will not succeed.
10. I shall not go unless I am invited.
11. If you eat too much, you will be ill.
12. A book’s a book, although there’s nothing
in it.
13. Unless you keep quiet, you will be
punished.
14. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him.
15. Because you have done this, I shall punish
you.
16. As soon as he heard the news, he wrote to
me.
17. When you have rested, go on with the
work.
18. I forgave him because he was dying.
19. He stayed at home because he was feeling
ill.
20. His father still trusted him though he had
deceived him.
21. Though the sky falls, he will not be
frightened.
22. He was educated at a public school where
he learnt Latin.
23. I struck him because he ventured to
obstruct my path.
24. They went to war that they might extend
their empire.
25. Although they fought most valiantly, they
were defeated.
26. He writes so illegibly that I cannot read his
letter.
27. You told him something and I know it.
28. The ship was steered so skilfully that it
reached the harbour safely.
29. You must be respectable if you would be
respected.
30. As he was ambitious, I killed him.
31. Though often capricious and impertinent,
she was never out of temper.
32. Though the waves are raging white, I’ll row
you v’er the ferry.
33. He finished first though he began late.
34. Though he tries hard, he is seldom
successful.
35. When the sun set, he returned home.
36. Since duty calls us, we must obey.
37. He had a cow that gave enormous
quantities of milk.
38. He failed because he was too rash.
39. We eat that we may live.
Ans : We want to live and so eat.
52
 53

Exercise 16:- Convert the following Complex sentence to Compound sentences:-

1. Rama went to school as soon as he had finished his meal.
2. If I ask a civil question, I expect a civil reply.
3. They have never been poor since they opened that shop.
4. I could answer if I chose.
5. We might admire a bad man though we cannot admire a weak one.
6. I advice you to try although you may not succeed.
7. I spoke plainly that you might understand.
8. He feigned sleep as he had an object in doing so.
9. He gave himself up because flight was useless.
10. As we are here, we will stay here.
11. I do not think he will come.
12. I know there is a rupee in your hand.
13. Come when you like.
14. I shall come when I am in better health.
15. I would have shot the snake if I had seen it.
16. His precept is as beautiful as his practice is disgraceful.
17. At Rome we must behave as the Romans do.
18. He fell as I fired.
19. If you come here you will repent it.
20. I have never heard from him since he left Mumbai.
21. He went to the house that he might leave a message.
22. Unless we run we shall miss the train.
23. As soon as the sun touches the horizon darkness begins to settle upon the scene.
24. However clever you may be, you cannot succeed without industry.
25. Do this, lest a worse thing befall.
26. If you trust to the book you will find yourself in difficulties.
27. We may lose all without regret, if we may keep our honour sustained.
28. Bad as things are they might be worse.
29. You may go when you have finished your work.
30. His bark is worse than his bite.
31. If I am right you must be wrong.

NARRATION
Narration kãwUi A_© nj Dw³ ev K_v| e³v hv e‡j ZvB n‡jv Narration. Narration `yB cÖKvi t
(1) Direct Narration, (2) Indirect Narration.
(1) Direct Narration : hLb e³vi e³e¨ †Kvb iƒc cwieZ©b bv K‡i e¨³ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Direct Narration e‡j|
Example: Nita said to me, “I am reading a story book.”

(2) Indirect Narration :hLb e³vi e³e¨ †Kvb iƒc cwieZ©b K‡i A‡b¨i fvlvq e¨³ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Indirect Narration
e‡j|
Example: Nita told me that she was reading a story book.
Nita said to me, “I am reading a story book.”
Dc‡ii D`vniYwU‡Z, said to Reading verb
Nita Reading verb subject
me Reading verb object
I am reading a story book Reading speech.
(g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Indirect narration G cÖ‡Z¨KwU Sentences Assertive nq|)

53
 54

Direct speech †K indirect speech Kivi †ÿ‡Î †h me cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nqt

1. Reporting verb Gi cwieZ©b
2. Comma & inverted comma Gi cwieZ©b
3. Reported speech Gi person, tense, number Gi cwieZ©b
4. ‰bKU¨m~PK I mgqÁvcK word Gi cwieZ©b

Reporting verb, comma, inverted comma Gi cwieZ©b reported speech Gi sentence Abyhvqx Ki‡Z nq|
Sentence Reporting verb Comma & Inverted comma
1. Assertive sentence said to, told that
2. Interrogative sentence asked, wanted to know Wh wh, no wh if
ordered, requested, advised,
to
commanded, forbade, begged
3. Imperative sentence
Let’s/let us proposed that
Let + others told/said to that
4. Optative sentence Prayed/wished/cursed that
Exclaimed with joy, delight,
sorrow, grief, regret, surprise, that
5. Exclamatory sentence
anger, fear
Kvgbv/AvKv•Lv strongly desired that

Person Gi cwieZ©b
(1) Reported speech Gi 1st persn Reporting verb Gi subject Abymv‡i cwieZ©b n‡e|
rd
(3) Reported speech Gi 3 person †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
nd
(2) Report speech Gi 2 person Reporting verb Gi object Abymv‡i cwieZ©b n‡e|
subject object possessive Subject object possessive
I me my we us our
you you your he him His
she her her they them Their
it it its name (male) he him his
name (female) she her her

Tense Gi cwieZ©b
(1) Reporting verb wU Present? future tense n‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
(2) Reported speech wPišÍi mZ¨, Af¨vmMZ mZ¨, ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| wKš‘
past tense n‡j wb‡¤œi cwieZ©b¸‡jv nq|
(3) Reported speech present tense n‡j Abyiƒc past tense nq|
(4) past indefinite Past perfect
(5) Past perfect No change.
Direct indirect direct indirect direct indirect
am was have had has had
is was was had been were had been
are were Past (V1) Past (V2) Past (V2) had + V3
shall should will would can could
may might don’t didn’t didn’t hadn’t +V3
should no change would no change could no change

54
 55

might no change had + V3 no change must had to

‰bKU¨m~PK I mgqÁvcK word Gi cwieZ©b

Direct indirect direct indirect direct indirect
this that these those here there
ago before come go thus so
hither thither hence thence now then
today that day tonight that night this day that day
tomorrow the next day/the yesterday the previous last night/ the previous
following day day/the day week/year night/ week/year
before
next the following the day after in two days the day before two days before
night/ night/week/year tomorrow time yesterday
week/year
but with so that is why
dissatisfaction

Assertive sentence
Speaker (sub)+say to / tell /said to / told +listener (obj)+that +subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc+verb Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc +
others.
(1) Reporting verb wU Present / Future tense n‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
(2) Reported speech wPišÍb mZ¨, Af¨vmMZ mZ¨, ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Direct : He says, æI am happy”
Indirect : He says that he is happy.
Direct : I said to him, “You are small.”
Indirect : I told him that he was small.
Interrogative sentence
1. Reported speech Auxiliary verb
Speaker (sub)+asked +listener (obj)+if/whether +subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc+verb Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc +
others.
Direct : He said to me, “Are you sick?”
Indirect : He asked me if I was sick.
2. Reported speech Wh-question Øviv ïiæ n‡j,
Speaker (sub)+asked +listener (obj)+Wh-question ‡_‡K Auxiliary verb ch©šÍ subject Gi cwiewZ©Z
iƒc+verb Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc + others.
Direct : I said to him, “Where do you live?”
Indirect : I asked him where he lived.
Direct : He said, “How many pens did you want?”
Indirect : He asked how many pens I had wanted.
Direct indirect direct indirect
Do----------V1 V2 Did--------V1 had +V3
Do not -----V1 Did not +V1 Did not + V1 Had not + V3

Imperative sentence
Reporting Verb- Av‡`k eySv‡j ordered, Aby‡iva eySv‡j requested, Dc‡`k eySv‡j advice, mvgwiK Av‡`k
commanded, wb‡la eySv‡j forbade, mwebq Aby‡iva begged.

55
 56

1. Verb Øviv ïiæ n‡j,

Subject + A_©vbymv‡i Reporting verb + object + to + V1 + others
Direct : He said to me, “Open the door.
Indirect : He ordered me to open the door.

56
 57

Reported speech Gi g‡a¨ Please/kindly _vK‡j Zv D‡V hvq Ges reporting verb wn‡m‡e requested e‡m|
Direct : He said, æGive me a glass of water, please.”
Indirect : He requested to give him a glass of water.
A‡bK mgq †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ Do+Verb w`‡q ïiæ nq, ZLb Do ev` w`‡Z nq|
Direct : He said to me, “Do come tomorrow.”
Indirect : He ordered me to come the following day.

2. Don’t Øviv ïiæ n‡j,

Subject+forbade+object+to+V1+others
Direct : Mother said to her children, “Don’t quarrel.”
Indirect : Mother forbade her children to quarrel.
A_ev,
Subject + A_©vbymv‡i Reporting verb + object +not+ to + V1 + others
Direct : My brother said to me, “Don’t smoke.”
Indirect : My advised me not to smoke
3. Let’s /Let us Øviv ïiæ n‡j,
Subject+proposed/suggested+object+V1+ing+others
Direct : I said to him, “Let’s play.”
Indirect : I suggested him playing.
A_ev,
Subject + proposed / suggested + object + that + subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc + should +V1 + others.
Direct : He said to me, “Let’s go out for a walk.”
Indirect : He proposed to me that we should go for a walk.
4. Let’s / others Øviv ïiæ n‡j,
Subject + said to /told + object + that + subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc + might +V1 + others.
Direct : He said to me, “Let me go.”
Indirect : He told me that he might go.
Never / always _vK‡j Zv to Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
Direct : Mother said to me, “Never tell a lie.”
Indirect : Mother ordered me never to tell a lie.
Optative sentence
Reporting Verb- cÖv_©bv eySv‡j Prayed /wished, Awfkvc eySv‡j cursed
Subject + A_©vbymv‡i Reporting verb +that+ object Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc+ might + V1 + others.
Direct : He said to me, “May Allah bless you.”
Indirect : He prayed that Allah might bless me.
Direct : I said to the boy, “May you be unhappy.”
Indirect : I cursed that the boy might be unhappy.
Exclamatory sentence
Reporting verb-
A_© Reporting verb A_© Reporting verb
Avb›`, myL Exclaimed with joy/delight ivM, ‡µva Exclaimed with anger
`ytL Exclaimed with sorrow/grief/regret Kvgbv, AvKv•ÿv Strongly desired
we¯§q Exclaimed with surprise fq Exclaimed with fear
ah With contentment/discomfort/disgust ugh with disgust/strain
bravo with approval/admiration/encouraging shit with disgust/strain
wow with surprise/wonder/pleasure alas with disgust/strain

Subject + A_©vbymv‡i Reporting verb + that+ subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc

57
 58

Direct : The captain said, “Hurrah! We won the game.”

Indirect : The captain exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
Direct : æShit! I lost my log,” he said.
Indirect : He exclaimed with disgust that he had lost his bag.
What/How Very / great much.
Direct : Shila said, æWhat a fine bird it is!”
Indirect : Shilla exclaimed with delight that it was a very fine bird.

Rules of Passage Narration

1. me©cÖ_g mg¯Í passage wU c‡o Speaker (e³v) I Listener (‡kÖvZv) Ges Sentence ¸‡jvi mode (wµqvi aib) mbv³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Reporting verb wU gv‡S ev †k‡l _vK‡j Zv ïiæ‡Z wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
Direct : “He came to Dhaka this morning,” he said.
Indirect : He said that he had gone to Dhaka that morning.
3. GKB e³vi e³e¨ GKvwaK sentence G _vK‡j, e³e¨¸‡jv wb‡¤œv³ Dcv‡q hy³ n‡e|
Assertive sentence and added, and also said, and also added, and further said, and
further added, and again said, and moreover added
Interrogative sentence and also asked, and again asked, and further asked
Imperative sentence and requested, and also requested
Optative sentence and prayed, and also prayed
Exclamatory sentence and exclaimed, and also exclaimed

Direct : Shohel said to me, æI gave you a book yesterday. Have you read it? Return the book with in two
days.”
Indirect : Shohel told me that he had given me a book the previous day and asked me if had read it and
also requested me to returned the book within two days.

Reported speech Gi subject æWe”

1. We Øviv mgMÖ gvebRvwZ †evSv‡j Subject wn‡m‡e Wee‡m|
Direct : Teacher said to the students, “We are mortal.
Indirect : Teacher said to the students that we are mortal.
2. We Øviv e³v I †kÖvZv DfqB †evSv‡j subject wn‡m‡eWee‡m|
Direct : He said to me, “We shall do the work”
Indirect : He said to me that we should do the work.
3. We Øviv m¤úv`Kxq †evSv‡j subject wn‡m‡e it e‡m|
Direct : The Times said, “We published the news of the flood.”
Indirect : The Times said that it had published the news of the flood.
Must
1. Must Øviv e¨w³MZ eva¨evaKZv †evSv‡j had to
Direct : Rina said to me, “I must write a letter.”
Indirect : Rina said to me that she had to write a letter.
2. Must Øviv wPiKvjxb eva¨evaKZv †evSv‡j ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv
Direct : My father said to me, “You must speak the truth.”
Indirect : My father said to me that I must speak the truth.
3. Must Øviv kZ©g~jK eva¨evaKZv †evSv‡j Would have to
Direct : He said to you, “I must do the work if you will say.”
Indirect : He told me that he would have to do the work if you would say.

58
 59

This & These

1. This Øviv hLb mgq wb‡`©k K‡i that
Direct : He said,”I am going to Dhaka this month.”
2. This, these, that hLb adjective (this /that /these +noun) wn‡m‡e e‡m ZLb G‡`i cwie‡Z©the e‡m|
Direct : He said, “I gave this ring on his brilliant success.”
Indirect : He said that he had given the ring on his brilliant success.
3. Reported speech hLb this / that+noun Øviv ïiæ nq ZLb this /that cwie‡Z© mvaviYZ the e‡m|
Direct : He said to me, “That book is excellent.”
Indirect : He told me that the book was excellent.
4. Reported speech hLb this / that +Verb word Øviv ïiæ nq ZLb this / that cwie‡Z© mvaviYZ the e‡m|
Direct : Rupa said to m, “That was good for you.”
Indirect : Rupa told me that it had been good for me.
5. This, these, that hLb pronounwn‡m‡e e‡m ZLb G‡`i cwie‡Z© it e‡m|
Direct : He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow.”
Indirect : He said that they would discuss it the next day.
Here & There
1. Here Øviv †Kvb ¯’vb‡K †evSv‡jhere Gi cwie‡Z© theree‡m|
Direct : She said to me, “I shall meet you here at 3 pm.”
Indirect : She told me that she would meet me there at 3 pm.
2. Here Øviv ‡h ¯’vb‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq †m ¯’v‡bi bvg D‡jøL _vK‡j here Gi ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Direct : He said to me, “I have no relative here in Savar.”
Indirect : He told me that he had no relative here in Savar.
Sir / Madam
Reported speech Gi g‡a¨ sir/madam m‡¤^vab c` _vK‡j Reporting verb Gi c~‡e© respectfully A_ev with
respect e‡m|
Direct : The student said to man, “Sir, you have to wait for a while.”
Indirect : The student respectfully told the man that he had to wait for a while.

Yes / No
1. Reported speech G ïaygvÎ †Kvb cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Yes / No _vK‡j yes Gi cwie‡Z© replied in the affirmativeGes
no Gi cwie‡Z© replied in the negative e‡m|
Direct: He said to me, “Are you going to Dhaka?” “No, I have changed my decision,”
Indirect: He asked me if I was going to Dhaka. I replied in the negative that I had changed my
decision.

2. Assertive sentence /imperative sentence/will you ------------- pleas, would you hy³ interrogative
sentence Gi wecix‡Z“No” ev Yes /alright / ok” _vK‡j hw` we‡ivwaZv eySvq Z‡e indirect Kivi mgq reporting verb
wn‡m‡e disagreed /declined e‡m Ges m¤§wZ eySv‡j agreed e‡m Ges †Rvi cÖKvk †c‡j inside /promised e‡m|
Direct : “I have only ten taka,” he said. “No, I want 50 taka”, I said.
Indirect : He told me that he had only ten taka. I disagreed and said that I wanted 50 taka.
Addressing
Direct speech G hw` KvD‡K address Kiv nq Z‡e Zv `y fv‡e indirect Kiv hvq
1. hw` KvD‡K bvg a‡i address Kiv nq Z‡e Zv reporting verb Gi object n‡e|
Direct : He said, “Sumi, don’t quarrel,”
Indirect : He ordered Sumi not to quarrel.Z‡e object _vK‡j Gi c‡i eªv‡K‡Ui g‡a¨ Zv wjL‡Z
n‡e|
Direct : He said to her, “Sumi, don’t quarrel.”
Indirect : He ordered her (Sumi) not to quarrel.2. hw` KvD‡K bvg a‡i address Kiv nq Ges
59
 60

Zvic‡i you _v‡K Z‡e Zv imperative sentence Gi wbqgvbyhvqx Ki‡Z n‡e|

Direct : He said to me, æ Rima, you will go to school.”
Indirect : He ordered me (Rima) to go to school.
3.hw` KvD‡K m¤úK© m~PK m‡¤^vab a‡i address Kiv nq Z‡e ïiæ‡Z Addressing +Reporting verb Gi object (hw` _v‡K) +
as + addressing word e‡m|
Direct : He said to them, “Friends, help me.”
Indirect : Addressing them as friend, he requested to help him.
Swearing
Direct speech G by Allah, by God, by Jove, by my life, by my love etc. _v‡K Z‡e ïiæ‡Z swearing by Allah
/God/Jove /my life / my love etc. e‡m|
Direct : “By Allah, I will do it,” he said.
Indirect : Swearing by Allah he said that he would do it.
Thank
Direct speech G Thank _vK‡j indirect speech G reporting verb wn‡m‡e Thanked e‡m|
Subject + thanked+object
Direct : He said to me, “Thank you.”
Indirect : He thanked me.
Good bye
Direct speech Good-bye indirect speech reporting verb bade
Subject + bade + object + good-bye
Direct : He said, “Good-bye, friends.”
Indirect : Addressing as friends he bade them good-bye.
Congratulation
Direct speech G congratulation _vK‡j indirect speech G reporting verb wn‡m‡e congratulated e‡m|
Subject + congratulated + object
Direct : I said to him, “congratulation.”
Indirect : I congratulation him.
Good morning / evening / night
Direct speech G Good morning/evening/night _vK‡j indirect speech G reporting verb wn‡m‡e wished e‡m|
Subject + wished + object + good morning / evening/night
Direct : I said to you, “Good morning”
Indirect : I wished you good morning.
Please
‡h †Kvb ai‡bi sentence G please _vK‡j reporting verb wU politely asked /requested n‡e Ges evwK Ask
imperative sentence Gi wbq‡g Ki‡Z n‡e|
Direct : He said to me, “Could I have, please.”
Indirect : He politely asked to leave.
You ought to / should / had better / If I were you
You ought to / should / had better / If I were you _vK‡j Zv ev` hv‡e Ges reporting verb wU advised n‡e Ges evwK
Ask imperative sentence Gi wbq‡g Ki‡Z n‡e|
Direct : I said to him, “If I were you, I would wait,”
Indirect : I advised him to wait.
Shall / we
Shall I / we Øviv offer eySv‡j reporting verb wU offered n‡e Ges evwK Ask imperative sentence Gi wbq‡g Ki‡Z n‡e|
Direct : He said to me, “Shall I bring you a cup of tea.”
Indirect : He offered to bring me a cup of tea.

Sorry
60
 61

‡Kvb fz‡ji Kvi‡Y sorry /I am sorry _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© speaker + apologized n‡e|
Direct : He said, “Sorry, sir, I will do it again.”
Indirect : He apologized and respectfully said that he would do it again.
Excuse me
KvD‡K wei³ Kivi c~‡e© excuse me / sorry to disturb you _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡q cÖ_‡g seeking an excuse n‡e|
Direct : He said to me, “Excuse me, could you tell me the answer.”
Indirect : Seeking an excuse, he asked if I could tell him the answer.
Well / Oh I see
Well / Oh I see _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡q Ae¯’v Abyhvqx expressing surprise (we¯§q), agreement (m¤§wZ), indignation
(‡ÿvf) n‡e|
Direct : He said to me, “Oh I see, you are a student.”
Indirect : expressing surprise he told me that I was a student.

Why
ïaygvÎwhy _vK‡j speaker + wanted to know the reason n‡e|
Direct : “When will you come?” said mother. æWhy” said Ritu.
Indirect : Mother asked Ritu when she would come. Ritu wanted to know the
reason.
Or
Or _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© and added if + subject + did not do so + subject + would + V1
Direct : The teacher said, “Read attentively or you will fail”
Indirect : The teacher advised to read attentively and added if he did not do so he
would fail.

Phrase / Present participle

inverted comma Gi evB‡i †Kvb Phase / Present participle _vK‡j Zv AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î Present
participle _vK‡j Zv ïiæ‡Z †jLvB fv‡jv|
Direct : “Are you brothers?” said the lady, turning to the dervishes.
Indirect : Turning to the dervishes the lady asked if were brothers.
Tag question
Tag question _vK‡j cÖ_g Ask interrogative Gi wbq‡g Ges tag Gi Ask and assumed that + sub + verb. Tag Ask
affirmative_vK‡j negative, negative _vK‡j affirmative n‡e|
Direct : Dipa said to me, “They will come tomorrow, won’t they?”
Indirect : Dipa asked me if they would come the next day and assumed that they
would.

Incomplete sentence
‡Kvb †Kvb mgq e³e¨ AvswkK †`qv _vK‡j cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
Direct : He said, “What are you doing?” I said, “Nothing”
Indirect : He asked me what I was doing. I replied that I was doing nothing.
Note of Interrogation
Direct speech G assertive sentence Gi ci cÖk‡œ evaK wPý _vK‡j indirectKivi mgq ïiæ‡Z Being surprised Ges
reporting wU asked nq|
Direct : She said to me, “You are the boy?”
Indirect : Being surprised she asked me if I was the boy.

61
 62

Passage Narration-Exercise

1. "Have you completed your assignment?" said Anzum. No. I have not completed yet,' replied Nehal.
"But you must submit it timely." said Anzum. “Worked on it for seven hours yesterday,” replied Nehal.

2. The man said to the manager, "May I come in sir?" "Yes, come in. What do you want?" said the
manager." "I want to open a bank account in your bank," Said the man." "Can you tell me how I can open
a savings account?

3. Sakib said to Himu, "How are you? I went to your house yesterday but you were not there." "I
went to a shop," said Himu. "I had to buy some dress for my sister."

4. Ratul said to me, "Where are you going now?" "I am going to the stadium to watch a cricket match.
Do you want to go with me?" said I. Ratul said, "yes." I said, "Let’s go together."

5. Mother said to me, “What are you doing now?" "I am watching television, mother,” Samia replied.
"Have you prepared your lesson?" "Yes, mother," "It's late night. Go to bed," mother said.

6. The teacher said to the boy," Why are you making a noise in the class? You are not attentive to your
lessons." The boy said, "Sir, I am sorry. I was asking for a pen to my friend." The teacher said, "Be
attentive and listen to me carefully."

7. My friend said to me, "Why are you reading this hour? It is time for prayer. Let us go out for a walk
after sayin prayer." "Yes, I am agree with you," I said.

8. The old man said, "Can you give me some food? I have been starving for two days." The maid said,
“Why do you beg? Can't you work?"

9. The old man said to the boy, "Are you going to sit for J.S.C Examination this year?" "Yes,” said the boy.
The man said," How is your preparation?" I have a good preparation," replied the boy.”

10. Once I said to a little girl, "What is your mother's name?" "I know my mother's name. But I will not
tell you that," said the girl. I said, "What a clever girl you are!"

11. The teacher said to the student, “Have you prepared your lesson today?" “No, sir,” replied the
student. The teacher said, "Why do you not prepare your lesson? I was suffering from headache
yesterday. I shall do my work tomorrow,” replied the student.

12. "Give me a few grains of corn. I am dying of hunger," Said the Grasshopper. "But what do you do in
the summer? Didn't you store up any corn?" asked the Ant. "No, I was too busy singing."

62
 63

Completing Sentences
1. So that/In order that (hv‡Z)
So that hy³ ev‡K¨ that Gi ci Subject + can/could/may/might e‡m|
✓ We go to school in order that we can learn.
✓ We take exercise so that we can be healthy.

2. So--------- that ( GZB ---- †h)

So------ that hy³ ev‡K¨ that Gi ci subject +can/could/may/might +not e‡m|
✓ I am so happy that I can’t cry.
✓ The man was so dishonest that he couldn’t speak the truth.

3. Too------ to (GZB †h---------- Ki‡Z cv‡i bv)

Too----to hy³ ev‡K¨ to Gi ci verb Gi present iƒc e‡m|
✓ He is too tired to walk.
✓ He is too weak to go to school.

4. It is time/It is high time ( Dchy³ mgq)

It is time/It is high time hy³ ev‡K¨ it is time Gi ci sub. _vK‡j verb Gi past iƒc e‡m Ges to _vK‡j verb Gi present
iƒc e‡m|
✓ It is time we took our decision.
✓ It is high time to play.

5. No sooner had--------- than/hardly had--- when/Scarcely had ---------when (Ki‡Z bv Ki‡ZB)|

(DcwiD³ Phrase hy³ ev‡K¨i wØZxq Ask Past indefinite tense nq|)

✓ No sooner had the police seen the thief than he ran away.
✓ Hardly had the teacher arrived when the class started.

6. As if/As though (g‡b nq †hb)

• As if/As though hy³ ev‡K¨i cÖ_g Ask Present indefinite n‡j Aci Ask past indefinite nq|
• As if/As though hy³ ev‡K¨i cÖ_g Ask Past Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask past perfect nq|

✓ He speaks as if he were mad.

✓ He is going to door to door as though he were a beggar.

7. Lest ---------- should (bq‡Zv)

Lest Gi c‡i Subject e‡m Ges should Gi ci verb + extension e‡m|
✓ They walked quickly lest they should miss their class.
✓ The old man walks slowly lest he should fall.

8. If/provided/had (hw`)
• If hy³ ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask present n‡j Aci Ask future tense nq| (Subject+will+verb1)
• If hy³-ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask past indefinite n‡j Aci Ask Subject+would+verb1 e‡m|
• If hy³ ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask past perfect n‡j Aci Ask Subject+would have/ could have/might have
+verb3 e‡m|

63
 64

✓ If I were you, I would not do that.

✓ I will lend you the money provided you want.
✓ Had you studied hard you would have passed.

9. Unless (hw` bv). Unless hy³ ev‡K¨i wbqg if hy³ ev‡K¨i wbq‡gi Abyiƒc|

✓ Unless you respect others, nobody will respect you.

✓ God will be with us so long we obey him.

10. As long as/go long (hZÿY ch©šÍ) ; Till/until (hZÿY bv ch©šÍ)

✓ Wait here until rain stops.
✓ (If hy³ ev‡K¨i Abyiƒc ev Dfq As‡k GKB tense nq)

11. Since (†mB †_‡K)

• Since hy³ ev‡K¨i cÖ_g Ask Present indefinite n‡j Aci Ask past indefinite nq|
• Since hy³ ev‡K¨i cÖ_g Ask Past Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask past perfect nq|
✓ Many years have passed since I saw you last.
✓ It was long since I had left school.

12. Before ev after hy³ ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask past Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask past perfect tense nq| Before ev after hy³
ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask Future Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask Future perfect tense nq|

✓ I will swim after I will have finished reading.

✓ I had my finished my dinner before he came.

Some most important proverbs

First choice (***)
1.Danger often comes, when/where it is feared.
2.Where there is a will, there is a way.
3.United we stand, divided we fall.
4.Faults are thick, where love is thin.
5.Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
6.What is lotted cannot be blotted.
7.Uneasy lies the head which /that wears the
crown.
8.Allah helps those who help themselves. /God
helps him who helps himself.
9.Fortune smiles upon those who are brave.
10.Spare the rod and spoil the child.
11.A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
12.As you sow, so you reap.
13.All that glitters is not gold.
14.A child which is burnt dreads the fire/ A
burnt child fears /dreads the fire.
15.A bad worker always quarrels with his tools.
16.Where danger is gone, God is forgotten.
17.There is a proverb that time and tide wait for
none.
18.Man is born free but everywhere he is in
chains.
19.To err is human.
20.Strike the iron while it is hot.
21.Let bygones be bygones.
22.A man is known by the company he keeps.
23.Handsome is that what handsome does.
24.The wearer best knows where the shoe
pinches.
25.Do not count your chickens until they are
hatched.
26.A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
27.Truth is beauty and beauty is truth.
28.It is happiness which lies in contentment.

64
 65

29.The sooner it can be controlled, the better 32.Falsehood may rule but that will not last
result we will get. long.
30.A proverb goes that a healthy mind lives in a 34.We know the proverb that Industry is the
healthy body. key to success.
31.Ambition means desire to have something.
Second choice (**) Third choice (*)
36.Make hay while the sun shines. 51.Waste not, want not.
37.Many a little makes a mickle. 52.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
38.One swallow does not make a summer. 53.Cut your coat according to your cloth.
39.Too many cooks spoil the broth. 54.Empty vessels sound much.
40.Too much cunning overreaches itself. 55.Black will take no other hue.
41.To make a mountain of a molehill. 56.No pains, no gains.
42.The more he gets, the more he wants. 57.All’s well that ends well.
43.Where there is life, there is hope. 58.Patience is bitter but its fruit is sweet.
44.Look before you leap. 59.Two is company three is none.
45.The clock strikes when it is twelve o’ clock. 60.It takes two to make a quarrel.
46.A stitch in time saves nine. 61.Ill got, ill spent.
47.The sooner, the better. 62.Many men, many minds.
48.Spring is the time when the cuckoo sings. 63.Something is better than nothing.
49.Too much courtesy too much craft. 64.Necessity knows no law.
50.Grasp all, lose all. 65.Where there is smoke, there is fire.

EXERCISE [Worked out]

1. Complete the following sentences:
a) In you come, --------. b) Work hard, or -----------. c) If you are honest -------. d) When the police
came--------. e) If is rains, -----.
2. Complete the following sentences.
a) ------------, they could not drink it. b) If you work hard, --------. c) ---------- that cannot buy a car.
d) Though he tried heart and soul, --------. e) -----, he is honest.
3. Complete the following sentences.
a) ----, the cuckoo sings. b) When he was five, --------. c) ------, he woke up. d) Since the old man
was weak, ------. e) Though I was burned with questions, -------.
4. Complete the following sentences.
a) When I was reading, ------. b) If you do not move, -------- c) ---, you will win the match. d) Since
I paid the bill, ------. e) When the dog lay close to him, ------.
5 Complete the following sentences.
a) I do not know, -------. b) This is the place, -------, c) --------that he has failed is not true. d) A man
- ----- should feel for the poor. e) --------- that are composed by Nazrul.
6. Complete the following sentences.
a) I cannot tell -------, b) This letter proves that---------. c) ------- (that) I dislike him. d) ------ that he
is wise and just. e) His silence proves-----.
7. Complete the following sentences.
a) He works hard -------. b) Though he has riches, -----. c) I saw a bird ------. d) ------- that he was
walking. e) ------- when he was reading.
8. Complete the following sentences.

65
 66

a) If it rains, ----. b) --------, I shall post it. c) If you want to maintain a good health, ----. d) ----- if
you want to catch the train. e) If you try, --------. f) I would live in America if------. g) If I had time-
---. h) I would not take the job if -----. i) If saw him------. j) If the cat was hungry,------.
9. Complete the following sentences.
a) If he came-------. b) If I were a bird-----. c) If he walked fast -----. d) I would go -----. e) If you
tired again------.
10. Complete the following sentences.
a) If you wanted ------. b) Nobody knows when ------. c) The sum is so difficult for me that-----. d)
Though he was sick-----. e) Would you mind-----. f) She stared early lest ----. g) He speaks as if ----
-. h) It is high time we -------. i) Without taking physical exercise you------. j) Lalbagh is the place
where----.
11. Complete the following sentences.
a) He looks after-----. b) He called me-----. c) What does he-----? d) Do or-----. e) He is poor but ---
-. f) He was honest, so-----. g) I read so that ----. h) This is the place where------. i) ------what I
made. j) The man who came here yesterday-----.
12. Complete the following sentences.
a) He likes films, so----. b) She will be worried if-----. c) If you go to school everyday,----. d) The
man who works hard -------. e) We didn’t go out because of ------. f) Although it rained a lot,---. g) -
-----while I was waiting for the bus. h) The teacher is so friendly that-----. i) ------ you can know
the time. j) I expected that----.
13. Complete the following sentences.
a) If I were rich ------. b) Had I been rich------. c) I shall go-----. d) Would that I -----. e) If you told
me I ----. f) If you run in the sun, you -------. g) Had I the wings of a dove I-----.
14. Complete the following sentences.
a) People go to market so that ---------. b) The load is so heavy that -----. c) Unless you work hard, -
----. d) Why he is absent ------. e) Though he started last, -------.
15. Complete the following sentences.
a) If you want, -----. b) Speak the truth and ----. c) I saw a girl who-------. d) Since he was lazy------.

Right From of Verb

1. ev‡K¨i subject wbw¯Œq _vK‡j verb Gi Passive form e‡m| (Passive form = to be verb+ verb Gi Past participle
form)
display hold inaugurate

A book fair (a) was held in Comilla last month. It (b) was inaugurated by the D.C.
Thousands of books(c) were displayed there.

2. Have, has, had, having, be , being, been Ges get , got , getting Gi ci g~j verb Gi past participle form
e‡m|

educate marry

Feroza got (a) married at the age of 12. Before her marriage she wanted to be (b) educated.

3. g‡bi Ac~b© B”Qv cªKvwkZ n‡j verb Gi past form nq , mvnvh¨Kvix verb eySv‡Z were e¨eüZ nq|
66
 67

Wish I (a) could be at London. The city of London seems to me as if it (b) were the heaven of earth.

4. ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z verb em‡j, preposition Gi ci verb em‡j, object Gi ci verb em‡j, GKwU verb Gi ci Av‡iKwU verb
em‡j D³ verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|

Keep Use Talk

(a) Using a mobile phone is not a luxury. People use it for (b) keeping rapid communication. People are
often seen (c) talking over a mobile phone here and there.

5. With a view to (D‡Ïk¨), look forward to (‡Lv‡R), be used to (Af¨¯’), accustomed to (Af¨¯’), habituated to
(Af¨¯’) Gi ci verbGi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|

smoke meet advise

Yesterday, my friend came to me with a view to (a) meeting me. He informed me that he had got used
to (b) smoking.

6. ‡Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q eySv‡j verb Gi present continuous form e¨en„Z nq| ‡Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q, wKš‘ KZÿY
hveZ Pj‡Q †mB mg‡qi D‡jøL _vK‡j verb Gi present perfect continuous form e¨en„Z nq|
read write

a) Now I am writing to you sitting by the window.

b) The girl has been reading althrough the afternoon.

7. To, do, did, does, modals Gi ci verb Gi base form e‡m|

teach serve help

Student can (a) ---- the society in many ways. During their long vacation they may take initiatives to (b)
---- the illiterate people. Thus, they can (c) --- the humanity.

8. Present Indefinite tense G subject, third person singular number n‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ nq|
buy sell deal

A street hawker (a) --- in various things. Generally, he (b) ---- his things at a cheaper rate and (c) ---
them at a high profit.

9. AZxZ Kv‡ji Af¨vm ev wbZ¨ ˆbwgwËK KvR eySv‡j verb Gi c~‡e© would/used to e‡m|

teach go

The man was peculiar one. He (a) --- outside every night. But nowadays, he stays at home. He (b) ----
in a school. At present he doesn’t.

10. The following verbs, on account of their meanings, are not normally used in the continuous form:
67
 68

1) Verbs of perception, e.g., see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.

2) Verbs of appearing, e.g., appear, look, seem.
3) Verbs of emotion, e.g., want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
4) Verbs of thinking, e.g., think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know,
understand, imagine, mean, mind.
5) Have (=possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of, be (except when used in the
passive).
e.g.

Wrong
These grapes are tasting sour.
I am thinking you are wrong.
She is looking sad.
He is having a cellular phone.
Right
These grapes taste sour.
I think you are wrong.
She looks sad.
He has a cellular phone.

11. AZx‡Z GKwU Kv‡Ri c~‡e© Av‡iKwU KvR msNwUZ n‡j c~‡e©i KvRwUi Past perfect Ges c‡ii KvRwUi Past indefinite tense
nq|

fall run

The boys were playing cricket yesteday. One boy hit the ball. The other boy (a) --- to the street where
the ball (b) ---.

12. fwel¨‡Z GKwU Kv‡Ri c~‡e© Av‡iKwU KvR msNwUZ n‡j c~‡e©i KvRwUi Future perfect Ges c‡ii KvRwUi Future
indefinite/ Present indrefinite tense nq|

come finish

We (a) -------------------------------- watching television before father (b) -----------------------------------.

Tag questions

Tag k‡ãi A_© ÓRy‡o †`qvÓ Ges “Question” k‡ãi A_© “cÖkÓœ | ZvB K‡_vcK_‡bi mgq ev‡K¨i ‡k‡l ‡h GKwU mg_©bm~PK cÖkœ
Ry‡o †`qv nq, Zv‡K Tag question e‡j| †hgb-
68
 69

They live in Chittagong, don’t they?

Tag Question MV‡bi wbqgvewj-

1. ev‡K¨ Aew¯’Z to be/ to have / modals _vK‡j Zv cÖ_‡g e‡m|

-Dc‡iv³verb ¸‡jv bv _vK‡j do/ did/ does e‡m|
-cÖ`Ë evK¨wU positive n‡j Dc‡iv³verb ¸‡jvi mv‡_ notGi mswÿßiƒc n’t e‡m|
-Subject Gi pronoun iƒc e‡m| ‡hgb-

Birds fly in the sky, don’t they?

mvnvh¨Kvix verb Gi mv‡_ not Gi mswÿß iƒc ‘n’t’ emv‡bvi wbqgt
Shall not = shan’t must not = mustn’t
will not = won’t Ought not = oughtn’t
am not = aren’/ ain't Used not = usedn’t etc.
is not = isn’t
are not = aren’t
The man used to beat his wife, usedn’t he? /didn’t he?
1. ev‡K¨ hardly / scarcely/ merely / seldom / few/ little/rarely _vK‡j not Gi mswÿß iƒc n’t e‡m bv| Kvib D³ kã
¸‡jv bv ‡evaK A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
I have merely any friends, haveI?
A barking dog seldom bites, does it ?
2. ev‡K¨ everybody / nobody / somebody / anybody/ someone / no one/ all BZ¨vw` _vK‡j tag question Gi
subject wn‡m‡e they e‡m|
Nobody was absent, were they?
3. ev‡K¨ subject wn‡m‡e there _vK‡j tag question Gi subject wn‡m‡e there e‡m|
There is no king in China, is there?

4. ev‡K¨ Nothing / something / anything / everything BZ¨vw` _vK‡j tag question Gi subjectwn‡m‡e it e‡m|
Nothing is impossible, is it?
5. ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z all of / some of / none of/ either of/ neither of / each of / BZ¨vw` _vK‡j tag question G of Gi
cieZx© kãwUi subject i~c e¨eûZ nq|
All of you have heard the name of Kazi Nazrul, haven’t you?

6. ev‡K¨i subject wn‡m‡e ¸bevPK kã _vK‡j Tag question Gi subject wn‡m‡e it e‡m|
The mother rose in her, didn’t it?
The animality rose in him, didn’t it?
7. ev‡K¨ dare(mvnm Kiv) Ges need hw` negative wn‡m‡e _v‡K Zvn‡j tag question G dare Ges need e‡m|hw` G¸‡jv
positive wn‡m‡e _v‡K Zvn‡j tag question G do/does/did e‡m|

I need not go there, need I?

He dares to go out at night, doesn’t he?

8. ev‡K¨ subject wn‡m‡e noun clause _vK‡j tag question Gi subject wn‡m‡e it e‡m|

69
 70

That he is honest is known to all, isn’t it?

All that glitters is not gold, isn’t it?

9. Imperative evK¨ Øviv Av‡`k ev Dc‡`k eySv‡j tag question wn‡m‡e will you/ won’t you e‡m|
Aby‡iva eySv‡j could you e‡m|

Let Gi c‡i us _vK‡j shall wee‡m|

Let Gi c‡i usbv_vK‡j will you e‡m| ‡hgb-

Kindly do me a favour, could you?

Let’s have a long drive, shall we?
Always speak the truth, will you?
Go home at once, will you?

TAG QUESTIONS (QUESTION NO.9)

1.
a) Man is fond of turning back to the past, __?
b) The present may be good, ____________?
c) Everybody hardly forgets golden past, ___?
d) Nothing is more pleasant to him than the
memories of the past, _____?
e) The memories of childhood really haunt us,–
––––––––?
2.
a) Hello, Liza, father’s birthday is on Monday
next, ________________?
b) Yes Lily, only two days are left, _________?
c) We need to buy some beautiful gifts, ____?
d) Of course, let’s go to a watch shop, ____?
e) What a nice idea Liza, _________?
3.
a) Telling lies is a great sin, ______________?
b) One lie begets hundreds lies, ___________?
c) Nobody believes a liar, _______________?
d) It is true. He has to lead a miserable life, __?
e) So all of us ought to refrain from lies, ____?
4.
: Mijan, I thoroughly checked all the medical
reports,––––––?
: You have been suffering from gastric, _____?
: What may be the reason, sir?
: It is due to your negligence of following the
rules of health, ___________?
: I can’t understand what you say, __________?
: Please, make it clear, _____________?
c) But money can hardly bring happiness, ___?
d) What you need most to be happy is
contentment, __________________?
e) That’s why, few people lead a happy life, _?
6.
a) “I” is a pronoun, _____________?
b) The mother rose in her, _____________?
c) That he is honest is known to all, ___?
d) Who cares, _______________?
e) Good bye, ______________?
f) Messi, ________________?
g) The Titanic was the largest ship, _______?
h) The headmaster and secretary came, ____?
i) The teacher says, “Charity begins at
home,”__?
j) All of us know about it, ___________?
7.
a) Thank you, ______________?
b) The quality of these mangoes is not good,--?
c) The color of her eyes is black, __________?
d) Rahim and not his friend came, _________?
e) I am as tall as you, __________?
f) What an idea! ____________?
g) I’d like to do the work by myself, _______?
h) He’s been absent for seven days, _______?
i) She’d done her job, ______?

5.
a) Money is a must for our life, _________?
b) One can do almost nothing without it, ____?
70
 71
Some Critical Tag Questions
1. Whenever I go to Cox’s Bazar ,I think that the Bay
of Bengal is beautiful, isn’t it?
2.Man hardly believes a liar, does he?
3.We all must remember that the country is above
everything ,mustn’t we? /Isn’t it/she?
4.We hope that nobody will derail from the right path
,don’t we?/will they?
5.Time and tide wait for none ,do they?
6.Most of students who fail in English do not have
strong foundation on grammar, do they?
7.No, they read only to pass the examination, don’t
they ?
8.So,there is scarcity of fish, is there/isn’t there ?
9.Man is the best creature of God ,isn’t he?
10. Those who are involved to do harm to others
should avoid it, shouldn’t they?
11. Yes, it enters into our body when we take arsenic
contaminated water, doesn’t it?
21. So all of us ought to refrain from telling lies,
oughtn’t we?
22. Excellent, isn’t it?
23.One need not think of others , need they ?/need
one ?
24.A few students qualified the placement test
,didn’t they ?
25.The brother rose in him ,didn’t it?
26.If Bangladesh were a developed country , we all
would be happy ,wouldn’t we?
27.Whenever you get a chance ,I think you should
travel some countries ,shouldn’t you ?
28.He has little what will happen today ,has he
?/does he ?
29.The widower shut the door ,didn’t he?
30.Writing many letters makes him happy ,doesn’t it
? isn’t it?
31.I think he will get GPA-5,won’t he?
32.One certainly knows it ,don’t they /you/we?
33.One should keep one’s promise, shouldn’t
we/they /you?
34.Runa and not her sisters got the second prize,
didn’t she?
35.A man cannot remember everything that
happened in the childhood ,can he?
36.He as well as his friends attended the science fair
,didn’t he ?
12. Shapna has little knowledge about computer, has
she/does she?
13. But she can improve herself if she is interested in
it, can’t she?
14. I think she has no interest in it, has she?
15. As we are friends, I think, we should keep in
touch, shouldn’t we?
16. I am irregular in writing but my friend is always
regular in writing, aren’t I/isn’t he?
17. Among the events, sack race and three leg race
were interesting, weren’t they?
18We see that Masum has little knowledge about
games and sports, don’t we/has he?
19. I am reading in science group .I aim to be a
doctor, don’t I?
20. But my parents want that I shall be an army
officer, don’t they/shan’t I?
37.Each of the students should be studious ,shouldn’t
they?
38.Who doesn’t fear death ,don’t they ?
39.He will simile hardly ,but don’t think him
unfriendly ,will you ?
40.One should remain grateful to their parents and
teachers, shouldn’t they?
41.I am as tall as you ,aren’t I ?
42.`I` is a vowel, isn’t it ?
43.The principal and chief guest was present in that
meeting ,wasn’t he?
44.They read only to pass the exam ,don’t they?
45.He rarely put on an overcoat ,did he?
46.The unfed ought to be fed ,oughtn’t they ?
47.What a lot ,isn’t it ?
48.That you will cut a good figure is quite certain,
49.Everybody’s business is nobody’s business, is it ?
50.`He ` is a pronoun ,isn’t it?
51.Let the sleeping dog sleep peacefully ,will you ?
52.The mother rose in her ,didn’t it ?
53.Carbon dioxide is increasing and water level is
rising as a consequence of global warming ,aren’t
they ?
54.Someone telephoned him yesterday ,didn’t they ?
55.A rolling stone gathers no moss ,does it ?
56.We suppose ,the ship cast anchor ,didn’t it ?
71
 72
57.The jury opined separately ,didn’t they ?
58.Nothing comes out of nothing ,does it ?
59.He has few friends, has he?/does he?
60.We think he knows how to play Tennis ,doesn’t he
? 93.These are your books ,aren’t they ?
61.A barking dog seldom bites ,does it ?
62.Who cares ,do they ?
63.The nun leads a very simple life ,doesn’t she ?
64.Fish in the pond ,will you ?
65.Let’s not read the book ,shall we ?
66.Please ,excuse me for today ,won’t you ?
67.Islam also teaches us not to tell a lie ,does it ?
68.He accompanied by his parents joined the party ,
didn’t he ?
69.So , one should work for one’s sake ,shouldn’t
we/you/they?
70.Allah has given us the ability to make the world
beautiful ,hasn’t He ?
71.But a dishonest man can hardly realize it ,can he?
72.I think this is the best virtue ,don’t I?/isn’t it ?
73.That he is honest is known to all, isn’t it ?
74.Time and tide wait for none ,do they ?
75.A stitch in time saves nine, doesn’t it?
76.Allah has created this universe ,hasn’t he ?
77.there are mysteries everywhere .A few of them
are discovered ,aren’t they?
78.I know that patriotism is a noble virtue ,isn’t it ?
79.It’s a long time since we met last ,isn’t it ?
80.None but the brave deserve the fair ,do they?
81.But what we can say easily is really not so easy ,is
it ?
82.Everything glorious is gained through hard labour
,isn’t it ?
83.I am your well wisher but you always favour
Kamal,don’t you ?
84.You should always speak the truth because
nobody believes a liar ,shouldn’t you ?
85.Don’t waste your valuable time, will you?
86.The rumour spread all over the country, didn’t it
? solve the problem ,shouldn’t it/they?
87. We think he doesn’t know how to play Tennis
,does he ?
88.kindly do me a favour ,will you ?
89.Sapna has little knowledge about computer, has
she?
90.As we are friends ,I think ,we should keep in
touch ,shouldn’t we?
91.None is none on the world ,are they?
92.I think ,she has no interest in it ,has she ?/don’t I?
94.The examiners get bored when they find the same
answers in all the scripts, don’t they ?
95.Some went to the field and some came here
,didn’t they ?
96.Never believes what others say ,will you?
97.The secretary and the chairman of the party came
to the school ,didn’t they ?
98.There is hardly anyone who can succeed without
labour ,is there?
99.Many a man wastes valuable time, doesn’t he ?
100.How odd, isn’t it?
101.Sinners suffer in the long run, don’t they?
102.He hardly believes that you can do it ,does he ?
103.Anyone is allowed, aren’t they?
104.There are few people in the meeting ,are there ?
105.It is man who pollutes the environment. But who
knows the ways of nature, do they?
106.This is a turtle ,isn’t it ?
107.The garden keeper said,``neither Runa nor his
friends did this ,did they ?
108.Strike the iron ,while it is hot ,will you ?
109.Bangladesh is a small country but has a huge
population ,hasn’t it /she?
11o.The government cannot fund the requisite
number of educational institutions,can it /they?
111.Being a peace -loving country ,Bangladesh has
few enemies ,has she /does she?
112. I was sleeping when he came, wasn’t I?
113.The beast in Reza got an upper hand ,didn’t it ?
114.He as well as his brothers is coming ,isn’t he?
115.The number of students may increase this year,
mayn’t it?
116.This is a very beautiful place ,isn’t it?
117.The government should take proper steps to
118.A widow lost her only son in the gathering
,didn’t she ?
119.She tried heart and soul but could not find
,didn’t she /could she ?
120.She became disappointed as he didn’t find any
trace of her child ,didn’t she ?
72
 73
121.There is a little water in this pond ,isn’t there?
122.`You` is a pronoun, isn’t it?
123.A man like you should not do this ,should he?
124.As soon as the teacher entered the classroom
,the students stood up ,didn’t they ?
125.Where there is smoke ,there is fire ,isn’t there ?
126.You may say so .All qualities should be praised
properly ,shouldn’t they?
127.Try to understand what you read ,make your
own notes and revise them frequently ,won’t you ?
128.The stranger as well as her friends visited the
spot ,didn’t he?
129.Neither you nor she cut the cake ,did she ?
130.But ,sometimes his luck frustrates him ,doesn’t it
? 155.So ,no one should miss this opportunity ,should
131.He thinks that he will be able to overcome the
initial problems faced by him ,won’t he?/doesn’t he ?
132.No,I don’t agree with you .At his stage a child can
not take decision ,can it ?
133.So,one should work for one’s sake ,shouldn’t
they ?
134.The secretary and the chairman of the party
remained sitting ,didn’t they?
135.We must make them understand that sound
pollution causes a great harm to us ,doesn’t
it/mustn’t we ?
136.It is said that education is the backbone of a
nation ,isn’t it ?
137.Patience is better ,but its fruit is sweet, isn’t it ?
138.The government cannot provide justice in any
sphere ,can they ?
139.Happy birthday to Anika ,don’t I?
140.Be careful about your health ,won’t you ?
141.Allah is second to none ,isn’t He ?
142.None of us can do this ,can they ?
143.That he is guilty is known to all, isn’t it ?
144.As the weather was cold there were few
migratory bird ,were there ?
145. No sooner had the teacher entered the
classroom than the students stood up ,didn’t they ?
146.Arpa arranged a birthday party .Her friend
attended the party .So ,She said ,``Thank you all``,
don’t I?
147.You live in an extended family like us ,don’t we ?
148.Thank you very much .But friend, promise me
that you will give up this bad habit soon ,won’t you
?
149.Yes ,I know ,drugs kill lives ,don’t they ?
150.Yes ,you told me that after the exam you would
take me to the zoo, wouldn’t you?/didn’t you ?
151.We need to prepare very well for the exam
,needn’t we?
152.No ,we do not .And when the examination
approaches ,there is no way but start cramming ,is
there ?
153.The headmaster and secretary attended the
meeting ,didn’t he ?
154.He has few friends ,has he ?
they ?
156.I hope you must not prove yourself foolish
,don’t I ?/must you ?
157.Nothing at all ,is it /am I ?
158.Nice ,isn’t it ?
159.What you need most to be happy is
contentment, isn’t it ?
160.Strange !Everyone knows it gradually affects the
internal function of the body ,don’t they doesn’t it ?
161.Strong will can defeat frustration ,can’t it ?
162.Yes ,I thought you couldn’t but come to the fair
,could you ?
163.One but all of the members looked for me ,didn’t
they?
164.Bangladesh is too small to accommodate ,is it
/she?
165.A barking dog seldom bites ,doesn’t it ?
166.The brave deserve the fair ,don’t they ?
167.If you depend on cramming ,you can’t answer
the unexpected question well, can you ?
168.We can grow good crops because there is heavy
rain this year ,can’t we ?
169.I am also no less busy .But I think nobody should
neglect the question of health ,should they ?
170.You are right .But I think it does not matter if we
don’t walk today ,does it ?
171.The creator is second to none ,is He ?
172.Truth is beauty ,beauty is truth ,isn’t it?
173.When it is spring ,the cuckoo sings ,doesn’t it ?
174.Plus and minus is equal to minus ,isn’t it ?
175.Few politicians are honest ,are they ?
73
 74
176.None is none under the sun ,are they ?
177. when he came, I was sleeping wasn’t I?
178.The prime Minister with all the members of the
cabinet went to the USA, didn’t she ?
179.Eid Mubarak ,isn’t it ?
180.Happy birthday to you, isn’t it ?
181.That man is so handsome ,isn’t he ?
182.It is you who did the sum ,isn’t it ?
183.Our examination is over .Everyday is free now
isn’t it ?
184.No pains, no gains ,does it ?
185.He rarely put on overcoat ,did he ?
186.One of them came to Mr. Rahim ,didn’t he ?
187.Rahim and not his colleagues helped him, didn’t
he?
188.The colour of his eyes seemed to yellow ,didn’t it
189.Doctor said that he got jaundice, didn’t they /he?
190.Each man and each woman standing there gave
him some help ,didn’t they?
191.I wholeheartedly believe you are a real patriot
,aren’t you ?
192.I know patriotism is a noble virtue ,isn’t it ?
193.A man without patriotism is not better than a
beast, is he ?
194.If you read in cadet college ,you may join the
army easily ,mayn’t you ?
195.He could build luxurious places but hardly did so
,did he ?
196.You should agree with me that foreign culture is
destroying our own culture ,isn’t it?/shouldn’t you ?
197.Your father’s name is Kamal ,isn’t it ?
198.What you need most to be happy is contentment
,isn’t it?
199.That’s why ,few people lead a happy life ,don’t
they?
200.He as well as his brothers is coming ,isn’t he?
201.The number of students may increase this year
,mayn’t it ?
202.If I request him ,he will certainly tell me the
secret ,won’t he ?
203.Nature is mysterious .But who knows the ways of
nature ,do they?
204.We seldom teach our young learners manners
,do we?
205.I told you to leave the place, I think ,I am right,
aren’t I?
206.Dr.Matin says that everybody desires success in
life ,doesn’t he ?
207.Great people could do nothing without a plan of
action ,could they ?
208.Whenever he goes to Khulna,he thinks that
mazar of Khan Jahan Ali is very nice ,isn’t it ?doesn’t
he ?
209.I think I am right ,aren’t I ?
210.Many a man wastes valuable time ,don’t they
?/doesn’t he ?
211.The dishonest can hardly realize the necessity of
honesty ,can they?
212.If it rains today, we will not go out ,will we ?
213.Whenever you get a chance , I think you should
travel some countries ,shouldn’t you ?
214.Great nature ,isn’t it ?
215.Man is mortal ,isn’t it /isn’t he?
216.Our action indicate that probably we will never
depart ,don’t they ?
217.One can do almost nothing without it ,can one
/can they /we/you?
218.We know nothing of what is known to Allah ,do
we?
219.Allah lets none to know what He knows ,does He
?
220.Either he or his friends were guilty ,weren’t
they?
221.That he was innocent was proved ,wasn’t it ?
222.What is lotted cannot be blotted ,can it ?
223.The crises of the flood affected people were too
difficult to control single handed ,weren’t they
?/were they ?
224.Little monkeys have little tails ,haven’t they
?don’t they?
225.Only a few students made few mistakes ,did they
?
226.I along with my sisters visited my aunt ,didn’t I ?
227.Father’s birthday is on Monday next ,isn’t it ?
228.We see that Masum has little knowledge about
games and sports ,has he?/don’t we/does he?
229. We think he doesn’t knows how to play Tennis
,does he ?/don’t we ?
230.Neither he nor his brothers joined the function
,did they ?
231.Not only Ruma but also her classmates made an
excellent result ,didn’t they ?
74
 75

232.Eva along with her friends joined the study tour 249.Nothing but my pen writes well, does it?
,didn’t she ? 250.I’d rather die than beg, would I?
233.You surely plan to fail if you fail to plan ,don’t 251.The sister in her pleased us all, didn’t it?
you ? 252.Two-thirds of the work has been done, hasn’t it?
234.So,plan before proceed ,will you /won’t you ? 253.Certainly ,you too studied hard, didn’t you?
235.We all are extremely hopeful that in future man 254.Good morning , friend, don’t I ?
will do unbelievable things ,won’t he ? 255.The girl in her pleased us all, didn’t it?
236.Thank you for encouraging me, don’t I ?
237.Welcome ,aren’t you?
238.I am too weak to walk ,am I?
239.How dare you say so ,don’t you ?
240.You ,he and I did the work ,didn’t we ?
241.Who cares, do they?
242. What is done cannot be undone ,can it ?
243.Two and two make four ,don’t they ?
244.I am too confused to take a decision, aren’t
they?
245.Thank you, don’t I?
246.This will better the living condition of the poor
flower sellers ,won’t this ?
247.Where love is thin ,faults are thick ,aren’t they?
248.He and not his friends will come ,won’t he

Suffixes and Prefixes

Rule-1:
k‡ãi c~©‡e im, in, ir, il, un, dis, de, ab, mal, non, anti, mis BZ¨vw` Prefixes hy³ K‡i wecwiZ kã MwVZ nq| †hgb-
It is (possible) -------- to live in the moon. (Impossible)
Do you know the uses and (uses) ----- of mobile phone. (Abuses)

Moral----------------immoral Merit-----------------demerit
Mortal--------------immortal Use----------------------abuse
Appropriate---inappropriate Use---------------------unused
Sufficient--------insufficient Practice----------malpractice
Rational------------irrational Nutrition--------malnutrition
Regular--------------irregular Government-nongovernment
Pleasant-----------unpleasant British-------------anti-British
Pleased------------displeased Spell------------------misspell
Advantage-----disadvantage Behave-------------misbehave
Satisfied---------dissatisfied Understand---misunderstand

75
 76

Rule-2:
ev‡K¨i Subject wn‡m‡e, Preposition/Article Gi ci Noun e¨en„Z nq| k‡ãi †k‡l sion, tion, ment, ness, ance, cy, ty,
ship, hood, iage BZ¨v Suffixes hy³ K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb-

(Friend) ---- is a universal human trait. It is the root of all the (develop) ---- of human civilization.
(Friendship, development)
Possess-------possession Maintain---maintenance
Process-------procession Accurate--------accuracy
Lament------lamentation Honest------------honesty
Educate--------education Neighbour---neighbouhood
Manage-----management Marry------------marriage
Arrange-----arrangement Carry--------------carriage
Happy----------happiness Child------------childhood
Rule-3:
Verb Gi ‡k‡l or ev er hy³ K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb-
The sultan needed to find an honest tax (Collect) -------. So he sought some advices of a wise (advise) ----.
(Collector, adviser)
Play-----player Look------------looker
Joke------joker Speak---------speaker
Read----reader Conduct----conductor
See---------seer Pay---------------payer
Rule-4:
k‡ãi †k‡l al hy³ K‡i adjective MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
It’s (nature) ------- that every life has to take the taste of death.
Logic---------------------------------logical
Administration----------administrational
Rule-5:

Verb Gi †k‡lablehy³ K‡iadjective MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-

Sea water has salinity. It is not (drink) ----. (Drinkable)
Suit-------suitable Accept-------acceptable
Eat--------eatable Rely-------------reliable
Rule-6:
Verb Gi †k‡l ivehy³ K‡iadjective MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
The programs broadcast on Discovery channel are not only (educate) ---- but also (inform) ---.
Inform-----informative Possess--------possessive
Educate------educative Pass---------------passive
Progress----progressive Initiate---------initiative
Rule-7:
k‡ãi †k‡l ise hy³ K‡I verb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
One should work hard to (material) ---------------- one’s ambition. (Materialise)
Material---materialise Urban-------------urbanise
Legal-----------legalise Industrial----industrialise
Rule-8:
k‡ãi c~‡e ©De ev Be hy³ K‡I verb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-

76
 77

He (befool) --------------------------- me by playing his double game. (Befooled)

Friend---- befriend Bus------------------debus
Fool---------befool Code---------------decode
Rule-8:
Noun Gi †k‡l ly hy³ K‡I adverb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
A man can never know his native land (a) complete. (b) Gradually a child learns to talk. (Completely,
gradually)
Proper-------properly Total---------------totally
Slow-----------slowly Complete----completely
Earnest-----earnestly Full-------------------fully

Rule-9:
k‡ãi †k‡l fy hy³ K‡I verb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
The National Memorial (a) significant the spirit of the martyrs of our liberation war. (Signifies)
Beauty----beautify Specific----specify
Clear-------clarify Significant---signify
Rule-10:
k‡ãi c~‡e©enhy³ K‡iverb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
In order to have a sound health, you must (a) sure proper food, physical labor and sound sleep. (Ensure)
Noble----ennoble
Light---enlighten

Sure---------------ensure
Compass----encompass

77
 78

Sentence connectorsKx, cÖ_‡g, †mUv Rvbv `iKvi| †h Iqv©W ev kã `y‡Uv Iqv©W ev evK¨‡K GKm‡½
hy³ K‡i Zv‡K Sentence connectors e‡j| ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡ZI Sentence connectorsem‡Z
cv‡i| Gme kã cª‡qv‡M ev‡K¨ Awfbœ aviYv wKsev wecixZag©x aviYvi ewn:cÖKvk NU‡Z cv‡i| Gme GKag©x
wKsev wfbœag©x kã ev evK¨‡K mwVK i~c †`qvi Rb¨ Sentence connectorsM~iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L |
G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i †mŠ›`©hI evovq | cÖavb cÖavb Sentence connectors¸‡jv n‡jv:

1. Conjunction:
And, but, or, when, while, if, unless, till, until, lest, though, although, after,
before, as, since, because, if, that, so that, in order that, yet, as well as, with,
along with, together with, for, as long as, as soon as, even if, so that, whether-
or, both-and, as-as, no sooner- than, hardly-when, scarcely-when, not only-
but also etc.

2. Relative Pronoun:

Who, which, what, that, whose, whom, as, but, whatever etc.

3. Relative Adverb:

When, where, why, how, whenever, wherever etc.

4. ‡Rvi w`‡Z ev ¸iæZ¡ †evSv‡Z:

Evidently, obviously, specially, moreover, also, too, indeed, further,

furthermore, actually etc.

5. ‡Kvb D`vniY D‡jøL Ki‡Z:

For example, for instance, namely, such as, like, that is, in other words etc.

6. djvdj ev cwiYwZ †evSv‡Z:

Thus, therefore, hence, then, so, so that, in order that, the consequence is
that, the result is, for this, because of, consequently, as a consequence, as a
result, accordingly etc.

7. ¯’vb †evSv‡Z:

Here, there, in the back ground, to the left, to the right, in front, at the side,
else where, adjacent etc.

78
 79

8. mgq †evSv‡Z:

Lately, previously, subsequently, thereafter, after a while, afterward, at that

time, in the past, now, then, once, soon, before, until, till now, whenever,
while, presently, shortly, eventually, formerly, in the mean time, recently,
currently, earlier, later, at the same time etc.

KwZcq D`vniY:
1. `y‡Uv mgRvwZq evK¨andØviv hy³ nq-He worked hard and he succeeded. Avevi sowKsevand
soemv‡jI G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ A©‡_i †Zgb †Kvb †ni‡di nqbv| †hgb- He worked hard and so he
succeeded. He worked hard so he succeeded.

2. Because ewm‡qComplexevK¨ MVb Kiv hvq-The team won the match because it played
well. She made a good result because she studied regularly.

3. mvavibfv‡eforc`vš^qx Ae¨q evpreposition| wKšy‘ GwU Coordinating conjunction wnmv‡eI

e¨eüZ nq Ges GwU w`‡q Compound sentence MVb Kiv hvq|We won the match for we
played well.

4. wecixZa©gx A©_ cÖKvkK `y‡Uv evK¨‡KbutwKsev orw`‡q hy³ Kiv hvq| He is poor but he is
honest. Work hard or you will fail.

5. When w`‡qComplex sentenceMVb Kiv hvq|When he saw the bear, he ran away.
When the rain started, we returned home.

6. While w`‡q ÔhLbÕ A©_ cÖKvk †c‡j ZvSub-ordinating conjunction wnmv‡e MY¨ nq Ges MwVZ
evK¨wU Complex sentence wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Avevi w`‡q ÔA_PÕ ev Ô†h_v‡bÕ A©_ cÖKvk †c‡j ZLb
Zv Coordinating conjunction wn‡m‡e Ges Gfv‡e MwVZ evK¨ Compound sentencenq| I
was fishing while(hLb) it wasraining. (Complex sentence). I help him while (A_P)
he dislikes me. (Compound sentence).

7. So that, in order that-Gi me¸‡jvB GKB A©_evnx| G¸‡jvi A©_ Ô†hbÕ ev Ôhv‡ZÕ | He worked
hard so that he might succeed in life. He worked hard that he might succeed in
life. He worked hard in order that he might succeed in life.

8. Though, although, even if- me¸‡jvi A©_B Ôhw`IÕ | Though he is poor, he is honest.
Although he is poor, he is honest.

9. Till, until`y‡UvB GKB A©_evnx| G¸‡jvi A©_ Ô†h ch©šÍ bvÕ| Wait here till the rain stops. Wait
here until the rain stops.

10. As long as, so long- `y‡Uvi A©_B Ô†h ch©šÍÕ | Wait here as long as it rains. Wait here so
long it rains.

79
 80

11. No sooner-than, scarcely-when, hardly-when-me¸‡jvB Awfbœ A©_ cÖKvkK|No sooner

had I reached the college than the bell rang. Scarcely had we reached home
when the rain started. Hardly had we reached home when the rain started.

12. Since e¨eüZ nqConjunctionGes Preposition wnmv‡e | Since you are hardy, you will
shine in life. (Conjunction). It has been raining since yesterday. (Preposition).

13. So that (hv‡Z), so-that (GZB †h) | I work hard so that I can make a good result. He
is so weak that he cannot walk.

14. In spite of, despite, not with standing-me¸‡jvB Awfbœ A©_ cÖKvkK| G¸‡jvi A©_Ôm‡ËIÕ| In
spite of his vast wealth, he is unhappy. Despite his vast wealth, he is unhappy.
Not with standing his vast wealth, he is unhappy.

15. Would rather, would better, had rather, had better-Awfbœ A©_ cÖKvkK| G¸‡jvi A©_
ÔeisÕ| You would rather go home now. You had rather starve than beg.

16. `ywUwecixZa©gx fve‡K GKB ev‡K¨ cÖKvk Ki‡ZOn the contrary, on the other hand, while,
whereasBZ¨vw`Conjunctione¨eüZ nq | G¸‡jv Øviv Compound sentenceMwVZ nq |I
supported him while he dislikes me. I like reading books whereas he writing
letters. I requested him to say; on the other hand he left me. He did not support
me; on the contrary he opposed me.

17. ‡Kvb e³‡e¨i avivevwnKZv iÿv Ki‡ZFirst, then, next, after, that, finally, at
lastBZ¨vw`linking wordse¨eüZ nq | Abyiƒcfv‡e,First/ firstly, second/ secondly, third/
thirdly, fourth/ fourthlyBZ¨vw`linking wordse¨eüZ n†Z cv‡i |

80
 81

32

D...
1. Dead against (‡Nvi we‡ivax): He is dead against my proposal.
2. Dead language (‡h fvlv GLb Avi cÖPwjZ bq): Sanskrit is now a dead language.
3. Double game (KcUZv): Don’t play double game with me.
4. Do one's best (h_vmva¨ †Póv Kiv): He did his best to please the authorities.
5. Die for (‡Kvb wKQzi R†b¨ cÖvb †`qv): Our freedom fighters died forour country.
6. Die by (`yN©Ubvq gviv hvIqv): He died by a road accident.
7. Do without (e¨wZ‡i‡K Pjv): I cannot do without my parents.
8. Due to (R‡b¨): He could not come due to his illness.
9. Die in harness (KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gviv hvIqv): He died in harness.
10. Die of (‡iv‡M gviv hvIqv): He has died of cancer.
11. Die from (‡ivM ev `yN©Ubv Qvov Ab¨ wKQy‡Z gviv hvIqv): The beggar died from starvation.
12. Dead letter (APj): This law is a dead letter now.
13. Ducks and drakes (Ace¨q): Don’t play ducks and drakes with his ill gotten money.
14. Draw near (Nwb‡q Avmv): His examination is drawing near.

E...
15. Epoch making(hyMvšÍKvix NUbv): Landing on the moon is an epoch
making event.
16. Eat humble pie (Acgvb nRg K‡i ÿgv PvIqv): He misbehaved with
his teacher and ate a humble pie.
17. End in smoke (e¨_© nIqv): All my efforts ended in smoke.
18. Every now and then (hLb-ZLb): Don’t disturb me every now and then.
19. Every inch (cwic~Y©iƒ‡c): His behaviour is every inch polite

F...
20. Fair weather friends (mymg‡qi eÜz): I hate fair-weather friends.
21. Far and wide (me©Î): Your reputation spread far and wide.
22. Far and near (me©Î): His fame spread far and near.
23. Face to face (gy‡LvgywL): They fought face to face.
24. Fall off (S‡i cov): During winter, leaves fall off from trees.
25. Fall flat (wbõj nIqv): My advice fell flat on him.
26. Fall short of (NvUwZ nIqv): The supply of food fell short.
27. Fall a victim to (Ae¯’vi wkKvi): He fell a victim to circumstances.
28. Few and far between (K`vwPZ): He comes to our house few and far
between.
29. Fire and fury (cÖej D‡ËRbv): His speech was full of fire and fury.
30. First and foremost (me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡cyb©): The first and foremost duty of

81
 82

a student is to read attentively.

31. Fish out of water (A¯^w¯ÍKi cwi‡ek): I felt like fish out of water when
I went to Paris.
32. Fight shy of (Gwo‡q Pjv): He always fights shy of me.
33. Find fault with (‡`vl aiv): Don’t find fault with others.
34. For good (wPiZ‡i): He left the country for good.
35. For the time being (AvcvZZ): He will stay with me for the time being.
36. For nothing (AKvi‡b): He did it for nothing.
37. For the sake of (¯^v‡_©): Many brave sons sacrificed their lives for the
sake of their motherland.
38. Follow the footsteps (c`vsK Abymib Kiv): We should follow the
footsteps of our seniors.
39. Fool's paradise (g~‡L©i ¯^M©): You are still living in the fool’s paradise.
40. Fresh blood (bZzb mf¨): We need some fresh blood in our office.
41. French leave (webv AbygwZ‡Z cÖ¯_vb): No one should enjoy French
leave.
42. From hand to mouth (w`b Av‡b w`b Lvq): The poor live from hand to.
43. From time to time (gv‡S gv‡S): Pleas visit us from time to time.
44. From time immemorial (¯§ibvwZZ Kvj †_‡K): Man has been living in
the society from time immemorial.
45. From top to bottom (AvMv‡Mvov): He is top to bottom a gentle man.
46. From bad to worse (µ‡gB Lvivc nIqv): His physical condition is gettingFrom
bad to worse

82
83

83