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Grammar Final
Grammar Final
Parts of Speech
1. Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech. The parts of speech are eight in
number :-
1. Noun.
2. Adjective.
3. Pronoun.
4. Verb.
5. Adverb.
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction.
8. Interjection.
10. As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in sentences, it is clear that we
cannot say to which part of speech a word belongs unless we see it used in a sentence.
They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
They arrived after us. (Preposition)
They arrived after we had left. (Conjunction)
From the above examples we see that the same word can be used as different parts of speech.
Exercise in Grammar
Name the part of speech of each italicized word in the following sentences, giving in each case your reason
for the classification:-
1. Still waters run deep. 9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off
2. He still lives in that house. 10. Mohammedans fast in the month of
Ramzan.
3. After the storm comes the calm. 11. He kept the fast for a week.
4. The after effects of the drug are bad. 12. He is on the committee.
5. The up train is late 13. Let us move on.
6. It weighs about a pound. 14. Sit down and rest a while.
7. He told us all about the battle. 15. I will watch while you sleep.
8. He was only a yard off me. 16. They while away their evenings with books
and games.
Articles
There are two kinds of articles: 1. Indefinite article and 2. Definite article.
A and An are used as indefinite article. They are used to indicate a noun indefinitely.
2. We use one rather than a/an if we want to emphasize that we are talking about only one thing or person
rather than two or more.
➢ Are you staying just one night?
➢ Close one eye and than the other.
3. We use also use a/an, not one in number and quantity expressions such as:
➢ three times a year half an hour a quarter of an hour
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➢ 50 pence a litre
➢ A week or two
➢ A few a little a huge number of
4. We use a before words that begin with consonant sound. Some words start with a vowel letter but begin
with a consonant sound, so we use a before these words, too:
➢ A university a European a one-parent family
5. We use an before words that begin with a vowel sound:
➢ An orange an Italian an umbrella
6. These include words that begin with a silent letter ‘h’:
➢ An hour an heir an honest child
7. Abbreviations said as individual letters that begin with A, E, F,H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S or X:
➢ An MP an FBI an IOU
8. But compare abbreviations said as words:
➢ A NATO a FIFA
9. After ‘many’ and before ‘must’ we use ‘a’ if it indicates a singular noun:
➢ English is a must to cope with the changing world.
➢ Many a boy agreed to do the work.
Uses of The”
EXERCISE
Insert article where necessary to fill in the blanks:
1. Mr. Ahmad is -------. M.P 2. Mr. Rahman is ------ honours graduate. 3. My brother is ------ engineer.
4. ------ Meghna falls into the Bay of Bengal. 5. -----moon is up. 6. ---- mother rose in her at the sight of the
child. 7. -------- Muslims are a brave nation. 8. ------- more you read, the more you learn. 9. Narayangonj is
------- Dundee of Bangladesh. 10. Nazrul is ---- Byron of Bengal. 11. None but ------ brave deserves the fair.
12. ------- orange is a good fruit. 13. ----- Punjab is a land of five rivers. 14. Rice sells ten taka------- seer.
15. ------- rich are not always happy. 16. ------ rice of Barisal is fine. 17. She is ------ beauty. 18. She is -----
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most intelligent girl. 19. She reads -------- Bangladesh Observer. 20. She is ----- innocent girl. 21. She is ----
-- university student. 22. ----- sooner, ------ better. 23. This is ---- unique opportunity. 24. The king has -----
heir. 25. The teacher pulled the boy by ------ ear. 26. The game came to ----- end. 27. We went ----- hunting.
28. We made ----- fire. 29. We crossed ---- Atlantic. 30. We should be kind to --------- poor. 31. You are ----
Nazrul, I see. 32. Anis has bought ------ ewe. 33. Always speak ------- truth. 34. Check ---- beast in you. 35.
Dhaka is ---- London of Bangladesh. 36. Do not go out for ----- walk. 37. Doctor Islam is ---- F.R.C.S. 38.
Everest is ------- highest mountain in the world. 39. ------ English are an industrious nation. 40. ---------
earlier ------ better. 41. -------- father rose in him. 42. Give me ------- one taka note. 43. ------- gold of
Mysore is pure. 44. God helps -------- weak. 45. He is ------ L.L.B./L.M.F. 46. He is ----- M.B.B.S. 47. He is
------ B.A./B.Sc..B.Com/B/Ed. 49. ------ Hindus read the Ramayn. 50. He is -------- best player in the team.
51. He struck me on ----------- head. 52. He speaks English like---- English. 53. He has joined ------- bar. 54.
He looks like---- owl. 55. He stay in ----- hotel. 56. He visited ----- Tajmahal. 57. I met ------ one-eyed man
in the street. 58. I caught him by ----- hand. 59. Iqbal was ------ eminent poet. 60. I have ----- bad headace.
61. I will return in ---- hour or two. 62. -------- Japanese are industrious. 63. Let us enjoy ------one act drama.
64. Let me have ------ cup of tea. 65. London is on ---- Thames. 66. ------- lion is the beast of prey.
1. an 2. an 3. an 4. the 5. the 6. the 7. the 8. the 9. the 10. the 11. the 12. an
13. the 14. a 15. the 16. the 17. a 18. the 19. the 20. an 21. a 22. the 23. a 24. an
25. by 26. an 27. a 28. a 29. the 30. the 31. a 32. a 33. the 34. the 35. the 36. a.
37. an 38. the 39. the 40. the 41. the 42. a 43. the 44. the 45. an 46. an 47. a 48. a
49. the 50. the 51. the 52. the 53. the 54. an 55. a 56. the 57. a 58. the 59. an 60. a
61. an 62. the 63. a 64. a 65. the 66 the
2. Use article where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
(a) --------- village market is held in (b) ----- open space in (c) ------ centre of the surrounding village, The
paths of (d) ------- villages lead to (e) -------- market-place. There is a daily market there. Of course, there is
(f) ----- difference between a `Hat’ and a market’. A `Hat’ is not helpful like (g) -------- `market’ daily. It is
held only once or twice a week and it is more crowded than a market. However, there are (h) ---- various
kinds of shops in (i) ---- village market. (j) ---- villagers get rice, dal, oil, vegetable, fish, meat and all other
necessaries of their daily life from the market.
3. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
a) ----- school common room is (b) ------- part and parcel of (c) ---- school. It is (d) ---- centre of amusement
and recreation. It gives (e) ------ students immense pleasure when they feel bored in (f) ------- classes. Our
school has (g) ----- big common room. It is in (h) ------ ground floor of (i) ------ school. It is well-ventilated.
It faces (j) ---- south.
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4. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
The invention of computer is one of (a) --------- greatest advances in (b) --- modern technology. It is (c) ------
fairly recent invention. Computer is (d) ----- substitute for (e) ------ human brain, Computers are capable of
doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning. In a few minutes. (f) -------- computer can
perform calculations that trained mathematicians would need years to complete. (g) ------ fastest computers
can handle millions of problems in (h) ---- few seconds. It can perform many operations at (i) ------- time
and (j) ---- same time without any confusion.
5. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
There lived (a) --- farmer in (b) ---- village. He had (c) --- wonderful goose. The goose laid (d) ---- egg of
gold everyday. (e) ---- farmer was very greedy. He thought that (f) ----- stomach of the goose was full of (g)
---- eggs. If he could get all (h) ------- eggs at (i) ------ time, he would be (j) ---- rich man quickly.
6. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
After summer comes (a) ---- rainy season. People have (b) ---- sign of relief. (c) ---- sky is over cast with
clouds and (d) ----sun can not be seen for hours. Rivers are full to (e) ---- brim. Rain is (f) --- great blessing
for our country. If it rains in time, our farmers can reap (g)--- good harvest. After (h) ----- rainy season
comes (i) ----- autumn season. Then (j) ----- sky looks very clear.
7. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
Milk is one of (a) ---- most important items of (b) --- human food; and it is (c) ---- only food young babies
can take. For (d) --- children, it is (e) --- perfect food; there is in milk alone all (f)---- food that is needed to
make (g) ---- child grow and keep healthy. For (h) ---- grown-up people, milk is still good and necessary; but
they need (i) --- solid food as well. But it is (j) --- best kind of food for grown-up people when they are ill.
8. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
Long ago there was ------------ emperor in --------- china. He increased --------- taxes very severely. The
people of the country were unhappy and could not afford ---- food to eat or ------ tea to drink. They were in -
--- uncomfortable state. But no body dared to complain to ---- emperor.
9. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
Last Friday I stayed at home. At 8 a.m I was in ---- the Kitchen preparing ---- breakfast. I was roasting -------
- full chicken for my breakfast. ----- Chicken was almost ready when ------- doorbell rang. I opened -----
door. ------- man was standing there. I did not know ----- man. He said he was from ----- local hospital and
he wanted to inform me about ------ injured friend.
10. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed:
The population of a country is (a) ------ asset, but it becomes (b) ---- problem when the country cannot afford
to her people (c) ---- basic needs of life. Bangladesh is (d) ----country having (e) ----- area of about 1,44000
square kilometers. So Bangladesh is (f) ---- densely populated country. Still her population is increasing in
(g) ------ alarming rate. The present growth rate of (h) ------ population in (i) ---------- Bangladesh is 21.6 per
1000 people. It is obviously (j) ------- very high rate.
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Prepositions at a Glance
On Day on Sunday
On Date on 26th March
In Month in March
In Part of day in the morning/in the evening
To Base form of verb I am glad to know it/ I want to get GPA-5
In Year in 1971
In Season in winter
At Clock time at 5 pm
at 11 o’clock
At Precise time At midday, at midnight, at dawn, at sunset, at noon, at
night, at day-break
By Transport by bus
by train
On Article + transport on the bus
on the train
In Article + personal transport in a car
in a taxi
On Special day on my birthday
on Eid day (But at Eid)
on Chrismas day(But at Chrismas)
At Holiday / Festival / Weekend at Eid
at Chrismas
at Eid-ul-fitr
at Weekend
In Century in 21century
In Decade in the last decade
In Era in that Era
[AT]
1. Ae¯’vb A‡_© †QvU kni ev ¯’v‡bi bv‡gi c~‡e© at e‡m|
She lives at Agrabad. His office is at Uttara.
He lives at kakrail in Dhaka.
2. Nwoi mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m A_©vr wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m|
He goes to school at 10 a.m. I came here at 3.30pm.
I could not sleep at midnight.
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[on]
1.wbw`©ó w`b ev Zvwi‡Li c~‡e© on e‡m| {on=date/day}
on Wednesday, On the 21st July, On Easter Sunday.
On Friday afternoon, On the pahela Baishakh, on the evening of the 10th June.
We went to a party on Easter Sunday.
Come and see us on Christmas day.
I have got a meeting on Monday morning.
2.jvMvjvwM Ae¯’vq Dc‡i n‡j on e‡m/w¯’wZkxj †Kvb e¯‘‡K Qyu‡q _vK‡j Dci A‡_© on e‡m/†Kvb wKQy Qyu‡q _vK‡j Dc‡i A‡_ on© e¨eüZ nq|
The book is on the table. Keep the book on the table.
She had a ring on her finger. The ball hit me on the head.
There is much dirt on your hat.
3.mxgvi Dci eySv‡Z on e¨eüZ nq|
Dhaka is on the Buriganga.
4.wbf©ikxjZv/Dcv‡q/Aej¤^b K‡i:
The cow lives on grass. This car runs on diesel.
We Bangalees Can’t live on the potato alone.
We heard this news on the radio/TV.
5.m¤^‡Ü/wel‡q/e¨vcv‡i:
He wrote an essay on”Jute”. He wrote a fine book on grammar.
A book on personnel management.
An article on the abuses of power.
6.Electronic Ges machinery things-Gi c~‡e© on e‡m|
He is now talking on phone.
7. Is there anything good on the television tonight.
of
(1) Gi, i A_© eySv‡Z of e‡m|
The name of our village is Jadurchar.
She is the prime minister of Bangladesh.
It is a novel of Humayun Ahmed.
The color of his shirt. The size of the table.
The width of this river.
(2) wK Dcv`vb w`‡q ˆZwi Zv eySv‡Z of e‡m|
The house is made of brick. It is made of gold.
It is made of wood. This is a house of stone. This window is made of glass.
A dress of cotton. A ring of fgold. A shoe of leather.
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For
(1) e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© for e‡m|
It has been raining for two hours.
I have not seen him for years.
(2) `~iZ¡ eySv‡Z t They walked for about a mile
(3) cwie‡Z© t He acted for me.
He bought a new hat for old.
(4) w`‡K t He left for home.
(5) ¯^‡Ë¡I t For all his wealth he is dissatisfied. For all his resources he could not
save his wife.
(6) c‡¶t I will not speak for you.
The pleader moved for the accused.
(7) g‡b Kiv t I took the rope for a snake
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(1) From/Since/ For: Point of time ev †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq †_‡K †evSv‡Z Since I from e‡m| Z‡e present perfect ev perfect
continuous tense G Since e‡m Ges mg¯Í tense G from e¨eüZ nq| e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© for e‡m|
We have been living in this house since 1990.
I was waiting here from six O’ clock.
He has been here since Friday last.
He was fond of music from his childhood.
(2) Drm t We draw inspiration from our national anthem
This gentleman is from vienna.
This a letter from my friend.
(3) wbKU n‡Z `~‡i t He went away from me.
(4) Kvib eySv‡Zt He is suffering from fever.
(5) `yB ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ eySv‡Zt
The bus stop is just a kilometre from my house.
(6) ïiæ Kivi ¯’vb ev mgq eySv‡Zt
Tomorrow I will flying from Dhaka to Delhi.
She is on leave from 15 January.
After
Beside/besides: cv‡k eySv‡Z beside e‡m Gevs Bnv Qvov/ e¨ZxZ ev AwaKš‘ eySv‡Z besides e‡m|
He sat beside me. I have none to help me besides you.
Besides my son, my cousin also sat beside me.
Besides English, she knows many other languages.
Besides this pen I have two other pens.
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Between
(1) `yÕwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ eySv‡j between e‡m|
Divide the mangoes between the two boys.
Apu is taller between the two brothers.
There is a wall between the two houses.
(2) `yÕwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eySv‡j between e‡m|
What is the difference between the two things?
(3) `yÕwU mg‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eySv‡j between e‡m|
Many changes took place between the two world wars.
Between youth and middle age.
(1) `yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ eySv‡Z among e‡m| Among
Distribute the mangoes among the boys.
They divided the money among the 5 partners.
Divide the mangoes among them.
(2) cwi‡ewóZ eySv‡Z among e‡m|
Our village home is among the trees.
(3) ‡Kv‡bv `j ev †kªYxfy³ eySv‡Z among e‡m|
you are among our family members now. This type of attitude is common among the under 25s.
off
(1) `~‡i eySv‡Z off e‡m|
We are getting the subject. (Avgiv welqe¯‘ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvwv”Q)
keep off the carpet with the shoes.
(2) mvgvb¨ `~‡i ev A`~‡i eySv‡Z off e‡m|
Our house is off the main road.
There is a bathroom off the bedroom.
(3) g~j¨ nªvm eySv‡Z off e‡m|
They knocked 50.000 taka off the car.
Behind
(1) ‡KvbwKQzi wcQbw`‡Kt
The tiger came out from behind a bush. Look behind you.
There is nothing important behind his absence. He fell behind me.
(2) Amv¶vr t We should not speak ill behind other’s back.
1. He told many things behind me.
(3) wej¤^: You are behind time.
We reached the station behind time.
(4) Ae¯’v‡b ev gv‡b wbgœt
The exam will be held behind schedule.
She’s behind me in the class in English.
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Against
(i) Kv‡iv ev †Kvb wKQzi weiæ‡× ev wecix‡Z wKQz ej‡Z Against e¨eüZ nq|
He was married against his will. I am against this proposal.
He is against me. He is working against me.
(ii) ‡Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ jvMv‡bv eySv‡Z against e¨eüZ nq|
Put a ladder against the letter. He was leaning against the wall.
(iii) cv‡k : He kept the bag against the wall.
He leant against the wall.
(iv) ‡Kvb wKQzi cÖwZ‡iva eySv‡Z against e¨eüZ nq|
This is an injection against cholera.
Take precautions against fire.
(v) ms¯’vb : We should try our best to save against rainy day.
(vi) ¯’‡j : Fifty students passed against seventy.
Along
(i) eivei A‡_© along e‡m|
Go along the bank of the river.
We were driving along the highway.
In / Into – Gi e¨envi
‡Kvb wKQzi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z ev w¯’wZkxjZv eySv‡j in Ges wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek ev MwZkxjZv Ges iæcvšÍwiZ nIqv eyS‡j into e‡m|
They are in the room.
He ran into the room.
The ice melts into water.
On / Over / Above
(i) Zj ¯úk© K‡i _vK‡j on, Z‡ji Ic‡i _vK‡j over Ges¯úk©nxb Ae¯’vq _vK‡j above e‡m|
The book is on the table.
The fan is over my head.
The sky is above us.
Across
(i) through / across : †Kvb ¯’v‡bi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cªv‡šÍ k~Y¨ w`‡q †M‡j through e¨eüZ nq, wKš‘ f~wg w`‡q †M‡j across e¨eüZ nq|
The bird flies through the room.
The man goes across the forest.
(ii) AvovAvwo eySv‡j across e‡m|
Go across the street.
(iii). Aci cv‡k^© eySv‡Z across e‡m|
The school is just across the road.
Below / Under
Zj ¯úk© K‡i _vK‡j below Ges Zj ¯úk© bv K‡i _vK‡j under
Keep the bag below the box.
Keep the basket under the table.
February ‡deªæqvwi‡Z
time / no time mg‡q / Amg‡q
English Bangla
the dark AÜKv‡i
the shade Qvqvq
In the sun ‡iŠ‡`ª
danger wec‡`
peace my‡L / kvwšÍ‡Z
sorrow `yt‡L
well and woe my‡L - `yt‡L
English Bangla
T.V wUwf‡Z
On the radio ‡iwWI‡Z
foot cv‡q †nu‡U
the roof Qv‡`i Dc‡i
the wall ‡`qv‡ji Dc‡i
the table ‡Uwe‡ji Dc‡i
the phone/ mobile ‡dv‡b
the internet B›Uvi‡b‡U
the chair ‡Pqv‡ii Dc‡i
On fire Av¸‡b R¦‡j
grass Nv‡mi Dc‡i
the way to hvevi c‡_
Sunday iweevi
my birthday Avgvi Rb¥w`‡b
English Bangla
a minute 1 wgwb‡Ui Rb¨
For a year 1 eQ‡ii Rb¨
a while wKQzÿ‡Yi Rb¨
the time being AvcvZZ
the whole day mviv w`b a‡i
English Bangla
office Awd‡m (Kg©iZ)
Chawkbazar PKevRv‡i
dawn Lye mKv‡j
At noon `ycy‡i
afternoon weKv‡j
evening mÜvq
night iv‡Î
home evwo‡Z
the present eZ©gv‡b
the weekend mßvnv‡šÍ
hand nv‡Zi Kv‡Q
the moment GB gyn~‡Z©
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Consist of (MwVZ)
Come of (Rb¥ MÖnY Kiv) Consist in (wbwnZ)
Come off (mym¤úbœ nIqv) Suffer from (Kó Kiv)
Angry with (e¨w³i mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z) Suffer for (†Kvb wKQyi Afv‡e Kó Kiv)
Angry at (†Kvb KvR ev AvPi‡bi mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z) Agree with (e¨w³i mv‡_ GKgZ)
Call on (†`Lv Kiv) Agree to (Kv‡Ri ev cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei mv‡_ GKgZ)
Call in (Wv³vi WvKv) Appear at (cix¶v †`qv)
Injurious to (¶wZKi) Appear before (nvwRi nIqv)
Detrimental to (¶wZKi) Appear in (cªKvwkZ nIqv)
Attend at (†Kvb RvqMvq Dcw¯’Z nIqv)
Attend on (†mev Kiv)
Result of (†Kvb wKQyi dj)
Result in (Avbqb Kiv ev wKQy nIqv)
Result from (†Kvb wKQyi ‡_‡K m„wó nIqv)
For group
Long for (Zxeªfv‡e AvKv•¶v Kiv)
Crave for ( jvjvwqZ nIqv/†jvf Kiv)
Ambition for(‡KvbwKQzi cÖwZ AvKv•ÿv _vKv )
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With group
Contented with (mš‘ó )
Angry with (Kv‡iv mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z nIqv)
Friendly with(eÜzfvevcbœ)
Satisfied with(cwiZ…ß)
Popular with(RbwcÖq)
Beset with(cwic~Y©/‡ewóZ/RR©wiZ)
Busy with (e¨¯Í)
Blessed with(Avkx©ev`cyó) SOME IMPORTANT APPRORIATE PREPOSITIONS
* Abide by (†g‡b Pjv)-We should abide by the rules of
Endowed with(f~wlZ/ Avkx©ev`cyó nIqv)
health.
Attentive to (g‡bv‡hvMx)-A good student is always attentive
In group to his studies.
Consist in (wbwnZ)
* Absorbed in(Mfxi fv‡e gM¥)- A pious man is absorbed in
Lie in (wbwnZ)
meditation.
Succeed in (mdjZv AR©b Kiv)
Abstain from(weiZ _vKv)- We should abstain from evil
Interested in (AvMªnx)
deeds.
Absorbed in ( Mfxifv‡e gMœ)
Absent from (Abycw¯’Z)-He was absent from the meeting.
Proficient in (`ÿ)
Accountable to (Kv‡iv wbKU `vqx nIqv)-We are accountable to
KwZcq phrase Gi mv‡_ wbw`©ó wKQy preposition Allah.
e‡m| †hgb- Access to (cÖ‡ekvwaKvi)-We have access to the Headmaster’s
In the long run (cwibv‡g)- The sinners suffer in the long run. room.
End in smoke(wbùj nIqv)- All my hopes ended in smoke. Accountable for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ `vqx)- He knows that man is
Come to an end (†kl nIqv)- The function came to an end at accountable to the Almighty for his action.
4 p.m Addicted to(Lvivc Kv‡R Avm³)- He is addicted to drinking.
Look down upon(N„Yv Kiv)- We should not look down upon Note : fv‡jv Kv‡R Avm³ eySv‡jÕ devoted toe‡m | he is devoted
the poor. to studies.
At stake(wec`vcbœ)- His life is at stake. * Adhere to (AvuKwo‡q _vKv)- He adheres to his studies.
At best(Lye †ewk n‡j) The man is at best fifty years old. Cling to (AvuKwo‡q _vKv)- He clings to his faith.
At least(Kgc‡¶)- At least fifty boys were present in the Afraid of (fxZ)- I am not afraid of danger.
class. Agree with (†Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ GKgZ nIq I cannot agree with
In brief (ms‡¶‡c)- Tell the story in brief. you.
At any rate (†h †Kvb g~‡j¨)- I shall do the work at any rate. Agree to (‡Kvb cÖ¯Ív‡e GKgZ nIqv)-He agreed to my proposal.
Ambition for(D”P AvKv•Lv)- He has no ambition for worldly
Some special case things.
Go in for (cixÿv †`qv)-I will go in for the B C S exam. Angry with(†Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ ivMvwš^Z)- He is not angry with
Get away with (cvi nIqv)-You can’t get away with your anybody.
crime . Abhorence of(N„Yv) - He has abhorrence of theft.
Do away with (iwnZ Kiv )- Dowry system should be done Accuse of (†`vlviyc Kiv)- The man was accused of theft.
away with . Acquit of (Ae¨vwnZ †`Iqv)- The man was acquitted of the
Look up (kã Ly‡R †ei Kiv )-Look up the word in the charge.
dictionary. Accustomed to (Af¨¯Í)- He is accustomed to hard work.
Look over /through(cixÿv K‡i †`Lv)-The teacher looked Appetite for (†Kvb wKQyi cÖwZ iywP)-He has no appetite for food
over /through the script . .
Look into(Z`šÍ Kiv)-The police looked into the matter. Anxious about (DwØMœ)-I am anxious about the result.
Look upon (we‡ePbv Kiv)-I look upon him as my brother
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Appear at (cwi¶v †`Iqv)-I shall appear at the S.S.C Confined to (kh¨vMZ)-He was confined to bed by an
Examination this years. accident.
Averse to (wegyL)- The boy is averse to studies. * Detrimental to (¶wZKi) Smoking is detrimental to health.
* Aware of ( m‡PZb)- He is not aware of the dangers of * Deviate from (wePz¨Z nIqv)-He does not deviate from the
smoking. path of virtue.
Atone for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ cÖvqwðË Kiv)- A sinner has to atone * Depend on (wbf©i Kiv) – Every success depends on hard
for sin. work.
Attend at ( Mgb Kiv) He attends at school in time . * Desire for (†Kvb wKQyi cÖwZ cÖej B”Qv)- Everyone desires for
Ask for (PvIqv) He does not ask for any material gain. wealth.
* Aspire after (†jvf Kiv)- He aspires after money. Destitute of (ewÂZ)- He is destitute of wealth.
According to (Abymv‡i)-Lead life according to religion. *Deprive of (ewÂZ)- The poor are deprived of the basic
Apply for (‡Kvb wKQzi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kiv)-I applied for the post. needs of life.
Apply to(Kv‡iv Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Kiv)-I applied to him . Determined on (`„p cÖwZÁ)- A good student is determined
Appoint to (‡Kvb Kv‡R wbhy³ Kiv )-Authority appointed him on carrying on his studies
to the post . Depart from (we`vq †bqv)- One day he will depart from this
Authority on/over (‡Kvb wKQz‡Z we‡kò/AvwacZ¨)-He has world.
authority on English/ He has authority over his son . Due to (Kvi‡b)-I could not do the work due to my illness.
Beset with (†ewôZ)- Our country is beset with many Deal with (e¨envi Kiv )-The students deals well with him.
problems. Deal in (e¨emv Kiv)-He deals in rice.
Blind of (AÜ)- He is blind of one eye. Die of (‡Kv‡bv †iv‡M giv)-The man died of cholera.
* Blind to (D`vmxb/ †`LvI bv †`Lv)- The man is blind to his Die by (`yN©Ubvq giv )-He died by road accident
son’s fault. Die from(Abvnv‡i /bv †L‡q giv)-He died from hunger
Busy with(e¨¯Í)- He is always busy with a lot of Die for (‡Kv‡bv wKQzi Rb¨ giv)-The patriots can die for the
commitments. country .
Beneficial to (DcKvix)- Early rising is beneficial to health. Devote to (wb‡qvwRZ Kiv)- He was devoted to his parents.
Blessed with (myLx, Avkxev©` cyó)- He is blessed with a son. Divide into (fvM Kiv)- Greece was divided into many cityes.
Bring about (Avbqb Kiv, mvab Kiv)- Evil deeds bring about Engage in (wbgMœ _vKv)-He engages himself in good deeds.
ruin. Enter into (cÖ‡ek Kiv)-He entered into the room .
Because of (Rb¨)- He could not go to school because of Experience in (AwfÁZv)-He has vast experience in English.
illiness. *Endowed with (f~wlZ, mg„×)- Our country has been richly
Bar to (evav)-There is no bar to his success. endowed with water resources.
Bring up(jvjb cvjb Kiv)-He brought me up.
Consist of (MwVZ)- My family consists of ten members. Efficient in (`¶)- He is efficient in English.
* Consist in (wbwnZ)- Happiness consist in contentment. Escape from ( †invB cvIqv)- We have no escape from death.
Common to (mvaviY)-Death is common to all. Enchanted with (gy» Kiv)-He was enchanted with the
Lie in (wbwnZ)-True happiness lies in contentment. beauty of nature .
Congratulate on (Awfb›`b Rvbv‡bv) – I Congratulate you on Expose to (Db¥y³ Kiv)-Don’t expose it to the sum.
your success. Famous for (weL¨vZ)- He is famous for his learning.
Cure of (Av‡ivM¨ Kiv)- The doctor cured him of fever. * Fond of (AbyivMx – A good student is fond of books.
Call at (†Kvb ¯’v‡b †`Lv Kiv) – I called at his house. Faith in (Kv‡iv cÖwZ wek¦vm _vKv)- A pious man has firm faith in
Call in (Wv³vi WvKv) - Please call in a doctor. Allah.
Capable of (mvg_©¨evb nIqv)- They are capable of earning Fit for (Dchy³) –He is fit for the post .
practical knowledge. Full of (cyY© )-Bangladesh is full of natural resources.
Content with (mšÍyó)- We are content with what we have. Fill with -(cwic~Y© _vKv/‡X‡K _vKv )-Our fields are filled with
*Contented with (mšÍyó)- We should be contented with crops./At For this sight Mohsin’s heart was filled with
what we have. sorrow.
Confide in (wek^vm Kiv)-I confide in them. Grateful to (K…ZÁ)-He was grateful to you.
Comprised of (MwVZ)-Our family is comprised of 5 Good at (`ÿ)- He is good at English.
members. * Give up (cwiZ¨vM Kiv)- You should give up your bad
Condemn to(wePv‡i kvw¯Í †`Iqv)- He was condemned to death. habits.
Confined in (Ave×)-He was confined in the room.
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Give away (weZiY Kiv)- Our headmaster gave away the Pass away(gviv hvIqv)-One day we shall pass away .
prizes among the students. Put off(‡d‡j ivLv)-He never puts off his work .
Habituated to (Af¨¯Í)- I am not habituated to smoking. Prefer to (AwaK cQ›` Kiv)-He preferred honour to death.
* Hanker after (AvKv•Lv Kiv)- Some people hanker after Put up with (mn¨ Kiv)-I can not put up with his words.
riches. * Remedy for (cÖwZKvi- There is no remedy for some fatal
Hindrance to (cÖwZeÜKZv)- Poverty was a serious hindrance diseases.
to his success. Repentant for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ AbyZß)- A sinner feels
Hinder from (weiZ ivLv ev cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó Kiv)- It hindered him repentant for his sin.
from going abroad. Repent of (AbyZvc Kiv)- He repented of his misdeeds.
Hopeful of (Avkvev`x)- I am hopeful of success. Result of (‡Kvb wKQyi dj)- The result of honesty is beyond
Hit upon (cwiKíbv Kiv)- He hit upon a plan. description.
Harmful to (ÿwZKi)- Noise is harmful to our health. Result from (†Kvb wKQy n‡Z D™¢~Z ev m„ó nIqv)- Our misery
Indifferent to (D`vmxb)- A good students is never indifferent results from vice.
to studies. Result in (†Kvb wKQyi d‡j ch©ewmZ nIqv) - Vice results in
Indebted to (Kv‡iv Kv‡Q FYx)- We are indebted to our misery.
parents. * Run after (QyUvQywU Kiv)- One should not run after money.
Indebted for (†Kvb wKQyi Rb¨ `vqx)- We are indebted to our Root of (g~j)-Money is the root of all evils .
parents for our birth. Stand for (mg_©K nIqv/‡evSv‡bv)-patriotism stands for
Interested in (AvMÖnx)- I am interested in history. nationalism.
* Injurious to (¶wZKi)- smoking is injurious to health. Stand against (weiæ‡× `vov‡bv/‡evSv‡bv)-patriotism does not
Indulge in (Avm³ nIqv, ev AevwÃZ e¨vcv‡i Ask MÖnY Kiv)- Do not stand against internationalism
indulge in corruption. Suffer from (†fvMv, Kó Kiv) - Today man has been suffering
Jealous of (Cl©vwš^Z/wnsmyK)- He is jealous of my fame. from various diseases.
Envious of (Cl©vwš^Z/wnsmyK)- He is envious of my popularity. Skim through (‡PvL eywj‡q hvIqv)-He never skims through the
Key to (PvweKvwV)- Industry is the key to success. text.
Lead to (cwiPvwjZ Kiv, †V‡j †`qv)- Drinking leads one to Satisfied with (mš‘ó)- I am satisfied with your work.
death. Sure of (wbwðZ)- I am sure of his success.
Laugh at (VvUªv Kiv)- Do not laugh at the lame. Succeed in (mdjZv jvf Kiv)- He succeeded in life.
Long for (Kvgbv Kiv, cÖej B”Qv _vKv)- Everybody longs for Smile upon (AbyMÖn Kiv)- Fortune smiles upon the
happiness industrious.
Look down upon (N„Yv Kiv)- We should not look down upon * Subject to (†Kvb wKQyi Ke‡j cov)- Man is subject to decay
the poor. and death.
Liking for( cQ›`)-I have liking for music. Set out for (†Kvb ¯’vb ev D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv †`qv)- For this, he set
Mourn for (‡kvK Kiv )-We should not mourn for death. out for traveling.
Name after (bvgKiY Kiv)- The Olympic Games were named Stretches out (cÖmvwiZ Kiv)- The infant in arms stretches out
after the town of Olympia in Greece./The Eiffel Tower was it’s hands to grasp the moon.
named after Gustav Eiffel. Thirst for (Z…òv/evmbv)- Man has an unquenchable thirst for
Prevent from (evav †`Iqv/weiZ Kiv)- He prevented me from knowledge.
going there. True to (ei‡Ljvc bv Kiv/GKwbô)- An honest men is true to his
* Popular with (RbwcÖq)- Mr. Abdullah was very popular word.
with the students. Victim to (wkKi)- An honest men does not fall victim to any
Proud of (Mwe©Z)- We are proud of your success. greed.
* Proficient in (`¶) He was proficient in English. Wink at (Ab¨gb®‹, D`vmxb) – Normally parents wink at their
Proficiency in (`¶Zv) – He has proficiency in English. son’s fault.
Preside over(mfvcwZZÍ Kiv )-Our headmaster presided over
the function.
Worthy of (†hvM¨)- He is worthy of praise.
Zest for (AbyivM)-He has zest for music .
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Voice
Voice is the form of verb which shows whether the subject does something or something has been done to
it. Read the following examples:
Verbs which do not take an object (intransitive verbs) do not have passive forms. For example, there
are no passive forms of the following sentences:
However, many verbs can be used at different times with or without objects-that is, thy can be both
transitive and intransitive. Compare:
Are they meeting him at the airport? (Transitive) ↔ Is he being met at the airport?
When shall we meet? (Intransitive; no passive is possible)
B.
Verbs that can be followed byobject+object or object+prepositional object in active clause can have two
corresponding passive forms. The passive form you choose depends on which is more appropriate in a
particular context. Compare:
EXERCISE
Complete these sentences with the verbs within brackets. Use the passive form.
a. Rana is a good player. He ------ (make) captain of our team. b. He is looking for the pen. But the pen---
-- (steal) yesterday. c. A man----- (know) by the company he keeps. d. My mother was ill. She -----
(send) to hospital. e. There was a train accident. Many people ------ (injure).
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Present Simple
Active: tell(s) John tells me that you’re thinking of leaving.
Passive: am/is/are told I’m told (by John) that you’re thinking of leaving.
Past simple
Active: told John told me that you’re leaving.
Passive: was/were told I was told (by John) that you were leaving.
Present perfect
Active: have/has told John has told me that you are leaving.
Passive: have/has been told I have been told (by John) that you are leaving.
Past perfect
Active: had told John had already told me that you were leaving.
Passive: had been told I had already been told (by John) that you were leaving.
Present continuous
Active: am/is/are telling John is always telling me that you are leaving.
Passive: am/is/are being told I am always being told (by John) that you are thinking of leaving.
Past continuous
Active: was/were telling John was always telling me that you were leaving.
Passive: was/were being told I was always being told (by John) that you were leaving.
Future simple
Active: will tell I will tellJohn that you are leaving.
Passive: will be told John will be told(by me) that you are leaving.
Future perfect
Active: will have told By tomorrow,Iwill have toldJohn that you are leaving.
Passive: will have been told By tomorrow,Johnwill have been told(by me) that you are
leaving.
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Structure:
Let+ objectwU e‡m + be+ g~jverbGipast participle
Note: (i) Let hy³ Imperative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î AwZwi³ Let e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Passive voice cwieZ©‡bi
Ab¨vb¨ wbqg wVK _v‡K, Z‡e Let- Gi object ‡K by- Gi object wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨i †k‡l emv‡Z nq| †hgb:
Structure:
Let + object wU e‡m + be + g~j verb Gi past participle + by + cÖ`Ë e¨w³evPK object
(ii) Imperative Sentence- Gi Active voice- G advice/suggestion (Dc‡`k/cÖ¯Íve) eySv‡j passive voice- G
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z:
(a) Imperative Sentence- Gi objectwU passive voice- Subject nq|
(b) adviceev suggestion cÖKvkK g~j verb- Gi past participle form- Gi c~‡e© should/must be emv‡Z nq| A_©vr
should/must + be + Past Participle of the verb expressing advice/suggestion.
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(iii) Imperative Sentence- G Active voice G hw` please _v‡K Z‡e passive voice G `You are requested to’ e¨eüZ
nq Ges Gi ci Imperative verb e‡m| wKš‘ Negative Gi †ÿ‡Î You are requested not to + verb e¨eüZ nq|
(iv) Imperative Sentence-Gi g~j Verb Gi c‡i h_vµ‡g Indirect I Direct object e¨eüZ n‡j Passive voice-G
Direct objectwU Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges Indirect object- Gi c~‡e© for ev to e‡m| †hgb:
EXERCISE
1. Change into passive forms.
a. Do the work. b. Take care of your health. c. Do not look down upon the poor. d. Let me do the
work. e. Never tell a lie.
2. Complete the sentences with the verbs with in bracket. Use the passive form in their correct tense.
a. Bangla---------- (speak) in Bangladesh. b. Our school ----------- (found) in 1948. c. A nice gift --
-- (give) to me by father. d. Food-------- (cook) now. e. My pen -------- (steal) yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Active voice-G Interrogative Sentence wU‡Z hw` Auxiliary verb _v‡K, Z‡e tense Abyhvqx `to be’ verb-Gi form
passive subject (GwU Abyhvqx) Gi c~‡e© emv‡Z nq Ges passive voice cwieZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ cwieZ©b K‡i passive
voice-G cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq| †k‡l cÖk‡œ evaK wPý e‡m|
Active voice Passive voice
Do you eat rice? Is rice eaten by you?
Does he eat orange? Are oranges eaten by him?
Did Hasan write a letter? Was a letter written by hasan?
Is Dishan flying a kite? Is a kite being flown by Dishan?
Was Rina singing a song? Was a song being sung by Rian?
Have you closed the door? Has the door been closed by you?
Will you help her? Will she be helped by you?
(ii) Active Interrogative Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g Who I whom _vK‡j h_vµ‡g by whom I who ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e¨envi
K‡i Passive voice G cwieZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx Passive voice G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
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(iii) hw` Active voice-G Interrogative Sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g what, which, when, where, how BZ¨vw` _v‡K, Z‡e
G‡`i mivmwi ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g ewm‡q passive voice-G cwieZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx passive voice- G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| †hgb :
Structure: [what hy³ Interrogative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î]
What + auxiliary verb (tense Abymv‡i) + g~j verb Gi past participle + by + subject wUi objective form +?
Active voice Passive voice
What do you want? What is wanted by you?
What has he done? What has been done by him?
What did they buy? What was bought be them?
Which book will you buy? Which book will be bought by you?
GLv‡b :printing I building Quasi-Passive Verb Ges G‡`i †Kvb Complement ‡bB|
(iii) Complement-mn Quasi-Passive wewkó Verb Active ‡K Voice Passive voice G cwieZ©‡bi MVbixwZ wb¤œi~c:
Subject AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K + Tense Abyhvqx to be verb e‡m +Complement (adjective) e‡m + When it / they e‡m +
Avev‡iv tense Abyhvqx to be verb e‡m + g~j verb Gi past particple e‡m|
wKsevActive subjectwU Passive subject wn‡m‡e e‡m + tense Abyhvqx `to be’ verb e‡m + g~j verb Gi Past particple
e‡m + Complement (adjective) e‡m|
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Rule-1:
➢ evK¨w¯’Z Modals/ to be verb/ to have verb Subject Gi c~©‡e e‡m|
➢ cÖ`Ë evK¨wU Positive n‡j Dc‡iv³ Verb Gi mv‡_ not Gi mswÿß iyc n't e‡m|
➢ Dc‡iv³ Verb My‡jv bv _vK‡j Subject Gi c~©‡e Do/ does/ did e‡m| ‡hgb-
Rule-4:
➢ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Everybody/ everyone/all _vK‡j Gi ö‡j Who doesn't e‡m|
Rule-5:
➢ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Every + noun _vK‡j Every Gi ö‡j Is there any e‡m Ges noun Gi ci Who doesn't e‡m|
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Exercise A
Change the sentences from Affirmative into Interrogative
1. Nobody can do it.
2. I can never forget you.
3. You are a coward.
4. He can do the work.
5. Everybody wants to win.
Exercise B
1. Fritz is leaving today.
2. Margery was accused of cheating.
3. Ernie ate the last doughnut.
4. The chicken crossed the road.
5. Betty can play the saxophone.
6. You can understand why I'm upset.
7. There's a doctor in the house.
8. The geese are returning early this year.
9. Your parents try to cheer you up when you're sad.
10. Darlene chose the most expensive items on the menu.
11. You will take steps to correct this problem.
12. The doctor told us to add cereal to the baby's formula.
13. Bill's teachers understand why he's sleepy all the time.
14. Laura knows how to serve her customers effectively and efficiently.
15. The prices in our cafeteria are reasonable.
16. He will drive the children to swim practice.
17. All the managers were taught how to use the new software.
18. We have received a pay raise this year.
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2. Affirmative ev‡K¨ as soon as _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j no sooner had e‡m Ges `yB As‡ki ms‡hvM¯’‡j than
e‡m|
As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up.
=>No sooner had the teacher entered the classroom than the students stood up.
3. Affirmative ev‡K¨ only ev alone _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z n‡j G¸‡jv D‡V hvq|
7. Both …..and hy³ evK¨‡K Negative Ki‡Z both Gi ¯’‡jnot only Gesand Gi ¯’‡jbut alsoe‡m|
He is both a poet and a singer.
=>He is not only a poet but also a singer.
8. Too…to hy³ evK¨‡K Negative Ki‡Z too Gi ¯’‡j soe‡m Ges to Gi ¯’‡jthat+ subject +can not /
could not e‡m|
The rate of corruption is too high for the country to develop.
=>The rate of corruption is so high for the country that it can not develop.
9. ev‡K¨ always _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j never e‡m Gesadjective ev verb Gi wecixZiƒc e‡m|
Always speak the truth.
=>Never tell a lie.
10.Dc‡iv³ wbqg ewnf~©Z evK¨‡K Negative Ki‡Z mvnvh¨Kvix verb Gi ci note‡m Ges adjective ev
verbGi wecixZ iƒc e‡m|
ev‡K¨ mvnvh¨Kvix verb bv _vK‡j subject Gi ci do/ did/ does not e‡m|
The bee lives together.
=>The bee does not live alone.
God is kind.
=>God is not unkind / cruel.
*ev‡K¨ very much/very/much_vK‡j Zv D†Vhvq| ev‡K¨i †k‡l at all e‡m|
His parents loved him very much.
=>His parents did not hate him at all.
ANOTHER TYPE
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Exercise
Affirmative to Negative
Degree of comparison
`ywU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡j Degree cwie©Z‡b-
➢ Wv‡bisubject ev‡g e‡m Ges ev‡gisubjectWv‡b e‡m|
➢ g~j ev‡K¨notbv _vK‡j cwiew©Z©Znotev‡K¨ e‡m|
➢ AZGe gyj ev‡K¨not_vK‡j cwiew©Z©Z ev‡K¨notev` hv‡e| MVb wb¤œiæc-
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`yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡j Degree cwie©Z‡b MVb wb¤œiƒc :
• Superlative Degree‡Z of all _vK‡j Ab¨DegreeZv D‡V hvq| G‡ÿ‡ÎComparative Degree ‡Zthan all otheremv‡bv
hvq| ‡hgb-
EXERCISE
the village. (f) Chittagong is the biggest sea-port in Bangladesh. (g) Everest is the highest of all peaks in
the world. (h) This is one of the most beautiful pictures in the world. (i) He is one of the most competent
teachers. (j) Saudi Arabia is one of the hottest countries in the world.
Transformation of sentences
Simple, complex, compound
1. Simple ev‡K¨ †Kvb conjunction _v‡K bv Ges D³ ev‡K¨ GKwU gvÎ subject I GKwU Finite verb _v‡K|
2. Complex ev‡K¨ when, as, since, because, if, unless, who , which , what , that, though,
although, so that , so-----that BZ¨vw` Conjunction ØvivGKwU Principal Clause Ges GK ev
GKvwaK Subordinate Clause hy³ _v‡K|
3. Compound evK¨ and, and so, but, or, not only… but also, still, yet BZ¨vw` Co-
ordinatingConjunction Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Principal Clause hy³ _v‡K|
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Complex to Compound
1. Relative Pronoun hy³ complex evK¨‡Kcompound Ki‡Z Relative pronounwU D‡V hvq Ges `yB
ev‡K¨i ms‡hvM¯’‡j and e‡m|
(Relative Pronoun = WH word-Who, Which, What, When, How, that etc.)
Once upon a time a man owned a hen which laid everyday a golden egg.
2. Though / Although (hw`I) hy³ Complex evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z Though/Although D‡V
hvq| 2wU Clause Gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j But e‡m|
3. If (hw`) hy³ Complex evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z ïiæ‡Z Imperative Sentence e‡m Ges 2wU Clause
Gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j and e‡m|
If you run fast, you will be in time.
Run fast and you will be in time.
4. If + not / unless (hw` bv ) hy³ evK¨‡K compound Ki‡Z kyiæ‡Z Imperative Sentence e‡m Ges 2wU
Clause ms‡hvM¯’‡j Or e‡m|
Unless you speak the truth, you will be punished.
Speak the truth or you will be punished.
5. So …….. that(GZB ......‡h) hy³ complex evK¨‡K Compound Ki‡Z so Gi ¯’‡j very Ges that
¯’‡j and e‡m|
He is so angry that he can do anything.
He is very angry and can do anything.
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Transformation of sentences
As / since / when + sub + principal Present form of verb + ing + ext, + Subject: + verb + ext + and
verb + ext, + 2nd clause 2nd clause +2nd clause
As / since / when + sub + auxiliary Because of + possessive + being / Sub + verb + ext, + and + so
verb + ext, + 2nd clause having + ext, + 2nd clause + 2nd clause
(If the subjects of the two clauses
are same)
As / since / when + sub + auxiliary
verb + ext, 2nd clause Sub + being / having + ext, + 2nd Sub + verb + ext + and + so
(If the subjects of the two clauses clause + 2nd clause
are different)
If + sub + (don’t / doesn’t)/ unless + Without + verb + ing + ext + 2nd Verb + ext + or + 2nd clause
verb + ext + 2nd clause clause
If + sub + verb + ext + 2nd clause By + verb + ing + ext + 2nd clause Verb + ext + and + 2nd clause
Though/ although + sub + verb + ext In spite of + possessive + being / Sub + verb + ext + but + 2nd
+ 2nd clause having + ext, + 2nd clause clause
Sub + verb + so + adj + that + sub + Sub + verb + too + adj + to + verb Sub + verb + very + adj +
cannot / could not + verb + ext + ext and + sub + cannot / could
not + very + ext
Sub + verb + ext + so that + sub + Sub + verb + ext + to + verb + ext Sub + verb + ext + and
can / could + verb + ext +sub+ want to/wanted to+
verb + ext
No sooner had 1stClause+and just then +2nd Clause Just before+ poss. Pronoun+( v+ing)
Ex: no sooner had we reached the Ex: We reached the station and just Ex: The train left just before our
station than the train left then the train left. reaching the station.
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1. My friend arrived and we went for a walk. 17. I continually invited him to visit me, but he never
2. The servant brought the lamp and I began my came.
homework. 18. He served out his sentence in goal and was
3. The ink had dried up and I could not write. released.
4. I have a lot of work and must do it now. 19. He worked exceedingly hard at school, for he was a
5. We must hurry and we shall escape the rain. good obedient boy.
6. He has an unpleasant duty and must perform it. 20. The dacoits stopped to divide the booty and the
7. He not only pitied him but relieved him. police overtook them.
8. He did this and so offended his master. 21. He practiced daily and so became an expert player.
9. He had read the book carefully and could tell the 22. Your attempt can hardly be called successful for it
story in his own words. has had no good results.
10. His object became known and everybody tried to 23. The President came into the hall and everyone rose
help him. from his seat.
11. He found a rupee, and was delighted at his god 24. He escaped several times but was finally caught.
luck. 25. The horse fell heavily and his rider came down
12. Rama has hurt his ankle and will not be able to play with him.
to-day. 26. He found himself getting weaker and weaker; so he
13. Be good and you will be happy. consulted a doctor.
14. He did not like the work and he began it 27. The plague broke out in the city and the people
unwillingly. moved out into the jungle.
15. I ordered him to halt, but he took no notice. 28. I had no money with me, and I could not give the
16. He is a good steady worker, only he is rather slow. beggar anything.
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Exercise 6:- Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each
containing an Adjective clause:-
1. I saw a wounded bird. 11. He is hardly the boy to do credit to the school.
2. Rama is happy in his present class. 12. H liked his former place.
3. The man near me is my brother. 13. Smoke, the certain indicator of fire appeared in
4. Our guru is a man of blameless life. the mine.
5. Your father is the man to help you in this 14. I was the first to arrive.
matter. 15. That is not the way to answer.
6. The value of exercise is great. 16. It was the work of a wild animal.
7. Was this the deed of a good man? 17. He is the water carrier.
8. I was the first to hear the news. 18. I have nowhere to sit.
9. These are not the methods of business. 19. My friend, the magistrate of this place, is on
10. The class-room is not the place for boys to play leave.
in. 20. He sat outside on a stone in the compound.
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1. On being punished, he wept. 26. From the time of that illness he has been partly
2. During Queen Victoria’s reign there were blind.
many wars. 27. Previous to his death he made his will.
3. Being quite contented, he never grumbled. 28. In anticipation of sanction I have issued the
4. Being ill-treated by his master, he ran away. order.
5. He was too dull to understand. 29. He hindered the police in the execution of their
6. The tiger is feared for its fierceness. duty.
7. With your permission I will go away. 30. This was done in my absence.
8. The peon would be quite happy with a rise of 31. For fear of imprisonment they kept silence.
Rs. 10 a month. 32. Notwithstanding my entreaties he shot the dog.
9. He replied to the best of his ability. 33. He wrote according to instructions.
10. I can only tell you according to my memory. 34. He worked to the best of his ability.
11. Of Krishna and Rama the latter works the 35. Come back at six o’clock.
harder. 36. With every blow the body quivered.
12. Owing to ill-health he has resigned. 37. Speaking honesty, I do not know.
13. He was annoyed at being rebuked. 38. I came to-day to take advantage of the special
14. He cannot be caught on account of his train.
quickness. 39. He failed to my great surprise.
15. He is too lazy to succeed. 40. Till the day of the examination he did no more
16. He came in very quietly to avid waking his work.
father. 41. The tiger having fallen, he climbed down from
17. He waited there with a view to meeting me. the tree.
18. There is no admission without permission. 42. In the time of Aurangzeb taxes were very
19. I will help you in any possible way. heavy.
20. Do not out without leave. 43. We cat to live.
21. In spite of the heat they marched quickly. 44. Some people live to eat.
22. For all his youth he is very capable. 45. He has gone down to the river to bathe.
23. Till my arrival, wait here. 46. Have you come to see me?
24. After the death of his father he left Mumbai. 47. Does he wish me to go?
25. Up to his thirtieth year he remained unmarried.
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Exercise 10. Convert each of the following Complex sentences to a Simple sentence:-
1. He sold the horse which belonged to his 20. The smell which comes from this drain, is very
brother. bad.
2. As I was unable to help in any other way, I 21. Can he get no work that he can do?
gave her some money. 22. Is there no place which is kept for bathing
3. I have no horse that I can lend you. here?
4. The marks that were left by the whip were still 23. The birds have no water that they can drink.
visible. 24. He shot a tiger which was the scourge of the
5. This is the place where we camp. district.
6. The heart that is full of grief is heavy. 25. That is the book that belongs to me.
7. The reply which you have made is foolish. 26. I saw a man who was blind.
8. The evil that men do live after them. 27. This is the bottle which is used for water.
9. Do you not remember him who was formerly 28. The chief that Wycliffe and his friends
your friend? achieved was the translation of the Bible into
10. This is the needle with which she knits. English.
11. Have you nothing that you wish to say? 29. I found the book which I had lost.
12. He prospered by the help he got from his 30. The boy who stood first got the prize.
friends. 31. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.
13. They were advised by a clever lawyer who was 32. People who live in glass houses must mot
a High Court pleader. throw stones.
14. He is weak from the illness which he had 33. The services he has rendered to the state cannot
recently. be over-estimated.
15. A man who is dead needs no riches. 34. The place where they live is very unhealthy.
16. I have seen the house which belongs to Rama. 35. This idea on which he based his philosophy, is
17. He was the most learned of the judges who very difficult to comprehend.
lived at that time. 36. I have no time that I can waste on idle talk.
18. He died in the village where he was born. 37. A person who relies on his own effects has the
19. The hose which is an Arab of pure blood, is best chance to win success.
very swift. 38. Here is a barrier that cannot be passed.
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Exercise 11. Convert the following Complex sentences into Simple sentence:-
1. As you are here you may as well see it. 30. No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.
2. He was angry when he heard the result. 31. As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
3. Does he know the consequences if he refuses? 32. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
4. He cannot to unless I consent. 33. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
5. He cannot always talk sense if you are always 34. They went where living was cheaper.
talking. 35. Wherever he preached the people gathered to
6. You never come here but you steal something. listen.
7. The boy ran as fast as he could. 36. She stood as though turned to stone.
8. As it was beginning to rain we waited a while. 37. We have come that we may help you.
9. Although he has failed twice he will try again. 38. You will pass if you work hard.
10. He made such good speed that he was in time. 39. He cannot see unless he wears glasses.
11. Because he was ill he stayed at home. 40. His father still trusted him though he had
12. As he felt cold he lit a fue. deceived him.
13. Since I am unable to get much, I accept little. 41. He is not so prudent as he ought to be.
14. He will pay you when he hears from me. 42. It was so dark that you could not see your
15. He was so tired that he could not sleep. hand.
16. They rejoice that they are going. 43. When the fraud was discovered, he was
17. I congratulated him because he had passed. imprisoned after being tried.
18. He can afford to be generous because he is 44. He was so indolent that he could not be
rich. successful.
19. As the hour had arrived they started. 45. An honest boy speaks as he thinks.
20. Since I believed his word I did not ask for 46. Sit down where you please.
proof. 47. The larger the brain, the more vigorous the
21. The dog jumped up when he saw the cat. mind.
22. The horse is so old that it cannot work. 48. I shall give you my horse if you give me your
23. The tiger is renowned through all the silver.
countryside because he is so cunning and 49. We will do the work as well as we can.
ferocious. 50. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he
24. He was very angry when he bad to pay again. discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
25. The longer we wait here, the darker it will 51. Though the sky falls, he will not be frightened.
become. 52. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman
26. He is not so tall that he cannot enter the Empire lasted.
doorway. 53. I will buy it, cost what it may.
27. When they heard the signal they sprang up. 54. I am surprised that you should believe such
28. As the truth is known, further lying is useless. nonsense.
29. Wherever you go I shall follow you. 55. Whatever you do, I will support.
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Exercise 12.Turn each of the following Complex sentences into a Simple sentence:-
1. It is terrible that people should die of 31. John Bright once said that the safest place in
starvation. England was a first-class carriage in an express
2. I was unable to hear what you were saying. train.
3. We did not go, as the weather was too stormy. 32. The question is so complicated that it cannot be
4. It is doubtful whether he will succeed. settled immediately.
5. He became so ill that he was unable to walk. 33. Had he been absent, the motion would have
6. No one is promoted to a higher class unless he been carried.
is examined. 34. The passage is so difficult that I cannot
7. He ran as fast as he could. comprehend it.
8. He said that he would come to-morrow. 35. We must do the work as well as we can.
9. Tell me where you live. 36. Although they fought most valiantly, they were
10. He confessed that he was guilty. defeated.
11. It was so dark that we lost our way. 37. If he wins the battle he will be crowned.
12. Tell me how old you are. 38. I wish to know the time when he died.
13. When he will arrive is not known. 39. Those soldiers who survived have received
14. Grant me what I ask. medals.
15. We hope that better times will come. 40. This is a machine which is used for sewing.
16. I insist that you shall not go. 41. He seemed very anxious that we should come.
17. I shall remain where I am. 42. The priests were satisfied when he offered the
18. If you turn to the right you will soon reach the money.
temple. 43. You must be hungry if you have not dined.
19. He gave a graphic account of how he escaped. 44. It is time you went.
20. We went half-an-hour earlier, so that we might 45. It is lucky that he came just then.
get a good seat. 46. It is certain that he will help you.
21. He complained that he had been unjustly 47. You must write to me as soon as you reach
treated. Bombay.
22. It is certain that he will come. 48. He gave away some books which belonged to
23. The Commissioner gave rewards to such men his brother.
as deserve them. 49. Can you tell me the name of the person who
24. I asked him why he came. wrote the book?
25. A child who has lost his parents is to be pitied. 50. It is said that he died by his own hand.
26. They left at six o’clock so that h might catch 51. While my parents are absent I cannot come.
the early train. 52. This sum is so hard that I cannot do it.
27. Suspicion always haunt the mind of a person 53. As one man fell another took his place.
who is guilty. 54. Work as hard as you can.
28. He went to Ooty so that he might improve his 55. Drink while you may.
health. 56. Such a man as he is should succeed.
29. A book in which were pictures of animals, was 57. The police know this from information which
presented to him by his uncle. has been received by them.
30. When Caesar saw Brutus among the assassins,
he covered his face with his gown.
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8. He received your telegram and set off at 30. They were refused pay, but went on
once. working.
9. I must hurry back at once, or my business 31. I frowned upon him; yet he loves me still.
will greatly suffer. 32. Do you find victories and we will find
10. Do this, or you will be punished. rewards?
11. Rama may not be clever but he is certainly 33. The archers were poorly armed, but they
industrious. offered a stubborn resistance.
12. I put my hand into my pocket and gave him 34. Cross this line and you will be captured.
a rupee. 35. You must be warmly clad, or you will
13. Only do the right, and you will have no catch cold.
reason to be ashamed. 36. Take care of the pence and the pounds will
14. The crow stole a piece of cheese and flew take care of themselves.
with it to a tree. 37. He adored his proud wife, but in mortal
15. I called at your house yesterday but you fear of her fierce temper.
were out. 38. We are few, but we are of the right sort.
16. We must do our work well, or our master 39. Be diligent and you will succeed.
will be angry with us. 40. It seems too good to be true nevertheless it
17. you have earned his gratitude, so you shall is a fact.
not go unrewarded. 41. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
18. He failed in his first attempt and never tried 42. I will recover it, or die in the attempt.
again. 43. Take a farthing from a hundred pounds,
19. Time files fast, yet it sometimes appears to and it will be a hundred pounds no longer.
move slowly. 44. He has lost all his teeth, consequently he
20. Mosquitoes cause malaria, and this is well cannot eat hard food.
known. 45. Give him an inch and he’ll take an elf.
21. She must weep, or she will die. 46. Hear him out, and you will understand him
22. He ran to the station, but he missed the the better.
train. 47. Advance another step, and you are a dead
23. The boy was tired, therefore he went to man.
bed. 48. Send the deed after me and I will sign it.
24. He is poor, but contented. 49. He was very learned and seemed to know
25. Life has few enjoyments; still we cling to everything.
it. 50. He was ambitions and therefore I killed
26. Eat few suppers and you’ll need few him.
medicines. 51. We landed at karachi, and there we spent
27. He is working hard; therefore he will very enjoyable week.
succeed. 52. We called upon Mr. Pundit and the
28. He wishes to succeed; therefore he works introduced us to his partner.
hard. 53. He was my friend, therefore I loved him.
29. He was going along this road, and met a
dragon.
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1. Give me the book and I will read it. 18. Follow me, or you will lose your way.
2. Take quinine and your fever will be cured. 19. You ordered the goods and so they have
3. I tell him to be quit and he takes no notice. been sent.
4. He is deaf but he will always pretend to 20. You must pay, or they would have killed
hear. him.
5. You have paid the bill but you will get no 21. I do not like his lectures and so I don’t
more credit. attend them.
6. I ran all the way to the station but I missed 22. He ran away, or they would have killed
the train. him.
7. Rama is a better player than Krishna and 23. He has injured me but I will forgive him.
therefore must take his place in the team. 24. Be quiet, or I shall punish you.
8. You called me and here I am. 25. Be just and fear not.
9. The master is nearly blind and the boys are 26. He was never present, but he always sent a
very sorry for him. deputy.
10. We will win or die. 27. Be kind and help me.
11. Let me come in, or I will break down the 28. Pay heed to the small details and the
door. general plan will surely succeed.
12. Be careful in your diet and you will keep 29. He is certain to be late, so why wait for
health. him?
13. Listen and I will tell you all. 30. You or I must go away.
14. He is very agreeable but I don’t like him. 31. Sri Lanka went in first on a very wet
15. It is cold, so I shall were a coat. wicket, and so they lost the match.
16. Send me the gun and I will mend it. 32. They tried to bribe the peon but he was too
17. Be good and you need not be clever. clever for them.
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NARRATION
Narration kãwUi A_© nj Dw³ ev K_v| e³v hv e‡j ZvB n‡jv Narration. Narration `yB cÖKvi t
(1) Direct Narration, (2) Indirect Narration.
(1) Direct Narration : hLb e³vi e³e¨ †Kvb iƒc cwieZ©b bv K‡i e¨³ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Direct Narration e‡j|
Example: Nita said to me, “I am reading a story book.”
(2) Indirect Narration :hLb e³vi e³e¨ †Kvb iƒc cwieZ©b K‡i A‡b¨i fvlvq e¨³ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Indirect Narration
e‡j|
Example: Nita told me that she was reading a story book.
Nita said to me, “I am reading a story book.”
Dc‡ii D`vniYwU‡Z, said to Reading verb
Nita Reading verb subject
me Reading verb object
I am reading a story book Reading speech.
(g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Indirect narration G cÖ‡Z¨KwU Sentences Assertive nq|)
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Reporting verb, comma, inverted comma Gi cwieZ©b reported speech Gi sentence Abyhvqx Ki‡Z nq|
Sentence Reporting verb Comma & Inverted comma
1. Assertive sentence said to, told that
2. Interrogative sentence asked, wanted to know Wh wh, no wh if
ordered, requested, advised,
to
commanded, forbade, begged
3. Imperative sentence
Let’s/let us proposed that
Let + others told/said to that
4. Optative sentence Prayed/wished/cursed that
Exclaimed with joy, delight,
sorrow, grief, regret, surprise, that
5. Exclamatory sentence
anger, fear
Kvgbv/AvKv•Lv strongly desired that
Person Gi cwieZ©b
(1) Reported speech Gi 1st persn Reporting verb Gi subject Abymv‡i cwieZ©b n‡e|
rd
(3) Reported speech Gi 3 person †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
nd
(2) Report speech Gi 2 person Reporting verb Gi object Abymv‡i cwieZ©b n‡e|
subject object possessive Subject object possessive
I me my we us our
you you your he him His
she her her they them Their
it it its name (male) he him his
name (female) she her her
Tense Gi cwieZ©b
(1) Reporting verb wU Present? future tense n‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
(2) Reported speech wPišÍi mZ¨, Af¨vmMZ mZ¨, ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| wKš‘
past tense n‡j wb‡¤œi cwieZ©b¸‡jv nq|
(3) Reported speech present tense n‡j Abyiƒc past tense nq|
(4) past indefinite Past perfect
(5) Past perfect No change.
Direct indirect direct indirect direct indirect
am was have had has had
is was was had been were had been
are were Past (V1) Past (V2) Past (V2) had + V3
shall should will would can could
may might don’t didn’t didn’t hadn’t +V3
should no change would no change could no change
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Assertive sentence
Speaker (sub)+say to / tell /said to / told +listener (obj)+that +subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc+verb Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc +
others.
(1) Reporting verb wU Present / Future tense n‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
(2) Reported speech wPišÍb mZ¨, Af¨vmMZ mZ¨, ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Direct : He says, æI am happy”
Indirect : He says that he is happy.
Direct : I said to him, “You are small.”
Indirect : I told him that he was small.
Interrogative sentence
1. Reported speech Auxiliary verb
Speaker (sub)+asked +listener (obj)+if/whether +subject Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc+verb Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc +
others.
Direct : He said to me, “Are you sick?”
Indirect : He asked me if I was sick.
2. Reported speech Wh-question Øviv ïiæ n‡j,
Speaker (sub)+asked +listener (obj)+Wh-question ‡_‡K Auxiliary verb ch©šÍ subject Gi cwiewZ©Z
iƒc+verb Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc + others.
Direct : I said to him, “Where do you live?”
Indirect : I asked him where he lived.
Direct : He said, “How many pens did you want?”
Indirect : He asked how many pens I had wanted.
Direct indirect direct indirect
Do----------V1 V2 Did--------V1 had +V3
Do not -----V1 Did not +V1 Did not + V1 Had not + V3
Imperative sentence
Reporting Verb- Av‡`k eySv‡j ordered, Aby‡iva eySv‡j requested, Dc‡`k eySv‡j advice, mvgwiK Av‡`k
commanded, wb‡la eySv‡j forbade, mwebq Aby‡iva begged.
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56
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Reported speech Gi g‡a¨ Please/kindly _vK‡j Zv D‡V hvq Ges reporting verb wn‡m‡e requested e‡m|
Direct : He said, æGive me a glass of water, please.”
Indirect : He requested to give him a glass of water.
A‡bK mgq †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ Do+Verb w`‡q ïiæ nq, ZLb Do ev` w`‡Z nq|
Direct : He said to me, “Do come tomorrow.”
Indirect : He ordered me to come the following day.
Direct : Shohel said to me, æI gave you a book yesterday. Have you read it? Return the book with in two
days.”
Indirect : Shohel told me that he had given me a book the previous day and asked me if had read it and
also requested me to returned the book within two days.
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Yes / No
1. Reported speech G ïaygvÎ †Kvb cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Yes / No _vK‡j yes Gi cwie‡Z© replied in the affirmativeGes
no Gi cwie‡Z© replied in the negative e‡m|
Direct: He said to me, “Are you going to Dhaka?” “No, I have changed my decision,”
Indirect: He asked me if I was going to Dhaka. I replied in the negative that I had changed my
decision.
2. Assertive sentence /imperative sentence/will you ------------- pleas, would you hy³ interrogative
sentence Gi wecix‡Z“No” ev Yes /alright / ok” _vK‡j hw` we‡ivwaZv eySvq Z‡e indirect Kivi mgq reporting verb
wn‡m‡e disagreed /declined e‡m Ges m¤§wZ eySv‡j agreed e‡m Ges †Rvi cÖKvk †c‡j inside /promised e‡m|
Direct : “I have only ten taka,” he said. “No, I want 50 taka”, I said.
Indirect : He told me that he had only ten taka. I disagreed and said that I wanted 50 taka.
Addressing
Direct speech G hw` KvD‡K address Kiv nq Z‡e Zv `y fv‡e indirect Kiv hvq
1. hw` KvD‡K bvg a‡i address Kiv nq Z‡e Zv reporting verb Gi object n‡e|
Direct : He said, “Sumi, don’t quarrel,”
Indirect : He ordered Sumi not to quarrel.Z‡e object _vK‡j Gi c‡i eªv‡K‡Ui g‡a¨ Zv wjL‡Z
n‡e|
Direct : He said to her, “Sumi, don’t quarrel.”
Indirect : He ordered her (Sumi) not to quarrel.2. hw` KvD‡K bvg a‡i address Kiv nq Ges
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Sorry
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‡Kvb fz‡ji Kvi‡Y sorry /I am sorry _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© speaker + apologized n‡e|
Direct : He said, “Sorry, sir, I will do it again.”
Indirect : He apologized and respectfully said that he would do it again.
Excuse me
KvD‡K wei³ Kivi c~‡e© excuse me / sorry to disturb you _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡q cÖ_‡g seeking an excuse n‡e|
Direct : He said to me, “Excuse me, could you tell me the answer.”
Indirect : Seeking an excuse, he asked if I could tell him the answer.
Well / Oh I see
Well / Oh I see _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡q Ae¯’v Abyhvqx expressing surprise (we¯§q), agreement (m¤§wZ), indignation
(‡ÿvf) n‡e|
Direct : He said to me, “Oh I see, you are a student.”
Indirect : expressing surprise he told me that I was a student.
Why
ïaygvÎwhy _vK‡j speaker + wanted to know the reason n‡e|
Direct : “When will you come?” said mother. æWhy” said Ritu.
Indirect : Mother asked Ritu when she would come. Ritu wanted to know the
reason.
Or
Or _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© and added if + subject + did not do so + subject + would + V1
Direct : The teacher said, “Read attentively or you will fail”
Indirect : The teacher advised to read attentively and added if he did not do so he
would fail.
Incomplete sentence
‡Kvb †Kvb mgq e³e¨ AvswkK †`qv _vK‡j cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
Direct : He said, “What are you doing?” I said, “Nothing”
Indirect : He asked me what I was doing. I replied that I was doing nothing.
Note of Interrogation
Direct speech G assertive sentence Gi ci cÖk‡œ evaK wPý _vK‡j indirectKivi mgq ïiæ‡Z Being surprised Ges
reporting wU asked nq|
Direct : She said to me, “You are the boy?”
Indirect : Being surprised she asked me if I was the boy.
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Passage Narration-Exercise
1. "Have you completed your assignment?" said Anzum. No. I have not completed yet,' replied Nehal.
"But you must submit it timely." said Anzum. “Worked on it for seven hours yesterday,” replied Nehal.
2. The man said to the manager, "May I come in sir?" "Yes, come in. What do you want?" said the
manager." "I want to open a bank account in your bank," Said the man." "Can you tell me how I can open
a savings account?
3. Sakib said to Himu, "How are you? I went to your house yesterday but you were not there." "I
went to a shop," said Himu. "I had to buy some dress for my sister."
4. Ratul said to me, "Where are you going now?" "I am going to the stadium to watch a cricket match.
Do you want to go with me?" said I. Ratul said, "yes." I said, "Let’s go together."
5. Mother said to me, “What are you doing now?" "I am watching television, mother,” Samia replied.
"Have you prepared your lesson?" "Yes, mother," "It's late night. Go to bed," mother said.
6. The teacher said to the boy," Why are you making a noise in the class? You are not attentive to your
lessons." The boy said, "Sir, I am sorry. I was asking for a pen to my friend." The teacher said, "Be
attentive and listen to me carefully."
7. My friend said to me, "Why are you reading this hour? It is time for prayer. Let us go out for a walk
after sayin prayer." "Yes, I am agree with you," I said.
8. The old man said, "Can you give me some food? I have been starving for two days." The maid said,
“Why do you beg? Can't you work?"
9. The old man said to the boy, "Are you going to sit for J.S.C Examination this year?" "Yes,” said the boy.
The man said," How is your preparation?" I have a good preparation," replied the boy.”
10. Once I said to a little girl, "What is your mother's name?" "I know my mother's name. But I will not
tell you that," said the girl. I said, "What a clever girl you are!"
11. The teacher said to the student, “Have you prepared your lesson today?" “No, sir,” replied the
student. The teacher said, "Why do you not prepare your lesson? I was suffering from headache
yesterday. I shall do my work tomorrow,” replied the student.
12. "Give me a few grains of corn. I am dying of hunger," Said the Grasshopper. "But what do you do in
the summer? Didn't you store up any corn?" asked the Ant. "No, I was too busy singing."
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Completing Sentences
1. So that/In order that (hv‡Z)
So that hy³ ev‡K¨ that Gi ci Subject + can/could/may/might e‡m|
✓ We go to school in order that we can learn.
✓ We take exercise so that we can be healthy.
✓ No sooner had the police seen the thief than he ran away.
✓ Hardly had the teacher arrived when the class started.
8. If/provided/had (hw`)
• If hy³ ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask present n‡j Aci Ask future tense nq| (Subject+will+verb1)
• If hy³-ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask past indefinite n‡j Aci Ask Subject+would+verb1 e‡m|
• If hy³ ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask past perfect n‡j Aci Ask Subject+would have/ could have/might have
+verb3 e‡m|
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9. Unless (hw` bv). Unless hy³ ev‡K¨i wbqg if hy³ ev‡K¨i wbq‡gi Abyiƒc|
12. Before ev after hy³ ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask past Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask past perfect tense nq| Before ev after hy³
ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask Future Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask Future perfect tense nq|
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29.The sooner it can be controlled, the better 32.Falsehood may rule but that will not last
result we will get. long.
30.A proverb goes that a healthy mind lives in a 34.We know the proverb that Industry is the
healthy body. key to success.
31.Ambition means desire to have something.
Second choice (**) Third choice (*)
36.Make hay while the sun shines. 51.Waste not, want not.
37.Many a little makes a mickle. 52.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
38.One swallow does not make a summer. 53.Cut your coat according to your cloth.
39.Too many cooks spoil the broth. 54.Empty vessels sound much.
40.Too much cunning overreaches itself. 55.Black will take no other hue.
41.To make a mountain of a molehill. 56.No pains, no gains.
42.The more he gets, the more he wants. 57.All’s well that ends well.
43.Where there is life, there is hope. 58.Patience is bitter but its fruit is sweet.
44.Look before you leap. 59.Two is company three is none.
45.The clock strikes when it is twelve o’ clock. 60.It takes two to make a quarrel.
46.A stitch in time saves nine. 61.Ill got, ill spent.
47.The sooner, the better. 62.Many men, many minds.
48.Spring is the time when the cuckoo sings. 63.Something is better than nothing.
49.Too much courtesy too much craft. 64.Necessity knows no law.
50.Grasp all, lose all. 65.Where there is smoke, there is fire.
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a) If it rains, ----. b) --------, I shall post it. c) If you want to maintain a good health, ----. d) ----- if
you want to catch the train. e) If you try, --------. f) I would live in America if------. g) If I had time-
---. h) I would not take the job if -----. i) If saw him------. j) If the cat was hungry,------.
9. Complete the following sentences.
a) If he came-------. b) If I were a bird-----. c) If he walked fast -----. d) I would go -----. e) If you
tired again------.
10. Complete the following sentences.
a) If you wanted ------. b) Nobody knows when ------. c) The sum is so difficult for me that-----. d)
Though he was sick-----. e) Would you mind-----. f) She stared early lest ----. g) He speaks as if ----
-. h) It is high time we -------. i) Without taking physical exercise you------. j) Lalbagh is the place
where----.
11. Complete the following sentences.
a) He looks after-----. b) He called me-----. c) What does he-----? d) Do or-----. e) He is poor but ---
-. f) He was honest, so-----. g) I read so that ----. h) This is the place where------. i) ------what I
made. j) The man who came here yesterday-----.
12. Complete the following sentences.
a) He likes films, so----. b) She will be worried if-----. c) If you go to school everyday,----. d) The
man who works hard -------. e) We didn’t go out because of ------. f) Although it rained a lot,---. g) -
-----while I was waiting for the bus. h) The teacher is so friendly that-----. i) ------ you can know
the time. j) I expected that----.
13. Complete the following sentences.
a) If I were rich ------. b) Had I been rich------. c) I shall go-----. d) Would that I -----. e) If you told
me I ----. f) If you run in the sun, you -------. g) Had I the wings of a dove I-----.
14. Complete the following sentences.
a) People go to market so that ---------. b) The load is so heavy that -----. c) Unless you work hard, -
----. d) Why he is absent ------. e) Though he started last, -------.
15. Complete the following sentences.
a) If you want, -----. b) Speak the truth and ----. c) I saw a girl who-------. d) Since he was lazy------.
1. ev‡K¨i subject wbw¯Œq _vK‡j verb Gi Passive form e‡m| (Passive form = to be verb+ verb Gi Past participle
form)
display hold inaugurate
A book fair (a) was held in Comilla last month. It (b) was inaugurated by the D.C.
Thousands of books(c) were displayed there.
2. Have, has, had, having, be , being, been Ges get , got , getting Gi ci g~j verb Gi past participle form
e‡m|
educate marry
Feroza got (a) married at the age of 12. Before her marriage she wanted to be (b) educated.
3. g‡bi Ac~b© B”Qv cªKvwkZ n‡j verb Gi past form nq , mvnvh¨Kvix verb eySv‡Z were e¨eüZ nq|
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Wish I (a) could be at London. The city of London seems to me as if it (b) were the heaven of earth.
4. ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z verb em‡j, preposition Gi ci verb em‡j, object Gi ci verb em‡j, GKwU verb Gi ci Av‡iKwU verb
em‡j D³ verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
(a) Using a mobile phone is not a luxury. People use it for (b) keeping rapid communication. People are
often seen (c) talking over a mobile phone here and there.
5. With a view to (D‡Ïk¨), look forward to (‡Lv‡R), be used to (Af¨¯’), accustomed to (Af¨¯’), habituated to
(Af¨¯’) Gi ci verbGi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
Yesterday, my friend came to me with a view to (a) meeting me. He informed me that he had got used
to (b) smoking.
6. ‡Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q eySv‡j verb Gi present continuous form e¨en„Z nq| ‡Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q, wKš‘ KZÿY
hveZ Pj‡Q †mB mg‡qi D‡jøL _vK‡j verb Gi present perfect continuous form e¨en„Z nq|
read write
Student can (a) ---- the society in many ways. During their long vacation they may take initiatives to (b)
---- the illiterate people. Thus, they can (c) --- the humanity.
8. Present Indefinite tense G subject, third person singular number n‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ nq|
buy sell deal
A street hawker (a) --- in various things. Generally, he (b) ---- his things at a cheaper rate and (c) ---
them at a high profit.
9. AZxZ Kv‡ji Af¨vm ev wbZ¨ ˆbwgwËK KvR eySv‡j verb Gi c~‡e© would/used to e‡m|
teach go
The man was peculiar one. He (a) --- outside every night. But nowadays, he stays at home. He (b) ----
in a school. At present he doesn’t.
10. The following verbs, on account of their meanings, are not normally used in the continuous form:
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Wrong Right
These grapes are tasting sour. These grapes taste sour.
I am thinking you are wrong. I think you are wrong.
She is looking sad. She looks sad.
He is having a cellular phone. He has a cellular phone.
11. AZx‡Z GKwU Kv‡Ri c~‡e© Av‡iKwU KvR msNwUZ n‡j c~‡e©i KvRwUi Past perfect Ges c‡ii KvRwUi Past indefinite tense
nq|
fall run
The boys were playing cricket yesteday. One boy hit the ball. The other boy (a) --- to the street where
the ball (b) ---.
12. fwel¨‡Z GKwU Kv‡Ri c~‡e© Av‡iKwU KvR msNwUZ n‡j c~‡e©i KvRwUi Future perfect Ges c‡ii KvRwUi Future
indefinite/ Present indrefinite tense nq|
come finish
Tag questions
Tag k‡ãi A_© ÓRy‡o †`qvÓ Ges “Question” k‡ãi A_© “cÖkÓœ | ZvB K‡_vcK_‡bi mgq ev‡K¨i ‡k‡l ‡h GKwU mg_©bm~PK cÖkœ
Ry‡o †`qv nq, Zv‡K Tag question e‡j| †hgb-
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4. ev‡K¨ Nothing / something / anything / everything BZ¨vw` _vK‡j tag question Gi subjectwn‡m‡e it e‡m|
Nothing is impossible, is it?
5. ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z all of / some of / none of/ either of/ neither of / each of / BZ¨vw` _vK‡j tag question G of Gi
cieZx© kãwUi subject i~c e¨eûZ nq|
All of you have heard the name of Kazi Nazrul, haven’t you?
6. ev‡K¨i subject wn‡m‡e ¸bevPK kã _vK‡j Tag question Gi subject wn‡m‡e it e‡m|
The mother rose in her, didn’t it?
The animality rose in him, didn’t it?
7. ev‡K¨ dare(mvnm Kiv) Ges need hw` negative wn‡m‡e _v‡K Zvn‡j tag question G dare Ges need e‡m|hw` G¸‡jv
positive wn‡m‡e _v‡K Zvn‡j tag question G do/does/did e‡m|
8. ev‡K¨ subject wn‡m‡e noun clause _vK‡j tag question Gi subject wn‡m‡e it e‡m|
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9. Imperative evK¨ Øviv Av‡`k ev Dc‡`k eySv‡j tag question wn‡m‡e will you/ won’t you e‡m|
Aby‡iva eySv‡j could you e‡m|
5.
a) Money is a must for our life, _________?
b) One can do almost nothing without it, ____?
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21. So all of us ought to refrain from telling lies, 37.Each of the students should be studious ,shouldn’t
oughtn’t we? they?
22. Excellent, isn’t it? 38.Who doesn’t fear death ,don’t they ?
23.One need not think of others , need they ?/need 39.He will simile hardly ,but don’t think him
one ? unfriendly ,will you ?
24.A few students qualified the placement test 40.One should remain grateful to their parents and
,didn’t they ? teachers, shouldn’t they?
25.The brother rose in him ,didn’t it? 41.I am as tall as you ,aren’t I ?
26.If Bangladesh were a developed country , we all 42.`I` is a vowel, isn’t it ?
would be happy ,wouldn’t we? 43.The principal and chief guest was present in that
27.Whenever you get a chance ,I think you should meeting ,wasn’t he?
travel some countries ,shouldn’t you ? 44.They read only to pass the exam ,don’t they?
28.He has little what will happen today ,has he 45.He rarely put on an overcoat ,did he?
?/does he ? 46.The unfed ought to be fed ,oughtn’t they ?
29.The widower shut the door ,didn’t he? 47.What a lot ,isn’t it ?
30.Writing many letters makes him happy ,doesn’t it 48.That you will cut a good figure is quite certain,
? isn’t it?
31.I think he will get GPA-5,won’t he? 49.Everybody’s business is nobody’s business, is it ?
32.One certainly knows it ,don’t they /you/we? 50.`He ` is a pronoun ,isn’t it?
33.One should keep one’s promise, shouldn’t 51.Let the sleeping dog sleep peacefully ,will you ?
we/they /you? 52.The mother rose in her ,didn’t it ?
34.Runa and not her sisters got the second prize, 53.Carbon dioxide is increasing and water level is
didn’t she? rising as a consequence of global warming ,aren’t
35.A man cannot remember everything that they ?
happened in the childhood ,can he? 54.Someone telephoned him yesterday ,didn’t they ?
36.He as well as his friends attended the science fair 55.A rolling stone gathers no moss ,does it ?
,didn’t he ? 56.We suppose ,the ship cast anchor ,didn’t it ?
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57.The jury opined separately ,didn’t they ? 90.As we are friends ,I think ,we should keep in
58.Nothing comes out of nothing ,does it ? touch ,shouldn’t we?
59.He has few friends, has he?/does he? 91.None is none on the world ,are they?
60.We think he knows how to play Tennis ,doesn’t he 92.I think ,she has no interest in it ,has she ?/don’t I?
? 93.These are your books ,aren’t they ?
61.A barking dog seldom bites ,does it ? 94.The examiners get bored when they find the same
62.Who cares ,do they ? answers in all the scripts, don’t they ?
63.The nun leads a very simple life ,doesn’t she ? 95.Some went to the field and some came here
64.Fish in the pond ,will you ? ,didn’t they ?
65.Let’s not read the book ,shall we ? 96.Never believes what others say ,will you?
66.Please ,excuse me for today ,won’t you ? 97.The secretary and the chairman of the party came
67.Islam also teaches us not to tell a lie ,does it ? to the school ,didn’t they ?
68.He accompanied by his parents joined the party , 98.There is hardly anyone who can succeed without
didn’t he ? labour ,is there?
69.So , one should work for one’s sake ,shouldn’t 99.Many a man wastes valuable time, doesn’t he ?
we/you/they? 100.How odd, isn’t it?
70.Allah has given us the ability to make the world 101.Sinners suffer in the long run, don’t they?
beautiful ,hasn’t He ? 102.He hardly believes that you can do it ,does he ?
71.But a dishonest man can hardly realize it ,can he? 103.Anyone is allowed, aren’t they?
72.I think this is the best virtue ,don’t I?/isn’t it ? 104.There are few people in the meeting ,are there ?
73.That he is honest is known to all, isn’t it ? 105.It is man who pollutes the environment. But who
74.Time and tide wait for none ,do they ? knows the ways of nature, do they?
75.A stitch in time saves nine, doesn’t it? 106.This is a turtle ,isn’t it ?
76.Allah has created this universe ,hasn’t he ? 107.The garden keeper said,``neither Runa nor his
77.there are mysteries everywhere .A few of them friends did this ,did they ?
are discovered ,aren’t they? 108.Strike the iron ,while it is hot ,will you ?
78.I know that patriotism is a noble virtue ,isn’t it ? 109.Bangladesh is a small country but has a huge
79.It’s a long time since we met last ,isn’t it ? population ,hasn’t it /she?
80.None but the brave deserve the fair ,do they? 11o.The government cannot fund the requisite
81.But what we can say easily is really not so easy ,is number of educational institutions,can it /they?
it ? 111.Being a peace -loving country ,Bangladesh has
82.Everything glorious is gained through hard labour few enemies ,has she /does she?
,isn’t it ? 112. I was sleeping when he came, wasn’t I?
83.I am your well wisher but you always favour 113.The beast in Reza got an upper hand ,didn’t it ?
Kamal,don’t you ? 114.He as well as his brothers is coming ,isn’t he?
84.You should always speak the truth because 115.The number of students may increase this year,
nobody believes a liar ,shouldn’t you ? mayn’t it?
85.Don’t waste your valuable time, will you? 116.This is a very beautiful place ,isn’t it?
86.The rumour spread all over the country, didn’t it 117.The government should take proper steps to
? solve the problem ,shouldn’t it/they?
87. We think he doesn’t know how to play Tennis 118.A widow lost her only son in the gathering
,does he ? ,didn’t she ?
88.kindly do me a favour ,will you ? 119.She tried heart and soul but could not find
89.Sapna has little knowledge about computer, has ,didn’t she /could she ?
she? 120.She became disappointed as he didn’t find any
trace of her child ,didn’t she ?
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121.There is a little water in this pond ,isn’t there? 148.Thank you very much .But friend, promise me
122.`You` is a pronoun, isn’t it? that you will give up this bad habit soon ,won’t you
123.A man like you should not do this ,should he? ?
124.As soon as the teacher entered the classroom 149.Yes ,I know ,drugs kill lives ,don’t they ?
,the students stood up ,didn’t they ? 150.Yes ,you told me that after the exam you would
125.Where there is smoke ,there is fire ,isn’t there ? take me to the zoo, wouldn’t you?/didn’t you ?
126.You may say so .All qualities should be praised 151.We need to prepare very well for the exam
properly ,shouldn’t they? ,needn’t we?
127.Try to understand what you read ,make your 152.No ,we do not .And when the examination
own notes and revise them frequently ,won’t you ? approaches ,there is no way but start cramming ,is
128.The stranger as well as her friends visited the there ?
spot ,didn’t he? 153.The headmaster and secretary attended the
129.Neither you nor she cut the cake ,did she ? meeting ,didn’t he ?
130.But ,sometimes his luck frustrates him ,doesn’t it 154.He has few friends ,has he ?
? 155.So ,no one should miss this opportunity ,should
131.He thinks that he will be able to overcome the they ?
initial problems faced by him ,won’t he?/doesn’t he ? 156.I hope you must not prove yourself foolish
132.No,I don’t agree with you .At his stage a child can ,don’t I ?/must you ?
not take decision ,can it ? 157.Nothing at all ,is it /am I ?
133.So,one should work for one’s sake ,shouldn’t 158.Nice ,isn’t it ?
they ? 159.What you need most to be happy is
134.The secretary and the chairman of the party contentment, isn’t it ?
remained sitting ,didn’t they? 160.Strange !Everyone knows it gradually affects the
135.We must make them understand that sound internal function of the body ,don’t they doesn’t it ?
pollution causes a great harm to us ,doesn’t 161.Strong will can defeat frustration ,can’t it ?
it/mustn’t we ? 162.Yes ,I thought you couldn’t but come to the fair
136.It is said that education is the backbone of a ,could you ?
nation ,isn’t it ? 163.One but all of the members looked for me ,didn’t
137.Patience is better ,but its fruit is sweet, isn’t it ? they?
138.The government cannot provide justice in any 164.Bangladesh is too small to accommodate ,is it
sphere ,can they ? /she?
139.Happy birthday to Anika ,don’t I? 165.A barking dog seldom bites ,doesn’t it ?
140.Be careful about your health ,won’t you ? 166.The brave deserve the fair ,don’t they ?
141.Allah is second to none ,isn’t He ? 167.If you depend on cramming ,you can’t answer
142.None of us can do this ,can they ? the unexpected question well, can you ?
143.That he is guilty is known to all, isn’t it ? 168.We can grow good crops because there is heavy
144.As the weather was cold there were few rain this year ,can’t we ?
migratory bird ,were there ? 169.I am also no less busy .But I think nobody should
145. No sooner had the teacher entered the neglect the question of health ,should they ?
classroom than the students stood up ,didn’t they ? 170.You are right .But I think it does not matter if we
146.Arpa arranged a birthday party .Her friend don’t walk today ,does it ?
attended the party .So ,She said ,``Thank you all``, 171.The creator is second to none ,is He ?
don’t I? 172.Truth is beauty ,beauty is truth ,isn’t it?
147.You live in an extended family like us ,don’t we ? 173.When it is spring ,the cuckoo sings ,doesn’t it ?
174.Plus and minus is equal to minus ,isn’t it ?
175.Few politicians are honest ,are they ?
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176.None is none under the sun ,are they ? 206.Dr.Matin says that everybody desires success in
177. when he came, I was sleeping wasn’t I? life ,doesn’t he ?
178.The prime Minister with all the members of the 207.Great people could do nothing without a plan of
cabinet went to the USA, didn’t she ? action ,could they ?
179.Eid Mubarak ,isn’t it ? 208.Whenever he goes to Khulna,he thinks that
180.Happy birthday to you, isn’t it ? mazar of Khan Jahan Ali is very nice ,isn’t it ?doesn’t
181.That man is so handsome ,isn’t he ? he ?
182.It is you who did the sum ,isn’t it ? 209.I think I am right ,aren’t I ?
183.Our examination is over .Everyday is free now 210.Many a man wastes valuable time ,don’t they
isn’t it ? ?/doesn’t he ?
184.No pains, no gains ,does it ? 211.The dishonest can hardly realize the necessity of
185.He rarely put on overcoat ,did he ? honesty ,can they?
186.One of them came to Mr. Rahim ,didn’t he ? 212.If it rains today, we will not go out ,will we ?
187.Rahim and not his colleagues helped him, didn’t 213.Whenever you get a chance , I think you should
he? travel some countries ,shouldn’t you ?
188.The colour of his eyes seemed to yellow ,didn’t it 214.Great nature ,isn’t it ?
189.Doctor said that he got jaundice, didn’t they /he? 215.Man is mortal ,isn’t it /isn’t he?
190.Each man and each woman standing there gave 216.Our action indicate that probably we will never
him some help ,didn’t they? depart ,don’t they ?
191.I wholeheartedly believe you are a real patriot 217.One can do almost nothing without it ,can one
,aren’t you ? /can they /we/you?
192.I know patriotism is a noble virtue ,isn’t it ? 218.We know nothing of what is known to Allah ,do
193.A man without patriotism is not better than a we?
beast, is he ? 219.Allah lets none to know what He knows ,does He
194.If you read in cadet college ,you may join the ?
army easily ,mayn’t you ? 220.Either he or his friends were guilty ,weren’t
195.He could build luxurious places but hardly did so they?
,did he ? 221.That he was innocent was proved ,wasn’t it ?
196.You should agree with me that foreign culture is 222.What is lotted cannot be blotted ,can it ?
destroying our own culture ,isn’t it?/shouldn’t you ? 223.The crises of the flood affected people were too
197.Your father’s name is Kamal ,isn’t it ? difficult to control single handed ,weren’t they
198.What you need most to be happy is contentment ?/were they ?
,isn’t it? 224.Little monkeys have little tails ,haven’t they
199.That’s why ,few people lead a happy life ,don’t ?don’t they?
they? 225.Only a few students made few mistakes ,did they
200.He as well as his brothers is coming ,isn’t he? ?
201.The number of students may increase this year 226.I along with my sisters visited my aunt ,didn’t I ?
,mayn’t it ? 227.Father’s birthday is on Monday next ,isn’t it ?
202.If I request him ,he will certainly tell me the 228.We see that Masum has little knowledge about
secret ,won’t he ? games and sports ,has he?/don’t we/does he?
203.Nature is mysterious .But who knows the ways of 229. We think he doesn’t knows how to play Tennis
nature ,do they? ,does he ?/don’t we ?
204.We seldom teach our young learners manners 230.Neither he nor his brothers joined the function
,do we? ,did they ?
205.I told you to leave the place, I think ,I am right, 231.Not only Ruma but also her classmates made an
aren’t I? excellent result ,didn’t they ?
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232.Eva along with her friends joined the study tour 249.Nothing but my pen writes well, does it?
,didn’t she ? 250.I’d rather die than beg, would I?
233.You surely plan to fail if you fail to plan ,don’t 251.The sister in her pleased us all, didn’t it?
you ? 252.Two-thirds of the work has been done, hasn’t it?
234.So,plan before proceed ,will you /won’t you ? 253.Certainly ,you too studied hard, didn’t you?
235.We all are extremely hopeful that in future man 254.Good morning , friend, don’t I ?
will do unbelievable things ,won’t he ? 255.The girl in her pleased us all, didn’t it?
236.Thank you for encouraging me, don’t I ?
237.Welcome ,aren’t you?
238.I am too weak to walk ,am I?
239.How dare you say so ,don’t you ?
240.You ,he and I did the work ,didn’t we ?
241.Who cares, do they?
242. What is done cannot be undone ,can it ?
243.Two and two make four ,don’t they ?
244.I am too confused to take a decision, aren’t
they?
245.Thank you, don’t I?
246.This will better the living condition of the poor
flower sellers ,won’t this ?
247.Where love is thin ,faults are thick ,aren’t they?
248.He and not his friends will come ,won’t he
Moral----------------immoral Merit-----------------demerit
Mortal--------------immortal Use----------------------abuse
Appropriate---inappropriate Use---------------------unused
Sufficient--------insufficient Practice----------malpractice
Rational------------irrational Nutrition--------malnutrition
Regular--------------irregular Government-nongovernment
Pleasant-----------unpleasant British-------------anti-British
Pleased------------displeased Spell------------------misspell
Advantage-----disadvantage Behave-------------misbehave
Satisfied---------dissatisfied Understand---misunderstand
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Rule-2:
ev‡K¨i Subject wn‡m‡e, Preposition/Article Gi ci Noun e¨en„Z nq| k‡ãi †k‡l sion, tion, ment, ness, ance, cy, ty,
ship, hood, iage BZ¨v Suffixes hy³ K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb-
(Friend) ---- is a universal human trait. It is the root of all the (develop) ---- of human civilization.
(Friendship, development)
Possess-------possession Maintain---maintenance
Process-------procession Accurate--------accuracy
Lament------lamentation Honest------------honesty
Educate--------education Neighbour---neighbouhood
Manage-----management Marry------------marriage
Arrange-----arrangement Carry--------------carriage
Happy----------happiness Child------------childhood
Rule-3:
Verb Gi ‡k‡l or ev er hy³ K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb-
The sultan needed to find an honest tax (Collect) -------. So he sought some advices of a wise (advise) ----.
(Collector, adviser)
Play-----player Look------------looker
Joke------joker Speak---------speaker
Read----reader Conduct----conductor
See---------seer Pay---------------payer
Rule-4:
k‡ãi †k‡l al hy³ K‡i adjective MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
It’s (nature) ------- that every life has to take the taste of death.
Logic---------------------------------logical
Administration----------administrational
Rule-5:
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Rule-9:
k‡ãi †k‡l fy hy³ K‡I verb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
The National Memorial (a) significant the spirit of the martyrs of our liberation war. (Signifies)
Beauty----beautify Specific----specify
Clear-------clarify Significant---signify
Rule-10:
k‡ãi c~‡e©enhy³ K‡iverb MVb Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
In order to have a sound health, you must (a) sure proper food, physical labor and sound sleep. (Ensure)
Noble----ennoble
Light---enlighten
Sure---------------ensure
Compass----encompass
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Sentence connectorsKx, cÖ_‡g, †mUv Rvbv `iKvi| †h Iqv©W ev kã `y‡Uv Iqv©W ev evK¨‡K GKm‡½
hy³ K‡i Zv‡K Sentence connectors e‡j| ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡ZI Sentence connectorsem‡Z
cv‡i| Gme kã cª‡qv‡M ev‡K¨ Awfbœ aviYv wKsev wecixZag©x aviYvi ewn:cÖKvk NU‡Z cv‡i| Gme GKag©x
wKsev wfbœag©x kã ev evK¨‡K mwVK i~c †`qvi Rb¨ Sentence connectorsM~iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L |
G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i †mŠ›`©hI evovq | cÖavb cÖavb Sentence connectors¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. Conjunction:
And, but, or, when, while, if, unless, till, until, lest, though, although, after,
before, as, since, because, if, that, so that, in order that, yet, as well as, with,
along with, together with, for, as long as, as soon as, even if, so that, whether-
or, both-and, as-as, no sooner- than, hardly-when, scarcely-when, not only-
but also etc.
2. Relative Pronoun:
Who, which, what, that, whose, whom, as, but, whatever etc.
3. Relative Adverb:
For example, for instance, namely, such as, like, that is, in other words etc.
Thus, therefore, hence, then, so, so that, in order that, the consequence is
that, the result is, for this, because of, consequently, as a consequence, as a
result, accordingly etc.
7. ¯’vb †evSv‡Z:
Here, there, in the back ground, to the left, to the right, in front, at the side,
else where, adjacent etc.
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8. mgq †evSv‡Z:
KwZcq D`vniY:
1. `y‡Uv mgRvwZq evK¨andØviv hy³ nq-He worked hard and he succeeded. Avevi sowKsevand
soemv‡jI G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ A©‡_i †Zgb †Kvb †ni‡di nqbv| †hgb- He worked hard and so he
succeeded. He worked hard so he succeeded.
2. Because ewm‡qComplexevK¨ MVb Kiv hvq-The team won the match because it played
well. She made a good result because she studied regularly.
4. wecixZa©gx A©_ cÖKvkK `y‡Uv evK¨‡KbutwKsev orw`‡q hy³ Kiv hvq| He is poor but he is
honest. Work hard or you will fail.
5. When w`‡qComplex sentenceMVb Kiv hvq|When he saw the bear, he ran away.
When the rain started, we returned home.
6. While w`‡q ÔhLbÕ A©_ cÖKvk †c‡j ZvSub-ordinating conjunction wnmv‡e MY¨ nq Ges MwVZ
evK¨wU Complex sentence wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Avevi w`‡q ÔA_PÕ ev Ô†h_v‡bÕ A©_ cÖKvk †c‡j ZLb
Zv Coordinating conjunction wn‡m‡e Ges Gfv‡e MwVZ evK¨ Compound sentencenq| I
was fishing while(hLb) it wasraining. (Complex sentence). I help him while (A_P)
he dislikes me. (Compound sentence).
7. So that, in order that-Gi me¸‡jvB GKB A©_evnx| G¸‡jvi A©_ Ô†hbÕ ev Ôhv‡ZÕ | He worked
hard so that he might succeed in life. He worked hard that he might succeed in
life. He worked hard in order that he might succeed in life.
8. Though, although, even if- me¸‡jvi A©_B Ôhw`IÕ | Though he is poor, he is honest.
Although he is poor, he is honest.
9. Till, until`y‡UvB GKB A©_evnx| G¸‡jvi A©_ Ô†h ch©šÍ bvÕ| Wait here till the rain stops. Wait
here until the rain stops.
10. As long as, so long- `y‡Uvi A©_B Ô†h ch©šÍÕ | Wait here as long as it rains. Wait here so
long it rains.
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12. Since e¨eüZ nqConjunctionGes Preposition wnmv‡e | Since you are hardy, you will
shine in life. (Conjunction). It has been raining since yesterday. (Preposition).
13. So that (hv‡Z), so-that (GZB †h) | I work hard so that I can make a good result. He
is so weak that he cannot walk.
14. In spite of, despite, not with standing-me¸‡jvB Awfbœ A©_ cÖKvkK| G¸‡jvi A©_Ôm‡ËIÕ| In
spite of his vast wealth, he is unhappy. Despite his vast wealth, he is unhappy.
Not with standing his vast wealth, he is unhappy.
15. Would rather, would better, had rather, had better-Awfbœ A©_ cÖKvkK| G¸‡jvi A©_
ÔeisÕ| You would rather go home now. You had rather starve than beg.
16. `ywUwecixZa©gx fve‡K GKB ev‡K¨ cÖKvk Ki‡ZOn the contrary, on the other hand, while,
whereasBZ¨vw`Conjunctione¨eüZ nq | G¸‡jv Øviv Compound sentenceMwVZ nq |I
supported him while he dislikes me. I like reading books whereas he writing
letters. I requested him to say; on the other hand he left me. He did not support
me; on the contrary he opposed me.
17. ‡Kvb e³‡e¨i avivevwnKZv iÿv Ki‡ZFirst, then, next, after, that, finally, at
lastBZ¨vw`linking wordse¨eüZ nq | Abyiƒcfv‡e,First/ firstly, second/ secondly, third/
thirdly, fourth/ fourthlyBZ¨vw`linking wordse¨eüZ n†Z cv‡i |
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D...
1. Dead against (‡Nvi we‡ivax): He is dead against my proposal.
2. Dead language (‡h fvlv GLb Avi cÖPwjZ bq): Sanskrit is now a dead language.
3. Double game (KcUZv): Don’t play double game with me.
4. Do one's best (h_vmva¨ †Póv Kiv): He did his best to please the authorities.
5. Die for (‡Kvb wKQzi R†b¨ cÖvb †`qv): Our freedom fighters died forour country.
6. Die by (`yN©Ubvq gviv hvIqv): He died by a road accident.
7. Do without (e¨wZ‡i‡K Pjv): I cannot do without my parents.
8. Due to (R‡b¨): He could not come due to his illness.
9. Die in harness (KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gviv hvIqv): He died in harness.
10. Die of (‡iv‡M gviv hvIqv): He has died of cancer.
11. Die from (‡ivM ev `yN©Ubv Qvov Ab¨ wKQy‡Z gviv hvIqv): The beggar died from starvation.
12. Dead letter (APj): This law is a dead letter now.
13. Ducks and drakes (Ace¨q): Don’t play ducks and drakes with his ill gotten money.
14. Draw near (Nwb‡q Avmv): His examination is drawing near.
E...
15. Epoch making(hyMvšÍKvix NUbv): Landing on the moon is an epoch
making event.
16. Eat humble pie (Acgvb nRg K‡i ÿgv PvIqv): He misbehaved with
his teacher and ate a humble pie.
17. End in smoke (e¨_© nIqv): All my efforts ended in smoke.
18. Every now and then (hLb-ZLb): Don’t disturb me every now and then.
19. Every inch (cwic~Y©iƒ‡c): His behaviour is every inch polite
F...
20. Fair weather friends (mymg‡qi eÜz): I hate fair-weather friends.
21. Far and wide (me©Î): Your reputation spread far and wide.
22. Far and near (me©Î): His fame spread far and near.
23. Face to face (gy‡LvgywL): They fought face to face.
24. Fall off (S‡i cov): During winter, leaves fall off from trees.
25. Fall flat (wbõj nIqv): My advice fell flat on him.
26. Fall short of (NvUwZ nIqv): The supply of food fell short.
27. Fall a victim to (Ae¯’vi wkKvi): He fell a victim to circumstances.
28. Few and far between (K`vwPZ): He comes to our house few and far
between.
29. Fire and fury (cÖej D‡ËRbv): His speech was full of fire and fury.
30. First and foremost (me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡cyb©): The first and foremost duty of
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