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Published on Jul 12, 2012

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7/30/2018 37467305 torsion-design-of-beam
Torsion in beam

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37467305 torsion-design-of-beam
1. 1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHOREDESIGN OF BEAM FOR TORSION Engr.
Ayaz Waseem Malik Lecturer/ Lab Engineer
2. 2. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for Torsion DESIGN OF BEAM FOR TORSION1. IMPORTANT
TERMINOLIGIESAcp Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-sectionAg Gross area of concrete section. For a hollow section, Ag is the area of the
concrete only and does not include the area of void(s)Al Total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsionAl(min) Minimum area of longitudinal
reinforcement to resist torsionAo Gross area enclosed by the shear flow pathAoh Area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcementAt Area of one leg of closed stirrup resisting torsionAv Area of steel for resisting shearbt Width of that part of cross-section containing the closed
stirrups resisting torsionfc Specified compressive strength of concretefy Specified yield strength of reinforcementfyt Specified yield strength of transverse
reinforcementNu Factored axial force normal to cross-section occurring simultaneously with Vu or TuPcp Outside perimeter of concrete cross-sectionPh Perimeter
of centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcementt Wall thickness of hollow sectionTcr Cracking torqueTn Nominal torsional moment
strengthTu Factored torsional moment at sectionVc Nominal shear strength provided by concreteVn Nominal shear stressVu Factored shear force Modification
factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete, all relative to normalweight concrete of the same compressive strength. 1
3. 3. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for Torsion2. TORSIONTorsion occurs appreciably in many structures, such as in
the main girders of bridges, which aretwisted by transverse beams or slabs. It occurs in buildings where the edge of a floor slab and itsmain beams are supported by
a spandrel beam running between the exterior columns. Thissituation is shown in the Figure 1.1, where the floor beam acts as off-center load and tends totwist the
spandrel beam laterally. Buildings in which the center of mass and center of rigidity donot coincide are called asymmetrical structures. In such structures
earthquakes can causedangerous torsional forces. Figure 1.1 Off-center load causing torsion in the spandrel beam 2
4. 4. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionIf a plain concrete member is subjected to pure torsion, it will crack
and fail along 45 o spirallines due to diagonal tension corresponding to the torsional stresses. Although the diagonaltension stresses produced by twisting are very
similar to those caused by shear, they will occuron all faces of a member. Maximum shears and torsional forces may occur in areas wherebending moments are
small. For such cases, the interaction of shear and torsion can beparticularly important as it relates to design.3. THRESHOLD TORSIONAccording to ACI 11.5.1, it
shall be permitted to neglect torsion effects if, For members subjected to an axial tensile or compressive force it shall be permitted to neglecttorsion effects if,
Cracking TorqueThe cracking torsion under pure torsion Tcr is derived by replacing the actual section with anequivalent thin-walled tube with a wall thickness t
prior to cracking of 0.75 Acp /pcp and an areaenclosed by the wall centerline Ao equal to 2Acp /3. Cracking is assumed to occur when theprincipal tensile stress
reaches 0.33λ. In a nonprestressed beam loaded with torsion alone, theprincipal tensile stress is equal to the torsional shear stress, τ = T/(2Aot). Thus, cracking
occurswhen τ reaches 0.33λ, giving the cracking torque Tcr (According to R11.5.1) as Using Eq. 1.3 in Eq. 1.1 we get,The above equation states that Torsional
effects can be neglected if the factored torsionalmoment does not exceed approximately one-quarter of the cracking torque Tcr . 3
5. 5. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for Torsion4. MOMENT REDISTRIBUTIONEquilibrium TorsionFor a statically
determinate structure, there is only one path along which a torsional moment canbe transmitted to the supports. This type of torsional moment, which is referred to
as equilibriumtorsion, cannot be reduced by redistribution of internal forces or by a rotation of member.Equilibrium torsion is illustrated in Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2
Equilibrium torsionCompatibility TorsionThe torsional moment in a particular part of a statically indeterminate structure may besubstantially reduced if that part of
the structure cracks under torsion and/or rotates. The resultwill be a redistribution of forces in the structure. This type of torsion, which is illustrated inFigure 1.3, is
referred to as compatibility torsion, in the sense that part of structure in questiontwists in order to keep the deformations of the structure compatible. Figure 1.3
Compatibility Torsion 4
6. 6. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionIn a statically indeterminate structure where reduction of the torsional
moment in a member canoccur due to redistribution of internal forces upon cracking, the maximum factored torsionalmoment Tu shall be permitted to be reduced to
the following values (According to ACI 11.5.2.2), For members subjected to an axial tensile or compressive force it shall be permitted to neglecttorsion effects if,
When appreciable torsion is present, it may be more economical to select a larger beam thanwould normally be selected so that torsional reinforcement does not
have to be used. Such abeam may very well be more economical than a smaller one with the closed stirrups andadditional longitudinal steel required for torsion
design.5. TORSIONAL STRESSESThe torsional stress adds to the shear stress on one side of a member and subtract from them onthe other. This situation is
illustrated in the Figure 1.4. Torsional stresses are quite low near the center of a solid beam. Because of this, hollowbeams are assumed to have almost exactly the
same torsional strengths as solid beams with thesame outside dimensions. In solid sections the shear stresses due to torsion Tu are concentrated in an outside tube
ofthe member as shown in Figure 1.4(b), while the shear stresses due to Vu are spread across thewidth of the solid section. After cracking, the resistance of concrete
to torsion is assumed to be negligible. Thetension cracks tend to spiral around members located at approximately 45o angles with thelongitudinal edges of those
members. Torsion is assumed to be resisted by an imaginary spacetruss located in the outer tube of concrete of the member. Such a truss is shown in Figure. 1.5.The
longitudinal steel in the corners of the member and the closed transverse stirrups act astension members in the truss, while the diagonal concrete between the
stirrups acts as struts ofcompression members. The cracked concrete is still capable of taking compression stresses. 5
7. 7. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for Torsion Figure 1.4 Addition of torsional and shear stresses Figure 1.5
Space truss analogy 6
8. 8. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for Torsion6. TORSIONAL MOMENT STRENGTHAccording to ACI 11.5.3.1,
the cross-sectional dimensions shall be such that:(a) For solid section,(b) For hollow section,The size of a cross section is limited for two reasons; first, to reduce
unsightly cracking, andsecond, to prevent crushing of the surface concrete due to inclined compressive stresses due toshear and torsion. In Eq. (1-7) and (1-8), the
two terms on the left-hand side are the shear stressesdue to shear and torsion. The sum of these stresses may not exceed the stress causing shearcracking plus 0.66 .
If the wall thickness of a hollow section is less than Aoh/Ph, the secondterm in Eq. 1.8 is to be taken not as Tu Ph /1.7Aoh2 but as Tu /1.7Aoh, where t is the
thickness of thewall where stresses are being checked.7. TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREDThe torsional strength of reinforced concrete beams can be
greatly increased by adding torsionalreinforcement consisting of closed stirrups and longitudinal bars. If the factored torsionalmoment for a particular member is
larger than the value given in Eq. 1.1, then the ACI 11.5.5.2provides an expression to compute the absolute minimum area of transverse closed stirrups thatmay be
used.From the knowledge of shear design of beam it is clear that the area Av obtained is for both legsof a two-legged stirrup. The value At, which represents the
area of the stirrups needed for torsion,is for only one leg of the stirrup. Therefore the value Av + 2At is the total area of both legs of thestirrups needed for shear plus
torsion. According to ACI 11.5.3.6, area of stirrups At used forresisting torsion is computed as follows, 7
9. 9. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for Torsionwhere Ao shall be determined by analysis except that it shall be
permitted to take Ao equal to0.85Aoh; θ shall not be taken smaller than 30o nor larger than 60o. It shall be permitted to take θequal to 45o for nonprestressed
members. Where torsional reinforcement is required, the total area of longitudinal reinforcement toresist torsion, Al, shall be computed according to ACI 11.5.3.7
The minimum total area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement, Al(min), shall be computedaccording to ACI 11.5.5.3 as,where At /s shall not be less than
0.175bw/fyt.Maximum torsion generally acts at the ends of beams, and a result the longitudinal torsion barsshould be anchored for their yield strength at the face of
the supports. To do this it may benecessary to use hooks.8. OTHER ACI CODE PROVISIONS 1) ACI 11.5.6.1 Maximum spacing, Smax, for transverse torsion
reinforcement is smaller of; a) 300 mm. b) Ph/8. 2) ACI 11.5.6.2 The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion must be distributed around the inside perimeter
of the closed stirrups with a maximum spacing of 300 mm. There shall be at least one longitudinal bar or tendon in each corner of the stirrups. Longitudinal bars
shall have a diameter at least 0.042 times the stirrup spacing, but not less than No. 10. 3) ACI 11.5.6.3 Torsional reinforcement must be provided for a distance not
less than bt + d beyond the point where it is theoretically no longer required. The term bt represent the width of that part of the member cross-section which
contains the torsional stirrups. 8
10. 10. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionDesign ExampleDesign the torsional reinforcement for the
rectangular section shown in Figure 1.6, for whichfc = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa, Vu = 160 kN, Tu = 10 kN-m and As required for Mu is 1100 mm2. x1 500 mm

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y1 300 mmSolutionStep 1: Check for torsional reinforcement requirement - - - Torsional reinforcement is requiredStep 2: Calculation of sectional properties 9
11. 11. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionAssuming bottom reinforcement consists of #25 bars,Step 3: Check
for adequacy of concrete cross-sectionAccording to ACI 11.2.1.1, Section is sufficient to support TuStep 4: Transverse torsional reinforcement 10
12. 12. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionStep 5: Shear reinforcement Shear reinforcement is requiredStep 6:
Design of Stirrups GovernsTaking, Stirrups provided are, c #13 @ 150 mm /cStep 7: Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement 11
13. 13. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionAdditional longitudinal steel is provided in four inside corners of
stirrups and vertically inbetween. So Total longitudinal steel provided in beam is, Longitudinal steel provided is, Top Steel Mid Steel Bottom Steel 2 # 13 Bars 2 #
13 Bars 2 # 22 + 2 # 19 BarsStep 7: Detailing 300 mm 2 # 13 Bars 2 # 13 500 mm Bars 2 # 19 Bars 40 mm 2 # 22 c # 13 @ 150 mm /c 40 mm 12
14. 14. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., C.E.D., U.E.T., Lhr) Design of Beam for TorsionREFERENCES1. Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318M-08) and Commentary2. Design of Reinforced concrete, 7th Edition, by Jack C. McCormac and James. K. Nelson3. Reinforced concrete
design, 4th Edition, by W. H. Mosley and J. H. Bungey 13

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