Mechanics of Textile Machinery Content

S.S.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOMARAPALAYAM – 638 183.
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

(NBA Accredited & certified by ISO 9001:2008)
TT2402 – MECHANICS OF TEXTILE MACHINERY PAGE NO: 1
Clutches:
The clutch is a mechanism which transmits drive with sufficient energy from a revolving
body to a stationery body in the same axis.
Types of clutches:
 Single plate clutch.
 Multiple plate clutch.
 Conical clutch.
Single plate clutch:
This clutch consists of two discs, one is driving disc and the other is driven disc. The
driving disc is fastened to the driving shaft and the driven disc is free to move along the driven
shaft due to splined connection. Both the shafts are coaxial.during disengagement of the clutch,a
contact lever keeps the driven disc away from the driving disc.for the engagement of the clutch,the
contact lever has to be gradually released.Then a spring provides an actuating force to the driven
disc forcing it to move towards the driving disc and finally makes contact with it.The driven disc
start rotating ta low speed due to the friction between the discs.When the contact lever is fully
released by a hydraulic cylinder,the spring provides the required axial force to press the driven disc
attains the speed of the driver disc.Torque is transmitted by means of frictional force between these
plates.Disc clutches are used in the drive from calendar roller to lap rollers of a lap forming
machine.When a lap attains its preset length,clutch disengages.Due to braking action,calendar stops
feeding web.However,lap rollers run for about a metre severing the lap.
The friction clutches are classified as two-plane discs or multiple-lane dsics depending
upon the number of friction surfaces.Based on the shape of the friction lining,they are classified as
disc clutches or expending shoe clutches.Friction clutches permit smooth engagement at any
PAGE NO: 2 TT2402 – MECHANICS OF TEXTILE MACHINERY
speed.In any event of over loads,the friction clutches slip momentarily,safeguarding the machine or
mechanism against breakage.Two-plane disc clutches are used where there is enough radial space.
Friction clutches with multi-plane discs
A multi-plane disc friction clutch is shown in fig7.4.It consists of two sets of discs-A and B-
A set of driven discs,’A’, are mounted to the driven shaft by means of splined sleeve,so that they
are free to move in an axial direction.A specially shaped plate is fastened to the driving shaft.It has
a rom and an L-shaped face or drum.When the driving shaft rotates,the drum also rotates along with
the driving shaft.Radially eqi-spaced axial holes(three or four) are provided on the rim and the
drum,so that a bolt can pass through each set of the holes.the driving set of discs,’B’ is also made
with radially eqi-spaced holes.The bolts pass through the holes of the drum,driving discs,’B’ and
the rim of the plate.A clearance fit between the bolts and the holes in the driving disc allows the
discs B to move in an axial direction.The bolts are rigidly fixed to a revolving drum.Normally,the
driving discs,’A’ are placed is transmitted to the driven shaft.For disengagement of the
clutch,contact levers move the make the driven discs away from the driving ones.Hardened steel
and hardened bronze are used to make the driven and driving discs respectively.
For the uniform-pressure criterion,

Mt=(8/12)MFZ(R3-r3)(R2-r2)
For the uniform wear criterion,
Mt= (Mfz/2)(R+r)
where Z is the number of pairs of contacting surfaces.
The torque transmitting capacity of multi disc clutch is higher compared to single plate clutch due
to more number of contacting surfaces.For a given torqur capacity,the size of a multi plate clutch is
smaller than that of single plate clutch.The work done by frictional force during engagement or
disengagement is coverted into heat.Because of the large number of friction surfaces,heat
dissipation is a serious problem in the multi plate-clutch.Therefore,multi plate clutches are made as
wet clutches using oil.The use of oil brings down the coefficient of friction between the
discs,reducing the torque capacity of multi plate clutches.
Cone clutches
The cone clutches are simple in construction an dare easy to disengage.However,the
reqirements for the coaxiality of the driving and driven shafts is critical.A cone clutch consists of
two working surfaces,viz.,inner and outer cones,as shown in fig.7.5.the outer cone is fastened to the
driving shaft and the inner cone is free to slide axially on the driven shaft due to splines.A helical
compression spring provides the necessary axial force to the innear cone to press against the outer
cone,thus engaging the clutch.
A contact lever is used to disengage the clutch. The inner cone surface is lined with friction
material. Due to wedging action between the conical working surfaces,there is considerable normal
pressure and friction force with a small engaging force. The semi cone angle is kept greater than a
certain value to avoid self-engagement; otherwise disengagement of clutch would be difficult. This
is kept around 12.5. Cone clutch is used to delay the start of drafting unit of a ring frame.
Centrifugal clutches
Whenever the load on the driven (motor) has to be engaged after the driven has attained its
full speed or a critical speed, a centrifugal clutch may be used in those situations. The centrifugal
clutch permits the driven motor to start, warm up and accerlerate to the operating speed without
load. Then the clutch is automatically engaged and the driven element is smoothly brought up to the
operating speed. These clutches are very much useful for heavy loads where the motor can not be
started under that load. They are widely used in textile machinery. For example.centrifugal clutches
are used in drive from motor to cylinder and lickerin of modern card.drive from motor to motor-
pulley is through this clutch. Once the motor attains the required speed, the centrifugal clutch
engages, transmitting the drive to lickerin and cylinder,thus safe guarding the motor during start-up.
The centrifugal clutch works on the principle of centrifugal force, which increases proportionally to
the square of the rotational speed. A centrifugal clutch is shown in fig.7.8. Spiders are mounted
radially,eqi-spaced on the driver or input shaft. They form the radial guides or spaces around the
driver shaft. In each guide,a sliding shoe is retained by a spring. The outer surface around of the
sliding shoe is provided with a lining of friction material. The entire assembly of the spider, shoes
and spring is enclosed in a co-axial drum, which is mounted on the outer or drivrn shaft.
Brakes
A brake is a machine element which is used either to stop the machine or retard the motion
of a moving system, such as a rotating rollers or drums or vehicle where the driving force has
ceased to act or is still acting. In practise most breakes will act either upon the internal surface or
external surface of the drum. The brakes acting on the brake drums do not make contact along the
whole periphery and the part making contact with the drum is called shoe. The shoe has to expand
for internal contact and close in for external contact. When the breaking action takes place,the
engery absorbed by the brake shoe is coverted into heat energy and dissipated to surroundings. Heat
dissipation is a serious problem in brake applications.
Block brake with short shoe

A block brake consists of a rotating drum(brake drum) against which a brake shoe (or
block) is pressed by means of a provoted lever is shown fig.7.10. The friction force between the
shoe and the brake drum acts against the direction of rotation of the drum at the contact region. This
causes retardation of the drum. When the friction force is very high, the drum stops rotating. The
angle of Contact θ between the shoe and the brake drum is usually kept less than 45, for uniform
intensity of pressure between them. The main disadvantage of the block brake is the tendency of the
drum shaft to bend under the action of normal force (N).
Pivoted double block brake

Pivoted double block brake is used in braking, the spindle for piecing the yarn in ring frame.
A spindle brake is shown fig.7.12. In this case the tendency for unseating the brake is eliminated.
Internal expanding brake

An internal expanding brake is shown in fig.7.13. It consists of a shoe, which is pivoted at
‘A’ and on the other end ‘B’ an actuating force F acts. A friction lining is provided on the shoe. The
complete assembly of shoe with lining and pivot is placed inside the brake drum. Under the action
of the actuating force the shoe contacts the inner surface of the drum. Internal shoe brakes,with two
symmetrical shoes,are used in lap forming machine. The actuating force is usually provided by
hydraulic cylinder. When a lap is about to reach its preset length.braking action on the main shaft
slows down the machine.
Band brakes
In a band brake, a flexible steel band lined with friction material,presses against the rotating
brake drum.fig.7.14 shows a simple band brake,where one end of the steel band passes through the
fulcrum of the actuating lever(o). The other end of the band is connected to the lever at point (A) a
distance ‘a’ from the pivot point. Actuating force is applied at point (B) on the lever. The working
of steel band is similar to that of a stationary flat belt on rim of a pulley.
Differential band brake

A differential band brake is shown in fig.7.15. It can be seen that both the ends of the band
are not passing through the pivot of the actuating lever (o). Differential band brakes are designed
for the condition of self-locking. These breaks were used earlier is silver and ribbon lap machines
to apply pressure on lap spindle is applied by pneumatic means.
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES:

We have already discussed, that whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it
exerts some centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In
order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the
shaft, at such a position so as to balance the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass. This is
done in such a way that the centrifugal forces of both the masses are made to be equal and opposite.
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force
of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
The following cases are important from the subject point of view:
1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.
3. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.
4. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.
1. Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass By a Single Mass Rotating in the Same Plane
Consider a disturbing mass m1 attached to a shaft rotating at ω rad/s. Let r1 be the radius of
rotation of the mass m1 (i.e. distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the centre of
gravity of the mass m1).
We know that the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 on the shaft,
This centrifugal force acts radially outwards and thus produces bending moment on the shaft. In
order to counteract the effect of this force, a balancing mass (m2) may be attached in the same plane
of rotation as that of disturbing mass (m1) such that the centrifugal forces due to the two masses are
equal and opposite.
Let r2 = Radius of rotation of the balancing mass m2

(i.e. distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the centre of gravity of mass m2 ).
2. Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass By Two Masses Rotating in Different Planes

We have discussed in the previous article that by introducing a single balancing mass in the
same plane of rotation as that of disturbing mass, the centrifugal forces are balanced. In other
words, the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. But this type of
arrangement for balancing gives rise to a couple which tends to rock the shaft in its bearings.
Therefore in order to put the system in complete balance, two balancing masses are placed in two
different planes, parallel to the plane of rotation of the disturbing mass, in such a way that they
satisfy the following two conditions of equilibrium.
1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of
three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the system
must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.
2. The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero. In other words, the
algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
The conditions (1) and (2) together give dynamic balancing. The following two possibilities may
arise while attaching the two balancing masses :
1. The plane of the disturbing mass may be in between the planes of the two balancing masses, and
2. The plane of the disturbing mass may lie on the left or right of the two planes containing the
balancing masses.
1. When the plane of the disturbing mass lies in between the planes of the two balancing
masses
Consider a disturbing mass m lying in a plane A to be balanced by two rotating masses m1 and m2
lying in two different planes L and M as shown in Figure. Let r, r1 and r2 be the radii of rotation of
the masses in planes A, L and M respectively.
Let l1 = Distance between the planes A and L,
l2 = Distance between the planes A and M, and
l = Distance between the planes L and M.
We know that the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m in the plane A,
Similarly, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 in the plane L,
and, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m2 in the plane M,
Since the net force acting on the shaft must be equal to zero, therefore the centrifugal force
on the disturbing mass must be equal to the sum of the centrifugal forces on the balancing masses,
therefore
Now in order to find the magnitude of balancing force in the plane L (or the dynamic force at the
bearing Q of a shaft), take moments about P which is the point of intersection of the plane M
and the axis of rotation. Therefore
Similarly, in order to find the balancing force in plane M (or the dynamic force at the bearing P of a
shaft), take moments about Q which is the point of intersection of the plane L and the axis of
rotation. Therefore
It may be noted that equation (i) represents the condition for static balance, but in order to
achieve dynamic balance, equations (ii) or (iii) must also be satisfied.
2. When the plane of the disturbing mass lies on one end of the planes of the balancing
Masses:
In this case, the mass m lies in the plane A and the balancing masses lie in the planes L and M, as
shown in Figure. As discussed above, the following conditions must be satisfied in order to balance
the system, i.e.
Now, to find the balancing force in the plane L (or the dynamic force at the bearing Q of a shaft),
take moments about P which is the point of intersection of the plane M and the axis of rotation.
Therefore
Similarly, to find the balancing force in the plane M (or the dynamic force at the bearing P of a
shaft), take moments about Q which is the point of intersection of the plane L and the axis of
rotation. Therefore
3. Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in the Same Plane

Consider any number of masses (say four) of magnitude m1, m2, m3 and m4 at distances of r1,
r2, r3 and r4 from the axis of the rotating shaft. Let θ 1, θ2 ,θ3 ,θ4 be the angles of these masses with
the horizontal line OX, as shown in Figure. Let these masses rotate about an axis through O and
perpendicular to the plane of
paper, with a constant angular
velocity of ω rad/s.
The magnitude and position of
the balancing mass may be
found out analytically or
graphically as discussed below:
1. Analytical method
The magnitude and direction of the balancing mass may be obtained, analytically, as discussed
below:
1. First of all, find out the centrifugal force (or the product of the mass and its radius of rotation)
exerted by each mass on the rotating shaft.
Since ω2 is same for each mass, therefore the magnitude of the centrifugal force for each mass is
proportional to the product of the respective mass and its radius of rotation.
2. Resolve the centrifugal forces horizontally and vertically and find their sums, i.e. ΣH and ΣV.
We know that
Sum of horizontal components of the centrifugal forces,
and sum of vertical components of the centrifugal forces,

3. Magnitude of the resultant centrifugal force,
4. If θ is the angle, which the resultant force makes with the horizontal, then
Tan θ = ΣH / ΣV
5. The balancing force is then equal to the resultant force, but in opposite direction.
6. Now find out the magnitude of the balancing mass, such that
where m = Balancing mass, and

r = Its radius of rotation.
2. Graphical method
The magnitude and position of the balancing mass may also be obtained graphically as discussed
below :
1. First of all, draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown in Figure.
2. Find out the centrifugal force (or product of the mass and radius of rotation) exerted by each
mass on the rotating shaft.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces (or the product of the masses
and their radii of rotation), such that ab represents the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 (or
m1.r1) in magnitude and direction to some suitable scale. Similarly, draw bc, cd and de to represent
centrifugal forces of other masses m2, m3 and m4 (or m2.r2, m3.r3 and m4.r4).
4. Now, as per polygon law of forces, the closing side ae represents the resultant force in magnitude
and direction, as shown in Figure.
5. The balancing force is, then, equal to the resultant force, but in opposite direction.
6. Now find out the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r), such that
m ω2 r = Resultant centrifugal force
m.r = Resultant of m 1.r 1, m 2.r 2, m 3.r 3 and m 4.r 4
4. Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in Different Planes

When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference
plane (briefly written as R.P.), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the
axis of rotation and perpendicular to it. The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to
a reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to the centrifugal force of the revolving
mass to act in the reference plane, together with a couple of magnitude equal to the product of the
force and the distance between the plane of rotation and the reference plane. In order to have a
complete balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following two conditions
must be satisfied:
1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couples about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.
Let us now consider four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 revolving in planes 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively as
shown in Diesel engine.
The relative angular positions of these masses are shown in the end view. The magnitude of the
balancing masses mLand mM in planes L and M may be obtained asdiscussed below:
1. Take one of the planes; say L as the reference plane (R.P.). The distances of all the other planes
to the left of the reference plane may be regarded as negative, and those to the right as positive.
2. Tabulate the data as shown in Table. The planes are tabulated in the same order in which they
occur, reading from left to right.
3. A couple may be represented by a vector drawn perpendicular to the plane of the couple.
The couple C1 introduced by transferring m 1 to the reference plane through O is proportional to
m1.r1.l1 and acts in a plane through O m1 and perpendicular to the paper. The vector representing
this couple is drawn in the plane of the paper and perpendicular to Om 1 as shown by OC 1 in Fig.
21.7 (c). Similarly, the vectors OC 2, OC 3 and OC 4 are drawn perpendicular to Om 2, Om 3 and
Om4 respectively and in the plane of the paper.
4. The couple vectors as discussed above are turned counter clockwise through a right angle for
convenience of drawing as shown in Figure. We see that their relative position remains unaffected.
Now the vectors OC 2, OC 3 and OC 4 are parallel and in the same direction as Om 2, Om 3 and
Om 4, while the vector OC 1 is parallel to Om 1 but in opposite direction. Hence the couple
vectors are drawn radially outwards for the masses on one side of the reference plane and
radially inward for the masses on the other side of the reference plane.
5. Now draw the couple polygon as shown in Figure. The vector d’ o’ represents the balanced
couple.
From this expression, the value of the balancing mass m M in the plane M may be obtained, and the
angle of inclination α of this mass may be measured from Figure.
6. Now draw the force polygon as shown in Figure. The vector eo (in the direction from e to o)
represents the balanced force. Since the balanced force is proportional to mL.r L, therefore,
From this expression, the value of the balancing mass mL in the plane L may be obtained and the
angle of inclination α of this mass with the horizontal may be measured from Figure.
UNIT - III
SPINNING MACHINERY
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES:
Cone and stepped pulleys:
For variable speed drives in blow rooms and roving machines, flat belts with cone pulleys are used
as shown in Figure. The belt is moved axially to vary the output speed. For stepped pulleys, V belt
or round belt is used with grooved sheaves as shown in Figure. The stepped pulleys with V belts
are commonly used on many main drives of textile machines.
Conical discs
A variable speed drive using adjustable grooves/conical
discs and V belt are commonly used in ring spinning
without varying the
speed of the motor.
By shifting the driver and driven discs axially and simultaneously, the effective diameters of
the discs over which the belt passes are varied, thus varying the output speed. To increase the
output speed (spindle speed), the input discs are moved closer to each other and the output discs are
moved apart and vice versa. A microprocessor controls the hydraulic or pneumatic piston and lever
mechanism to moves the discs. Depending on the preciousness of the control mechanism, the speed
of the output can be varied infinitesimally and continuously. This is called PIV (Positively
Infinitesimally Variable) drive. However, the spindle speed in ring spinning is not continuously
varied. In practice, the spindle speed is varied in several steps depending on the doff-position and
the permissible end-breakage rate of yarn. This permits higher throughput of yarn as optimum
spindle speed could be selected at any instant. To reduce slip even further, the V-belts are replaced
by a set of steel links held together by means of a chain (slated chains). This is called PIV gear and
is used in many industrial machines for speed control.
DIFFERENTIAL SPEED DRIVES:
Principle:
Differential gearing is an epicyclic gear train. It is merely a means of combining two separate input
speeds to give an output speed proportional to the sum or difference of the two inputs. Another
important application of the planetary gear train is to make use of the two degrees of freedom of
this mechanism when the sun gear is released from the ground. These two degrees of freedom
mechanism requires two input conditions to determine completely the motion of the gear train. This
two degrees of freedom mechanism is used in fly frame and combing machines. This is called as
differential mechanism.
DIFFERENTIAL GEARING IN SPEED FRAME:
The differential gearing is used in speed frame to combine a fixed speed related to flyer
speed with a variable speed related to the winding rpm. The winding speed reduces from bare
bobbin to full bobbin after completion of each layer of winding. A pair of cone pulleys and belt
shift mechanism does this speed reduction. This variable speed is given to the epicyclic gear trains
through gears from the bottom of the cone pulley.
For bobbinlead winding principle:
Nw = (NB-NF) NB = (NF+NW) Nw = (NB-NF)
NB = bobbin rpm, NF = Flyer rpmNw = Winding rpm
Nw = ( v /π dB)
Where, v = delivery rate of roving in metres per min.
dB = diameter of bobbin
the delivery rate of roving can also be expressed as:
v = [ ( ωB – ωF) R]
where ωB and ωF are the angular velocities of bobbin and flyer respectively, and R is the radius of
the bobbin at the winding point. Diameter of the bobbin d B increases from bare bobbin “d” to full
bobbin “D”, then
D = ( 2mt + d)
Where, m = number of layers from bare to full bobbin
t = roving thickness or diameter.
When winding from bare to full bobbin, the winding rpm decreases. As a result, the bobbin
rpm has to be reduced in proportion. Referting to the equation the bobbin speed is a function of a
constant speed that is related to flyer speed and a variable speed related to the winding speed. A
differential gearing used in spped frame is shown in figure. The required inputs of fixed and
variable speeds are given tot he differential gearing. Gears 3 and 4 are mounted on the main shaft,
and they constitute the arm of the epicyclic gearing. From the main shaft, top cone pulley and flyers
are
driven separately through gear trains. A variable speed from bottom cone pulley through gear trains
is spplied to the Gear 1, which is compounded to a Gear 2. Both the gears 1 and 2 are loosely
mounted on the main shaft. From the gear 6, (which is compounded to gear 5), drive to the bobbins
is effected through gear trains. Gears, 1,2,5 and 6 are coaxial to the main shaft.
From the gearing, the epicyclic gear train ratio (output to input speed) is
e = (T2 T4 / T3 T5 )
the following notations are used:
the gear train ratio between loose pulley 6 and the bobbin is L.
The gear train ratio between loose pulley 1 and bottom cone is K.
The rpm of the bottom cone drum is vi. (a variable speed)
The rpm of the main shaft is F (a fixed speed)
Speed of the various elements can be calculated using the tabulation method as below.
Operation Speed (rpm) of various elements
Gears / elements
Arm or 1 2 3 4 5 6
main
shaft
Arm not moving and wheel 1 0 x x -x (T2/T3) -x (T2/T3) xe xe
rotates with +x rpm
Whole system rotates +y rpm y y y y y y y
Total motion of the system y y+x y+x y-x(T2/T3) y-(T2/T3) y+xe y+xe
Required conditions are:

y=F
(y+x) = K vi
x = (K vi – F)
Speed of the gear 6 is,
N5 = F + e (K vi – F) rpm
Therefore, rpm of the bobbin,
NB = L {F + e (K vi – F}
DIFFERENTIAL GEARING IN COMBER:

In a comber, when the operation of the cylinder comb has been completed, the detaching
rollers feed back part of the previously formed web. The nippers swing forward and lay the just
combed fiber fringe onto the web portion projecting from the detaching rollers. When the detaching
rollers rotate in the web take – off direction again, they draw the immediately combed fibres
through the top comb and out of the lap sheet. Thus a new web is created.
The detaching rollers should perform a back and forth movement to carryout the piecing
operation. Obviously, the forward movement of detaching rollers should be more than their
backward movement, thus effecting an effective take off the web. The back and forth movement of
the detaching rollers is derived from a differential gear. An intermittent rotation A is superimposed
on to a constant rotation B generated from the cylinder comb shaft. The intermittent rotation A is
derived through cam from the cylinder comb shaft. The intermittent rotation is faster than the
constant rotation B. If these rotations are acting in the same sense (A+B), the result is a rapid
acceleration of the detaching rollers in the forward direction. If the direction of intermittent rotation
is opposite in sense to the basic rotation, then the intermittent rotation being dominant cancels out
the effect of the constant rotation and the net effect is that a backward movement to the detaching
rollers is:
(C) = (-A+B)
Differential gearing in comber
The figure shows the epicyclic gear train used in the comber. Gear F rotates in counter
clockwise direction with a constant rpm, as one sees it from the headstock towards the delivery side
of the comber. This gear gets its drive ffrom cylinder comb shaft through simple gearing. On one
side of this gear F (near headstock end), three gears / wheels B; are mounted at 120 o interval.
Similarly, on the other side of the gear F, three gears / wheels C are mounted at 120 o interval. Gears
B and C are compounded having the same revolution. The purpose of having three wheels is to
dynamically balance the epicyclic gears. Otherwise, the mass imbalance created at the epicyclic
gearing would be transmitted to the detaching rollers, creating vibrations to the detaching rollers
and hence the mass variations in the take – off web. From the point of view of the rotational rate of
the output of the epicyclic gears, the three gears ( B and C) have the same effect as that of having
single wheels for both the positions B and C.
Gear A is mounted coaxial to the gear F, and can rotate either in positive or negative
directions. The gear A is driven by a cam mounted to the shaft of the cylinder comb. Gear C drives
the gear D, that is loosely mounted on the axis of the gear F. Gears A, F and D are mounted on the
same axis, but rotate at different rpm. The superimposed speed from the gears F and A is
transmitted to the output gear D of the epicyclic gearing and then to the detaching rollers viz further
gearing. Gears B and C bodily rotate in addition to their rotation with respect to their axes, as they
are mounted radially on the gear F.
The equations governing the speeds of all the elements of the differential gears can be
framed from the tabulation method, which are shown in the table.
Speeds of various elements (rpm)

Operation
A B C D E
The whole system as one unit rotate
+y +y +y +y +y
with +y rpm
Arm F is locked and wheel A is
+x -x(33/21) -x(33/21) +x (33/21)(29/25) Zero
given +x rpm
Resultant rpm -(33/21) -(33/21) (33/21) (29/25)
x+y +y
x+y x+y x+y
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR SPEEDS OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS
Rpm of the wheel A = x+y
Rpm of the wheels B and C = -1.57 x + y
Rpm of the wheel D = 1.82 x + y
Rpm of the wheel F = +y
From the gearing plan of the comber, the rpm of the wheel F can be calculated for various nips per
minute of the comber. For 240 nips per minute of the comber, it is +36 rpm (i.e., counterclockwise
direction). The speed and direction of rotation of the wheel F is always constant throughout the
combing cycle.

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S.S.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOMARAPALAYAM – 638 183.

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

For the uniform-pressure criterion,

Block brake with short shoe

Pivoted double block brake

Internal expanding brake

Differential band brake

BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES:

Let r2 = Radius of rotation of the balancing mass m2

2. Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass By Two Masses Rotating in Different Planes

Similarly, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 in the plane L,

and, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m2 in the plane M,

3. Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in the Same Plane

and sum of vertical components of the centrifugal forces,

3. Magnitude of the resultant centrifugal force,

where m = Balancing mass, and

4. Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in Different Planes

Required conditions are:

DIFFERENTIAL GEARING IN COMBER:

Differential gearing in comber

Speeds of various elements (rpm)

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