UP PRE-MEDICAL HONOR SOCIETY ORBITALS AND ELECTRONS Description Possible values) 723 aa nie (Quantum number al quan gular momentum qu number Lf San Magnetic quantumnumber? | Qroital onentationyp., pyips) jm=-1t0 +! quantumnumber(@p) —_((Gescribes spin of electron 5 ich electron has a unique set of quantum numbers. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Electron configuration’ describes the location of all ofthe electrens in aniélementie.g: Carbon = 1s*2 not beth be exactly Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: th (ounaiths sae Pallli eXelusion principle: @otwo electrons an atonCGen have the same set of four quant 1, m, ms) which means that each ‘orbital with quantum numbers (n, |, m) can | 1, m) can holga at most & féctrons with opposite spins. Hund’s rule when electron before a second 28 Hypribact 9 Nitrogen (13? 2s* 2p") i a moe Oe eet 1s 423 Sap 2, 2p ‘Aufbau Principle: dictates 1 order in which orbitals fil) Some exceptions occur ia ihe transition elements —— eS 1s 2s. 2p gs 3p 3d 4s ap 4d af 6 Sd Of 6s 6p 6d &CHEMISTRY MODULE 2016 OY vorencis rosea soar ‘THE GAS PHASE Unit of pressure: GBD eo rg 70 torr = 101.2547 = 1.0125 ba Ideal Gas Postulates: 1. Molecules are very ‘small compared to the distance between them 2. Molecules are ‘motion > Pressel Rages casos ofthe lcs wih cove als 4 Molecules do nolaxbesience WiprmotecctarOTTES 5 KEwe M- 4 (ad F 4 otal) m-F- (nol) @ veme macs Hover soorn hacs 4 # ogi pee icon m0 Bevin SOLUTIONS int of H:0 to prevent the water EEN | ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA | kod | pat, jus Acid: ‘Anything that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution Herken e a ‘Arrhenius Base: Anything that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution _F Ea Bronsted-Lowry Acid: A species that donates a proton is an acid ; Bronsted-Lowry Base:A species that accepts a proton is a base eee co bo oe chemical species that can both donate and accept protors®Auts | “ct oaneneastRy OU Q [UP PREMEDICAL HONOR SOCIETY Lewis Acid: Anything that accepts a pair of electrons Lewis Base: Anything that danates a pair of electrons "erin com or kon = _Strong Acids Acid that Beeld bons towater molecules quanttatvely (> Strong Base: A substance that generates ‘ons quantitatively in aqueous solutione>¢h) pH Scales: tye nea os SMD = -log Ke Oo 20H = 14.00 pke= 14.00 | Wives Ace: ace trot reaches egumriom when ony «smal action of oles veneer rotons to vot! |» Weak Base: Generates hycroxde ons by accepting protons rom ater pulreaches ulbrium when only 8 fraction of iis moles Zane so ‘Applications of Aqueous Equilibria: Bier Solution: Contains both a weak acid and ts conjugate base as a maior species in | | i me linet) » ) . apa: Te arigunt.o added 140° 0r OF the blr solsioncan tolerate without exceesngy= a. | CHEMICAL KINETICS” ‘Resilon Mechiisnshe exact mec patwoy that staring mates folow on ey wey besoring RateDasumiang Step: The slovestsemestar spina machen ‘bstOrder Bate Law Rate = WA, where Ais areactant in tne overall reaction this can be converted toCHEMISTRY MODULE 2016 QO [UP PREMEDICAL HoNo SoctFrY’ ‘alte Ta 1 Onder wren half the original concentration hes been consumed, ye Rate= KIAF, this can be converted to for that eee ate Deteminise: ‘The predicted rate law forthe overall reaction is the rate expression irs | Activation Energy (Es: E ner i ergy barrier, the minimum energy thet must be supplied before the reection con | eur fgheis Cores the moleculer arrangement at the point of highest energy along the energy level clearer CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ae ee Equilitrium Constant: | _ (D)éalElea Keg = 2 2 [Algal Blea is related to Ke applied only at equilibrium, Ka is independent of intial conditions the stoichiometry ‘equal to their stand “pnd Golidi-The concentrations cf pure liquids or solids ere always re division by standard concentration resus in a value of 1 Pure concentrations, therefo0 UP PRE-MEDICAL HONOR SOCIETY CHEMISTRY MODULE 2016 THERMODYNAMICS ae... ‘but not matter with its surroundings : Exchanges neither matter nor energy with the surroundings eewverables Conditions that must be specified to establish the state of a system, pressure (P), volume (V), |. and amounts of substances (n) Physical Change of State: ‘Some of the state variables changes, but the chemical composition of the system Stays the same psc The amounts of reactants and products change some bonds break, and new bonds form tate Function: A property that depends only on the state ofthe system Path Function: 4 property that deperds on how a change takes place ‘Molar Heat Capacity: The emount of heat needed io rise the temperature 1 ol of substance by 1 Kelvin (2) a hag | york kK) First Law of Thermocynami perme” (Ab sys = toys # 7 Ezothermic Processilfthe chemicalsqeléase hes ths hgat gain raises the temperature ofthe surroundings LS ithe cnetials AGE hog, this hea rs te te 7 cee € .—" = “ Cea AT, 9 = nT | WeFd calorimeter = Tartiy whose chenge-cauals the heat flow al constant pressi fax AE + AV) mation AH: Enthalpy change accompanying the formation of one mole of a “from pure elemehts in their most stable forms under standard conditions change for any overall process is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for any set ‘reactants to the products a "Molar Heat of Solution: Measures net eneray fou that ocats. asa substance dlssoves . Molar Heat of Vaporization: The heat needed to mole of a subs! at its normal boiling point | |Q UP PREMEDICAL Honor Society cHemisTRY MODULE 2016 lar Hest of Fusion: Heat needed ta met one mateo substance tts normal meting Pont —— Sublimation: A phase change in which a sold converts direct to « vapour without passing through the auld BE yap = SHyap — RT vap Second Law of Thermodynamies:/Any spontaneous process increases the disorder ote ieee entony ‘The state function that provides @ quantitative measure of disorder ands polized S, a qr mabolized S,_ AS =—— T Entropy Change of the Universe: Gal entropy change, ASuniverse = AS: AS saction = > coeff, AS” — ») coeff,AS* AHfGecda =), coeff AH" — Y coeffi’; + ASsurroundings (feesoe G) TAciate function whose change for the system predicts spontaneity ands | af ree Energy ( | defined by free enerry . ane | Changes in Free Energy: KGays = Oey = TES zp5] Gays negative forallsnontaneous processes under conditions of constant temperature sure. ‘Standard Molar Free Energy Formation 46°, . eak Chimisray sODUE 29 ih AG reaction =). 60effy 86%, — coeff a6 indard Conditions: in 9 the standard entropy change and Q © ASreaction = AS*reaction — F InQ i ; ize reaction = AG reaction — RT ae iA low T ‘Spontaneit TAIT. [No T [High 7 [how TcuemistRY MODULE 2016 gain of elscirans by substance and a decrease in oxidation state nt: @ species that loses electrons and is oxidized ie mel gents: a species that gains electrons and is reduced hattreection withthe more negative reduction potential Oceurs at Lig pess et c Amole e~ number of mole? = current (E) x time *ceaasc ~~ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ir two wayscuemistay MODULE 2016 | Hydrocarbons: carbon and hydrogen skeleton in: carbon aloms at the end of the molecule are bonded to ~CHs grovP and central atoms 10 three or four carbon atoms or other non-hydrogen " ain: central atoms are bonded t Nomenclature _| Notes ~ aed Ends with ane C,Hon+26 | ee ‘Alkyt groups are alkanes that are missing & Fydrogen atom and can therefore pond 1° another substance. =e on, |;Goniugated Isolated ‘ Cumulated Geometric isomerism: different structural orientations around a double bond When non-hydrogen parts are on the SAME side of the molecule: CLS — ‘on OPPOSITE \ | et Ends with -yne tee When non-hydrogen parts are side of the molecule: tr a71S — Terminal alkyne is the only one that has acetylenic H, which is acidic in nature Benzene - resonance stabilized and thus more stable than other hydrocarbons we have Phenyl - if benzene is directly attached to aCHEMISTRY MODULE 2016 parent chain ends with -ane | (similar m cyclobutane) Cycle ‘can be che morestable) Gyslopropane - least stable of the cycloalkenes with eyelo- and because of steric hindrance and anau! Jar strain Ichexane - most stable of the oycioalkanes win or boat conformation [chain 1s Alkyl Halides, Ethers, Amines Preparation Nomenclature Notes “Free radical Aikybhalide or substitution hhaloalkane Ends with -o! Reaction of alky! jalides with OH= -Oxidation cf alkenes with cold, dilute basic KivinO. -Reduetion of aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acids Presence of -OH 1s due to H-bonds with H20 Dehydration of Alkyl 4 + Alkyl 2 alcohols + ether or Alkoxyalkane -Reaction of alky! halide with small alkoxides -Peroxy acid oxidation of alkenes1L HONOR SoctETY CHEMISTRY MODULE 2016 -Presenc Be eee Saad | oscton oA | ce wn oon CNHs primary Pp halides with NH: Enis Woaikene |-NHR secondary cone CNR teriary Satie in water up | Reston of anes -Basic compounds Carbonyl-Containing Compounds | Classification QGroup | Properties Nomenclature Notes Ends with -2f, Terminal group Ascii ee 2 “Soluble in water but less | Soluble than alcohols R “Soluble in water but les soluble than aldehydes Ends with -on& Internal grour | sal OH “Soluble in water until SC Acidic compounds, Ends with -oie acid Terminal group RCOOH; do not confuse with alcohol (R-OH) Ends with -oy! chloride Derivative of carboxylic ate Alkyl alkanoate Derivative of carboxylic acid + alcohol ‘Acid 1 + Acid 2 anhydride Derivative of 2 carboxylic acids that are dehydrated Can be symmetric or asymmetric —- - -Low reactivity -Not basic as opposed to amines Ends with -amide Derivative of carboxylic acid