RAG663 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 

ASSIGNMENT 1: SLR PAPER 

NUR AMALINA BNTI FUAD 
P-RM0206/20 
DESIGN THESIS:
SE-LAT: AN INTEGRATED SEA-LAND GEOHAZARD DISCOVERY CENTRE
  

A REVIEW ON THE POTENTIAL OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

(SMA) AS A MULTISENSORY RESPONSIVE FAÇADE IN A SCIENCE
MUSEUM LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 
  
 Abstract 
Our senses play an important part in perceiving and reacting to the world
around us. Touch, sound, smell, taste, and the knowledge of the body are all
activated through multisensory design. Regardless of our sensory capacities,
the multisensory design enhances everyone's ability to acquire information,
explore the environment, and make social relationships. Shape Memory alloys
(SMA) are metallic materials that can restore their original shape after
exposure to a particular temperature cycle. The most significant characteristic
of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) is its extraordinary deformation
recoverability, which may be achieved by simply adjusting applied
thermomechanical or magnetic stimuli. The study will look at how Shape
Memory Alloy functions as a multisensory responsive surface and how it can
create an immersive environment.

Keywords
Multisensory Stimulation Environment, Sensory, Responsive Architecture,
Shape Memory Alloy, Technology, Experience, Smart Material 

1. Introduction
According to Cortes et al. (2018), there are two things that designers typically focus on,
which are improving aesthetics and improving the design’s functionality in order to generate
favourable psychological and behavioural responses. Nonetheless, many design approaches
are visually oriented. People perceive their surroundings through sight, hearing, touch, odour,
taste, and balance; therefore, designing for one sense is designing for a small aspect of the
user experience (Ranne, 2019). Architects must not overlook the importance of sensory
stimulation in both the design process and the architectural experience (Breffeilh, 2011).
Designers attempting to create unique experiences for people are more likely to succeed if
they are aware of the input provided by various sensory channels and their role in the overall
experience (Schifferstein, 2011).

In recent years, various innovative materials have been investigated, including smart
materials that can react to environmental stimuli and generate an output that engineers and
designers can use (Hannequart et al., 2017). Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) present some
significant properties that create a multisensory experience. Thus, this paper focuses on
searching and reviewing prior research relevant to the significance of multisensory design
and how Shape Memory Alloys functions as a multisensory responsive surface to create an
immersive environment.
2. Problem Statement

Environmental psychology researchers have long emphasised the importance of the sensory
characteristics of the built environment in our lives. Nowadays, most architecture design
approaches have focused heavily on visual stimuli and tend to neglect the non-visual senses
of hearing, smell, touch, or even taste. The challenge for architects is figuring out how to
integrate technological advancements with sensory aspects. In the Digital Age, technological
implementation typically takes precedence over multisensory design. With ever-increasing
technical accuracy, the environments we currently design and create are regulated to barely
acceptable temperature, light, scent, sound, and colour limits. Therefore it is vital to consider
all human senses while designing the built environment's user experience.

2.1. Research Question

This research is founded on the following questions:
i. What type of experiences should be designed for the discovery centre?
ii. What is the current advanced architectural technology in the multisensory
responsive surface?
iii. How can multisensory responsive surface provide a systemic approach to
design for experiences?

2.2. Research Aim & Objective

This research aims to identify the architecture principles in designing multisensorial
spaces for discovery centres, creating awareness on geohazard and geological
knowledge. Therefore this research will highlight the following objectives:
1. To summarise the role of the human senses in architectural design practice,
both when considered individually and most importantly, when the senses are
studied collectively.
2. To study the elements and quality of design principles in creating a spatial
experience for a Discovery Centre that influences users’ sensory perception.
3. To identify intended uses of multisensory responsive surface in the discovery
centre.

3. Literature Review
Relevance of Multisensory Design in Architecture
Due to the built environment being primarily designed for aesthetic or functional reasons,
there is always a tendency for visual bias in architecture (Sona & Nair, 2014). It is vital to
examine the influence of the different senses on the occupants of a building and how sensory
environmental cues interact to create structures and settings that promote health and well-
being (Spence, 2020).

3.1. Smart Material: Multisensory Responsive Surface

Materials were chosen either formally for their appearance and aesthetic qualities or
pragmatically for their usage and availability prior to the Industrial Revolution (Addington &
Schodek, 2006). It was also noted by Addington & Schodek that the role of materials had
shifted drastically since then, with architects now dealing with engineered materials.
Formerly secondary to architectural demands, materials are now used to increase functional
performance and create new structured responses (Addington & Schodek, 2006). This is
particularly true for materials that exhibit unusual behaviour, such as smart materials. The
term "smart material" refers to materials and products with changeable properties and the
ability to alter shape or colour as a result of physical or chemical stimulation such as
temperature, light, or the electric field application (Ritter, 2007). They create a predictable
and repetitive response or output when given a specific input (Esther et al., 2015). Further
explained by Esther et al., the generated input can be in the changes in light, temperature,
deformation, stress, stiffness, viscosity, electric field, magnetic field, or electrical resistance.
As in result, changes in colour, light or temperature, deformation, tension, stiffness or
viscosity, or changes in an electric field, magnetic field, or electrical resistance can be the
generated output as shown in Figure 1. This gives them the appearance of live entities with
distinct personalities and behaviours, ready to engage in response to the presence of other
living species or environmental changes (Bengisu & Ferrara, 2015).

Figure 1: Basic functioning of smart materials.

Today's smart materials demonstrate that things will become lighter, smaller, more dynamic,
and self-sustaining (Bengisu & Ferrara, 2015). According to Addington & Schodek (2006),
as cited by Esther et al. (2015), the majority of smart materials share five properties in
common: they are immediacy, transient, self-actuating, selective, and direct. Figure 2 below
shows the shared characteristics of smart materials.

Figure 2: Characteristics of smart materials.

Considering that the building area comprises building surfaces, the surface material is a
critical part of the perceived building environment. To date, theoretical study on the surface
of building materials has concentrated on the material's fundamental qualities, composition
technology, and visual application (Wang et al., 2020). The wall occupies a physical and
conceptual area in architectural space; given new significance, it is no more only a structure
or divider but is intended to play a more vital role in the experience of architecture beyond
the conventional and visual (Farr & Macruz, 2020). In terms of applying smart materials in
architectural design, responsive materials such as shape memory alloys (SMA) offer a new
possibility for architecture.

3.2. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)

Shape memory alloy is the type of material that can recover a given shape when subjected to
a suitable thermal cycle. When the alloy is heated, it returns to its original condition
(Formentini & Lenci, 2018). According to Chowdhury (2018), Shape memory alloys are
mostly composed of copper-aluminium-nickel and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys, although
they may also be made by alloying zinc, copper, gold, and iron (Roy, 2016). In shape
memory applications, nitinol was the most trustworthy of these materials, making it the
preferred material (Bengisu & Ferrara, 2015). The shape memory effect, superelasticity, and
isobaric shape memory effect are the three basic thermomechanical behaviours of SMA. The
shape memory effect fully restores mechanical stresses caused by unloading, heating, and
cooling. The full recovery of inelasticity strain by simply eliminating the applied stress under
isothermal conditions is superelasticity. The isobaric shape memory behaviour is defined as
temperature cycling at constant stress with recoverable generated strain (Chowdhury, 2018).
Sustainability, compactness, biocompatibility, and the capacity to react and interact are only a
few of the qualities of smart materials. They can communicate in the encounter, describe
something about to happen, and make something that is generally hidden (Bengisu & Ferrara,
2015).

3.3. Types of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)

There are two kinds of shape memory effects: one-way shape memory effects and two-way
shape memory effects (Kawate et al., 2018). The one-way shape memory effect recovers just
the parent shape, but the two-way shape memory effect recovers both the parent and product
phases.

3.4. Application of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) in Building Facade

The following are a few examples of case studies. Although its use has been around for a
long time, designers have recently addressed its application to sensory experience (Bengisu &
Ferrara, 2015). Various applications with SMA open the door to new aesthetic and
technological explorations that might play a vital role in the development of architectural
experiences.

3.4.1. Case Study 1: Bloom by Doris Kim Sung

Bloom is a research installation at the Materials and Application Gallery in Los Angeles by
Doris Kim Sung. As an architect with a biology background, she was interested in creating
and prototyping intelligent panel systems that included thermo-bimetals. With a shape
reminiscent of a Victorian-era undergarment, 'Bloom' combines material experimentation,
structural innovation, computational form and pattern building into an environmentally
sensitive form. When heated, the material coils and blocks the sun's rays; if necessary, a
bimetal shutter system may be adjusted to entirely block the flow of sunlight (Bengisu &
Ferrara, 2015). Further explained by Bengisu & Ferrara (2015), the floor-to-ceiling
installation's surface acts as a sun tracking system that indexes time and temperature; as the
temperature goes above 22°C, the metal sheets curl up, and when the temperature drops, the
metal sheets flatten out. This clever method helps balance internal heat buildup, increasing
room comfort and lowering the demand for mechanical cooling (Bengisu & Ferrara, 2015).
 Figure 3: Bloom skin detail by Doris Kim Sung.
3.4.2. Case Study 2: Homeostatic Façade System by Decker Yeadons
Another notable example of shape memory alloy is Decker Yeadon’s Homeostatic Façade
System. Its smart screen and homeostatic façade system changes shape and create moveable
facades with a seemingly living surface. This system is based on R-Phase shape memory
alloys that respond by opening and closing depending on changes in interior room
temperature to permit or deny heat gain from the sun. The form is inspired by homeostasis in
biological systems for a façade that regulates the building’s climate by automatically
responding to environmental conditions. Its advantage over the conventional system lies in its
low power consumption with superior precision because the surface of the material is also the
motor.

Figure 4: Decker Yeadon’s Homeostatic Façade System.

3.4.3. Case Study 3: Air Flow(er)

The Air Flow(er) is an energy-independent thermally active ventilation device that behaves
like a flower, whose ‘petal’ open wide when exposed to warmer temperatures. It aims to
regulate airflow and interior temperatures without electricity. The active component is the
shape memory alloy wire. When it is in lower temperature form, it can be easily deformed
into a new shape. However, when the alloy is heated through its transformation temperature,
it recovers its original shape.

Figure 5: Air Flow(er) four leaf device prototype.

The device consists of a four-leaf prototype that could be used as the operable lid or shade on
either the exterior or interior face of a naturally ventilated double-skin façade system.

3.5.1 Summary of Literature Review on:

Multisensory Experience in Science Museum Learning Environment
Research Findings
Title Methodology
Focus Potential / Opportunity Limitation / Challenges
1. Interactivity Literature
Designing in Science Review and
Science Museum Museum Case Study
Exhibits with
Multiple
Interactive
Features: Five
Common Pitfalls
2. Multisensory Framework  An awareness of  Too frequently, urban
Multidimensional Experience the sense scape rehabilitation efforts
Space: The and its influence that seek to reproduce
Intersection of on inhabitants' a pre-existing cultural
Architecture and mental and identity focus on
Engineering in physical wellbeing visual symbols while
the Realm of the is the first critical ignoring other
Senses step. Research problematic sensory
into the processes signals (smells,
of human noises, textures, etc.)
perception for  We currently design
specific sensory and create settings
modes, individual regulated to barely
and cultural acceptable limits of
sensory responses, temperature, light,
and the location's scent, sound, and
atmosphere is colour due to ever-
critical to a fuller increasing
understanding.
  Reinforcement of technological
the idea of sensory precision.
space and
technological
competence to
modify sensory
space across many
sensory modes.

3. A Design Multisensory Literature  The multisensory

Model Roadmap Experience Review integration
for a process happens
Multisensory when a person is
Experience exposed to a
variety of stimuli
in the
environment.
 A Multisensory
Design Roadmap
has been proposed
that may be used
in product design
processes to create
more integrated
designs that are
also more
inclusive.
4. Designing for Multisensory Design Probe,  The findings  Design has
Multi-sensory Experience Questionnaire, suggest that varied traditionally placed a
Experiences in User components in the strong emphasis on
the Built Observation built environment visual stimuli, despite
Environment that put the user in the fact that visual
the forefront tend stimuli account for
to elicit good just a small portion of
feelings. the overall user
experience.
 As a result, every
sensory signal may be
considered in the
construction of user
experience.
5. Moulding the Multisensory Literature   A communicative
Museum Experience, Review and interpretation of the
Medium: Museum Case Study museum should not be
Explorations on Environment confined to displays,
Embodied and but should include all
Multisensory sensory cues
Experience in encountered during
Contemporary the visit, not just
Museum items or audio-visual
Environments media.
 One limitation of
communication
theories applied to
museums is the
inclination to focus on
information rather
than account for
museums' and
 exhibitions' sensory
and emotive appeal.

6. Technology Multisensory Literature  Traditional

and the Senses: Experience Review and architectural
Multi-Sensory Case Study approaches are no
Design in the longer practical
Digital Age due to
technological
advancements, but
the solution must
draw on those
traditions to
establish the sense
of place.
 In many
situations, this
implies rethinking
our design
approach to
integrate elements
that appeal to the
senses, such as
light, music, and
touch.
7. How Sensory Multisensory Framework  Sensory design
Design Brings Experience might give more
Value to specific guidance
Buildings and on new ways for
Their Occupants built environments
to interact with
their occupants.
As architecture
continues to
protect and
shelter, it may also
take on new
responsibilities as
a sensory design.
8. Understanding Multisensory Literature  The findings back
Science Centre Experience, Review and up the value of
Engagement in Museum Case Study experience-based
Nurturing Visitor Science methods in
Interest and Environment exhibition design.
Curiosity  There is a strong
emphasis on
giving a range of
ways for visitors
to influence their
overall exhibition
experience.
 9. Understanding Multisensory Literature  The most  Built environment are
Multisensory Experience Review and important task of mostly designed with
Architecture Case Study architect is to only visual
make sure spatial appreciation in mind
experience is
included in
design.

10. Senses of Multisensory Literature  There is a need to

Place: Experience, Review adopt a more
Architectural multisensory
Design for the perspective and to
Multisensory be more aware of
Mind how the senses
interact.

3.5.2 Summary of Literature Review on:

Responsive Facade
Research Findings
Title Methodology
Focus Potential / Opportunity Limitation / Challenges
1. Introducing Responsive Literature  Case studies from
Responsive Facade Review and around the world
Building Façade Case Study have shown that
in Egypt for regions with less
Energy and daylight and solar
Sustainability radiation have
profited from
responsive
systems and
conserved energy,
allowing them to
attain
sustainability.
2. Biomimicry, Responsive Literature  In order to achieve
An Approach, Facade Review and a new technique
For Energy Case Study for energy
Efficient Building efficient building
Skin Design envelopes,
mimicking nature
offers enormous
promise.
 Using the
biomimicry
technique, it is
possible to reduce
energy use by
identifying and
mimicking natural
solutions.
 3. Sustainable Responsive Physical  The capacity to
Materialisation of Facade Experiment design
Responsive architectural
Architecture features that adapt
to local
temperature and
weather
conditions in a
passive manner
opens up new
possibilities for
sustainable
responsive
architecture.
4. Responsive, Responsive Literature  The usefulness
Dynamic Facade Review and and usability of
Architectural Case Study these surfaces can
Surfaces: From be increased by
Conceptualization adding a
to responsive surface
Implementation to the building
façade. Some
applications may
be based on
improving the
appearance of
structures.

3.5.3. Summary of Literature Review on:

Shape Memory Alloy
Research Findings
Title Methodology
Focus Potential / Opportunity Limitation / Challenges
1. Shape Literature  Investigations into  The performance in
Kinetic Materials Memory Review and how the shape terms of interactivity
Experience Material – Case Study memory effect could be improved by
Shape may be used to the emotionality of
Memory add valuable visual and haptic
Alloy features to sensations (physio-
everyday objects pleasure), psycho and
and create unique ideo-pleasure of
user experiences, experience tied to the
as well as how this meaning it produces.
new potential has  For designers and
been utilised by material makers, the
designers thus far. challenge is to
leverage the materials'
potential in ways that
are useful, visually
pleasing, and
emotionally appealing
to people.
2. Shape Physical  SMA has  The sensing functions
Shape Memory Memory Experiment progressed past of SMAs are limited.
Alloys: A Alloy the introduction The shape will only
Material and a stage and is now directly converted in a
Technology experiencing rapid shape change or a
expansion. Design recovery stress when
engineers have the temperature
mastered changes in the
nonlinear appropriate change.
materials, and
proper models
may be utilised to
forecast SMA
performance.
 There is a need in
the market for new
or improved
materials.
3. An Innovative Shape Physical  SMA wires can be
Building Memory Experiment utilised
Envelope Alloy successfully to
(Kinetic Façade) provide sensing
with Shape and actuators for a
Memory Alloys ventilated façade
used as actuators panel.
and sensors  The system
operates without
the use of
mechanical or
electronic
components or
externally
provided energy,
which is
advantageous for
energy
conservation.
4.3D-Printed Shape Simulation  Material-based  While SMA has been
Attachable Memory Experiment building applied in other fields,
Kinetic Shading Alloy automation its application in
Device with represents an building research and
Alternate exciting new practice has not been
Actuation: Use paradigm for clearly understood.
of Shape- sustainable  Developing more
Memory Alloy building design simplified
(SMA) for and system technologies for
Climate- development. device fabrication and
Adaptive  Shape memory design with fully
Responsive actuation's flexible automated SMA
Architecture trajectories enable operation
the creation of
sophisticated
responsive
building shapes
that are difficult to
produce with
traditional
methods.
5. A Review on Shape Literature  SMA has the  Due to its limited
Application of Memory Review potential to operation frequency
Shape Memory Alloy develop in a and narrow
Alloys variety of bandwidth, SMA is
industries due to best suited for low-
its versatility. power and high-power
actuators, but not for
high-frequency
actuators.

6. A Review on Shape Literature  In most  Fatigue is one of the

Shape Memory Memory Review circumstances, most common issues
Alloys with Alloy passive activation that can impair the
Applications to of SMA is mechanical and
Morphing adequate and does physical
Aircraft not require any characteristics of
power. SMAs, especially
 When further when they are
control is required exposed to
or passive overheating and
actuation is overstressing for
insufficient, active extended periods of
heating is applied. time.
 Advances in
material research
and processing
may also help to
decrease wear and
tear.
7. Smart Smart Literature  The pursuit of
Materials and Material, Review and selectivity,
New Shape Case Study directness,
Technologies for Memory immediacy,
Architecture and Alloy transiency, and
Design self-actuation may
Professionals actually allow the
design sphere to
expand farther
into the public
arena.
8. Smart Smart Literature  Since buildings
Materials as New Material, Review and are always
Technological Shape Case Study exposed to
Tool in Memory changing
Architecture Alloy, environments,
Façade Responsive smart materials
Facade are ideal for
architectural
design.
 Smart materials
are directly
focused on
working events
and predictability,
as well as a quick
response to
changing
environmental
circumstances.
9. Smart Smart Literature  In the sectors of
Materials in Material, Review and design and
Architecture for Shape Case Study construction, the
Actuator and Memory enormous
Sensor Alloy, prospects created
Applications: A by the innovative
Review use of smart
materials must be
openly explored.
 Buildings and
spaces with active
programming will
be more
responsive to new
functions and
uses, as well as
more robust to
variable
environmental and
social situations.
10. Smart Smart Literature  Shape Memory  Due to cost
Materials in Material, Review and Alloy products considerations, they
Architecture, Shape Case Study have a wide will initially be
Interior Memory possible variety of limited to relatively
Architecture and Alloy, architectural light constructions
Design applications. with tiny diameter
 Their applicability components.
is determined by
the sort of shape
memory effect.
11. Challenges Shape Literature  SMA is  SMA connectors have
for Practical Memory Review biocompatible, a narrow bandwidth
Applications of Alloy lightweight, and and low working
Shape Memory has a high frequency, owing to
Alloy Actuators strength-to-weight their lengthy cooling
ratio. times.
 They produce no  Due to their lengthy
noise and are cooling durations,
capable of SMAs are
absorbing inappropriate for
unexpected axial high-speed cooling
stress. applications.
12. Challenges Shape Literature  The numerous  SMA have a number
for Practical Memory Review applications and of advantages over
Applications of Alloy uses for shape conventional
Shape Memory memory alloys actuators, but they do
Alloy Actuators ensure that these have a number of
materials have a restrictions that may
bright future. limit their use in
 With creative uses practical applications.
for SMA's and a  SMA is subject to
rising number of structural and
goods on the functional fatigue.
market that
incorporate
SMA's,
advancements in
the light field of
shape memory
 alloys for usage in
a variety of
different fields of
study appear
highly promising.

13. Smart Smart Literature  Smart material’s

Materials: Material, Review and applications might
Development of Shape Case Study be highly
New Sensory Memory technical or can be
Experiences Alloy, used directly to
Through Stimuli communicate with
Responsive end users in a
Materials spontaneous
manner
 They are capable
of sensing stimuli
from their
environment and
generating an
output in response
to the incoming
stimulus. When
used effectively,
these materials
can significantly
improve the
interactions
between a product
and its user.
14. Frontiers of Shape Literature  SMAs exhibit
Theoretical Memory Review three distinct
Research on Alloy thermomechanical
Shape Memory properties: (a)
Alloys: A shape memory
General effect, (b) super
Overview elasticity, and (c)
isobaric shape
memory effect.

15. Innovations Shape Literature  By producing thin

and Recent Memory Review sheets of the
Trends in Shape Alloy materials, it is
Memory Alloy: possible to vary
A Review the shape memory
effect.
16. Innovations Shape Physical  SMA can be  Due to their high cost
and Recent Memory Experiment manufactured in and considerable
Trends in Shape Alloy various shapes. environmental
Memory Alloy: footprint, SMA can
A Review only be considered for
a tiny portion of a
façade element's
actuating portion,
relaying efforts to a
bigger structure
constructed of less
expensive materials.
17. Using Multisensory Simulation  The prototype
Immersive Experience, Experiment adaptive to a one-
Environments to Shape of-a-kind
Evaluate Multi- Memory mechanical
Sensory Alloy movement that
Responsive allows for sun
Surfaces shading and
different levels of
interior lighting.

18. A Novel Shape Simulation  The integration of

Approach to Memory Experiment smart materials
Shape Memory Alloy, within shading
Alloys Applied Responsive systems enables
to Passive Facade an adaptive
Adaptive behaviour of the
Shading Systems device and
depending on the
intensity of solar
radiation, reduces
the system’s
complexity by
avoiding the use
of motorised
mechanical parts.
19. Biomimetic Literature  There are several
Materials and Review and design
Design Case Study possibilities for
processes like as
self-assembly,
mass-shape-
strength
optimization, and
fractal
development.
20. Responsive Shape Literature  Responsive
Solutions in Memory Review and architecture is
Shaping Alloy, Case Study strongly connected
Innovative Responsive to mechanical
Architectural Facade movement of
Structures structure and
modification of
object attributes as
a result of external
stimuli.
 These solutions
may be employed
 in pro-social
activities as well
as façade and
energy-saving
systems and
structures between
art and
architecture.

21. Designing Shape Literature  Future adaptive

Resilient Memory Review and designs will
Buildings with Alloy, Case Study combine smart
Emergent Responsive material and
Materials Facade information
technologies,
contributing to
improved building
performance and
resiliency as well
as zero-energy
architectural
objectives.
 A more appealing
alternative to the
traditional design
approach is the
trend away from
solely mechanical
and electronic
controls and
toward smart
materials that only
activate when
needed.
22. Shape Shape Literature  • Smart materials
Morphing Solar Memory Review have been proven
Shadings: A Alloy, to have the ability
Review Responsive to function as
Facade actuators, either
separately or as
part of shading
components.
 They are capable
of producing
ranges of
movement and
responsiveness
ideal for use in
dynamic shading
façade systems
due to their
memory shape
effect and speed of
actuation.
 More research is
needed,
particularly on
their solar
 activation, life
cycles, and
tolerance to
external weather
conditions.

4. Research Methodology
4.1. Systematic Literature Review
According to Munn et al. (2018), SLR examines existing scientific material considerably
more objective and organised. It could be viewed as a less biased evidence-based conclusions
review approach that would eventually adopt and accept the theoretical framework (Munn et
al., 2018). Systematic reviews rely on an objective, transparent, and rigorous methodology
throughout the study process to reduce bias and assure future replicability. Following a
consistent procedure for all evaluations ensures rigour, openness, and replicability (Mallett et
al., 2012). PRISMA, an update of the QUOROM criteria for publishing systematic reviews
and meta-analyses, was introduced by Moher et al. (2009). SLR may give a concise summary
of the vast amount of current literature that has been meticulously documented and is ready to
be updated and altered in response to new research demands. Combining it with PRISMA
may aid researchers in systematically reporting the results of reviews by guiding them
through the phases of scoping, planning, identification, screening, eligibility evaluation, and
result interpretation (Kon et al., 2020).

4.2. Setting Review Criteria

To perform SLR on collected literature, it is necessary to formulate a review question. The
formulated question are based on the problem statement that exist in the current trend of the
architectural industry.
This research questions will be as following:

i. What type of experiences should be designed for the discovery centre?

ii. What is the current advanced architectural technology in the multisensory
responsive surface?
iii. How can multisensory responsive surface provide a systemic approach to
design for experiences?

4.3. Systematic Literature Review Framework Design

The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) as a
multisensory responsive façade. Figure 6 depicts the steps in the SLR with the PRISMA
integration process for reviewing the papers found in this study. According to figure 6, the
review began with the review questions, which are the study's principal focus. Upon the
complete set of the research question, the literature search was begun.

A. Search Strings
Basic search strings will be used to identify papers related to the topic, and the results will
be filtered subsequently. The term 'Shape Memory Alloy' will be used as the initial search
criterion. Basic phrases such as 'Multisensory Experience,' 'Responsive Façade,' and
'Smart Material' will also be utilised to search for articles. These keywords are used as
single items in the screening and in combination with two or more keywords. For
instance, the first term that was explored was 'Shape Memory Alloy,' which was then
paired with two other phrases, such as Smart material: Shape Memory Alloy as
Responsive Façade.

B. Search Engines
The search will be conducted through the following preferred electronic sources to
acquire a comprehensive viewpoint. Articles from various publications will be retrieved
from search databases such as Science Direct, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Taylor &
Francis Online, Springer Link, Elsevier, and MDPI.

C. Procedures for Selection

The screening of articles journals was the second stage of PRISMA after the searching
phase. The articles found in the previous stage were thoroughly evaluated to rule out
duplicated articles with the same titles that appeared in multiple search databases.

The results and findings of the journal analysis are presented in a table manner for easy
understanding of Shape Memory Alloy's potential as a multisensory responsive façade.
Figure 6: SLR with PRISMA framework.
5. Results and Discussion
This section discusses the finding of SLR, then it present the proposed outcome.

Figure 7: Research methodologies of articles published.

Various research methodologies were observed in the screened articles published related to
Shape Memory Alloy. In Figure 7, it was shown that most of the literature is done through
case studies and literature reviews, indicating a constant development in innovations of SMA.
Throughout the years, various simulations and prototypes have been developed to enhance
SMA’s as a responsive façade. Table 1 below is the compilation of research innovations and
case studies of articles published.

Innovations/ Case Properties

Articles Published
Studies Presented
Formentini, M., & Lenci, S. (2018). An innovative Ventilated Façade Panel The panel opening will
building envelope (kinetic façade) with result in improved
Shape Memory Alloys used as actuators and cavity ventilation and
sensors. Automation in Construction, 85, hence a better 'chimney
220–231. effect,' making the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.006 interior of the building
more comfortable.
Yi, H., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kim, D., Koh, J., & Kim, 3D-printed attachable A sort of 3D-printed
M.-J. (2020). 3D-printed attachable kinetic kinetic shading device shading system for
shading device with alternate actuation: Use with alternate actuation climate-adaptive
of shape-memory alloy (SMA) for climate- architecture design that
adaptive responsive architecture. Automation is low-cost, flexible,
in Construction, 114, 103151. and efficient to self-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103151 fabricate and operate.

Liang, H.-N., Wan, K., Diniz, N., & Lim, E. G. (201  Three prototypes of  A functioning
C.E.). Responsive, Dynamic Architectural augmented prototype that
Surfaces: From Conceptualization to responsive reacts to
Implementation. IAENG International architectural surfaces environmental
Journal of Computer Science, 40(3). (Morphosis, Life stimuli on a local
Speculatrix and and global scale
Nausea Transformer) (movement, light,
 AIRQWALL sound)

 AIRQWALL can
adapt and evolve in
reaction to
constantly
changing
environmental
circumstances,
particularly air
quality.
Fiorito, F., Sauchelli, M., Arroyo, D., Pesenti, M.,  Climate Adaptive  Capable of
Imperadori, M., Masera, G., & Ranzi, G. Building Shell adapting to the
(2016). Shape morphing solar shadings: A (CABS) demands of the
review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy building's users as
Reviews, 55, 863–884. well as changing
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.086  Acclimated Kinetic climatic
Envelop (AKE) circumstances
 Capable of
adapting to
changing
circumstances. The
adjustments made
 Climate Adaptive by AKE must be
Skin (CAS) reversible,
progressive, and
 Intelligent Building portable.
Skin (IBS)  Capable of
adapting to
changing
circumstances.
 Responsiveness,
not just to changes
in the environment
Decker, M., & Zarzycki, A. (2014). Designing  The Smart Screen by  To limit heat
Resilient Buildings with Emergent Materials. Decker Yeadons accumulation, a
ECAADe, 2. LLC Shape Memory
Alloy-based
artificial muscle is
 Screen Design by employed.
Adam Morgan  A muscular wire
that can operate the
oculi in the same
way as the façade
design can.
Verseci, L., Speroni, A., Mainini, A. G., & Poli, T.  SmartScreen-  The examples can
(2020). A Novel Approach to Shape Version C by M. be divided into 2
Memory Alloys Applied to Passive Adaptive Decker and P. types of devices;
Shading Systems. Journal of Facade Design Yeadon Spring-Based
and Engineering, 8(1).  Self-Adaptive devices and Wire-
Membrane by N. Based devices
Gonzales and S.
More
 Shape Memory
Alloy Responsive
Façade by I. Luna
and M. Belge
 ADAPTIVE[SKINS]
by RatLab
 THE AIR
FLOW(ER) by lift
Architects
 Pixel Skin by
Orangevoid
Hannequart, P., Peigney, M., Caron, J.-F., Baverel, Three prototypes SMA wire actuators
O., & Viglino, E. (2017). The Potential of actuated by SMA must first be placed in a
Shape Memory Alloys in Deployable  Bilayer-type pre-stressed state. As a
Systems—A Design and Experimental Actuator result, external spring-
Approach. Humanizing Digital Reality, 237–  A Buckling Actuator back force is required
246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-  A Torsional for such devices to
6611-5_21 Buckling Actuator return to their pre-
stressed form following
actuation.
Wagner, M., Bukvic, I. I., & Webster, D. (2017). Daylight Mitigation: Based on exterior
Using Immersive Environments to Evaluate Flower Wall weather conditions and
Multi-Sensory Responsive Surfaces. ARCC inside lighting levels,
2017 Conference – Architecture of FlowerWall's array
Complexity. reacts to commands
from an automated
control system.

Sobczyk, M., Wiesenhütter, S., Noennig, J. R., & Prototype façade for the Openings in the
Wallmersperger, T. (2021). Smart materials Piraeus Tower, Athens, modeled façade are
in architecture for actuator and sensor Greece controlled using SMAs
applications: A review. Journal of Intelligent with an activation
Material Systems and Structures, temperature of 35°C-
1045389X2110279. 40°C where the air flow
https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389x211027954 and the light exposure
is regulated.

Table 1: Compilation of research innovations and case studies of articles published.

5.1. Potentials & Limitations
Several studies have outlined the favourable properties and challenges in Shape Memory
Alloy, which have to increase its potential application as a responsive façade. The most
appealing characteristic of these alloys is their exceptional deformation recoverability
achieved by simply regulating applied thermomechanical or magnetic stimuli (Chowdhury,
2018). SMA can produce much energy while being extremely light. Findings from the SMA
prototype done by Formentini & Lenci (2018) shows that by adjusting the diameter and
quantity of wires to achieve the requisite activation temperature and opening gap, the device
could be installed and customized for each climatic zone and material. Although SMA can be
subjected to structural fatigue, the results reveal that keeping the wire tension at a
manageable level is also possible, limiting the fatigue problem (Formentini & Lenci, 2018).
According to Yi et al. (2020), SMA has been demonstrated to enhance building performance
when the designed device controls room temperature at a suitable level. The SMA-actuator in
use does not necessitate complicated hardware configurations or operating noise that may
disturb building occupants (Yi et al., 2020).
In terms of challenges, there is a need to further efforts to explore building-specific stability,
durability and industrial readiness of shape-morphing actuation occupants (Yi et al., 2020).
SMA is also better suited to applications that require a change from one beginning to a
unique end form (Hannequart et al., 2017).

6. Conclusion
This paper has briefly introduced Shape Memory Alloy’s properties as intelligent materials
and their application as a responsive façade. Shape Memory Alloys have been shown to
possess the characteristics to operate as a responsive facade. Overall, Shape Memory Alloy
application as a responsive façade be beneficial in optimizing building energy efficiency
occupant’s comfort.
In conclusion, Shape Memory alloys have presented attractive future opportunities in the
application of responsive façade and offer plenty of benefits in enhancing building
performance. Building design could greatly be benefitted from responsive façade and
improve building’s energy efficiency.

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