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 Author's personal copy Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Precambrian Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres

Comparison of the metamorphic history of the Monapo Complex, northern

Mozambique and Balchenfjella and Austhameren areas, Sør Rondane, Antarctica:
Implications for the Kuunga Orogeny and the amalgamation of N and S.
Gondwana
G.H. Grantham a,c,∗ , P.H. Macey b , K. Horie c , T. Kawakami d , M. Ishikawa e , M. Satish-Kumar f ,
N. Tsuchiya g , P. Graser h , S. Azevedo i
a
Council for Geoscience, P/Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa
b
Council for Geoscience, Bellville, South Africa
c
National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midoricho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
d
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
e
Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokahama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 248-501, Japan
f
Department of Geology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
g
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
h
Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
i
Direcção Nacional de Geologia, Nampula, Mozambique

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Reconstructions of Gondwana place Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (DML) adjacent to N. Mozam-
Received 18 March 2012 bique prior to fragmentation. The Monapo Complex outlier klippen overlying the Nampula Terrane in N.
Received in revised form 6 November 2012 Mozambique has been correlated with rocks in eastern and central DML. Metamorphic assemblages and
Accepted 12 November 2012
P–T conditions from the two areas are compared as well the timing of metamorphism. Granulite grade
Available online 28 November 2012
assemblages preserved in the Monapo Complex suggest P–T conditions of ∼900 ◦ C and >10 kb. Textures
vary with reactions typical of isothermal decompression, isobaric cooling and hydration being recognized
Keywords:
but also include equilibrium assemblages. P–T estimates from four samples suggest initial inversion of
Northern Mozambique
Sor Rondane
high pressure assemblages from at least ∼10 kb and ∼900 ◦ C to mid-crustal levels where near isobaric
Correlation cooling and hydration at between ∼4–7 kb and 550–700 ◦ C is recognized. Granulite grade assemblages
N–S Gondwana amalgamation from Balchenfjella in eastern Sør Rondane, DML suggest initial P–T conditions of ∼900 ◦ C and >10 kb.
Kuunga Orogeny Textures vary with reactions typical of decompression, cooling and hydration being recognized but also
East African Orogeny include equilibrium assemblages. P–T estimates from four samples suggest initial inversion of high pres-
sure assemblages from at least ∼10 kb and ∼900 ◦ C to mid-crustal levels where retrogression at between
∼6–7 kb and 600–700 ◦ C is recognized.
SHRIMP zircon data from six samples from eastern Sør Rondane show episodic zircon growth over
a period from ∼630 Ma to ∼530 Ma with five metamorphic pulses being defined. Undeformed granitic
intrusions with ages of ∼550 Ma intrude Sør Rondane. SHRIMP zircon data from samples from alkaline
intrusions and mafic granulites in the Monapo Complex yield crystallization and metamorphic ages of
∼635 Ma and 570-590 Ma respectively. The complex is intruded by granitic veins with ages of ∼550 Ma.
The similarities in metamorphic mineral assemblages, P–T estimates and zircon geochronology data
indicate a common geological history between Sør Rondane and the Monapo Complex of northern
Mozambique. This common history is interpreted to result from both areas being part of a mega-nappe
structure which was emplaced in a transpressional setting involving collision between N. Gondwana
(comprising rocks of the East African Orogeny) and south Gondwana (comprising the Nampula Terrane
of northern Mozambique and the Maud Province of western Dronning Maud Land) along the Damara-
Zambesi-Lurio-CDML collision boundary.
Other erosional remnants of this nappe include the Mugeba Complex in northern Mozambique, the
Kataragama klippe in Sri Lanka, the Urungwe klippe in Zimbabwe, the Masosa Suite and Mavhuradohna
Complex in western Mozambique and NE Zimbabwe.
© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

∗ Corresponding author at: Council for Geoscience, P/Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 841 1129; fax: +27 12 841 1148.
E-mail address: grantham@geoscience.org.za (G.H. Grantham).

0301-9268/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.11.012
86
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135
1. Introduction
Gondwana reconstructions (Reeves et al., 2004; Lawver et al.,
1998) place the Dronning Maud Land (DML) area of Antarctica
adjacent to southeastern Africa prior to Gondwana fragmentation
(Fig. 1). The broader area of northern Mozambique and Dronning
Maud Land is the focus of debates regarding the continental blocks
involved in the amalgamation of Gondwana. Some authors view
the amalgamation to have occurred along the N–S oriented East
African Orogeny (EAO) and possible extensions into East Antarctica
to form the East African Antarctic Orogeny stretching from the Ara-
bian Nubian Shield in the North to Heimefrontfjella, western DML in
the south (Jacobs et al., 1998, 2003a,b). Meert (2003) questioned the
southward extension of the EAO and concluded that the northern
Mozambique and DML areas were located at the intersection of two
different orogenies namely the N–S oriented, marginally older EAO
Orogeny and the younger E–W oriented Damara-Zambesi-Lurio
Belts which he grouped together and termed the Kuunga Orogeny.
Grantham et al. (2008) supported the differentiation between the
belts suggested by Meert (2003) and concluded that the Lurio belt
was a suture zone resulting from a top to the SW mega-nappe struc-
ture which extended into central and eastern DML, Antarctica. In
this model the Monapo Complex (Fig. 1) is interpreted as an ero-
sional remnant outlier of the mega-nappe structure, overlying the
footwall Nampula Terrane of Mozambique. In the model large areas
of EDML and CDML Antarctica are also allochthonous but more
extensive due to lower degrees of erosion in Antarctica. In Sør
Rondane, Grantham et al. (2008) inferred that the areas underlain
by rocks with granulite grade assemblages (i.e. the NE Terrane of
Osanai et al., 1996) could broadly be correlated with the Namuno
Terrane of N. Mozambique i.e. rocks located north of the Lurio Belt
high strain zone (Fig. 1). In the latter scenario, which proposes the
amalgamation of N and S Gondwana along the Kuunga Orogeny,
the rocks of the 550–900 Ma old EAO have been thrust over the
1000–1150 Ma old Nampula and Maud Terranes thus forming the
E–W oriented Kuunga Orogeny of Meert (2003) and Meert and
Lieberman (2008). An additional factor supporting correlation of
NE Sør Rondane, with the Namuno Terrane of northern Mozam-
bique is provided by metacarbonates which small form but widely
distributed layers in NE Sør Rondane, and have late-Tonian and
early-Cryogenian age (880–850 Ma and 820–790 Ma) ages (Otsuji
et al., 2013) comparable to the Montepuez Complex of Namuno
Terrane described by Melezhik et al. (2008). Metacarbonates are
not recognized in the Nampula Terrane of northern Mozambique
Macey et al. (2010).
The rotational position of Antarctica in relation to southern
Africa is constrained by the Gunnerus Ridge occupying the gap
between N. Mozambique and Sri Lanka and in this configura-
tion, Balchenfjella in eastern Sør Rondane is located almost due
south of the Monapo Complex (Fig. 1) in a Gondwana framework.
A conundrum related to the juxtapositioning of DML against N.
Mozambique in this position is that the geochronological and litho-
logical profiles of the two areas astride the paleo-Mozambique
Ocean coastline (namely the Nampula Terrane and central and
eastern DML) show distinct differences (Grantham et al., 2008).
Geochronological data from central and eastern DML show exten-
sive crystallization and metamorphic ages in the time span from
∼600 to 1000 Ma. In the Nampula Terrane of northern Mozam-
bique, the only areas containing rocks with zircon ages within
this range are found in the Monapo Complex and the Mugeba
Complex (Fig. 1) (Grantham et al., 2008) and the younger metamor-
phosed molasse sequences of the Mecuburi Group (Thomas et al.,
2010; Ueda et al., 2011,). The Monapo and Mugeba Complexes have
been interpreted as granulite klippe overlying the Nampula Ter-
rane (Pinna et al., 1993; Grantham et al., 2008). These klippen have
been interpreted as erosional floor remnants of a megascale nappe
linking central and eastern DML with the Namuno Terrane of north-
ern Mozambique, an area north of the Lurio Belt (Fig. 1) (Grantham
et al., 2008). It is inferred that much of this megascale klippen
has been removed by subsequent erosion with only the erosional
outlier klippen remnants remaining and providing evidence of the
continuation of the rocks between the Namuno Terrane and CDML
and eastern DML. The Namuno Terrane has a geochronological age
profile similar to that of Central and eastern DML (Grantham et al.,
2008). The age similarity as well as similarities in lithologies and
P–T evolutionary paths formed the basis of correlating the rocks of
the Namuno Terrane of northern Mozambique with those of central
and eastern Dronning Maud Land (Grantham et al., 2008).
This paper presents unpublished detailed data in support of
the correlations between N. Mozambique and DML, Antarctica
and compares unpublished mineralogical data from both the
allochthonous Monapo Complex in northern Mozambique and the
Balchenfjella and Austhameren areas of eastern Sør Rondane as well
as unpublished geochronological data from Balchenfjella. The paper
demonstrates strong similarities in the metamorphic histories of
the two areas. The data from the Monapo Complex is derived from
an unpublished report (Grantham et al., 2007).
2. Previous work and general geology of the Monapo
Complex and eastern Sør Rondane
2.1. Monapo Complex
The Monapo Complex is an almost circular structure in the
Nampula Terrane of northern Mozambique (Figs. 1 and 2) which
has been variably interpreted as a nappe klippen structure (Pinna
et al., 1993; Grantham et al., 2008), a circular intrusion com-
plex with several cone sheet intrusions (Siegfried, 1999) and a
supracrustal sequence deposited in a restricted intracratonic basin
and subsequently metamorphosed by granulite facies metamor-
phism (Beltchev, 1983). The complex forms a prominent feature
on aeromagnetic, aeroradiometric and Landsat 7 images but is
extremely poorly exposed in the field. Topographic relief within
the structure is typically subdued with the structure occupying a
broadly low-lying depression. The most detailed description of the
Monapo Complex is that of Siegfried (1999).
The map of the complex (Fig. 2) has been compiled using
field lithological and structural data combined with aeromagnetic,
radiometric and Landsat 7 data. The geophysical data provide far
greater insight into the lithological distribution and structure than
the Landsat images.
The complex is subdivided into four broad rock units. The
four units comprise a basal/circumferential mylonitic unit, a vol-
canosedimentary supracrustal sequence termed the Metacheria
gneisses, which is intruded by two suites namely the Mazerapane
Suite and the Ramiane Suite (Fig. 2). These suites comprise largely
undeformed alkaline and ultramafic to mafic rocks (the Mazer-
apane Suite) and largely undeformed felsic rocks (the Ramiane
Suite). The Metacheria gneisses include granulitic ortho- and parag-
neisses, dominantly quartzofeldspathic but including subordinate,
quartzitic, metapelitic, metacarbonate and metabasic varieties. The
rocks will be described within this framework.
The overall structure of the Monapo Complex can be interpreted
as a large interference fold within a nappe klippen. The eastern half
of the complex can be interpreted as the top of a “mushroom” of
a type two interference fold (Ramsay, 1967, p. 531) resulting from
a N–S oriented synform, refolded by an E–W oriented open fold
(Fig. 2). The distribution and shape of the “mushroom” in the east-
ern half of the structure is particularly well defined in radiometric
images and contributed to the interpretation by Siegfried (1999) of
an extensive metasomatised zone. The western half of the structure
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 87

Fig. 1. Gondwana reconstruction after Lawver et al. (1998) showing the proximity of the Monapo Complex in northern Mozambique and the Balchenfjella area of Sør
Rondane eastern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The relative position of Antarctica in relation to southeastern Africa is constrained by the Gunnerus ridge occupying the
space between Sri Lanka and northern Mozambique. In this configuration the Lurio Belt is correlated with the shear zone which separates the Vijayan Complex (VC) and
Highland Complex (HC) of Sri Lanka. The data for the different areas has been compiled from a 1:1 000 000 Geological Map and Map Explanation of Mozambique (Hartzer
et al., 2008; Grantham et al., 2011), a 1:250 000 Geological Map of Sør Rondane (Shiraishi et al., 1997), maps in Paech (2004, ed) and unpublished maps of Sverdrupfjella
(Grantham, unpubl. data).

is underlain by N–S oriented gneisses, including mafic to ultramafic
intrusive sheets of the Mazerapane Suite. The N–S oriented gneisses
can be interpreted as either a folded sequence or the same sequence
duplicated by thrust faulting (Fig. 2). The latter option is preferred
because of the sequence of units, which appear to be duplicated
in contrast to the mirror image distribution of banding one may
expected if the banding had originated from fold repetition. The
broad interference structure interpretation of the complex is sup-
ported by four maxima in the stereonet (Fig. 2, lower right) showing
the poles to planar fabrics.
Stretching lineations measured in the complex plunge dom-
inantly westward (Fig. 2, top corner right), with lesser groups
defining a girdle plunging eastwards, east–northeast and south-
east. The varying lineation directions similarly suggest multiphase
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

Table 1a
Garnet analyses from Balchenfjella.

Sample SR150 SR150 SR150 SR150 SR150 SR183C SR183C SR183C SR183C SR183C SR132 SR132 SR132 SR132 SR132
Mineral spot Grt2 Grt3 Grt4 Grt5 Grt6 Grt1 Grt2 Grt3 Grt4 Grt5 Grt1 Grt2 Grt3 Grt4 Grt5

SiO2 37.97 37.83 37.73 37.88 37.93 38.15 38.51 38.63 38.55 38.37 37.23 37.47 37.60 37.58 37.44
TiO2 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.11 0.12 0.08 0.14 0.13 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.00
Al2 O3 21.85 21.55 21.59 21.60 21.64 21.48 21.44 21.57 21.68 21.51 21.22 21.91 21.54 21.63 21.62
Cr2 O3 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.00
FeO 28.84 28.93 28.62 28.46 29.20 24.64 24.40 24.14 24.45 24.18 34.92 34.43 34.60 34.16 34.19
MnO 1.06 1.04 1.09 1.07 1.18 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.54 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.04 1.00
MgO 5.77 5.44 5.36 5.73 4.87 7.12 7.28 7.46 7.50 7.33 3.18 3.53 3.44 3.81 3.64
CaO 5.66 5.86 6.11 5.85 6.12 7.54 7.47 7.48 7.73 7.82 1.39 1.35 1.36 1.39 1.43
K2 O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
Na2 O 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02
Total 101.17 100.69 100.55 100.67 100.98 99.73 99.83 99.96 100.65 99.92 99.19 99.89 99.80 99.72 99.35

Cations
Si 2.938 2.947 2.942 2.945 2.954 2.951 2.973 2.973 2.948 2.958 3.017 3.004 3.022 3.014 3.016
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.000
Al 1.992 1.978 1.984 1.979 1.987 1.958 1.951 1.957 1.954 1.953 2.027 2.070 2.040 2.044 2.052
Cr 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.000
Fe3 0.132 0.127 0.129 0.127 0.099 0.123 0.090 0.086 0.132 0.115 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fe2 1.733 1.757 1.738 1.724 1.803 1.471 1.486 1.468 1.432 1.443 2.367 2.308 2.325 2.291 2.303
Mn 0.069 0.069 0.072 0.070 0.078 0.041 0.039 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.079 0.077 0.079 0.071 0.068
Mg 0.665 0.632 0.623 0.664 0.565 0.821 0.838 0.856 0.855 0.842 0.384 0.422 0.412 0.456 0.437
Ca 0.469 0.489 0.510 0.487 0.511 0.625 0.618 0.617 0.633 0.645 0.121 0.116 0.117 0.119 0.123

Almandine % 59.01 59.64 59.04 58.52 60.97 49.73 49.86 48.60 48.45 48.65 80.21 78.96 79.27 78.02 78.56
Pyrope % 22.65 21.44 21.17 22.55 19.13 27.76 28.12 28.74 28.92 28.39 13.02 14.43 14.05 15.51 14.91
Grossular % 14.98 15.58 16.27 15.53 16.43 19.79 19.76 20.24 19.98 20.47 4.08 3.96 3.98 4.06 4.21
Spessartine % 2.36 2.33 2.45 2.39 2.63 1.37 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.19 2.68 2.65 2.69 2.41 2.33
Uvarovite % 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Andradite % 1.00 1.00 1.06 0.99 0.82 1.24 0.91 1.10 1.35 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ca–Ti Gt % 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
FeT/FeT + Mg 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.77 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.84
Fe2 /Fe2 + Mg 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.76 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.84

deformation. It is potentially significant that the orientations of
the few lineations measured in the basal/marginal mylonitic rocks,
and those close to the margins of the complex, appear to vary
widely with southeast, east–northeast and west-southwest plung-
ing orientations being recorded. These data may suggest that the
dominantly westward plunging lineations within the complex pre-
date those in and adjacent to the marginal basal mylonite.
Three ages from the Monapo Complex have previously been
reported. Siegfried (1999) reported an age of ∼590 Ma however no
formal details of the analytical methods and precision were pro-
vided. Jamal (2005) reported two ages; one from a leucogneiss in
the Monapo Complex and the other from an undeformed aplitic
vein intruding the gneisses. The leucogneiss yielded a crystal-
lization age of 635 ± 3 Ma from the SHRIMP analysis of zircons,
collected from a leuco-gneiss interpreted to be syn D2 in age.
Sphene from the aplitic vein yielded a SHRIMP crystallization age
of 559 ± 9 Ma which defines a minimum age for deformation of the
Complex. Grantham et al. (2007) reported SHRIMP data from two
samples from the Monapo Complex. A garnet-pyroxene granulite
from the Metacheria gneisses yielded two ages of zircon com-
prising igneous euhedral oscillatory zoned zircon and anhedral
angular unzoned zircon yielding ages of 634 ± 8 Ma and 579 ± Ma
respectively. A sample from the Ramiane Suite yielded a crystal-
lization age of 637 ± 5 Ma from oscillatory zoned igneous zircons
which have younger zircon overgrowths which provided an age of
596 ± 5 Ma.
Provisional P–T estimates from the metamorphic assemblages
from the Monapo Complex have been described in Grantham et al.
(2007) and suggest P–T conditions of ∼800–900 ◦ C and ∼10 kb.
These estimates are significantly higher than and contrast against
the upper amphibolite facies assemblages of the underlying Nam-
pula Terrane gneisss (Grantham et al., 2007). The rocks of the
Monapo Complex are correlated with lithologies exposed north of
the Lurio Belt (Fig. 1) where Engvik et al. (2007) have reported
a clockwise decompression path from pressures of 12–14 kb and
temperatures of >800 ◦ C.
2.2. Balchenfjella
The geology of Sør Rondane has been summarized by Shiraishi
et al. (1991) and has been described as comprising a dominant
largely granulite facies terrane in the N and NE separated from a
lower grade amphibolite facies, southwest terrane; the terranes
being separated by the Main Shear Zone (Osanai et al., 1996)
(Fig. 3). The samples described in this study are from Balchen-
fjella and Austhameran from eastern Sør Rondane and from the
granulite facies N and NE terranes of Osanai et al. (1996). The sam-
ples were selected from as small a geographic areas as possible
so as to attempt to ensure they were from the same geological
domain recognizing the complex deformation history of Sør Ron-
dane described in Osanai et al. (1996). Osanai et al. (1996) and
Asami et al. (1992) described the metamorphic evolution of the Sør
Rondane, recognizing peak metamorphic conditions of 750–800 ◦ C
and pressures of 7–8 kb in essentially metabasic and metapelitic
rocks. They described a clockwise P–T path and concluded that
peak granulite facies metamorphism had occurred at ∼1000 Ma
followed by later, lower P metamorphism related to deformation
and intrusion at ∼500 Ma. The metapelitic rocks were described
as having the assemblage of Sill + Grt + Bt + Kfs + Pl + Qtz with kya-
nite inclusions recognized in Grt implying an earlier relatively high
pressure phase. The metabasic rocks were described as having the
assemblage Opx + Cpx + Grt + Hbl + Pl.
Grew et al. (1992) reported discordant U/Pb data from zircon
with an upper intercept of 1110 Ma and a lower intercept of 458 Ma.
Sm–Nd data yielded TDM ages of between 990 and 1550 Ma imply-
ing a relatively juvenile terrain. Internal Rb–Sr isochron ages of
457–479 Ma were interpreted to reflect younger deformation and
amphibolites-facies metamorphic reworking.
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 89

Table 1b
Plagioclase analyses from Balchenfjella. Symp in the sample number implies analysis from symplectite gmass indicates groundmass grain.

Sample no. SR150 SR150 SR150 SR150 SR150 SR161D SR161D SR161D SR161D SR161A SR161A SR161A SR161A SR183A symp
Mineral spot Pl1 Pl3 Pl4 Pl5 Pl6 Pl1 Pl2 Pl3 Pl4 Pl1 Pl2 Pl3 Pl4 Pl1

SiO2 54.14 53.39 53.85 53.76 54.22 42.64 43.33 42.78 42.96 42.64 43.33 42.78 42.96 49.11
TiO2 0 0.01 0.03 0 0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0 0
Al2 O3 28.98 29.05 28.65 28.31 28.72 35.66 35.85 35.63 36.16 35.66 35.85 35.63 36.16 31.53
FeO 0.3 0.21 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.12 0.12 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.07 0.09 0.47
MnO 0 0.03 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0.01
MgO 0.01 0 0.01 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0.07
CaO 11.27 11.4 11.37 11.14 10.86 19.95 19.96 20.27 20.23 19.95 19.96 20.27 20.23 14.42
Na2 O 5.11 4.89 4.94 5.13 5.25 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.14 3.19
K2 O 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.29 0.25 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.03
Cr2 O3 0.02 0 0.04 0 0.02 0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0
Total 100.02 99.2 99.34 98.82 99.5 98.57 99.5 98.89 99.62 98.57 99.5 98.89 99.62 98.83
Si 2.443 2.431 2.450 2.453 2.456 2.002 2.015 2.003 1.996 2.006 2.018 2.007 2.001 2.264
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Al 1.541 1.559 1.536 1.523 1.534 1.973 1.965 1.966 1.980 1.977 1.967 1.970 1.985 1.713
Cr 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fe3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.000
Fe2 0.011 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.018
Mn 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
Mg 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005
Ca 0.545 0.556 0.554 0.545 0.527 1.004 0.995 1.017 1.007 1.006 0.996 1.019 1.009 0.712
Na 0.447 0.432 0.436 0.454 0.461 0.015 0.020 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.011 0.013 0.285
K 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.002
An % 54.3 55.6 55.1 53.6 52.6 98.5 98.0 98.8 98.8 98.5 98.0 98.8 98.8 71.3
Ab % 44.6 43.1 43.3 44.7 46.0 1.5 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.1 1.2 28.5
Or % 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2

Sample no. SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183 A SR183 A SR183 A SR132 SR132 SR132 SR132 SR132
symp symp symp symp gmass gmass gmass gmass gmass
Mineral spot Pl2 Pl3 Pl4 Pl5 Pl10 Pl11 Pl12 Pl13 Pl14 Pl1 Pl6 Pl7 bPl1 bPl2

SiO2 46.25 49.8 46.2 45.46 48.79 48.44 48.19 48.4 47.85 62.13 61.74 60.58 61.81 62.56
TiO2 0 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0.04 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0
Al2 O3 33.43 31.36 33.53 33.79 32.1 31.78 32.22 32 32.72 23.96 24.2 28.04 23.7 23.76
FeO 0.37 0.24 0.19 0.46 0.24 0.2 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.06 0.18 0.28 0.11
MnO 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0.01 0 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0 0.01
MgO 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0
CaO 16.84 14.2 16.86 17.14 15.08 15.25 15.43 16.02 15.55 5.37 5.32 4.37 4.98 4.91
Na2 O 1.93 3.44 1.94 1.68 3 2.85 2.73 2.6 2.58 8.55 8.44 7.89 8.55 8.63
K2 O 0.01 0.03 0 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.1 0.06 0.22 0.16
Cr2 O3 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.03 0.01 0.01
Total 98.87 99.09 98.75 98.57 99.28 98.6 98.78 99.26 98.91 100.34 99.91 101.17 99.58 100.16
Si 2.145 2.287 2.144 2.118 2.241 2.242 2.227 2.230 2.210 2.748 2.743 2.660 2.754 2.771
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Al 1.827 1.697 1.834 1.855 1.737 1.734 1.755 1.738 1.781 1.249 1.267 1.451 1.245 1.241
Cr 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
Fe3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fe2 0.014 0.009 0.007 0.018 0.009 0.008 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.007 0.010 0.004
Mn 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mg 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
Ca 0.837 0.699 0.838 0.855 0.742 0.756 0.764 0.791 0.769 0.255 0.253 0.206 0.238 0.233
Na 0.174 0.306 0.175 0.152 0.267 0.256 0.245 0.232 0.231 0.733 0.727 0.672 0.739 0.741
K 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.013 0.009
An % 82.8 69.4 82.8 84.9 73.4 74.6 75.6 77.3 76.8 25.6 25.7 23.3 24.0 23.7
Ab % 17.2 30.4 17.2 15.1 26.4 25.2 24.2 22.7 23.1 73.7 73.7 76.3 74.7 75.4
Or % 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.9

Asami et al. (2007) described relict sapphirine + kyanite
and spinel + kyanite associations contained within garnet in
biotite gneisses from Balchenfjella. Estimates of P–T conditions
from different methods varied between 450 ◦ C and 4 kb and
∼860–895 ◦ C and 12 kb. Additional whole rock Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd
isotope data from granulite facies rocks from Sør Rondane by
Shiraishi and Kagami (1992) described ages of 978 ± 52 Ma and
961 ± 101 Ma. These authors reported Sm/Nd (internal mineral
isochron) ages of 624 ± 18 Ma and a Rb/Sr internal mineral
isochron age of 556 ± 26 Ma. These data were interpreted to indi-
cate genesis of the rocks with granulite facies metamorphism at
∼1000 Ma followed by deformation, intrusion and metamorphism
at ∼600–500 Ma.
Nakano et al. (2011) provided the first recognition of an UHT
assemblage from the Brattnipene area of Sør Rondane. compris-
ing an orthopyroxene-spinel symplectite inferred to have resulted
from decompression of garnet from temperatures >900 ◦ C and
pressures of ∼12 kb The reaction inferred by these authors is
Grt + Ol + Opx1 > Opx2 + Spl.
SHRIMP U/Pb zircon data from Sør Rondane, including
three samples from Balchenfjella, permitted Shiraishi et al.
(2008) to conclude that the basement crust in Sør Ron-
dane formed during the late Mesoproterozoic and concluded
that there was little evidence of high grade metamorphism
during this period. They reported detrital zircons in meta-
supracrustal sequences with ages of 750–800 Ma indicating
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90
Table 1c
Pyroxene analyses from Balchenfjella.

Sample no. SR150 SR150 SR150 SR150 SR150 SR161D SR161D SR161D SR161D SR161D SR161A SR161A SR161A SR161A SR161A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A
Mineral spot OPyx1 OPyx2 OPyx3 OPyx4 OPyx5 Cpx1 Cpx2 Cpx3 Cpx4 Cpx5 Cpx1 Cpx1 Cpx3 Cpx-4 Cpx7 Cpx1 Cpx2 Cpx3 Cpx4 Cpx5

SiO2 50.61 50.81 50.38 50.66 50.44 51.36 49.62 49.25 49.16 49.35 48.75 46.15 49.95 50.9 48.68 50.15 49.42 47.58 47.76 49.54

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

TiO2 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.55 0.41 0.39 0.4 0.44 1.36 0.91 1.42 1.12 1.27 0.45 0.47 0.72 0.69 0.36
Al2 O3 1.5 1.48 1.37 1.64 1.24 4.94 8.21 8.44 8.39 8.45 6.69 11.11 4.69 4.17 7.44 4 4.76 7.91 7.91 4.44
Cr2 O3 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0 0
FeO 28.07 28.32 28.93 29.23 29.27 2.32 2.31 2.38 2.41 2.41 5.29 7.65 5.42 5.04 4.85 9.39 10.19 13.85 13.76 10.7
MnO 0.35 0.36 0.43 0.4 0.42 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.24 0.21 0.2 0.16 0.15
MgO 18.03 17.93 17.55 17.24 17.21 15.03 13.72 13.71 13.77 13.61 13 13.51 13.51 13.99 12.85 12.24 11.57 11.16 10.99 11.88
CaO 0.51 0.55 0.48 0.49 0.51 25.54 25.23 25.1 25.49 25.21 24.6 17.86 24.9 24.98 24.51 22.59 22.4 17.32 16.89 21.52
Na2 O 0 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.18 1.48 0.1 0.1 0.17 0.54 0.54 0.89 0.92 0.64
K2 O 0 0.01 0.01 0 0.01 0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0
Total 99.13 99.51 99.2 99.73 99.12 99.82 99.66 99.39 99.72 99.59 100.02 98.81 100.17 100.45 99.88 99.63 99.58 99.77 99.18 99.24

Cations Atoms
Si 1.9540 1.9557 1.9512 1.9546 1.9591 1.8780 1.8172 1.8080 1.7981 1.8088 1.8005 1.7002 1.8463 1.8711 1.7980 1.8791 1.8583 1.7934 1.8107 1.8672
Ti 0.0012 0.0009 0.0012 0.0012 0.0003 0.0151 0.0113 0.0108 0.0110 0.0121 0.0378 0.0252 0.0395 0.0310 0.0353 0.0127 0.0133 0.0204 0.0197 0.0102
Al 0.0683 0.0671 0.0625 0.0746 0.0568 0.2129 0.3544 0.3652 0.3617 0.3650 0.2912 0.4824 0.2043 0.1807 0.3239 0.1766 0.2109 0.3514 0.3534 0.1972
Cr 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
Fe3 0.0215 0.0213 0.0335 0.0153 0.0259 0.0021 0.0000 0.0008 0.0244 0.0000 0.0445 0.1724 0.0313 0.0220 0.0218 0.0791 0.0853 0.0858 0.0535 0.0947
Fe2 0.8849 0.8903 0.9036 0.9279 0.9249 0.0689 0.0707 0.0722 0.0493 0.0739 0.1189 0.0633 0.1362 0.1329 0.1280 0.2151 0.2352 0.3508 0.3828 0.2425
Mn 0.0114 0.0117 0.0141 0.0131 0.0138 0.0015 0.0022 0.0019 0.0015 0.0009 0.0044 0.0037 0.0047 0.0044 0.0034 0.0076 0.0067 0.0064 0.0051 0.0048
Mg 1.0377 1.0288 1.0133 0.9916 0.9965 0.8193 0.7490 0.7503 0.7508 0.7436 0.7158 0.7420 0.7444 0.7667 0.7075 0.6837 0.6486 0.6271 0.6211 0.6675
Ca 0.0211 0.0227 0.0199 0.0203 0.0212 1.0006 0.9900 0.9872 0.9989 0.9900 0.9735 0.7050 0.9861 0.9839 0.9699 0.9069 0.9024 0.6994 0.6861 0.8690
Na 0.0000 0.0015 0.0008 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0050 0.0036 0.0043 0.0057 0.0129 0.1057 0.0072 0.0071 0.0122 0.0392 0.0394 0.0650 0.0676 0.0468
Tot. cat. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Wollastonite % 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 52.9 54.7 54.5 54.8 54.8 52.5 41.9 52.0 51.6 53.1 48.1 48.2 39.7 39.4 46.4
Enstatite % 52.8 52.4 51.4 50.7 50.6 43.3 41.4 41.4 41.2 41.1 38.6 44.1 39.2 40.2 38.7 36.3 34.7 35.6 35.6 35.6
Ferrosilite% 46.1 46.4 47.6 48.2 48.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 8.8 14.0 8.8 8.1 8.2 15.6 17.1 24.8 25.0 18.0
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Table 1d
Spinel analyses from Balchenfjella.

Sample no. SR161A SR161A SR161A SR161A SR161A

Mineral spot Hc1 Hc2 Hc3 Hc4 Hc5

SiO2 0 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02

TiO2 0.01 0 0.05 0.03 0.03
Al2 O3 63.61 63.65 63.84 63.44 63.78
Cr2 O3 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.03
FeO 22.41 22.54 22.67 22.75 22.35
MnO 0.2 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16
MgO 13.09 13.14 13.25 13.1 13.16
CaO 0.04 0.01 0 0 0.02
Na2 O 0.02 0.01 0 0.02 0.01
K2 O 0 0.02 0 0 0
Total 99.42 99.6 99.99 99.56 99.56
Cations Atoms
Si 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0011 0.0005
Ti 0.0002 0.0000 0.0010 0.0006 0.0006
Al 1.9827 1.9802 1.9774 1.9756 1.9837
Cr 0.0008 0.0008 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006
Fe3 0.0160 0.0179 0.0194 0.0207 0.0134
Fe2 0.4796 0.4797 0.4788 0.4821 0.4798
Mn 0.0045 0.0038 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036
Mg 0.5161 0.5171 0.5191 0.5160 0.5177
Tot. cat. 3 3 3 3 3

that high grade metamorphism post dated ∼750 Ma and con- 3. Petrography and mineral chemistry of samples used in
cluded that widespread growth of metamorphic zircon at thermobarometry
∼600 Ma constrained the timing of high grade metamor-
phism. They suggests at least two phases of metamorphism, 3.1. Balchenfjella
the first around ∼600 Ma and the second from ∼550 Ma to
3.1.1. Introduction
570 Ma, the later being accompanied by intrusion of undeformed The localities of five samples selected for thermobarometry from
granite. eastern Sør Rondane are shown in Fig. 4. The samples comprise a

Table 1e
Amphibole analyses from Balchenfjella.

Sample no. SR161A SR161A SR161A SR161A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A SR183A
Mineral spot Hbl2 Hbl4 Hbl5 Hbl7 Hbl2 Hbl3 Hbl7 Hbl8 Hbl9 Hbl10

SiO2 41.97 41.78 41.98 42.23 42.78 42.62 44.92 44.19 44.89 44.81
TiO2 1.17 1.14 1.10 1.17 0.16 0.24 0.28 0.60 0.65 0.63
Al2 O3 17.16 17.12 16.71 16.81 13.28 13.50 11.20 11.25 10.55 10.53
Cr2 O3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe2 O3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 10.19 9.54 8.87 7.96 7.68 8.05
FeO 7.66 7.69 7.78 7.31 6.04 6.27 6.02 7.55 7.80 7.51
MnO 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.22 0.26 0.26
MgO 13.83 13.79 13.75 13.83 11.54 11.36 12.56 12.29 12.25 12.25
CaO 13.02 13.09 12.98 12.85 11.54 11.48 11.50 11.90 11.71 11.62
Na2 O 2.52 2.48 2.45 2.43 0.34 0.32 0.25 0.32 0.28 0.28
K2 O 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.59 1.56 1.30 1.43 1.33 1.33
H2O* 2.08 2.07 2.07 2.08 2.05 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04
Total 99.48 99.25 98.92 99.46 99.83 99.24 99.23 99.75 99.44 99.31

No. of oxygens 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
Si 6.05 6.04 6.09 6.08 6.27 6.27 6.56 6.48 6.59 6.58
Al iv 1.95 1.96 1.91 1.92 1.73 1.73 1.44 1.52 1.41 1.42
Al vi 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.56 0.61 0.49 0.42 0.41 0.40
Ti 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.07
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe3+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.12 1.06 0.98 0.88 0.85 0.89
Fe2+ 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.88 0.74 0.77 0.74 0.92 0.96 0.92
Mn 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Mg 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.52 2.49 2.73 2.68 2.68 2.68
Ca 2.01 2.03 2.02 1.98 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.87 1.84 1.83
Na 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.08
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.29 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.25
Total 17.72 17.72 17.71 17.66 17.20 17.19 17.11 17.23 17.17 17.16
(Ca + Na) (B) 2.01 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.91 1.90 1.87 1.96 1.92 1.91
Na (B) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.08
(Na + K) (A) 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.66 0.30 0.29 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.25
Mg/(Mg + Fe2 ) 0.763 0.762 0.759 0.771 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.74 0.74 0.74
Fe3 /(Fe3 + Alvi) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.67 0.63 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.69
Sum of S2 13.000 12.999 12.997 13.000 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00
Pargasite Pargasite Pargasite Pargasite Ferri- Ferri- Ferrian- Ferrian- Ferrian- Ferrian-
potassian- potassian- magnesiohornblende potassian- magnesio- magnesio-
tschermakitic tschermakitic tschermakitic hornblende hornblende
hornblende hornblende hornblende
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92
Table 2a
Pyroxene analyses from Monapo Complex.

Sample number 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4088 4088 4088 4088 4088

Site of analysis cpxcore cpxcore cpxcore cpxcore cpxcore cpxcore cpxrimzone cpxrimzone cpxrimzone cpxrimzone cpx cpx cpx cpx cpx

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

Analyses number 4 5 7 10 14 15 7 6 5 8 1 2 3 4 8
SiO2 47.81 47.72 47.73 47.67 48.02 48.21 47.89 49.03 50.59 52.20 51.05 50.74 51.06 51.25 50.49
TiO2 0.47 0.51 0.44 0.46 0.41 0.38 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.31
Al2 O3 8.73 8.76 8.85 8.67 8.11 7.71 7.87 6.61 5.04 2.96 2.23 2.37 2.37 2.20 2.40
Cr2 O3 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00
FeO 5.05 5.04 5.08 5.00 4.81 4.74 4.69 4.69 4.48 3.85 11.72 12.77 13.34 11.91 15.60
MnO 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.22
MgO 12.82 12.92 12.85 12.81 13.02 13.21 13.49 14.41 15.00 15.60 11.89 11.26 11.54 11.59 11.58
CaO 23.54 23.78 23.53 23.73 23.99 24.01 24.91 24.21 24.90 23.92 21.91 21.41 20.49 21.73 19.11
Na2 O 0.35 0.34 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.57 0.63 0.58 0.63 0.60
K2 O 0.00 0.02 0.03
Total 99.03 99.34 99.07 98.95 98.98 98.91 99.10 99.17 100.23 99.21 99.77 99.54 99.83 99.73 100.32

Si 1.772 1.763 1.769 1.769 1.780 1.787 1.768 1.807 1.845 1.923 1.925 1.925 1.933 1.935 1.911
Ti 0.013 0.014 0.012 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.009
Al 0.382 0.382 0.386 0.379 0.354 0.337 0.342 0.287 0.217 0.128 0.099 0.106 0.106 0.098 0.107
Cr 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
Fe3 0.070 0.085 0.067 0.073 0.080 0.088 0.139 0.114 0.107 0.024 0.079 0.078 0.055 0.062 0.097
Fe2 0.087 0.071 0.091 0.082 0.069 0.059 0.005 0.031 0.030 0.095 0.291 0.327 0.367 0.314 0.397
Mn 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.007
Mg 0.709 0.712 0.710 0.709 0.720 0.730 0.742 0.792 0.815 0.857 0.668 0.637 0.651 0.653 0.653
Ca 0.935 0.941 0.935 0.944 0.953 0.954 0.985 0.956 0.973 0.944 0.885 0.870 0.831 0.879 0.775
Na 0.025 0.025 0.021 0.021 0.023 0.026 0.017 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.042 0.046 0.043 0.046 0.044
Wollastonite % 51.939 52.046 51.869 52.201 52.304 52.093 52.619 50.519 50.551 49.188 46.028 45.504 43.633 46.078 40.326
Enstatite % 39.365 39.343 39.391 39.220 39.508 39.879 39.651 41.841 42.353 44.634 34.756 33.310 34.195 34.202 33.989
Ferrosillite % 8.697 8.610 8.740 8.578 8.188 8.028 7.731 7.640 7.097 6.178 19.216 21.186 22.172 19.720 25.684
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Table 2b
Amphibole analyses from samples from the Monapo Complex.

Sample number 4073 4073 4073 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039

Site of analysis hblgroundmass hblgroundmass hblgroundmass Hbl Hbl Hbl Hbl Hbl inter- Hbl inter- Hbl
ground- ground- ground- ground- growth growth intergrowth
mass mass mass mass
Analyses number 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 5 6 7
SiO2 43.07 43.33 43.04 49.06 49.39 50.07 49.94 48.62 51.51 50.05
TiO2 0.55 0.59 0.60 0.46 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.42 0.29 0.31
Al2 O3 15.08 14.88 15.57 7.03 7.00 6.47 6.35 7.20 5.72 6.47

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

FeO 7.30 7.49 7.68 13.50 12.68 13.30 13.47 13.39 12.59 12.48
MnO 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.17 0.16 0.21 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.13
MgO 15.60 15.47 14.69 14.13 14.66 14.95 14.77 14.42 15.39 15.42
CaO 12.31 12.33 12.14 12.23 12.02 12.14 12.14 12.31 11.76 12.35
Na2 O 2.22 2.14 2.23 0.66 0.69 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.48 0.60
K2 O 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.11
Cr2 O3 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00
Total 96.42 96.49 96.21 97.37 97.24 98.32 98.01 97.32 98.05 97.90

Si 6.172 6.208 6.200 7.071 7.085 7.104 7.121 7.004 7.272 7.116
Al iv 1.828 1.792 1.800 0.929 0.915 0.896 0.879 0.996 0.728 0.884
Al vi 0.718 0.720 0.843 0.265 0.269 0.185 0.188 0.227 0.223 0.200
Ti 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.050 0.055 0.048 0.044 0.046 0.031 0.033
Fe3+ 0.592 0.565 0.457 0.578 0.628 0.736 0.699 0.663 0.731 0.672
Fe2+ 0.283 0.333 0.468 1.049 0.893 0.842 0.908 0.950 0.756 0.812
Mn 0.013 0.014 0.012 0.021 0.020 0.025 0.023 0.016 0.020 0.016
Mg 3.333 3.305 3.155 3.037 3.135 3.163 3.139 3.097 3.239 3.267
Ca 1.891 1.893 1.874 1.888 1.847 1.846 1.855 1.900 1.779 1.881
Na 0.616 0.594 0.623 0.185 0.192 0.166 0.177 0.188 0.131 0.164
K 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.018 0.025 0.024 0.019
OH* 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000
Total 17.507 17.487 17.496 17.098 17.062 17.033 17.050 17.113 16.934 17.065
         
Calculation scheme 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Amphibole group Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca
(Ca + Na) (B) 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.910 2.000
Na (B) 0.109 0.107 0.126 0.112 0.153 0.154 0.145 0.100 0.131 0.119
(Na + K) (A) 0.507 0.487 0.496 0.098 0.062 0.033 0.050 0.113 0.024 0.065
Mg/(Mg + Fe2 ) 0.922 0.908 0.871 0.743 0.778 0.790 0.776 0.765 0.811 0.801
Fe3 /(Fe3 + Alvi) 0.452 0.440 0.351 0.686 0.700 0.799 0.788 0.745 0.766 0.770
Sum of S2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Amphibole names Pargasite Tschermakite Tschermakite Magnesio- Magnesio- Magnesio- Magnesio- Magnesio- Actinolitic Magnesio-
hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende

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Table 2c
Spinel analyses from the Monapo Complex.

Sample number 4073 4073 4073

Site of analysis
Analyses number 1 2 7
SiO2 0.04 0.03 0.03
TiO2 0.04 0.03 0.02
Al2 O3 60.25 60.57 61.36
Cr2 O3 2.15 1.94 1.61
FeO 22.45 22.63 22.21
MnO 0.22 0.22 0.22
MgO 15.15 15.25 15.46
CaO 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total 100.31 100.68 100.91

Si 0.001 0.001 0.001

Ti 0.001 0.001 0.000
Al 1.863 1.865 1.879
Cr 0.045 0.040 0.033
Fe3 0.089 0.092 0.086
Fe2 0.404 0.402 0.397
Mn 0.005 0.005 0.005
Mg 0.593 0.594 0.599

Fig. 2. Geological map of the Monapo Complex Modified after Grantham et al. (2007).
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 95

Fig. 3. Map showing simplified geology of Sør Rondane showing the locations of the Austhameren and Balchenfjella areas modified after Osanai et al. (1996) and (Shiraishi
et al., 1997).

meta-pelite (SR132), two meta-ultrabasic rocks (SR161A&D), and
two metabasic rocks (SR150 and SR183C). Field photographs of
the sample localities are shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5A shows a garnet
sillimanite gneiss from which sample SR132 was collected. The
metapelites form discontinuous layers concordant to the strong
planar fabric which characterizes much of the Balchenfjella. Much
of the layering in Balchenfjella is tectonic and secondary in nature
(Fig. 5E and F). This is evident locally at many meso-scale outcrops
and on larger scale. For example in Fig. 5E, primary layering is rep-
resented by a thick white/cream carbonate unit which is clearly
discordant to the layering in the gneisses at right. Fig. 5F, on a local
scale, shows a discordant sheared contact between two gneiss indi-
vidual layers. At other localities, folded layers are locally contained
within individual layers but are truncated at the layer margins
providing evidence of extensive transposition of layering. Ductile
discordancies as shown in Fig. 5F are common throughout Balchen-
fjella and are locally filled with melt. These relationships suggest
that shearing occurred at temperatures sufficiently high to facilitate
melting which in turn would have assisted and lubricated shearing.
Fig. 5B represents the field locality for samples SR161A and D.
At this locality a meta-clinopyroxenite granulite is located along
the margin of a metacarbonate horizon and has been dismembered

Table 2d
Table of garnet analyses from samples from the Monapo Complex.

Sample number 4092 4092 4092 4092 4092 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4088 4088 4088 4088 4088

Analyses number 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
SiO2 37.79 37.96 37.98 37.96 38.05 37.84 37.99 37.82 37.96 37.87 37.80 38.12 37.70 37.30 37.53
TiO2 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.06
Al2 O3 22.21 22.19 22.11 21.86 21.79 21.41 21.19 21.55 21.41 21.36 21.19 21.57 21.46 21.14 21.06
Cr2 O3 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00
FeO 31.75 31.97 31.83 32.14 32.39 27.29 26.94 26.65 26.36 26.62 28.79 28.85 28.06 28.44 28.43
MnO 0.32 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.36 1.19 1.09 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.00 1.04 1.10 1.10 1.14
MgO 7.48 7.56 7.46 7.44 7.32 5.12 5.44 5.63 5.63 5.45 4.24 4.32 4.39 4.30 4.12
CaO 0.59 0.62 0.59 0.60 0.61 7.22 7.04 7.20 7.12 7.16 7.09 6.98 6.97 7.05 6.96
Total 100.19 100.66 100.33 100.35 100.58 100.14 99.77 99.92 99.59 99.54 100.17 100.96 99.79 99.37 99.30

Si 2.946 2.946 2.958 2.959 2.963 2.959 2.975 2.952 2.971 2.970 2.974 2.974 2.972 2.957 2.980
Ti 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.006 0.002 0.003
Al 2.041 2.029 2.029 2.008 2.000 1.973 1.956 1.982 1.976 1.974 1.965 1.984 1.994 1.975 1.971
Cr 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000
Fe3 0.063 0.075 0.051 0.070 0.068 0.104 0.083 0.111 0.074 0.084 0.079 0.060 0.049 0.107 0.061
Fe2 2.007 2.000 2.021 2.025 2.041 1.681 1.681 1.629 1.652 1.662 1.816 1.822 1.801 1.778 1.827
Mn 0.021 0.021 0.023 0.021 0.024 0.079 0.072 0.067 0.069 0.071 0.066 0.069 0.073 0.074 0.077
Mg 0.869 0.874 0.866 0.865 0.849 0.597 0.635 0.656 0.657 0.637 0.498 0.503 0.516 0.508 0.488
Ca 0.049 0.052 0.049 0.050 0.051 0.604 0.591 0.602 0.597 0.601 0.598 0.583 0.589 0.599 0.592
Almandine 68.108 67.878 68.302 68.406 68.841 56.752 56.416 55.149 55.547 55.945 60.985 61.201 60.456 60.097 61.227
Pyrope 29.495 29.666 29.262 29.204 28.645 20.168 21.319 22.199 22.077 21.439 16.715 16.895 17.322 17.180 16.359
Grossular 1.626 1.684 1.622 1.622 1.654 19.357 18.984 19.285 19.311 19.400 19.258 18.975 19.220 19.175 19.204
Spessartine 0.718 0.707 0.771 0.710 0.800 2.669 2.427 2.263 2.303 2.380 2.230 2.310 2.460 2.485 2.579
Uvarovite 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.012 0.000 0.012 0.010 0.000 0.005 0.015 0.006 0.002 0.003
Andradite 0.050 0.062 0.041 0.057 0.056 1.016 0.809 1.077 0.720 0.821 0.770 0.576 0.475 1.041 0.597
Ca–Ti Gt 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.025 0.045 0.014 0.033 0.014 0.036 0.029 0.062 0.021 0.033
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Table 2e
Plagioclase anlyses from the Monapo Complex. Sympl = symplectite. Gmas = groundmass.

Sample 4073 4073 4073 4073 4073 4092 4092 4092 4092 4092 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4039 4088 4088 4088 4088 4088
number

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

Site of Pl Pl pl pl pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl
analysis sympl sympl sympl sympl Gmass Gmass Gmass Gmass Gmass
Analyses 2 3 8 9 10 1 2 5 11 12 2 3 4 9 3 4 6 7 8 1 2 6 7 8
number
SiO2 42.86 43.14 43.05 42.93 43.24 64.27 64.56 64.17 65.18 65.08 44.36 44.19 43.74 44.70 46.61 45.81 44.62 46.06 45.77 57.45 57.73 57.74 58.37 57.56
Al2 O3 37.27 37.18 36.82 36.82 36.94 22.73 22.28 22.26 21.98 22.33 36.71 36.59 37.10 36.22 34.71 35.07 35.75 34.87 35.17 27.13 27.08 26.83 26.80 26.83
FeO 0.12 0.11 0.01 0.14 0.22 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.37 0.11 0.42 0.37 0.90 0.65 0.19 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.29 0.14 0.04 0.16 0.13 0.12
MgO 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.22 0.38 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
CaO 20.38 20.35 20.56 19.96 20.15 2.50 2.36 2.30 2.33 2.36 19.79 19.64 17.60 19.49 16.58 17.49 18.36 17.30 17.22 8.32 8.16 7.93 7.85 8.13
Na2 O 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.19 10.01 10.10 10.18 10.24 9.91 0.55 0.54 0.71 0.51 1.77 1.56 0.82 1.46 1.47 6.74 6.46 6.60 6.49 6.36
K2 O 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.25 0.25
Total 100.77 100.96 100.61 100.01 100.75 99.81 99.47 99.03 100.22 99.87 101.84 101.47 100.30 101.95 99.87 100.09 99.74 99.86 99.95 100.01 99.73 99.55 99.89 99.25

Cations Atoms
Si 1.966 1.975 1.978 1.986 1.985 2.833 2.853 2.845 2.861 2.871 2.011 2.010 2.010 2.025 2.140 2.100 2.062 2.119 2.103 2.569 2.594 2.597 2.620 2.601
Al 2.015 2.007 1.994 2.007 1.998 1.181 1.160 1.163 1.137 1.161 1.961 1.962 2.009 1.934 1.878 1.895 1.947 1.891 1.904 1.430 1.434 1.422 1.418 1.429
Fe2 0.005 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.009 0.007 0.001 0.000 0.014 0.004 0.016 0.014 0.035 0.025 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.011 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.005 0.005
Mg 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.015 0.026 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ca 1.002 0.998 1.013 0.989 0.991 0.118 0.112 0.109 0.110 0.112 0.962 0.957 0.866 0.946 0.816 0.859 0.909 0.853 0.848 0.399 0.393 0.382 0.378 0.394
Na 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.011 0.017 0.855 0.866 0.875 0.872 0.847 0.048 0.048 0.063 0.045 0.158 0.139 0.074 0.130 0.131 0.585 0.563 0.576 0.565 0.557
K 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.015
An % 98.833 98.492 98.655 98.774 98.352 12.046 11.359 11.053 11.097 11.585 95.204 95.224 93.064 95.470 83.787 85.870 92.425 86.750 86.532 40.028 40.524 39.195 39.446 40.782
Ab % 1.167 1.429 1.345 1.129 1.648 87.384 87.952 88.396 88.238 87.941 4.796 4.776 6.763 4.522 16.189 13.892 7.486 13.234 13.411 58.694 58.050 59.065 59.051 57.711
Or % 0.000 0.079 0.000 0.097 0.000 0.570 0.689 0.551 0.666 0.474 0.000 0.000 0.174 0.008 0.025 0.238 0.089 0.016 0.057 1.278 1.427 1.740 1.503 1.507
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Table 3
Table of analytical data for Zr in Rutile from Monapo (below) and Balchenfjella (above) as well as the temperatures calculated from the Zr-in-rutile calibrations of Zack et al. (2004), Ferry and Watson (2007), Tomkins et al. (2007)
and Watson et al. (2006).

Balchenfjella Si Al Ti Cr Fe Zr O Total Zr ppm T ◦ C Zack et al. T ◦ C Ferry and T ◦ C Tomkins T ◦ C Watson

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

(2004) Watson (2007) et al. (2007) et al. (2006)

1/1. 0 0.020 58.97 0.119 0.147 0.0605 39.54 98.86 605 809 704 714 703
2/1. 0.008 0.016 58.88 0.102 0.138 0.0632 39.46 98.67 632 814 708 718 707
3/1. 0.009 0.022 58.88 0.111 0.138 0.1423 39.50 98.81 1423 918 789 800 790
4/1. 0.008 0.014 58.89 0.124 0.157 0.1445 39.51 98.85 1445 920 790 801 791
5/1. 0.008 0.018 58.73 0.102 0.139 0.1391 39.39 98.53 1391 915 786 797 787
6/1. 0 0.026 58.66 0.084 0.171 0.1403 39.34 98.42 1403 916 787 798 788
7/1. 0.007 0.028 58.56 0.115 0.268 0.0652 39.30 98.35 652 818 711 721 710
8/1. 0 0.029 58.56 0.113 0.279 0.0636 39.30 98.35 636 815 708 719 708
Average 866 748 759 748

Monapo Si Al Ti Cr Fe Zr O Total Zr ppm T ◦ C Zack et al. T ◦ C Ferry and T ◦ C Tomkins T ◦ C Watson

(2004) Watson (2007) et al. (2007) et al. (2006)

1/1. 0 0.0419 59.1804 0.0102 0.2762 0.1041 39.68 99.30 1041 878 756 767 756
2/1. 0 0.042 58.9494 0.0181 0.2466 0.1052 39.52 98.88 1052 879 757 769 757
3/1. 0 0.0434 58.8026 0.0083 0.3303 0.1023 39.45 98.74 1023 876 754 765 755
4/1. 0 0.0469 58.8801 0.0196 0.2437 0.0975 39.48 98.77 975 870 749 760 750
5/1. 0.0136 0.0516 58.9824 0.0117 0.3053 0.0988 39.59 99.06 988 871 751 761 751
6/1. 0.0058 0.0371 58.7518 0.0308 0.3037 0.1163 39.43 98.68 1163 892 767 778 768
7/1. 0 0.0449 58.6365 0.0292 0.3015 0.1093 39.34 98.47 1093 884 761 772 761
8/1. 0.001 0.0465 58.8989 0.0434 0.3017 0.114 39.53 98.94 1140 890 765 776 766
9/1. 0.0022 0.0462 59.0126 0.0261 0.3229 0.1132 39.61 99.13 1132 889 764 775 765
10/1. 0.2368 0.0403 58.4111 0.0274 0.2976 0.1108 39.46 98.59 1108 886 762 773 762
Average 881 758 770 759

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Fig. 4. Geological map of Balchenfjella, eastern Sør Rondane and Austhameren and the sample locations for the petrology and SHRIMP zircon samples. The basic geology is
from Asami et al. (1991).

and boudinaged into isolated blocks within and adjacent to the
carbonate. The boudins have homogeneous cores but have a thin
rim of pale green amphibole around the margins of the boudins
(Fig. 5D). Fig. 5C shows the sample locality for sample SR183c and
consists of a large boudin of meta-basic granulite contained within
strongly tectonically banded gneisses. At this locality individual
garnets up to 40 cm in diameter are locally seen. Fig. 5D shows the
sample locality from which sample SR150 was collected and also
comprises a meta-basic boudin within strong tectonically banded
gneiss.
The mineral chemical data from the samples from Balchenfjella
are shown in Table 1 whereas those from Monapo are shown in
Table 2. Rutile data from Balchenfjella and Monapo are summarized
in Table 3.
Major element analyses of the various mineral phases (except
rutile) for the samples from Monapo were performed at the
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 99

Fig. 5. Field photographs from Balchenfjella showing the various sample site lithologies from the localities shown in Fig. 4. (A) The photo shows garnet sillimanite gneiss
(Sample SR132) with a strong planar fabric. The sample locality is at the foot of the ∼100 m high cliff shown in E. Note also the shallowly inclined conjugate granite sills. (B)
Fragmented spinel clinopyroxenite boudins in marble from which samples SR161A&D were collected. Note the thin pale green amphibole rich rims to the boudins. (C) Photo
of the meta-basic boudin from which sample SR183C was collected. (D) Metabasic boudin in strongly tectonically banded gneiss from which sample SR150 was collected. (E)
Primary layering is represented by the thick white/cream carbonate unit which is clearly discordant to the layering in the gneisses at right. (F) Discordant sheared contact
between two individual gneiss layers.
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs from samples used for P–T estimates from the eastern Sør Rondane. (A) Sample SR161A/D contains an equilibrium assemblage of green hercynitic
spinel and clinopyroxene. (B and C) Sample SR161A/D from closer to the boudin rim similarly shows a clinopyroxene spinel dominated assemblage within which isolated
grains of amphibole as well as rims of amphibole around spinel are developed. Clinopyroxene also contains small vermicular blebs of plagioclase (virtually pure anorthite)
and calcite. These plagioclase blebs occur along grain boundaries as well as forming crude regular planes typical of exsolution lamellae. (D and E) SEM images of detail
of smple SR161A/D. In (D) the image shows an element map for Al in which zoning is apparent in clinopyroxene with higher concentration areas (Cpx-HiAl) having
pale blue colours whereas lower Al Cpx is darker blue (Cpx-LoAl). Anorthite blebs are yellow to red. Amphibole grains are light greenish in colour whereas calcite (Cc) forms dark
 Author's personal copy
G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135
Council for Geosciences (CGS) in Pretoria using a JEOL 733 Super-
probe. Operating conditions for plagioclase were 15 kV, 20 nA beam
current and beam diameter of 2–3 ␮m, whereas the conditions
for amphibole were 15 kV, 40 nA beam current, beam diameter
of 2–3 ␮m. Operating conditions for pyroxene, garnet and spinel
were 20 kV, 40 nA beam current and beam diameter of 2–3 ␮m.
The counting time at the element peak positions were 10 s and
5 s at two symmetrical background positions. Si, Al, Na and Mg
were analyzed with a TAP crystal and a gas flow detector, Ti and
Cr with a PET crystal and xenon counter, Mn and Fe with a LiF
crystal and xenon counter and Ca and K with PET crystal and
gas flow counter. An on-line Fortran program, supplied by JEOL,
(FZAFOC) which uses the absorption correction of Philibert (1963)
and Heinrich (1968), the atomic number correction of Duncumb
and Reed (1968) and the fluorescence correction of Reed (1965) was
used for the calculation of unknown element concentrations. Count
data were calibrated against a variety of natural and synthetic
standards.
Major element analyses for the samples from Balchenfjella as
well as the rutile analyses from both Balchefjella and Monapo were
conducted with a Cameca SX-100 electron microprobe at the Geol-
ogy Department, at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Care
was taken with the analytical conditions to improve the detec-
tion limit of Zr in rutile. The beam size was set to approximately
5 ␮m, and an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and a beam current
of 100 nA were used throughout the analyses. A combination of
long counting times and use of the high sensitivity spectrome-
ter measuring the Zr-L␣ line contributed to the lower detection
limit of approximately 50 ppm for the element of Zr. Simulta-
neous analysis of Si was done to ensure that analyses were not
performed on possibly submicroscopic zircon inclusions in the
rutile.
3.1.2. Samples SR161A&D
Samples SR161A&D (Fig. 6A, B, C, E and G) are from the same
lithology and locality with the difference being that D shows little
evidence of alteration in contrast to the higher degree of alter-
ation in A. Unaltered sample D is characterized by clinopyroxene
and pale-green spinel (Fig. 6A). In contrast, sample A, besides
clinopyroxene and spinel also contains fine grains of calcite, titan-
ite, amphibole and plagioclase (Fig. 6B, C, E and G). The amphibole
forms rims around spinel as well as forming individual isolated
grains of amphibole (Fig. 6G) in the groundmass. Plagioclase and
calcite form small intergranular blebs, with the plagioclase blebs
forming vermicular intergranular grains between clinopyroxene
as well as regular oriented inclusions, typical of exsolution lamel-
lae, within clinopyroxene (Fig. 6C and E). EMP analysis shows
that the plagioclase is virtually pure anorthite with a composi-
tion of An98 (Table 1). Fig. 6G shows a SEM map for Al and shows
grains of plagioclase (high intensity orange red colours), amphi-
bole (medium intensity green) lower intensity clinopyroxene (pale
blue) and low intensity clinopyroxene, titanite and calcite. The
Al element map confirms that the Al contents are zoned close
to the margin of clinopyroxene grains in contact with the ver-
micular anorthite grains. Electron microprobe (EMP) analytical
traverses reveal that the cores of the clinopyroxene grains have
Al2 O3 contents of ∼8% which drops to 5% in contact with plagio-
clase which is virtually anorthite pure (Table 1). The spinel is a
blue areas. (E) this is the same area as D butalso shows bright white areas of titanite (Ttn). (F) Thin section photo of sample SR132 showing a metapelitic assemblage of
sillimanite (Sill), garnet (Grt) ilmenite (Ilm), rutile (Rt) plagioclase and quartz. A biotite (red brown) quartz symplectite is partially replacing garnet and is interpreted as a
late retrogressive hydration feature. (G) Garnet (Grt) and clinopyroxene (Cpx) are separated by hornblende as well as a symplectitic intergrowth of hornblende + plagioclase
and magnetite. The groundmass contains clear plagioclase and minor quartz. (H) A granoblastic assemblage of garnet (Grt), orthopyroxene (Opx), plagioclase and quartz. The
brown areas are biotite which forms a weak planar retrogressive fabric. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web
version of the article.)
101
solid solution between spinel and hercynite with mole fractions of
∼0.52 and ∼0.48 respectively (Table 1). The amphibole is pargasitic
in composition (Table 1). Additional phases identified in Fig. 6G and
B include calcite and titanite (dark blue zones in Fig. 6G and labelled
in Fig. 6B).
The chemical data and textures can be interpreted as a ret-
rogressive decompression texture involving exsolution of the
Ca-Tschermaks component from Cpx to form anorthite in the fol-
lowing reaction:
CaTs + SiO2 → An (1)
The exsolution lamellae are strongly developed along fracture
zones (Fig. 6E) indicating syntectonic genesis. The crystallization of
amphibole and calcite suggest introduction of CO2 and H2 O during
retrogression. These textural relationships suggest the following
retrogressive reaction of
2Spl + 11Di + 3H2 O + 5CO2 → 2Tr + Ts + Cal (2)
The location of the spinel clinopyroxene granulite adjacent
to and within metacarbonate in the field provides a ready
source of CO2 during metamorphism through decarbonation
reactions.
3.1.3. Sample SR132
Sample SR132 (Fig. 6F) is medium-grained equigranular
and characterized by the equilibrium assemblage of gar-
net + sillimanite + rutile + quartz + feldspar (orthoclase and plagio-
clase) + ilmenite. Retrogressive fox-red biotite + quartz symplec-
tites partially replace garnet and are interpreted as resulting
from late stage partial hydration. Sillimanite forms elongate
prismatic blades. Rutile forms small xenomorphic grains in
the groundmass as well as inclusions in garnet. Zircon is
present as fine grained groundmass grains. Analytical traverses
across the garnet failed to show significant zonation, typical
of high grade conditions with any zonation probably being
destroyed by re-equilibration. The garnet is dominantly alman-
dine with compositions varying between Alm78–80 (Table 1).
Plagioclase is relatively sodic with Ca contents of ∼An23–26 and
Ab73–75 .
3.1.4. Sample SR183C
Sample SR183C (Fig. 6G) is characterized by
an initial high grade mineral assemblage of gar-
net + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz which has been partially
retrogressively hydrated resulting in the formation of a sym-
plectitic corona intergrowth between clinopyroxene and garnet.
The product of the hydration reaction comprises a vermicular
intergrowth of plagioclase + hornblende + magnetite. Clinopy-
roxene is also partially replaced by homogeneous amphibole.
Plagioclase composition in the symplectite is typically An82–85
in contrast to the groundmass plagioclase which has a compo-
sition of An73–77 (Table 1). Garnet is unzoned and dominantly
almandine rich (Alm48–50 ) with significant pyrope (Prp27–29 ) and
grossular contents (Grs19–20 ) and subordinate spessartine and
andradite components (Table 1). The clinopyroxene is diopsidic
but fairly variable in composition probably due to exsolution.
The clinopyroxene also has fairly high Al2 O3 contents typically
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

Fig. 7. Photomicrographs from samples used for P–T estimates from the Monapo Complex. (A) Micrograph of vermicular plagioclase, interstititial to clinopyroxene and
hornblende in sample PM04073. (B) Map of Al zoning in sample PM04073 showing the lower Al zones (orange) in the margins of clinopyroxene and high Al in anorthite
(dark blue). (C) Spinel, plagioclase and clinopyroxene in sample PM04073. (D) Photomicrograph of garnet, sillimanite, plagioclase, rutile and biotite + quartz symplectite in
sample PM04092. (E) Hornblende + plagioclase symplectite developed at the margin of garnet in sample PM04039. (F) Clinopyroxene + plagioclase symplectite after garnet
in sample PM04088. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)

of ∼8%, resulting in a fairly high Ca Tschermaks component An52–56 . Orthopyoxene is hypersthene with En52 and ∼1.5 wt%
(Table 1). Al2 O3 (Table 1).

3.1.5. Sample SR150 3.2. Monapo Complex

Sample SR150 (Fig. 6H) contains an equilibrium assemblage
of orthopyroxene + garnet + quartz + feldspar, typical of high grade
metabasic rocks. Minor retrogressive biotite partially replaces
orthopyroxene and forms a weak planar fabric. Garnet is unzoned
with almandine contents of ∼Alm59 , pyrope contents of Prp22 and
grossular contents of ∼Grs15–16 %. Plagioclase is labradoritic with
Four samples were selected for mineral chemical analysis for
thermobarometry. The samples represent a metapelite, a meta-
clinopyroxenite and two metabasic samples with varying textural
relationships. Mineral chemistry data from these samples are sum-
marized in Table 2.
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Fig. 8. P–T estimates from chemistry of minerals from Balchenfjella. The figures (A–D) show the curves for the different reactions described in the text for the four rock
samples studied. Figure (E) shows all the curves superimposed. The curved arrow indicates the inferred P–T path.
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3.2.1. Sample PM04073
Sample PM04073 (Fig. 7A–C) was sampled from a metaclinopy-
roxenite of the Mazerapane Suite. The rock contains clinopyroxene,
spinel, plagioclase and locally hornblende with the minerals
defining a granoblastic texture. The clinopyroxenites typically con-
tain >95% Cpx with subordinate plagioclase <5% and dark green
hercynitic spinel. Normative mineralogy of the clinopyroxenites
comprises ∼80% Cpx and ∼20% Pl (Grantham et al., 2007). EMP anal-
yses show that the clinopyroxene has Al2 O3 contents of typically
8–9% and up to 10% which decreases to ∼5% at the grain margins
where, locally, subtle symplectitic intergrowths of plagioclase + low
Al clinopyroxene are observed (Fig. 7A) (Table 2). The vermicular
blebs in clinopyroxene suggest possible exsolution of plagioclase
from the pyroxene (Fig. 7A). The plagioclase is virtually pure anor-
thite (Table 2). A map of Al contents in thin section shows that Al
contents are zoned close to the margin of clinopyroxene grains in
contact with the blebby vermicular anorthite grains (Fig. 7B). These
chemical data and textures can be interpreted as reflecting decom-
pression with high pressure high Al clinopyroxene exsolving pure
anorthite on decompression. The presence of limited hornblende
suggests a minor degree of retrogressive hydration.
3.2.2. Sample PM04092
Sample PM04092 (Fig. 7D) represents a metapelitic sample
from the Metacheria gneisses (Fig. 2). The rock contains the min-
eral assemblage of garnet, sillimanite, plagioclase, rutile, quartz,
ilmenite and biotite. The fox red-brown biotite locally forms sym-
plectitic intergrowths with quartz resulting in textures typical of
retrogressive hydration. The rest of the minerals form a granoblas-
tic mosaic. Sillimanite forms prismatic diamond shaped grains in
cross section. Xenomorphic porphyroblastic garnet contains occa-
sional inclusions of quartz and feldspar. Relatively large rutile
grains form part of the granoblastic groundmass assemblage in con-
tact with garnet, sillimanite, quartz and feldspar. Garnet is typically
unzoned and almandine rich with a composition of ∼Alm68 , Prp29
and Grs1.7 (Table 2). Plagioclase is albitic with Ab88 and An12 .
3.2.3. Sample PM04039
The metabasic orthogneisses contain the assemblage of
Hbl + Grt + Cpx + Pl + opaques which form a granoblastic texture.
In addition Hbl + Pl symplectitic intergrowths are locally devel-
oped at the margin of garnet grains (Fig. 7E). Hornblende forms
two morphologies, the first as homogeneous granoblastic grains
between clinopyroxene and plagioclase and the second in sym-
plectites marginal to garnet grains (Fig. 7E). The first variety would
suggest the partial hydration reaction of Cpx + Pl + H2 O → Hbl
whereas the second suggests the partial hydration reaction of
Grt + H2 O → Hbl + Pl. The garnet is typically unzoned and has the
composition of Alm57–60 , Prp16–21 and Grs∼20 (Table 2). Plagio-
clase in the symplectitic intergrowth is virtually pure anorthite
with composition An95 and Ab5 whereas the groundmass plagio-
clase is marginally more sodic with composition of An85–92 Table 2).
Hornblende is typically a magnesio-hornblende (Table 2).
3.2.4. Sample PM04088
Sample PM04088 (Fig. 7F) was sampled from a meta-basic
granulite which contains the anhydrous mineral assemblage of
clinopyroxene, garnet, plagioclase and orthopyroxene. The assem-
blage defines an equilibrium granoblastic mosaic (Fig. 7F) but also
contains sparse vermicular inclusions of a white transparent min-
eral either quartz or plagioclase in garnet. Locally garnet appears
to be breaking down to a symplectitic intergrowth of clinopyrox-
ene + plagioclase suggesting the reaction Grt → Cpx + Pl (Fig. 7F).
The reaction is typical of isothermal decompression (Harley, 1989).
The clinopyroxene is diopsidic with composition of Di34–35 , Hd19–25
and Wo40–46 . Orthopyroxene is hypersthene with En51 and Fs48
and contains up to 1.45 wt% Al2 O3 (Table 2). Garnet is typically
unzoned and has a composition of Alm60 Prp16–17 Grs20 . Plagio-
clase has an intermediate andesine composition with An39–42 and
Ab56–59 . (Table 2).
4. Thermobarometry
Pressure–temperature calculations have been performed for the
various samples fom Monapo and Balchenfjella using THERMO-
CALC (Ver3.33) (Holland and Powell, 1998). Activities for pyroxene,
garnet, plagioclase, spinel and amphibole from the samples were
calculated using the A-X program (written by T. Holland) included
in THERMOCALC. The P–T estimates for the Balchenfjella are sum-
marized in Fig. 8 and those for the Monapo Complex in Fig. 9.
Additionally the Zr solubility in rutile calibration of Zack et al.
(2004) has been applied using the rutile compositional data from
sample PM04092 from the Monapo Complex (Table 3) and sample
SR132 from eastern Sør Rondane (Table 3). Mineral abbreviations
used are after Kretz (1983).
4.1. Balchenfjella
4.1.1. Sample SR161A&D
The following possible reactions were identi-
fied in the petrography above: CaTs + SiO2 → An and
2Spl + 11Di + 3H2 O + 5CO2 → 2Tr + Ts + Cal. In thin section no
quartz is present and consequently this would indicate that silica
activity in the rock was probably <1. Aranovich and Kozlovskii
(2008) report silica activities of 0.3–0.5 during eclogitic assem-
blage formation but report that the involvement of minor fluid
can contribute to increased silica activity. In Fig. 8A, two separate
curves for reaction are shown for silica activities of 0.75 and
0.5 (curves 1 and 2 in Fig. 8A). These curves were calculated
using the data for clinopyroxene analyzed in the rims containing
∼5% Al2 O3 which translates into an aCaTs of ∼0.14 using the
program AXE of T. Holland. Core clinopyroxene compositions
with ∼11% Al2 O3 would be stable at higher pressures in excess
of 14 kb. Fig. 6B shows minor retrogressive hornblende which
would have required minor fluid introduction, the fluid possibly
contributing to increased silica activity. The sample also contains
spinel (Fig. 6A) in equilibrium with clinopyroxene from which
the calculation of temperatures based on the exchange reaction
of Di + Hc ↔ Hd + Spl suggests a minimum closure temperature of
∼750 ◦ C to 825 ◦ C (curve 3 in Fig. 8A). Modelling of the reaction
2Spl + 11Di + 3H2 O + 5CO2 → 2Tr + Ts + Cal using THERMOCALC
with a mixed fluid containing equal mole fractions of H2 O and
CO2 yields curve 4 in Fig. 8A. The mineral assemblages in samples
SR161A&D therefore suggest retrogressive introduction of H2 O
and CO2 during decompression resulting in the crystallization
of anorthite, calcite and amphibole from the higher pressure
assemblage of clinopyroxene and spinel at P–T conditions of ∼
10–11 kb and ∼825 ◦ C.
4.1.2. Sample SR150
In sample SR150 the equilibrium assemblage of gar-
net + orthopyroxene + plagioclase permits P–T estimates
on the following reactions (Fig. 8B) En + MgTs = Prp
(curve 1, Fig. 8B), 2Prp + Grs + 3Qtz = 3 En + 3 An
(curve 2 Fig. 8B), Grs + 3MgTs + 3Qtz = Prp + 3En (curve
3, Fig. 8B), Gr s + 2MgTs + 3Qtz = 3An + En (curve 4,
Fig. 8B), Gr + 2Alm + 3Qtz = 3An + 3Fs (curve 5, Fig. 8B),
2Prp + 3Fs = 2Alm + 3En (curve 6, Fig. 8B), 3Fs + 3MgTs = Prp + 2Alm
(curve 7, Fig. 8B), and 3Fs + 3MgTs = 3Alm + En (curve 8, Fig. 8B). The
curves for these equilibria are shown along with an error ellipse
calculated using the average pressure temperature estimate mode
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Fig. 9. P–T estimates from chemistry of minerals from Monapo Complex. The figures A-D show the curves for the different reactions described in the text for the four rock
samples studied. Figure E shows all the curves superimposed. The curved arrow indicates the inferred P–T path.
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Fig. 10. Sketch of field relationships at the northern end of Austhameran, eastern Sør Rondane. (A) shows a map of the northern tip of Austhameran with the structural
data from the outcrop summarized in the stereonet (B). The figures (C an D) show a view from north to south of a detailed portion of the exposure at the northern end of
Austhameran and shows the steep ENE dipping fabric being cut by granite and pegmatite sills which intruded along a top to the west thrust fault whose plane of shear swings
into the vertical, west of the limits of the photo, becoming part of the dominant steep planar fabric. The pegmatite shows some effects of deformation whereas the granite is
undeformed. Skidoo at bottom right corner for scale in (D).
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 107

Fig. 11. Field photographs of localities from northern Austhameren. Note the relatively undeformed rock in (A) (Leuconorite) and (B) (metagabbro). The photo at (C) is of the
anorthosite. Photo (D) shows a planar fabric developed in a metagabbro dyke. In (E) and (F), the mafic phase is a metagabbro with no fabric at left at a strong planar fabric at
right.

of THERMOCALC (Fig. 8B). The estimated average P–T estimates
for this equilibrium assemblage are ∼700 ◦ C and 7 kb.
4.1.3. Sample SR183C
In sample SR183C (Figs. 6G and 8C) early garnet and clinopyrox-
ene (with plagioclase) are separated by a symplectitic intergrowth
of Hbl + Pl + Mag. Calculation of P–T estimates based on the early
anhydrous phases of Grt + Cpx + Pl + Qtz using the average pres-
sure temperature mode of THERMOCALC suggest P–T conditions of
∼825 ◦ C and ∼10 kb (Fig. 8C). The retrogressive hydration reaction
would have occurred at P–T conditions below these conditions.
4.1.4. Sample SR132
Thermobarometry on sample SR132 (Fig. 8D),
which contains the equilibrium assemblage
of garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz +
K-feldspar + Ilmenite + rutile with retrogressive biotite, per-
mits the calculation of curves the following reactions of
Ilm + Pl + Qtz → .Grt + Rt (curve 1 Fig. 8D), Sil + Ilm + Qtz → Grt + Rt
(curve 2, Fig. 8D), An + Qtz → Grt + Sil (curve 3, Fig. 8D) and
Grs + Sil + Qtz → An (curve 4, Fig. 8D). These reactions all have
similar slopes but intersect obliquely at ∼810 ◦ C and ∼8.5 kb.
Application of the Zr solubility in rutile calibrations of Zack et al.
(2004), Watson et al. (2006), Tomkins et al. (2007) and Ferry and
Watson (2007), using the chemical data in Table 3, suggests tem-
peratures of between ∼750 ◦ C and ∼850 ◦ C (Fig. 8D and Table 3).
At these temperatures, the equilibria described above suggest
pressures of ∼7.5–9 kb (Fig. 8D). Biotite in thin section is typically
retrogressive forming symplectites with quartz and suggesting
the hydration reaction of Grt + Kfs + H2 O → Bt + Qtz. Consequently
the metapelite assemblage in sample SR132 suggests minimum
P–T conditions of ∼7.59 kb and ∼750–860 ◦ C. The recognition of
kyanite inclusions in metapelitic assemblages from Sør Rondane
by Osanai et al. (1996) suggest that higher pressures were reached
during earlier phases of metamorphism and probably infer early
pressures of ∼11–12 kb, similar to those recorded by Nakano et al.
(2011).
4.1.5. Interpretation
The above thermobarometric calculations summarized in Fig. 8
and the interpretation of the textures of the various thin sections
shown in Fig. 6 facilitate the interpretation of early near isother-
mal decompression from probably >12 kb and temperatures of
∼900–1000 ◦ C followed by a change in trajectory with P- and T
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decreasing simultaneously (Fig. 8E) with slopes near parallel to
many of the reaction curves defined from the various rock types
(except for the limited partial hydration of all assemblages and
carbonation of samples SR161A&D). The inferred cooling trajec-
tory near parallel to reaction curve slopes is consistent with the
observation of no obvious textural expression of the reactions in
thin section except for those caused by retrogressive hydration
and carbonation. The P–T conditions of the retrogression defined
by the intersections of various reactions in the five samples sug-
gest estimates of 7–10 kb and 700–850 ◦ C. Early pressures in excess
of ∼11 kb with temperatures of >850–900 ◦ C are suggested by the
recognition of early Kyanite inclusions in garnet in sillimanite bear-
ing metapelites (Osanai et al., 1996; Asami et al., 1992). Nakano et al.
(2011) reported P–T conditions of ∼1000 ◦ C and 12 kb for the gen-
esis of a garnet olivine granulite sampled from float in a moraine
from Brattnipene in central Sør Rondane. Granulites with similar
chemical composition have only been found in the NE terrane of
Sør Rondane and are not seen in the SW terrane. The metamorphic
P–T evolution of the SW-terrane (including Brattnipene) is char-
acterized by an anti-clockwise P–T path whereas the NE-terrane
(Austkampane, Balchenfjella, etc.) is characterized by a clockwise
P–T path (Osanai et al., under review and in this special issue).
Similarly the high Al2 O3 Ca-Tschermaks content of clinopyrox-
enes in samples SR161A&D as well as SR183C are consistent with
higher pressures.
4.2. Monapo complex
4.2.1. Sample PM04073
The petrographic and chemical data in this sample can be
interpreted as a decompression texture involving exsolution of
the Ca-Tschermaks component from Cpx to form anorthite in the
following reaction CaTs + SiO2 → An. In thin section no quartz is
present and consequently this would indicate that silica activity in
the rock was probably <1. Aranovich and Kozlovskii (2008) report
silica activities of 0.3–0.5 during eclogitic assemblage formation
but report that the involvement of minor fluid can contribute to
increased silica activity. In Fig. 9A, four separate curves for reaction
are shown for silica activities of 1.0, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 suggest-
ing that reaction (1) potentially occurred between pressures of
∼7 and ∼15 kb depending on the applicable silica activity. These
curves were calculated using the data for clinopyroxene analyzed
in the rims containing ∼5% Al2 O3 which translate into an aCaTs of
∼0.14 using the program AXE of T. Holland. Core clinopyroxene
compositions with ∼8% Al2 O3 would be stable at higher pressures
in excess of 14 kb. Fig. 7A shows minor retrogressive hornblende
which would have required minor fluid introduction, possibly con-
tributing to increased silica activity.
In thin section, the sample also contains hercynitic spinel
(Fig. 7C) in equilibrium with clinopyroxene. EMP analysis facilitate
the calculation of temperatures based on the exchange reaction of
Di + Hc ↔ Hd + Spl which suggests a minimum closure temperature
of ∼650 ◦ C to 700 ◦ C (Fig. 9A).
4.2.2. Sample PM04088
In sample PM04088 the equilibrium assemblage of gar-
net + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase (Fig. 7F). permits
P–T estimates on the following reactions CaTs + SiO2 → An
(curve 1, Fig. 9B), Pl + Opx → Prp + Grs + Qtz (curve 2,
Fig. 9B), Pl + Cpx → Grt + Qtz (curve 3 and 4, Fig. 9B) and
CaTs + Opx → Grs + Alm (curve 5, Fig. 9B). Quartz is only present
as inclusions in garnet and locally as a symplectitic intergowth
resulting from garnet breakdown and consequently the aSiO2
during peak metamorphism was probably <1. This would result
in the P conditions for reaction CaTs + SiO2 → An being lower,
probably similar that shown in sample PM4073 for an aSiO2 = 0.5
suggesting pressures of 10 kb. The presence of sparse vermicu-
lar quartz inclusions in garnet (Fig. 7F) suggests that Grt + Qtz
forms a reaction product, typically retrogressive and implying an
early isobaric cooling reaction (Harley, 1989). P–T calculations
using THERMOCALC suggests applicable P–T conditions of around
∼10 ± 1.3 kb and 800 ± 93 ◦ C (Fig. 9B).
4.2.3. Sample PM04092
Thermobarometry on sample PM04092 (Fig. 9C), which contains
the assemblage of garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz + K-
feldspar + Ilmenite + rutile with retrogressive biotite, permits the
calculation of the following reaction curves Grs + Qtz + Sil = An
(curve 1 Fig. 9C), Grt + Rt + Sil = An + Ilm (curve 2, Fig. 9C),
Grt + Rt = An + Ilm + Qtz (curve 3, Fig. 9C) and Grt + Rt = Qtz + Ilm + Sil
(curve 4, Fig. 9C). Sillimanite is present in the rock however the
4 similarly sloped curves intersect in the kyanite field. Applica-
tion of the Zr solubility in rutile calibrations of Zack et al. (2004),
Watson et al. (2006), Tomkins et al. (2007) and Ferry and Watson
(2007), using the chemical data in Table 3, suggests temperatures
of between ∼750 ◦ C and ∼880 ◦ C (Fig. 9C, Table 3). At this tempera-
ture, the equilibria described above suggest pressures of ∼7.5–9 kb
(Fig. 9C). Biotite in section is typically retrogressive forming sym-
plectites with quartz and suggesting the hydration reaction of
Grt + Kfs + H2 O → Bt + Qtz.
4.2.4. Sample PM04039
In sample PM04039 the partial hydration reaction
of Grt + H2 O → Hbl + Pl, described above (Fig. 7E), per-
mits the calculation of the equilibria Prp + Fac = Alm + Tr
(curve 1 Fig. 9D), An + Tr + Prg = Prp + Grs + Ab + Ts (curve 2
Fig. 9D), Prp + Grs + Ts + 3Gln = An + Tr + Prg (curve 3, Fig. 9D),
Prp + An + Fac + Prg = Grs + Alm + Ab + 9Ts (curve 4, Fig. 9D) and
An + Tr + Fac + Prg = Grs + Alm + Ab + Ts (curve 5, Fig. 9D). The aver-
age P–T estimate from THERMOCALC suggests P–T conditions of
6 kb (s.d. 3.1) and 527 ◦ C (s.d. 143) respectively (Fig. 9D ellipse).
These data are consistent with retrogressive hydration.
4.2.5. Interpretation
The above thermobarometric calculations summarized in Fig. 9E
and the interpretation of the textures of the various thin sections
shown in Fig. 7 facilitate the interpretation of early isothermal
decompression from probably >11 kb (Fig. 9E) and temperatures
of ∼800-900 ◦ C followed by a change in trajectory to an inclined
cooling path accompanied by limited partial hydration of all assem-
blages at 550–700 ◦ C and 4–6 kb (Fig. 9E). The change in PT
trajectory is nearly parallel to the slopes of reactions with the con-
sequence that there would be very little textural expression of these
reactions during cooling except those resulting from fluid ingress.
From the above assemblages, P–T estimates calculated from
THERMOCALC and the inferred P–T evolution from Monapo and
Balchenfjella, it is apparent that the two areas have shared similar
metamorphic histories and have mineral assemblages which are
almost identical from rocks of widely varying compositions, includ-
ing metapelites, metabasic rocks as well as relatively unusual spinel
clinopyroxene granulites.
5. Geochronology
5.1. Introduction and analytical procedures
Zircons from six samples (SR161A&D, SR180 and SR188A,B,C)
from Austhameren and Balchenfjella (Fig. 4) were separated using a
Wilfley Table at the Council for Geoscience after which zircons were
concentrated further, using a Franz Magnetic Isodynamic separator
and routine heavy liquid separation techniques.
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The zircon grains were mounted in epoxy together with zir-
con standards SL-13 and Temora. The grains were then sectioned
approximately in half, polished and photographed. All zircons were
then examined by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. The SHRIMP
data, collected from SHRIMP II at the National Institute of Polar
Research, Tokyo were reduced in a manner similar to that described
by Compston et al. (1992) and Williams and Claesson (1987). U/Pb
in the unknowns were normalized to a 206 *Pb/238 U value (equiva-
lent to an age of) for The U and Th concentrations were determined
relative to those measured in the standards. Common Pb cor-
rections were made using the measured 204 Pb/206 Pb ratios and
the appropriate Pb compositions from the Cumming and Richards
(1975) model. Uncertainties in the isotopic ratios and ages in the
data tables (and in the error bars in the plotted data) are reported
at the 1 level, but unless otherwise stated in the text the final
weighted mean ages are reported as 95% confidence limits. All age
calculations and statistical assessments of the final data have been
carried out with the software Isoplot/Ex of Ludwig (2001).
5.2. Field relationships and petrography of samples selected for
SHRIMP zircon analysis
The six samples analyzed by SHRIMP were selected because
in the field they showed limited deformation and from their
mineralogy and homogeneous appearance were clearly originally
magmatic in origin and therefore were expected to provide insights
into the magmatic evolution of the NE Sør Rondane.Two of the zir-
con separates were prepared from samples SR161A and SR161D,
the clinopyroxene spinel granulite used in the P–T study described
above with photos of the field locality being shown in Fig. 5B.
The remaining samples SR180, SR188A, B and C are from a meta-
igneous complex exposed at the northern end of Austhameren
(Figs. 10A and 11) which is variably deformed and contains
undeformed granite veins to banded orthogneisses showing blas-
tomylonitic textures. The dominant structure of the exposure
comprises strongly sheared banded equivalents of the undeformed
rocks exposed in the centre of the outcrop. The virtually unde-
formed rocks form a low strain enclave enclosed by strongly
sheared, near vertical banded gneisses along the west and eastern
margins of the exposure. The shear banding dips steeply north-
east (Fig. 10B) with typically shallow plunging stretching lineations
which plunge to the NE and SW. The banded gneisses show numer-
ous discordancies similar to that shown in Fig. 5E. The dominantly
steep layering in the outcrop is cut by near-horizontal shear planes
which curve up and merge with the steep layering (Fig. 10C and
D). The horizontal shear planes have a top to the east sense of
shear and are intruded by weakly deformed pegmatite and unde-
formed granite. The structural observations are inferred to indicate
a transpressional shear setting probably similar and synchronous
to that inferred for the Main Shear Zone recognized in western Sør
Rondane (Osanai et al., 1996, Fig. 3). The undeformed to weakly
deformed intrusive rocks comprise medium to fine-grained granite
(Fig. 11E), pegmatite, fine to coarse grained anorthosite (Fig. 11C),
coarse grained meso- to melano metagabbro (Fig. 11B and E) and
very coarse grained leuconorite (Fig. 11A). Except for the late
granitic sills, all rock types show little to strong deformation and
shear, suggesting intrusion pulses interspersed with episodes of
shear. For example, Fig. 11E and F show the same metabasic intru-
sion which is undeformed in Fig. 11E, but has a strong planar near
horiziontal fabric in Fig. 11F resulting from strong shear.
Samples SR180, SR188A, B and C were chosen for SHRIMP zircon
analysis because of their relatively undeformed appearence in the
field. In thin section, however all samples show extensive psuedo-
morphic hydration. SR180 (Figs. 11A and 12A) is a meta-leuconorite
which contains plagioclase and orthopyroxene in the field as well
as occasional garnet (Fig. 11A). The orthopyroxene has a thin rim
109
of pale green amphibole. In thin section all minerals form grain
aggregates (Fig. 12A) but crude igneous textures are preserved.
Orthopyroxene is completely replaced by an amphibole aggregate
with pale green amphibole forming a thin rim to the orthopy-
roxene pseudomorph, the core of which is filled by a colourless
orthoamphibole. Plagioclase in all samples forms a recrystallised
granoblastic mosaic. Sample SR188A (Figs. 11C and 12B) is a rel-
atively fine-grained recrystallised granoblastic anorthosite which
contains minor secondary muscovite in thin section (Fig. 12B). Sam-
ple SR188B is similar to sample SR180 from a leuconorite and in
thin section comprises recrystallised granoblastic plagioclase and
orthoamphibole but still preserves a crude igneous texture (Fig. 12C
and D. Sample SR188C is from a metagabbro (Fig. 11B) consists of
plagioclase and hornblende aggregates which still preserve a crude
igneous texture which has been pseudomorphed (Fig. 12E and F).
5.3. SHRIMP zircon data
The CL images of representative zircons from the six samples
are shown in Fig. 13. The zircons from sample SR180 are typical
of metamorphic zircons from a high grade environment showing
overgrowth textures and areas of partial resorption (Corfu et al.,
2003). In addition some grains are homogeneous and show no
to limited zoning.The grains are xenomorphic to weakly subid-
iomorphic in shape, typical of metamorphic genesis (Corfu et al.,
2003). U contents are typically low varying between 35 ppm and
∼330 ppm (Table 4). The data define three distinct age clusters
on a Terra Wasserberg plot with a single grain having an age of
∼674 Ma (spot 52.1) (Fig. 14 A). This grain is morphologically no
different from the others. The three distinct age clusters define ages
of 612.2 ± 0.75 Ma, 578.5 ± 0.92 Ma and 552.0 ± 1.1 Ma respectively
(Fig. 14B–D). The morphologies of the grains suggest that all are
metamorphic in origin.
The zircons from samples SR161A and D are similar in shape
and are angular xenomorphic to subidiomorphic, typical of meta-
morphic zircons (Fig. 13) (Corfu et al., 2003). Zircons from sample
SR161A have black cores with no obvious internal zonation with
some grains have thin secondary white rims (Fig. 13). The black
(in CL) cores have U contents between ∼400 ppm and ∼2100 ppm
whereas the pale grey to white spots analyzed have U contents
between 64 and 130 ppm (Table 5). All the data are summarized
in Fig. 14E with the data suggesting three distinct age clusters
between 580 Ma and 530 Ma with one grain having an age of
∼610 Ma. The three distinct age clusters define concordant ages
of 560.6 ± 0.7 Ma, 555.8 ± 0.69 Ma and 536.6 ± 0.6 Ma (Fig. 14F–H).
Zircons which define the former two groups also together define a
concordant age of 557 ± 0.51 Ma suggesting that these two ages are
indistinguishable. The zircons which define the three ages do not
show any distinctive differences in morphology or U contents. The
morphologies of the grains suggest that all grains are metamorphic
in origin.
Zircons from sample SR161D are black with no obvious internal
zonation (Fig. 13). The black grains have high Uranium contents
which are typically between ∼1100 ppm to ∼5900 ppm (Table 6).
Two broad groups of zircons can be distinguished with the first
group having U contents between ∼1100 ppm and 2500 ppm and
the second with U contents between 3200 ppm and 5900 ppm. The
latter group do not define any concordant analyses with discordant
ages between ∼550 Ma and 570 Ma (Fig. 14I). Within the second
group, three analyses plot as individual spots with ages <510 Ma
(Fig. 14I) whereas most of the analyses (27spots) define a concord-
ant age of 530.9 Ma ± 0.62 Ma (Fig. 14J). The morphologies of the
grains suggest that all grains are metamorphic in origin.
The zircons from Sample SR188A are uniform in appearance
having well developed sector zoning (Fig. 13). Some grains show
rounded subhedral grain shapes but most are anhedral. Same grains
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Fig. 12. Thin section photographs from SHRIMP samples. Figure (A) is from a leuconorite in which the orthopyroxene has been totally hydrated to orthoamphibole. Note
the pale green rim of amphibole between the recrystallised plagioclase and amphibole. (B) Photomicrograph of anorthosite under crossed polars showing recrystallised
granoblastic plagioclase with local muscovite growth. (C and D) Recrystallised leuconorite in which pyroxene has been totally replaced by an aggregate of amphibole and
large coarse plagioclase grains are recrystallised into a granoblastic mosaic. (E and F) Recrystallised and hydrated metagbbro where clinopyroxene has been psuedomorphically
replaced by an aggregate of amphibole and plagioclase is recrystallised forming a granoblastic mosaic.

show thin white overgrowths which are too thin to analyze. The
zircon grains are typical of metamorphic genesis. Thirty-five of the
thirty nine grains analyzed define a concordant age of 544.2 ± 1 Ma
which is interpreted as the age of metamorphism recorded in this
sample (Fig. 15A) (Table 7). It is possible but uncertain that the
absence of older zircons from this sample compared to samples
SR188B and Sr188C may suggest its intrusion after the periods of
metamorphism reflected in those samples.
The zircons from sample SR188B show three clear groups in the
CL images shown in Fig. 13E. High U (∼1200–4300 ppm U) grains
are virtually black and difficult to discern in the Fig. 13E (spot
54.1). In contrast in the remainder of the grains, cores with well
developed zoning are seen with some grains having white low U
(31 ppm) apparently unzoned partial rims or resorption features
(Fig. 13E, spots 72.1 and 72.2). The 204 Pb corrected 207 Pb/206 /Pb
ages of the spots are 535 ± 6 Ma (spot 54.1), 584 ± 78 (72.1) and
650 ± 39 Ma (Table 8). Fig. 15B–F shows Terrawasserberg and
Wetherill concordia figures for the data from sample SR188B. All
the data from sample SR188n are shown in Fig. 15B from which it
is evident that the zircons have a range of ages between ∼680 Ma
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 111

Fig. 13. Zircon CL images from zircons from Sør Rondane. CL images from the six samples analyzed for by SHRIMP. Note the high U zircons of SR161D similar to those in
SR161A. Many of the zircons in A have a thin low U overgrowth which is too narrow to analyses. All the zircons in samples SR180A, SR188A, B and C have angular rounded
shapes with sector zoning and resorption textures typical of metamorphic origin.

and 520 Ma with the data defining four concordant groups or
clusters shown in Fig. 15C–F. The ages related to each of these con-
cordant groups are 609.8 ± 0.89 Ma, 586.5 ± 2.5 Ma, 559 ± 1.4 Ma
and 528.5 ± 0.56 Ma respectively. Relating these groups to the CL
images, it is apparent that the high U black zircons are the youngest.
In the remaining groups there is no obvious difference in zir-
con morphologies which define the different ages. Even though
grains 72.1 and 72.2 have differences in the CL images and their
inferred ages from the data, they both contribute to the oldest con-
cordant zircon group within age 609.8 ± 0.89 Ma. The two oldest
zircons (Fig. 15B) with ages of ∼680 Ma and ∼640 Ma do not show
any obvious difference in morphology to the marginally younger
concordant grouping of Fig. 15C. The anhedral morphology and
zoning within these zircons are typical of metamorphic genesis
and consequently the data are interpreted to indicate a long period
of continuous but episodic zircon growth between ∼610 Ma and
∼529 Ma.
The zircons from sample SR188C show a wide range of
appearences and morphologies (Fig. 13). Correlating the data
with the CL images shows that the three oldest grains in sam-
ple SR188C have ages 207 Pb/206 Pb ages between ∼1100 Ma and
950 Ma (Fig. 16A). These three grains have rounded rice shaped
grains with grain 29.1 have oscillatory zoning typical of igneous
origin. These three grains are interpreted to be xenocrystic.
The remaining zircons have angular shapes typical of metamor-
phic genesis. The remaining data define clusters or groups of
concordant zircons (Fig. 16,B,C,D and F) with concordant ages
of 630.6 ± 1.1 Ma, 611.7 ± 0.83 Ma, 578.7 ± 0.85 Ma, 563.8 ± 2.1 Ma
and 528.5 ± 0.62 Ma respectively (Table 9). Unlike Sample SR188B
there is no obvious correlation between zircon morphology, CL
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Fig. 14. Terra Wasserburg and Wetherill Concordia images of U/Pb SHRIMP data from samples SR180, SR161A and SR161d from eastern Sør Rondane. All the zircons analyzed
from sample SR180 are shown in (A) with the letters in (A) along the age curve referring to the three concordant groups whose data is summarized in (B, C and D). Similarly
for sample SR161a (E) has three groups of concordant zircons whose data is summarized in figures (F, G and H). For sample SR161D all the zircons analyzed are plotted in
Fig. 14I with a the data from a group of concordant zircons presented in figure (J).
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135
Fig. 14. (Continued).
appearance and U content. Under CL, the zircons range from black
to wellzoned grey grains to white grains (Fig. 13). Besides the three
older grains, the remainder have typically anhedral shapes, some
with resorption textures and some with thin white overgrowths.
U contents do not show significant variation with almost all grains
having contents between 37 and 695 ppm and only two grains with
U contents >2000 ppm. Besides the three oldest grains (inherited)
described above the zircons appear to have typically metamorphic
shapes and consequently the range in ages defined by the differ-
ent concordant groups are inferred to indicate that the rock have
experienced continuous but episodic metamorphism with zircon
growth between ∼630 Ma and ∼530 Ma.
6. Discussion and interpretation
Before discussing the geochronological results and metamor-
phic mineralogy and P–T estimates, it is necessary to examine the
tectonic setting of the Balchenfjella and Monapo Complex in a
broader context. It is clear from the mineralogical, metamorphic
and geochronological data presented above, that the Balchenfjella
area and Monapo Complex share similar evolutionary paths.
113
The evolutionary paths from these areas are also similar to that
for the Ocua Complex which forms the tectonic mélange defining
the Lurio Belt (Engvik et al., 2007) separating the Namuno Terrane
from the Nampula Terrane (Fig. 1). Rocks from the Ocua Complex
have been reported to have a three stage P–T path comprising
an initial high pressure phase with P–T estimates of ∼14 kb and
∼900 ◦ C followed by a second isothermal decompression stage to
∼10 kb after which increased cooling followed, associated with par-
tial hydration and retrogression of the granulites during the third
stage (Engvik et al., 2007). The age of ∼557 Ma metamorphic zircons
were related to stages 1 and 2 (Engvik et al., 2007). It is interest-
ing to note that the range of 206 Pb/238 U ages of zircons reported
by Engvik et al. (2007) show a similar distribution to those for the
samples from Balchenfjella reported here (Figs. 17 and 18) namely
520–650 Ma, albeit on a far smaller data set.
The geochronological and metamorphic P–T data presented here
support the correlation of the Monapo Complex with CDML and
Sør Rondane as well as the Ocua Complex (along with the broader
Namuno Terrane) as proposed by Grantham et al. (2008). This cor-
relation was proposed to involve a mega-nappe thrust model with
the rocks of the Namuno Terrane being thrust faulted southwest-
wards in a transpressional setting over the Nampula Terrane. In the
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Fig. 15. Terra Wasserburg and Wetherill concordia images of U/Pb SHRIMP data from samples SR188A and 188B from eastern Sør Rondane. Sample SR188A has a unimodal
zircon population whose data are summarized in A. In contrast sample SR188B has a wide range of zircon ages (B) with four individual groups of concordant being plotted
in figures (C–F).

model, the Monapo Complex and rocks of eastern CDML and Sør In this setting it is important to recognize that the age of ∼600 Ma
Rondane are considered to be allochthonous and probably overly appears to provide a significant time marker. This is because zir-
floor rocks of similar age and composition to those exposed in west- cons with crystallization and metamorphic ages between ∼600 and
ern Dronning Maud Land and the Nampula Terrane of Mozambique. 1000 Ma in N. Mozambique are only recorded north of the Lurio Belt
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 115

Fig. 16. Terra Wasserburg and Wetherill concordia images of U/Pb SHRIMP data from sample SR188C from Sør Rondane. All the data from SR188C are summarized in Figure
(A) with five individual groups of concordant zircons plotting and providing five concordant ages between ∼630 and 530 Ma shown in figures (B–F) respectively.

in the Namuno Terrane (Fig. 18G) or in the allochthonous fragments
Monapo, Sør Rondane and CDML. In contrast, no zircons within
this age range of 600–900 Ma are found in the Nampula Terrane
except as detrital grains in the Mecuburi Group (Fig. 18A and F,
Thomas et al. (2010) and as primary and metamorphic grains in
the Monapo and Mugeba Complexes, both interpreted to be ero-
sional klippen outliers. Similarly no zircons within this age range
are found in WDML (Sverdrupfjella, Gjelsvikfjella and Kirwanveg-
gan)
Bingen et al. (2009), and Viola et al. (2008) have shown that the
Namuno Terrane comprises an accretionary thrust fault stacked
complex with interleaved Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic-
age slabs (Fig. 1). The accretion of this stacked complex reportedly
involved a top to the W and WNW sense of shear with the
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Fig. 17. Comparison of probability distribution curves of U/Pb SHRIMPdata from the Monapo Complex and Balchenfjella. The probability distribution curves are calculated
from all the 207 Pb/206 Pb ages from the spot analyses from the various samples with the data presented in Tables 4, 5, 8 and 9 using the Isoplot software of Ludwig (2001).
The data for samples JM19 and JM14 are from Grantham et al. (2007).

orogenesis forming part of the N–S oriented East Africa Orogeny
originally proposed by Stern (1994). It is also significant that the
broadly N–S strike of the Namuno Terrane accretionary complex is
rotated into an ENE orientation along the Lurio Belt indicating that
the high strain and flattening reported in the Lurio Belt probably
was initiated at ∼600 Ma. The wide range of ages from zircons from
the Ocua Complex and the Balchenfjella samples between ∼635 Ma
and ∼530 Ma, both of which overlap the 600 Ma marker, suggest
that the episodic but continuous metamorphism, indicated by the
phases of zircon growth, continued in these rocks until ∼530 Ma.
The P–T estimates derived from these rocks, including those of
Engvik et al. (2007) and Nakano et al. (2011) indicate exhuma-
tion from relatively great depths and high pressures of ∼>12 kb
and >900 ◦ C, initially with isothermal decompression paths to grad-
ual cooling with retrogressive hydration at mid crustal levels at
∼600-700 ◦ C and 6–7 kb.
In striving to understand the broader tectonic evolution of
northern Mozambique and DML, Antarctica, it is also neces-
sary to consider and integrate data from other tectonic units
of similar age from the area. These tectonic units include
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135 117

Fig. 18. Comparison of probability distribution curves of Mecuburi Group, granites from N Mozambique and DML and metamorphic zircons from Balchenfjella and Ocua
Complex. The data for individual zircons from the Mecuburi Group (A and F) are from Thomas et al. (2010). The data for granites are crystallization ages from N. Mozambique
(C) are from Bingen et al. (2009), Jacobs et al. (2008) and Grantham et al. (2008) whereas those from DML (B) are crystallization ages from Shiraishi et al. (2008) Jacobs
et al. (2008), Jacobs et al. (2003a,b), Jacobs et al. (1998) and Suliman (2011). Data from the Ocua Complex are individual spot analyses from Engvik et al. (2007). The data
from Balchenfjella include almost all the individual spot analyses from this study within the age range applicable for comparison. A few spot analyses from older, probably
inherited grains in sample SR188C (Fig. 16) have been excluded The data curves in (G) and (H) show crystallization age curves are from the Namuno Terrane and Nampula
Terrane of N. Mozambique respectively and include data from Grantham et al. (2008 and references therein), Macey et al. (2010) and Bingen et al. (2009).
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Fig. 19. Cross section and block diagram of thrust tectonic model. The top part of the figure shows a schematic cross section from Northern Mozambique to southern
Dronning Maud Land showing the relative positions of various areas. The cross section is modified after Grantham et al. (2008) to accommodate new insights from the Sør
Rondane. Stage 1 shows the period >600 Ma prior to collision between N and S Gondwana and shows the thrust fault accretionary stack of the Namuno Terrane forming the
southern end of the East African Orogen. Stage 2 (∼580–540 Ma) shows the collision model with the Namuno Terrane being thrust over the Nampula Terrane, being eroded
and depositing the molasses sediments of the Mecuburi and Alto Benfica Groups ahead of the thrust front and being eventually overridden and buried. Stages 3 and 4 show
the terminal stages emphasizing the structural complexity from the late Main Shear Zone recognized in Sør Rondane and its synchronous movement with granites being
generated from the floor rocks resulting from footwall heating.

Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age granitoids intrusions in both areas
(Fig. 1) with ages varying between ∼570 Ma and ∼490 Ma (Macey
et al., in prep; Jacobs et al., 1998, 2003a,b, 2008; Suliman, 2011;
Shiraishi et al., 2008) as well as Cambrian-age > −530 Ma meta-
morphosed supracrustal molasse sediments (Mecuburi and Alto
Benfica Groups) deposited on the Nampula Terrane (Thomas et al.,
2010) (Fig. 1). The distribution of the exposures of granitoids, the
Mecuburi and Alto Benfica Groups as well as the Monapo and
Mugeba klippen are shown in Fig. 1.
The granites from Mozambique form extensive plutons (Fig. 1),
and are dominantly undeformed post-tectonic with both peralu-
minous and metaluminous varieties with many showing A-type
chemistry (Macey et al., 2007; Grantham et al., 2011). The granites
from central DML are dominantly post kinematic and syenitic-
charnockitic in composition (Markl and Henjes-Kunst, 2004;
Roland, 2004).
The Mecuburi and Alto Benfica Groups comprise
metamorphosed molasse sediments including deformed
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135
meta-conglomerates, meta-arenites and metapelites and rest
unconformably on Nampula terrane basement in northen
Mozambique (Thomas et al., 2010).
The age distribution of the granites from Mozambique and DML
partially overlap with the metamorphic ages from Sør Rondane
with the age of the oldest granites being similar to the youngest
metamorphic age from the Monapo Complex (Fig. 18B, C, Fig. 17
samples JM19 and 14)). The age of the youngest detrital zircons
from the Mecuburi Groups is ∼530 Ma (Thomas et al., 2010, Fig. 18A
and F) with the range of ages of the detrital zircons in the Mecuburi
Group showing two dominant peaks (Fig. 18F), one ∼950 Ma to
1100 Ma and the other from ∼700 to 530 Ma and a minor sub-
ordinate grouping between ∼750 to ∼820 Ma (Fig. 18A, showing
only the younger age range from Thomas et al. (2010) for compari-
son). The age of the younger grouping of ∼700–530 is similar to the
metamorphic ages from the Ocua Complex and the Balchenfjella
(Fig. 18C and D). The distribution of all ages from the Mecuburi
Group is similar to that recorded for the crystallization ages for
the accretionary thrust fault stack of the Namuno Terrane north
of the Lurio Belt described in Grantham et al. (2008) (Fig. 18G) in
contrast to the Nampula Terrane crystallization ages which lacks
zircons with ages between ∼900 Ma and 600 Ma (Fig. 18H). From
the similarity of ages of the Namuno Terrane with the Mecuburi
Group, it can be inferred that the Mecuburi Group detrital zircons
were sourced from the Namuno Terrane and deposited at surface
on the Nampula Terrane after 530 Ma. It is also important to note
that the Mecuburi Group contains sillimanite-bearing metapelitic
assemblages as well as migmatitic textures indicating partial melt-
ing (Thomas et al., 2010). The phase of metamorphism recorded
in the Mecuburi Group is synchronous with the intrusion of the
younger phase of granitoid intrusion in both Mozambique and DML
i.e. between ∼535 Ma and ∼480 Ma (Thomas et al., 2010; Ueda et al.,
2011). A puzzling question revolves around the mechanism of the
Mecuburi Group deposition within a short and overlapping time
interval with the genesis of the granites at apparently the same
crustal level. Assuming a simple molasse basin deposition mecha-
nism and a fairly high geothermal gradient of ∼40 ◦ C/km, ∼18 km of
sedimentation would be needed to reach temperatures of melting
of ∼700 ◦ C in the Mecuburi Group. At the average rates of sedimen-
tation of 20–50 cm/1000 years, (reported by Raynolds and Johnson
(1983) from molasse basins in the Himalayan foothills of north-
ern Pakistan) accumulation of ∼18 km of sediment would require
between 36 Ma and 90 Ma of continuous deposition to reach appro-
priate conditions of metamorphism to generate sillimanite and to
achieve partial melting conditions in the Mecuburi Group. There
is no indication from Thomas et al. (2010) that such sedimentary
thicknesses were ever reached in the Mecuburi Group basin. The
apparent time required for deposition would suggest that a time
gap should be expected between sedimentation onset and granitoid
genesis and intrusion. The absence of such a gap and the apparent
overlap of deposition age and granite genesis suggests that an alter-
native burial mechanism is needed to explain the rapid burial of
the Mecuburi sediments and near synchronous genesis of granites.
The nappe overthrust model proposed by Grantham et al. (2008)
provides such a rapid burial mechanism whereby molasse sedi-
ments, eroded from the advancing hanging wall of Namuno Terrane
rocks and deposited ahead of it, are overridden and buried rapidly
resulting in metamorphism and partial melting.
It is useful to evaluate the new geochronological data presented
here in terms of the nappe thrust model. Of the six samples analyzed
from Sør Rondane, two have unimodal zircons which yield meta-
morphic ages of 530.9 Ma ± 0.62 Ma (SR161D) and 544.2 ± 1 Ma
(Sample SR188A). The remaining four samples all show episodic zir-
con growth at ∼630 Ma (SR188C), ∼610-612 Ma (SR180A, SR188B
and SR188C), ∼586-579 Ma (SR188B, SR180A and SR188C), ∼552-
563 Ma (SR161A, SR180A, SR188B and SR188C) and ∼537-528 Ma
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(SR188B, SR188C, SR161A and SR161D) (Fig. 17). An interesting
aspect of these samples is that those samples containing zircons
of ages from the youngest metamorphic events (SR161A and D and
SR188A) show little to no effects of retrogressive hydration, being
anorthositic (SR188A) and spinel clinopyroxenite (SR161A and D)
respectively. In contrast the other samples all show virtually par-
tial to complete pseudomorphic hydration. This observation may
suggest that zircon growth in Balchenfjella is associated with the
varying hydration that is observed in the samples (SR180A, SR188B,
SR188C and SR161A). The rock types from Balchenfjella from
which zircon were extracted (Meta gabbros, meta-leuconorite,
anorthosite, clinopyroxenite) do not typically contain primary zir-
con and consequently it is not surprising that the morphology of
the zircons analyzed are all typically metamorphic. Undeformed
post tectonic granitic intrusions with ages of ∼550 Ma to 570 Ma
intrude Sør Rondane (Shiraishi et al., 2008) and clearly overlap
in time with some of the episodes of metamorphism recognized
above. Recognizing the relatively high temperatures recorded in
these rocks, this melting appears to be related to the metamor-
phism and can be interpreted to have resulted from simultaneous
hydration and decompression melting. Evidence of partial melting
in the field is variable with tonalitic rocks correlatable with the SW
terrane showing evidence of anatexis.
By comparison, the available geochronological data from the
Monapo Complex suggest at least three periods of zircon growth.
Crystallization ages of ∼635 Ma are recorded from the intrusive
Ramiane Suite, Mazerapane Suite and leuco gneiss as well as ∼570-
590 Ma metamorphic zircon growth in these rocks (Grantham et al.,
2007; Jamal, 2005). These data appear to indicate that the ear-
liest metamorphism was synchronous with the emplacement of
the intrusion of alkaline Ramiane Suite, the mafic to ultramafic
alkaline Mazerapane Suite and the syn D2 leuco gneiss of Jamal
(2005). Later metamorphism between ∼600 Ma and ∼570 Ma is
reflected by a second generation of zircon in the garnet pyrox-
ene granulites as well as metamorphic overgrowths in the Ramiane
Suite. The complex was then later intruded by undeformed granitic
veins at ∼560 Ma (Jamal, 2005). These data clearly show that zircon
growth in the Ocua Complex, the Monapo Complex and Balchen-
fjella occurred over a virtually identical period with episodes of
zircon growth being very similar (Figs. 17 and 18).
The metamorphic assemblages from Monapo and Balchenfjella
are similar with similar P–T paths. The P–T path reported by Engvik
et al. (2007) from the Ocua complex is similar. These P–T paths are
characterized by initial isothermal decompression paths with con-
ditions >10 kb and >850 ◦ C followed by changes in simultaneous
reduction in P and T to mid crustal levels of 5–7 kb and ∼550-
700 ◦ C. It is significant that the initial isothermal decompression
path from high P and high T conditions is not recognized in the
Nampula Terrane which underlies the Monapo Complex and geo-
graphically separates the Ocua Complex from Balchenfjella. This
P–T path from all three areas (Ocua Complex, Monapo, Balchenf-
jella) are consistent with inversion, related to thrust-fault related
uplift. The geochronology from the three areas, derived largely from
metamorphic zircons range in age from ∼640 Ma to ∼530 Ma, is
similar. The absence however of metamorphic zircon older than
>600 Ma in the Nampula Terrane implies that it was only juxta-
posed to the Namuno Terrane after that date and indicating that
the deformation along the Lurio Belt/Ocua Complex is also younger
than ∼600 Ma.
From the above discussion, it is proposed that the evolution of
northern Mozambique and DML involved 3–4 stages summarized
in Fig. 19. In Fig. 19, a cross section from northern Mozambique
is shown (modified after Grantham et al., 2008). The cross sec-
tion shows the relative crustal levels of the rocks at the present
day land surface, recognizing that erosion in Africa has been faster
than in Antarctica resulting in small klippen erosional remnants
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120
Table 4
Table showing the analytical data from sample SR180.
Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/238 U ppm 206 Pb* (1) (2) (3) (1) (1) % Dis-cor-dant Total ±% Total ±%
206 Pb/238 U 206 Pb/238 U 206 Pb/238 U 207 Pb/206 Pb 208 Pb/232 Th 238 U/206 Pb 207 Pb/206 Pb
Age Age Age Age Age
SR180-01.1 0.07 161 94 0.61 13.8 611.7 ± 3.3 611.4 ± 3.4 611.4 ± 3.7 628 ± 30 615 ± 11 3 10.039 0.56 0.06125 0.93
SR180-02.1 0.22 153 97 0.66 13.1 610.7 ± 3.3 611.1 ± 3.3 610.3 ± 3.6 594 ± 37 615 ± 9 −3 10.04 0.55 0.06155 1.1
SR180-03.1 0.17 109 50 0.47 8.41 551.3 ± 3.4 551.9 ± 3.4 551.7 ± 3.6 516 ± 41 546 ± 12 −6 11.181 0.63 0.05905 1.1
SR180-05.1 0.02 239 76 0.33 19.3 578.3 ± 2.2 578.1 ± 2.2 578.6 ± 2.3 587 ± 15 571.6 ± 6.4 1 10.653 0.39 0.05967 0.69
SR180-06.1 0.15 103 49 0.49 8.87 615.2 ± 5.4 614.7 ± 5.5 614.9 ± 5.8 637 ± 36 619 ± 13 4 9.972 0.91 0.06214 1
SR180-07.1 0.25 86 30 0.36 6.92 577.8 ± 3.6 578.4 ± 3.7 577.7 ± 3.9 546 ± 35 580 ± 13 −6 10.637 0.65 0.06049 1.1
SR180-08.1 0.00 152 85 0.58 13 610.9 ± 3.2 610.8 ± 3.2 611.5 ± 3.5 619 ± 33 604.5 ± 9.6 1 10.06 0.54 0.06046 0.91
SR180-09.1 0.23 76 42 0.57 6.48 611.7 ± 4.2 611.3 ± 4.3 610.8 ± 4.6 634 ± 43 622 ± 13 4 10.023 0.71 0.06276 1.2
SR180-10.1 0.08 111 42 0.39 9.58 614.8 ± 3.5 614.4 ± 3.5 614.8 ± 3.7 635 ± 39 615 ± 15 3 9.984 0.58 0.06157 0.98
SR180-11.1 0.21 67 22 0.35 5.41 582.1 ± 4.2 582.1 ± 4.3 582.6 ± 4.4 580 ± 48 572 ± 19 0 10.56 0.74 0.06106 1.3
SR180-12.1 0.35 65 26 0.42 5.59 614.6 ± 4.5 614.8 ± 4.5 615.1 ± 4.7 605 ± 66 606 ± 23 −2 9.961 0.75 0.06294 1.3
SR180-13.1 0.33 35 23 0.69 2.99 614.6 ± 6.4 615.5 ± 6 613.7 ± 6.7 569 ± 150 623 ± 31 −7 9.963 0.99 0.0618 1.7
SR180-14.1 0.12 61 30 0.51 5.19 611.6 ± 4.5 611.8 ± 4.5 611.1 ± 4.8 597 ± 44 617 ± 14 −2 10.037 0.76 0.06079 1.3
SR180-15.1 0.08 61 41 0.69 5.25 611.6 ± 4.4 612 ± 4.5 612.4 ± 4.9 595 ± 42 605 ± 11 −3 10.04 0.74 0.06039 1.3
SR180-16.1 0.11 61 29 0.48 5.22 608.7 ± 5.8 608.9 ± 5.8 607.5 ± 6.2 602 ± 74 625 ± 23 −1 10.087 0.98 0.06084 1.3
SR180-17.1 0.18 92 39 0.44 7.12 553.1 ± 3.6 553.2 ± 3.6 553.5 ± 3.8 547 ± 55 546 ± 16 −1 11.143 0.66 0.0599 1.2
SR180-18.1 0.38 165 65 0.41 13.3 575.5 ± 2.9 575.9 ± 2.8 575.8 ± 3 558 ± 49 571 ± 16 −3 10.667 0.5 0.06185 0.86
SR180-19.1 0.16 98 25 0.27 8.37 612.9 ± 3.8 612.8 ± 3.9 612.9 ± 3.9 619 ± 37 611 ± 19 1 10.01 0.64 0.06171 1.1

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

SR180-20.1 0.12 100 31 0.32 8.59 613.3 ± 3.8 613.8 ± 3.9 613.9 ± 3.9 588 ± 41 600 ± 16 −4 10.007 0.64 0.06053 1.4
SR180-21.1 0.41 53 45 0.87 4.31 577.4 ± 6 577.7 ± 6.1 577.7 ± 7 559 ± 48 575 ± 11 −3 10.63 1.1 0.06214 1.5
SR180-22.1 0.24 56 19 0.36 4.8 615 ± 5.2 615.2 ± 5.1 614.9 ± 5.3 607 ± 91 617 ± 36 −1 9.964 0.84 0.0621 1.7
SR180-23.1 0.15 99 64 0.66 7.58 551.1 ± 3.4 551.1 ± 3.5 549.4 ± 3.8 547 ± 42 567 ± 9.8 −1 11.189 0.64 0.05964 1.1
SR180-24.1 0.44 87 33 0.39 7.07 579.7 ± 3.9 579.7 ± 3.9 580.2 ± 4.1 581 ± 49 571 ± 17 0 10.58 0.68 0.06298 1.2
SR180-25.1 0.28 74 37 0.52 6.02 579.2 ± 4.2 579.3 ± 4.2 580.3 ± 4.5 577 ± 69 566 ± 19 0 10.608 0.73 0.06151 1.3
SR180-26.1 0.19 72 44 0.63 6.23 614.1 ± 4.4 613.9 ± 4.5 614.2 ± 4.9 623 ± 49 613 ± 12 2 9.986 0.74 0.0621 1.6
SR180-27.1 0.63 42 19 0.46 3.43 582.5 ± 5.8 582.5 ± 5.5 583.1 ± 5.9 590 ± 130 575 ± 38 1 10.51 0.96 0.0648 1.6
SR180-28.1 0.12 117 97 0.85 9.06 553.7 ± 3.2 554.1 ± 3.3 554.5 ± 3.7 530 ± 36 548 ± 7.5 −4 11.136 0.6 0.05901 1.1
SR180-29.1 0.30 96 60 0.65 7.4 554.6 ± 3.5 554.1 ± 3.5 554.1 ± 3.9 584 ± 49 560 ± 11 5 11.096 0.65 0.06193 1.1
SR180-30.1 0.19 84 32 0.39 6.81 580.3 ± 4.2 579.9 ± 4.2 579.8 ± 4.4 604 ± 45 589 ± 16 4 10.595 0.74 0.06159 1.2
SR180-31.1 0.43 73 47 0.66 5.95 580.3 ± 5.7 580.2 ± 5.8 581.2 ± 6.4 586 ± 46 572 ± 12 1 10.57 1 0.063 1.2
SR180-32.1 0.20 130 97 0.77 10.5 579.9 ± 3.1 579.8 ± 3.1 579.6 ± 3.5 588 ± 38 582.9 ± 8.3 1 10.601 0.55 0.06123 0.96
SR180-33.1 0.82 45 15 0.34 3.71 582.8 ± 5.6 583.3 ± 5.2 582.9 ± 5.5 560 ± 140 581 ± 56 −4 10.481 0.91 0.0655 1.5
SR180-34.1 0.20 98 50 0.53 8.43 613.2 ± 3.9 613 ± 4 613.3 ± 4.3 626 ± 49 613 ± 14 2 10.001 0.66 0.06222 1.3
SR180-35.1 0.32 91 53 0.60 7.84 613.1 ± 4.1 613.2 ± 4.1 612.8 ± 4.5 611 ± 59 617 ± 16 0 9.99 0.68 0.06283 1.1
SR180-36.1 0.48 52 21 0.41 4.47 614.1 ± 6.4 614.2 ± 6.4 613.7 ± 6.7 609 ± 100 620 ± 35 −1 9.96 1.1 0.0641 2
SR180-39.1 0.10 180 70 0.40 14.6 577.9 ± 2.5 578 ± 2.6 577.8 ± 2.7 576 ± 23 579.7 ± 8.1 0 10.65 0.45 0.06009 0.79
SR180-40.1 0.05 184 162 0.91 15.8 611.1 ± 2.6 610.6 ± 2.7 612.1 ± 3.1 639 ± 26 604.9 ± 6 5 10.051 0.45 0.06144 0.74
SR180-41.1 0.20 60 41 0.71 4.82 576.8 ± 4.4 576.7 ± 4.3 576.2 ± 4.8 587 ± 73 582 ± 15 2 10.661 0.76 0.06118 1.3
SR180-37.1 0.34 111 94 0.87 9.57 612.2 ± 3.4 612 ± 3.4 610.7 ± 3.9 621 ± 48 623.1 ± 9.9 1 10.004 0.57 0.06324 0.95
SR180-38.1 0.10 87 54 0.64 6.64 550.2 ± 3.5 550 ± 3.5 548.9 ± 3.9 562 ± 31 563.3 ± 9.8 2 11.213 0.66 0.05966 1.2
SR180-42.1 0.08 332 165 0.51 25.5 551.7 ± 1.8 552.1 ± 1.9 552.2 ± 2 526 ± 15 544.6 ± 4.6 −5 11.184 0.34 0.05853 0.59
SR180-43.1 0.41 76 41 0.56 6.51 612.1 ± 4 612.3 ± 4.1 611.8 ± 4.5 608 ± 46 616 ± 17 −1 9.998 0.67 0.06345 1.1
SR180-44.1 0.35 47 35 0.77 3.79 579.8 ± 7.7 579.4 ± 7.6 579.2 ± 8.6 603 ± 99 585 ± 20 4 10.59 1.3 0.06287 1.5
SR180-45.1 0.36 75 50 0.69 5.8 555.8 ± 4 555.8 ± 3.8 555.9 ± 4.2 554 ± 94 554 ± 18 0 11.065 0.69 0.0616 1.2
SR180-46.1 0.01 121 82 0.70 10.3 609.3 ± 3.1 609.4 ± 3.2 609.8 ± 3.5 608 ± 31 604.6 ± 8.2 0 10.086 0.53 0.06023 0.91
SR180-47.1 0.18 103 41 0.42 8.28 576.6 ± 3.3 576.9 ± 3.3 576.7 ± 3.5 562 ± 55 576 ± 18 −2 10.667 0.58 0.06034 1
SR180-48.1 0.14 43 20 0.48 3.43 576.3 ± 4.9 576.3 ± 5 575.9 ± 5.3 580 ± 66 582 ± 20 1 10.678 0.88 0.0605 1.6
SR180-49.1 0.13 127 95 0.77 11 614.7 ± 4 614.6 ± 4.1 614.8 ± 4.6 622 ± 45 614 ± 12 1 9.982 0.68 0.06155 0.94
SR180-50.1 0.21 109 55 0.52 9.32 608.6 ± 3.4 608.7 ± 3.4 608.9 ± 3.7 605 ± 26 606 ± 11 −1 10.078 0.58 0.06174 0.97
SR180-51.1 0.40 56 26 0.48 4.53 578.5 ± 4.5 578.8 ± 4.5 578 ± 4.8 561 ± 57 586 ± 17 −3 10.608 0.79 0.06209 1.4
SR180-52.1 0.21 48 16 0.35 4.49 671.3 ± 5.6 671.2 ± 5.6 669.9 ± 5.8 674 ± 73 698 ± 35 0 9.093 0.85 0.06372 1.4
SR180-53.1 0.13 84 35 0.42 7.22 611.7 ± 3.8 611.5 ± 3.9 611.4 ± 4.1 623 ± 44 616 ± 16 2 10.034 0.65 0.06158 1.1
SR180-54.1 0.66 63 28 0.47 5.4 610.6 ± 4.6 610.9 ± 4.5 610.8 ± 4.8 600 ± 92 608 ± 28 −2 9.999 0.75 0.06527 1.2
SR180-55.1 0.99 51 18 0.37 4.16 577.6 ± 6.1 576.2 ± 5.7 577 ± 5.9 657 ± 150 589 ± 55 14 10.56 0.99 0.0696 1.5
SR180-57.1 0.51 75 27 0.37 6.45 615.5 ± 4.8 616.8 ± 4.7 616.2 ± 4.9 557 ± 84 604 ± 32 −9 9.928 0.78 0.06295 1.3
SR180-58.1 0.22 55 17 0.33 4.73 610.3 ± 5.5 609.5 ± 5.6 609.1 ± 5.8 649 ± 48 635 ± 22 6 10.048 0.94 0.06305 1.5
SR180-60.1 0.22 110 47 0.44 9.37 608.8 ± 4 609 ± 4 608.4 ± 4.2 601 ± 52 615 ± 17 −1 10.074 0.66 0.06175 1.1
SR180-62.1 0.58 43 13 0.32 3.69 606.7 ± 6.2 606.3 ± 6.3 605.9 ± 6.5 630 ± 84 624 ± 33 4 10.07 1.1 0.0655 2.2
SR180-61.1 0.38 43 26 0.62 3.67 612.6 ± 6.3 612.7 ± 6.4 614.2 ± 7 607 ± 56 596 ± 16 −1 9.99 1.1 0.0632 1.8
SR180-62.1 0.27 109 50 0.47 8.37 550.6 ± 3.5 550.7 ± 3.6 550.6 ± 3.8 546 ± 44 550 ± 13 −1 11.185 0.66 0.06063 1.2
SR180-63.1 0.82 49 18 0.39 4.21 613.9 ± 7.5 614.2 ± 7.6 614.3 ± 8.1 603 ± 87 608 ± 36 −2 9.92 1.3 0.0667 1.6
SR180-64.1 0.47 87 60 0.71 7.54 617.2 ± 7.5 616.9 ± 7.6 618.2 ± 8.4 636 ± 66 609 ± 16 3 9.9 1.3 0.06477 1.2
SR180-65.1 0.32 64 33 0.54 5.41 602.4 ± 8.2 601.8 ± 8.3 602.6 ± 8.9 634 ± 59 600 ± 19 5 10.18 1.4 0.06351 1.4
SR180-67.1 0.19 72 37 0.54 6.17 612.5 ± 4.9 612.5 ± 4.9 611.3 ± 5.3 609 ± 57 627 ± 16 −1 10.014 0.82 0.0617 1.7
SR180-68.1 1.03 46 18 0.40 4 617.7 ± 9.3 618.8 ± 9.4 619.3 ± 9.8 572 ± 120 592 ± 40 −7 9.84 1.5 0.0676 1.7
SR180-69.1 0.04 179 58 0.34 15.3 612.6 ± 4.5 612 ± 4.6 611.8 ± 4.7 639 ± 25 629 ± 12 4 10.027 0.77 0.06131 0.9
SR180-70.1 0.21 49 20 0.42 4.21 614 ± 6 613.2 ± 6 613.1 ± 6.3 655 ± 78 629 ± 29 7 9.985 10 0.0632 1.7
SR180-70.2 0.43 92 75 0.85 7.89 613.7 ± 4.5 614 ± 4.5 614.5 ± 5.2 600 ± 53 608 ± 11 −2 9.968 0.75 0.0634 1.2
Table 4 (Continued )
Spot (1) ±% (1)
Author's personal copy
±% (1) ±% (1) ±% err corr (3) ±% (3) ±% (3) ±% (3) ±% Err corr
238 U/206 Pb* 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* 207 Pb*/ 235 U 206 Pb*/ 238 U 238 U/206 Pb* 207 Pb*/206 Pb* 207 Pb*/235 U 206 Pb*/238 U
SR180-01.1 10.046 0.57 0.0607 1.4 0.833 1.5 0.09954 0.57 .376 10.051 0.63 0.0603 2.3 1.019 2.7 0.09949 0.63 .667
SR180-02.1 10.063 0.56 0.0597 1.7 0.819 1.8 0.09937 0.56 .310 10.071 0.63 0.0591 2.3 1 2.7 0.0993 0.63 .669
SR180-03.1 11.2 0.64 0.0576 1.9 0.71 2 0.08928 0.64 .324 11.193 0.69 0.0582 2.1 0.834 2.5 0.08934 0.69 .645
SR180-05.1 10.654 0.39 0.05954 0.7 0.7705 0.8 0.09386 0.39 .490 10.648 0.42 0.06002 1.1 0.926 1.3 0.09391 0.42 .615
SR180-06.1 9.987 0.91 0.0609 1.7 0.841 1.9 0.10013 0.91 .480 9.992 0.99 0.0605 2.2 1.032 2.9 0.10008 0.99 .751
SR180-07.1 10.664 0.66 0.05843 1.6 0.755 1.8 0.09377 0.66 .376 10.666 0.7 0.0583 2 0.902 2.4 0.09376 0.7 .619
SR180-08.1 10.06 0.54 0.06044 1.5 0.828 1.6 0.09941 0.54 .339 10.05 0.6 0.0612 1.8 1.032 2.2 0.09951 0.6 .680
SR180-09.1 10.046 0.72 0.0609 2 0.835 2.1 0.09954 0.72 .344 10.062 0.8 0.0596 2.7 1.009 3.2 0.09938 0.8 .671
SR180-10.1 9.993 0.59 0.0609 1.8 0.84 1.9 0.10007 0.6 .309 9.993 0.63 0.0609 1.7 1.037 2 0.10007 0.63 .635
SR180-11.1 10.582 0.75 0.0594 2.2 0.773 2.4 0.0945 0.75 .320 10.572 0.79 0.0601 2.1 0.938 2.5 0.09459 0.79 .617
SR180-12.1 9.997 0.77 0.06 3 0.828 3.1 0.10003 0.77 .246 9.988 0.81 0.0607 2.3 1.035 2.7 0.10012 0.81 .640
SR180-13.1 10 1.1 0.0591 6.7 0.814 6.8 0.1 1.1 .161 10.01 1.1 0.0578 4.3 0.991 5 0.0999 1.1 .695
SR180-14.1 10.049 0.76 0.0598 2 0.821 2.2 0.09951 0.76 .353 10.057 0.83 0.0592 2.6 1.003 3.1 0.09943 0.83 .662
SR180-15.1 10.047 0.75 0.0598 1.9 0.82 2.1 0.09953 0.75 .362 10.035 0.84 0.0608 2.9 1.027 3.4 0.09965 0.84 .698
SR180-16.1 10.1 1 0.06 3.4 0.819 3.5 0.09903 1 .283 10.12 1.1 0.0583 2.7 0.982 3.4 0.0988 1.1 .710
SR180-17.1 11.163 0.67 0.0585 2.5 0.722 2.6 0.08958 0.67 .260 11.153 0.71 0.0591 2.2 0.85 2.5 0.08966 0.71 .633
SR180-18.1 10.708 0.52 0.0588 2.2 0.757 2.3 0.09339 0.52 .226 10.703 0.54 0.05916 1.6 0.908 1.9 0.09343 0.54 .630
SR180-19.1 10.026 0.65 0.0604 1.7 0.831 1.8 0.09974 0.65 .355 10.025 0.67 0.06052 1.6 1.026 1.9 0.09975 0.67 .603
SR180-20.1 10.019 0.64 0.0596 1.9 0.82 2 0.09981 0.64 .321 10.008 0.67 0.0604 1.9 1.027 2.2 0.09992 0.67 .565
SR180-21.1 10.67 1.1 0.0588 2.2 0.76 2.4 0.0937 1.1 .446 10.67 1.3 0.0592 4.6 0.914 5.5 0.0938 1.3 .760
SR180-22.1 9.989 0.88 0.0601 4.2 0.829 4.3 0.10011 0.88 .205 9.991 0.9 0.0599 2.7 1.024 3.2 0.10009 0.9 .583

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

SR180-23.1 11.205 0.65 0.0585 1.9 0.719 2 0.08924 0.65 .321 11.241 0.73 0.0559 2.9 0.802 3.3 0.08896 0.73 .681
SR180-24.1 10.627 0.7 0.0594 2.3 0.77 2.4 0.09409 0.7 .294 10.618 0.74 0.0601 2.1 0.931 2.5 0.09418 0.74 .629
SR180-25.1 10.637 0.76 0.0593 3.2 0.768 3.3 0.09401 0.76 .234 10.617 0.81 0.0608 2.6 0.94 3 0.09419 0.81 .651
SR180-26.1 10.005 0.75 0.0606 2.3 0.834 2.4 0.09995 0.75 .313 10.004 0.84 0.0607 3 1.032 3.5 0.09996 0.84 .656
SR180-27.1 10.57 1 0.0596 5.8 0.778 5.9 0.09458 1 .176 10.56 1.1 0.0604 3.5 0.943 4.1 0.09467 1.1 .636
SR180-28.1 11.15 0.6 0.05801 1.6 0.717 1.8 0.08968 0.6 .345 11.134 0.7 0.0592 2.8 0.853 3.3 0.08982 0.7 .725
SR180-29.1 11.129 0.66 0.0595 2.2 0.737 2.3 0.08985 0.66 .282 11.141 0.73 0.0586 2.8 0.846 3.2 0.08975 0.73 .680
SR180-30.1 10.615 0.75 0.06 2.1 0.779 2.2 0.0942 0.75 .339 10.626 0.79 0.0593 2.1 0.92 2.6 0.09411 0.79 .645
SR180-31.1 10.62 1 0.0595 2.1 0.773 2.3 0.09419 1 .440 10.6 1.1 0.0608 3.2 0.943 4 0.0943 1.1 .754
SR180-32.1 10.623 0.56 0.0596 1.7 0.773 1.8 0.09414 0.56 .304 10.63 0.63 0.059 2.5 0.917 2.9 0.09407 0.63 .708
SR180-33.1 10.57 1 0.0588 6.6 0.767 6.6 0.09462 1 .152 10.57 0.99 0.059 3.6 0.924 4.1 0.09464 0.99 .589
SR180-34.1 10.02 0.67 0.0606 2.3 0.834 2.4 0.09979 0.68 .286 10.02 0.73 0.0607 2.4 1.029 2.8 0.0998 0.73 .644
SR180-35.1 10.022 0.71 0.0602 2.7 0.828 2.8 0.09978 0.71 .250 10.029 0.77 0.0597 2.6 1.015 3.1 0.09971 0.77 .680
SR180-36.1 10.01 1.1 0.0601 4.7 0.829 4.8 0.0999 1.1 .229 10.01 1.1 0.0596 3.6 1.016 4.2 0.0999 1.1 .615
SR180-39.1 10.661 0.46 0.05924 1 0.7661 1.1 0.09379 0.46 .402 10.664 0.49 0.05909 1.4 0.913 1.6 0.09378 0.49 .631
SR180-40.1 10.056 0.45 0.061 1.2 0.836 1.3 0.09944 0.45 .350 10.04 0.53 0.0623 2 1.047 2.4 0.0996 0.53 .739
SR180-41.1 10.683 0.79 0.0596 3.4 0.769 3.5 0.09361 0.79 .229 10.695 0.87 0.0587 3.3 0.903 3.9 0.0935 0.87 .696
SR180-37.1 10.037 0.58 0.0605 2.2 0.831 2.3 0.09962 0.59 .252 10.065 0.68 0.0584 3 0.992 3.5 0.09936 0.68 .722
SR180-38.1 11.224 0.66 0.05887 1.4 0.723 1.6 0.0891 0.66 .417 11.252 0.75 0.0568 3.1 0.812 3.5 0.08887 0.75 .667
SR180-42.1 11.192 0.34 0.0579 0.7 0.7132 0.78 0.08935 0.34 .439 11.18 0.37 0.05875 1.1 0.842 1.4 0.08944 0.37 .664
SR180-43.1 10.038 0.68 0.0601 2.1 0.826 2.2 0.09961 0.68 .308 10.045 0.77 0.0596 3.4 1.011 3.9 0.09955 0.77 .644
SR180-44.1 10.63 1.4 0.06 4.6 0.778 4.8 0.0941 1.4 .290 10.64 1.5 0.0591 4.8 0.917 5.9 0.094 1.5 .777
SR180-45.1 11.106 0.75 0.0586 4.3 0.728 4.4 0.09004 0.75 .172 11.103 0.79 0.0589 3.1 0.853 3.6 0.09006 0.79 .685
SR180-46.1 10.088 0.54 0.06012 1.4 0.822 1.5 0.09913 0.54 .356 10.078 0.61 0.0609 2.1 1.022 2.5 0.09922 0.61 .703
SR180-47.1 10.687 0.61 0.0589 2.5 0.76 2.6 0.09357 0.61 .236 10.687 0.63 0.0589 1.8 0.907 2.2 0.09358 0.63 .633
SR180-48.1 10.693 0.9 0.0594 3.1 0.765 3.2 0.09352 0.9 .282 10.7 0.96 0.0588 3.1 0.904 3.6 0.09345 0.96 .644
SR180-49.1 9.995 0.69 0.0605 2.1 0.835 2.2 0.10005 0.69 .312 9.994 0.78 0.0606 2.9 1.033 3.4 0.10006 0.78 .722
SR180-50.1 10.099 0.58 0.06005 1.2 0.82 1.3 0.09901 0.58 .437 10.096 0.64 0.0603 2.3 1.012 2.6 0.09905 0.64 .646
SR180-51.1 10.65 0.81 0.0588 2.6 0.762 2.7 0.09389 0.81 .297 10.661 0.87 0.0581 2.9 0.9 3.4 0.0938 0.87 .646
SR180-52.1 9.112 0.88 0.062 3.4 0.938 3.5 0.10974 0.88 .250 9.132 0.91 0.0602 2.4 1.189 2.9 0.1095 0.91 .627
SR180-53.1 10.046 0.66 0.0605 2 0.831 2.1 0.09954 0.66 .307 10.052 0.7 0.0602 2 1.017 2.4 0.09949 0.7 .642
SR180-54.1 10.065 0.8 0.0599 4.2 0.82 4.3 0.09935 0.8 .185 10.062 0.82 0.0602 2.7 1.016 3.2 0.09938 0.82 .643
SR180-55.1 10.67 1.1 0.0615 6.8 0.795 6.9 0.0937 1.1 .160 10.68 1.1 0.0606 3.3 0.93 3.9 0.0936 1.1 .628
SR180-57.1 9.98 0.82 0.0587 3.9 0.811 4 0.10019 0.82 .207 9.97 0.84 0.0596 2.4 1.022 2.8 0.1003 0.84 .627
SR180-58.1 10.07 0.94 0.0613 2.3 0.839 2.4 0.0993 0.94 .386 10.09 10 0.0596 2.6 1.004 3.1 0.09909 10 .632
SR180-60.1 10.096 0.68 0.0599 2.4 0.818 2.5 0.09904 0.68 .274 10.104 0.72 0.0594 2.1 0.998 2.5 0.09897 0.72 .646
SR180-62.1 10.13 1.1 0.0607 3.9 0.826 4 0.0987 1.1 .268 10.15 1.1 0.0595 3.6 0.994 4.1 0.0985 1.1 .566
SR180-61.1 10.03 1.1 0.0601 2.6 0.826 2.8 0.0997 1.1 .386 10 1.2 0.0622 3.8 1.052 4.6 0.1 1.2 .688
SR180-62.1 11.216 0.67 0.0584 2 0.718 2.1 0.08916 0.67 .317 11.215 0.73 0.0585 2.3 0.836 2.7 0.08917 0.73 .643
SR180-63.1 10.01 1.3 0.06 4 0.826 4.2 0.0999 1.3 .306 10 1.4 0.0605 4.4 1.029 5.2 0.1 1.4 .642
SR180-64.1 9.95 1.3 0.0609 3.1 0.844 3.3 0.1005 1.3 .384 9.94 1.4 0.0621 3.7 1.062 4.7 0.1006 1.4 .797
SR180-65.1 10.21 1.4 0.0609 2.7 0.822 3.1 0.098 1.4 .460 10.21 1.6 0.0611 3.5 1.006 4.5 0.098 1.6 .773
SR180-67.1 10.033 0.83 0.0602 2.7 0.827 2.8 0.09967 0.83 .299 10.054 0.91 0.0585 3.2 0.995 3.7 0.09946 0.91 .637
SR180-68.1 9.94 1.6 0.0592 5.3 0.82 5.5 0.1006 1.6 .285 9.92 1.7 0.0613 3.6 1.053 4.7 0.1008 1.7 .729
SR180-69.1 10.031 0.77 0.06099 1.2 0.838 1.4 0.09969 0.77 .554 10.045 0.81 0.05988 1.6 1.015 2.1 0.09955 0.81 .706
SR180-70.1 10.01 1 0.0615 3.6 0.847 3.8 0.0999 1 .273 10.02 1.1 0.0601 3.1 1.022 3.7 0.0998 1.1 .638
SR180-70.2 10.011 0.77 0.0599 2.5 0.825 2.6 0.09988 0.77 .297 9.998 0.89 0.061 3.4 1.037 4 0.10002 0.89 .730
*
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.07% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.

121
 Author's personal copy

122
Table 5
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR161A.
Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/ ppm 206 Pb* (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S161A-01.1 0.03 1391 656 0.49 108 557 ± 1.8 556.8 ± 1.9 558.2 ± 2 564.9 ± 9.7 539.6 ± 3.3 1 11.079 0.34 0.05916 0.33 11.082 0.34
S161A-02.1 0.01 64 3 0.04 4.78 536.3 ± 5.2 535.5 ± 5.2 535.3 ± 5.1 580 ± 79 693 ± 200 8 11.53 0.99 0.05942 1.6 11.53 1
S161A-02.2 – 873 251 0.30 68 559.5 ± 1.5 559.5 ± 1.5 559.5 ± 1.6 556.9 ± 9.4 557.4 ± 4 0 11.03 0.28 0.05872 0.43 11.03 0.28
S161A-03.1 2.07 531 70 0.14 37.7 502.3 ± 2.6 506.7 ± 2.4 507.6 ± 2.4 198 ± 140 239 ± 78 −61 12.083 0.46 0.06707 0.9 12.339 0.53
S161A-04.1 0.18 935 111 0.12 70 537.7 ± 1.4 537.3 ± 1.4 537.8 ± 1.4 557 ± 18 528 ± 17 4 11.476 0.27 0.0602 0.42 11.497 0.27
S161A-05.1 0.04 515 170 0.34 40.4 562.1 ± 3.1 562.1 ± 3.1 562.1 ± 3.2 567 ± 19 562.6 ± 7.1 1 10.971 0.57 0.05929 0.67 10.975 0.57
S161A-06.1 0.06 616 132 0.22 47.8 556.5 ± 1.6 556.5 ± 1.6 556.6 ± 1.7 556 ± 12 552.7 ± 6.6 0 11.085 0.3 0.05919 0.49 11.091 0.3
S161A-07.1 0.02 707 286 0.42 54.8 557 ± 1.5 556.8 ± 1.6 557.3 ± 1.6 566 ± 17 552.6 ± 4 2 11.079 0.28 0.05913 0.76 11.081 0.28
S161A-08.1 0.03 998 442 0.46 78.3 563.2 ± 1.3 563.6 ± 1.4 563.6 ± 1.4 543.2 ± 9.2 558 ± 3.6 −4 10.95 0.25 0.0586 0.37 10.953 0.25
S161A-09.1 0.58 732 140 0.20 57 556.2 ± 1.5 556.1 ± 1.5 556.2 ± 1.5 562 ± 34 555 ± 18 1 11.033 0.27 0.06362 0.41 11.097 0.28
S161A-10.1 0.19 915 130 0.15 68.1 534.8 ± 1.3 534.8 ± 1.3 534.9 ± 1.3 534 ± 18 527 ± 11 0 11.54 0.25 0.05963 0.51 11.562 0.25
S161A-11.1 0.01 383 145 0.39 32.5 606.1 ± 3.2 606 ± 3.3 606.4 ± 3.5 611 ± 14 601.4 ± 7.4 1 10.142 0.56 0.0603 0.58 10.143 0.56
S161A-12.1 0.01 575 184 0.33 44.8 559.3 ± 2.5 558.9 ± 2.5 559.2 ± 2.6 582 ± 13 561 ± 5.1 4 11.031 0.46 0.0595 0.59 11.033 0.46
S161A-13.1 0.18 1606 109 0.07 120 535.9 ± 1.2 536 ± 1.2 536.1 ± 1.2 531 ± 16 521 ± 22 −1 11.514 0.23 0.05951 0.42 11.535 0.23
S161A-14.1 0.03 959 78 0.08 71.9 538.8 ± 1.4 538.7 ± 1.5 538.9 ± 1.5 546 ± 10 534.4 ± 8.5 1 11.468 0.28 0.05865 0.43 11.471 0.28
S161A-15.1 0.02 645 224 0.36 49.7 553.7 ± 2.6 553.7 ± 2.7 553.7 ± 2.8 553 ± 13 553.1 ± 5.3 0 11.148 0.5 0.05876 0.51 11.151 0.5

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S161A-16.1 0.30 90 30 0.34 6.98 556.6 ± 4.4 556.9 ± 4.4 556.9 ± 4.6 538 ± 66 551 ± 24 −3 11.056 0.8 0.06065 1.4 11.089 0.82
S161A-17.1 0.08 556 205 0.38 44.4 572.2 ± 3.9 572.1 ± 4 572.7 ± 4.2 576 ± 26 563.6 ± 8.9 1 10.766 0.72 0.05986 1.2 10.774 0.72
S161A-18.1 – 873 111 0.13 64.8 534.1 ± 1.6 533.6 ± 1.6 534 ± 1.7 564 ± 11 540 ± 16 6 11.577 0.31 0.05888 0.49 11.576 0.31
S161A-19.1 0.00 2160 279 0.13 161 536.8 ± 1.2 536.6 ± 1.2 537 ± 1.2 551.5 ± 7.9 526.2 ± 5.3 3 11.515 0.24 0.05861 0.32 11.515 0.24
S161A-20.1 0.03 807 269 0.34 62.8 559.4 ± 1.7 559.4 ± 1.8 559 ± 1.8 557 ± 13 566.6 ± 5.1 0 11.028 0.32 0.05901 0.5 11.032 0.32
S161A-21.1 0.23 525 156 0.31 41 560.3 ± 2.1 560.6 ± 2.1 560.9 ± 2.2 545 ± 20 547.8 ± 7.7 −3 10.987 0.39 0.06028 0.62 11.012 0.39
S161A-22.1 0.10 508 124 0.25 39.6 559.1 ± 3.5 559 ± 3.6 558.7 ± 3.6 563 ± 26 568 ± 11 1 11.027 0.65 0.05972 0.88 11.038 0.65
S161A-23.1 0.04 1377 548 0.41 106 553.1 ± 1.5 553 ± 1.5 553.9 ± 1.6 560.2 ± 9 541 ± 3.3 1 11.157 0.28 0.05917 0.4 11.162 0.28
S161A-24.1 0.32 131 2 0.02 9.72 532.9 ± 3.9 532.8 ± 4 532.8 ± 3.9 538 ± 42 543 ± 180 1 11.568 0.76 0.06078 1.3 11.604 0.76
S161A-25.1 0.07 528 123 0.24 40.9 556.1 ± 2.1 556.5 ± 2.2 556.1 ± 2.2 535 ± 21 555 ± 10 −4 11.092 0.4 0.0587 0.65 11.099 0.4

Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
206 Pb* 235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S161A-01.1 0.05894 0.44 0.7333 0.56 0.09024 0.34 .610 11.055 0.37 0.0609 0.78 0.8834 1 0.09046 0.37 .759
S161A-02.1 0.0594 3.6 0.71 3.8 0.08675 1 .269 11.55 10 0.0578 1.9 0.79 2.2 0.08658 10 .528
S161A-02.2 0.05873 0.43 0.7341 0.51 0.09066 0.28 .541 11.028 0.29 0.05886 0.66 0.8624 0.81 0.09068 0.29 .638
S161A-03.1 0.0501 6.1 0.559 6.2 0.08103 0.53 .086 12.207 0.49 0.0589 2 0.732 2.2 0.08192 0.49 .503
S161A-04.1 0.05873 0.84 0.7043 0.89 0.08698 0.27 .310 11.493 0.28 0.05899 0.81 0.8097 0.92 0.08701 0.28 .515
S161A-05.1 0.05899 0.88 0.7411 1 0.09112 0.57 .546 10.976 0.6 0.05895 1.1 0.87 1.4 0.09111 0.6 .743
S161A-06.1 0.0587 0.55 0.7298 0.63 0.09016 0.3 .481 11.089 0.31 0.05889 0.73 0.8553 0.87 0.09018 0.31 .590
S161A-07.1 0.05896 0.78 0.7337 0.83 0.09024 0.28 .337 11.075 0.3 0.05938 1 0.8629 1.1 0.09029 0.3 .555
S161A-08.1 0.05836 0.42 0.7346 0.49 0.0913 0.25 .505 10.946 0.27 0.0589 0.77 0.8728 0.92 0.09136 0.27 .661
S161A-09.1 0.05887 1.5 0.731 1.6 0.09011 0.28 .180 11.097 0.29 0.05892 1 0.8547 1.1 0.09011 0.29 .544
S161A-10.1 0.05811 0.82 0.6929 0.86 0.08649 0.25 .293 11.558 0.26 0.05838 0.64 0.7954 0.73 0.08652 0.26 .512
S161A-11.1 0.0602 0.64 0.8183 0.85 0.09859 0.56 .660 10.138 0.6 0.06059 1.2 1.009 1.6 0.09864 0.6 .728
S161A-12.1 0.05941 0.62 0.7425 0.77 0.09064 0.46 .594 11.034 0.48 0.05929 0.92 0.867 1.2 0.09063 0.48 .713
S161A-13.1 0.05803 0.72 0.6936 0.76 0.08669 0.23 .305 11.532 0.23 0.05827 0.55 0.7968 0.63 0.08672 0.23 .490
S161A-14.1 0.05843 0.47 0.7024 0.54 0.08718 0.28 .514 11.47 0.28 0.05852 0.5 0.8067 0.61 0.08719 0.28 .571
S161A-15.1 0.05861 0.59 0.7247 0.77 0.08968 0.5 .642 11.15 0.53 0.05865 0.96 0.845 1.3 0.08969 0.53 .751
S161A-16.1 0.0582 3 0.724 3.1 0.09017 0.82 .263 11.084 0.86 0.0586 2.4 0.852 2.8 0.09022 0.86 .607
S161A-17.1 0.05923 1.2 0.758 1.4 0.09282 0.72 .507 10.764 0.76 0.06 1.8 0.91 2.2 0.0929 0.76 .661
S161A-18.1 0.05891 0.49 0.7016 0.59 0.08638 0.31 .534 11.579 0.33 0.05874 1 0.7976 1.1 0.08636 0.33 .509
S161A-19.1 0.05858 0.36 0.7014 0.43 0.08684 0.24 .547 11.511 0.24 0.0589 0.39 0.8067 0.5 0.08687 0.24 .636
S161A-20.1 0.05873 0.6 0.734 0.68 0.09065 0.32 .476 11.04 0.34 0.05816 0.85 0.8526 1 0.09058 0.34 .644
S161A-21.1 0.0584 0.92 0.7311 1 0.0908 0.39 .387 11.001 0.41 0.05926 0.99 0.87 1.2 0.0909 0.41 .626
S161A-22.1 0.0589 1.2 0.736 1.4 0.0906 0.65 .479 11.045 0.68 0.05839 1.2 0.855 1.6 0.09054 0.68 .687
S161A-23.1 0.05881 0.41 0.7265 0.5 0.08959 0.28 .553 11.146 0.3 0.05996 0.72 0.861 0.88 0.08972 0.3 .678
S161A-24.1 0.0582 1.9 0.692 2.1 0.08617 0.76 .370 11.605 0.76 0.05817 1.5 0.788 1.8 0.08617 0.76 .491
S161A-25.1 0.05815 0.97 0.7223 1 0.09009 0.4 .383 11.099 0.42 0.0582 0.94 0.8456 1.1 0.0901 0.42 .607
Table. SHRIMP data from sample 161A from Sor Rondane.
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.10% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.
 Author's personal copy

Table 6
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR161D.
Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/ ppm 206 Pb* (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S161D-01.1 0.01 4562 464 0.11 362 568.7 ± 1.1 569.2 ± 1.1 569.3 ± 1.1 542.1 ± 4.2 529.1 ± 3 −5 10.842 0.2 0.05839 0.19 10.843 0.2
S161D-02.1 0.01 1473 151 0.11 109 531.1 ± 1.3 531 ± 1.3 531 ± 1.3 537 ± 8.1 534 ± 5.9 1 11.644 0.25 0.05824 0.35 11.645 0.25
S161D-03.1 0.02 1394 124 0.09 103 530.2 ± 1.8 530.2 ± 1.8 530.2 ± 1.8 529.6 ± 9 532.6 ± 7.1 0 11.662 0.35 0.05818 0.37 11.665 0.35

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S161D-04.1 0.01 1129 73 0.07 83.3 531.3 ± 1.4 531.2 ± 1.4 531.2 ± 1.4 534.7 ± 9.7 532.9 ± 9.3 1 11.64 0.27 0.05824 0.41 11.641 0.27
S161D-05.1 – 2332 328 0.15 172 531.7 ± 1.5 531.7 ± 1.6 531.9 ± 1.6 531.6 ± 6.1 523.7 ± 3.6 0 11.631 0.3 0.05803 0.28 11.631 0.3
S161D-06.1 0.07 1635 175 0.11 121 531 ± 1.3 531 ± 1.3 531.1 ± 1.3 535 ± 11 527.6 ± 8.9 1 11.638 0.25 0.05873 0.34 11.647 0.25
S161D-07.1 0.02 2080 180 0.09 153 531 ± 1.1 531 ± 1.2 531 ± 1.1 531 ± 12 531.3 ± 8.1 0 11.645 0.22 0.05819 0.54 11.647 0.22
S161D-08.1 0.02 5902 1027 0.18 477 579.59 ± 0.98 580.4 ± 1 580.6 ± 1 534.2 ± 4.1 539.1 ± 2.4 −8 10.628 0.18 0.05827 0.17 10.63 0.18
S161D-09.1 0.02 2467 94 0.04 183 533 ± 1.1 533 ± 1.1 533.1 ± 1.1 533.4 ± 6.7 521.8 ± 9.9 0 11.599 0.21 0.05823 0.28 11.601 0.21
S161D-10.1 0.52 1471 414 0.29 105 513.2 ± 1.4 513.3 ± 1.4 525.9 ± 1.8 507 ± 30 220.6 ± 9.4 −1 12.004 0.28 0.06163 0.37 12.067 0.29
S161D-11.1 0.00 1380 61 0.05 102 532.6 ± 1.4 532.6 ± 1.4 532.7 ± 1.4 534.3 ± 8.7 523.8 ± 9.1 0 11.611 0.26 0.05813 0.39 11.611 0.26
S161D-12.1 0.07 1954 191 0.10 144 528.7 ± 2.3 528.7 ± 2.4 528.7 ± 2.4 526 ± 12 528 ± 8.3 0 11.692 0.46 0.05845 0.48 11.7 0.46
S161D-13.1 0.03 1240 28 0.02 91.4 530.9 ± 1.7 530.9 ± 1.7 530.9 ± 1.7 526.1 ± 9.3 533 ± 18 −1 11.647 0.33 0.05814 0.4 11.65 0.33
S161D-14.1 0.01 3212 419 0.13 248 554.9 ± 1 555.3 ± 1 555.6 ± 1 537.7 ± 5.2 523.1 ± 3.2 −3 11.122 0.19 0.0583 0.23 11.123 0.19
S161D-15.1 – 4416 579 0.14 349 567.54 ± 0.96 568.18 ± 0.99 568.24 ± 0.98 532.2 ± 4.2 532.2 ± 2.5 −6 10.866 0.18 0.05806 0.19 10.866 0.18
S161D-16.1 0.05 1106 101 0.09 81.4 529.7 ± 1.4 529.6 ± 1.4 529.8 ± 1.4 538 ± 14 524.8 ± 9.5 2 11.67 0.27 0.05865 0.59 11.676 0.27
S161D-17.1 0.03 1651 34 0.02 122 532.8 ± 1.2 533.1 ± 1.2 532.8 ± 1.2 519.5 ± 8.6 527 ± 27 −3 11.602 0.24 0.05795 0.34 11.605 0.24
S161D-18.1 0.03 1459 131 0.09 108 531 ± 1.6 531.2 ± 1.6 530.9 ± 1.6 517.3 ± 9.7 538.6 ± 8.6 −3 11.644 0.31 0.05791 0.37 11.647 0.31
S161D-19.1 0.01 3551 378 0.11 277 559.5 ± 1 559.9 ± 1.1 559.9 ± 1 533.9 ± 5.1 529.4 ± 3.5 −5 11.029 0.19 0.05817 0.22 11.03 0.19
S161D-20.1 0.02 2497 364 0.15 184 529.5 ± 1.1 529.6 ± 1.1 529.5 ± 1.1 523.4 ± 6.5 529.9 ± 5.3 −1 11.68 0.21 0.05796 0.28 11.682 0.21
S161D-21.1 0.04 1466 132 0.09 108 531.3 ± 1.3 531.4 ± 1.3 531.4 ± 1.3 521 ± 10 523.2 ± 9.7 −2 11.637 0.25 0.05806 0.37 11.641 0.25
S161D-22.1 0.05 1089 101 0.10 80 528.6 ± 1.4 528.9 ± 1.5 528.6 ± 1.5 513 ± 11 527.5 ± 8.1 −3 11.696 0.28 0.05799 0.44 11.702 0.28
S161D-23.1 1.29 2004 278 0.14 139 494 ± 1.8 493.8 ± 1.9 501.1 ± 1.8 511 ± 69 156 ± 39 3 12.391 0.35 0.06801 0.98 12.553 0.38
S161D-24.1 0.01 3794 469 0.13 297 561.5 ± 1 562.1 ± 1.1 562.3 ± 1.1 528.7 ± 5.3 522.3 ± 3.5 −6 10.986 0.19 0.05808 0.22 10.987 0.2
S161D-25.1 0.00 2082 158 0.08 154 531.9 ± 1.2 532 ± 1.2 532 ± 1.2 527.6 ± 7.2 528.9 ± 5.3 −1 11.625 0.24 0.05794 0.33 11.625 0.24
S161D-26.1 – 1894 184 0.10 140 531.3 ± 1.8 531.4 ± 1.8 531.4 ± 1.8 525 ± 7.5 527.6 ± 5.1 −1 11.64 0.35 0.05785 0.34 11.64 0.35
S161D-27.1 0.02 1745 161 0.10 129 533.5 ± 1.3 533.7 ± 1.3 533.5 ± 1.3 524.1 ± 8.7 535 ± 7.1 −2 11.587 0.25 0.05801 0.35 11.59 0.25
S161D-29.1 0.04 2394 232 0.10 176 529.7 ± 1.2 529.6 ± 1.2 529.6 ± 1.2 531.1 ± 7.7 532.9 ± 6.2 0 11.673 0.23 0.05839 0.3 11.678 0.23
S161D-30.1 0.02 2145 198 0.10 158 529.9 ± 1.2 529.9 ± 1.2 529.7 ± 1.2 533.9 ± 7.6 545 ± 7.6 1 11.669 0.23 0.05826 0.32 11.671 0.23
S161D-31.1 0.03 1777 116 0.07 132 533.3 ± 1.5 533.4 ± 1.5 532.9 ± 1.5 528.9 ± 8.8 573.7 ± 9.2 −1 11.59 0.29 0.05824 0.36 11.594 0.3
S161D-32.1 0.06 2140 212 0.10 158 531 ± 1.2 531.3 ± 1.2 531.1 ± 1.2 514.2 ± 8.9 530.3 ± 7.6 −3 11.639 0.23 0.05806 0.32 11.646 0.23
S161D-33.1 0.02 2342 230 0.10 173 530.3 ± 1.2 530.3 ± 1.2 530.2 ± 1.2 530.9 ± 8 538.5 ± 6.5 0 11.661 0.23 0.05818 0.31 11.664 0.23
S161D-34.1 0.00 2328 227 0.10 164 507.9 ± 1.1 506.5 ± 1.1 507.9 ± 1.1 590.4 ± 6.7 508.8 ± 4.3 16 12.199 0.23 0.05964 0.31 12.199 0.23
S161D-35.1 0.03 2152 269 0.13 158 530 ± 1.1 529.8 ± 1.2 530 ± 1.2 537.7 ± 8 528.2 ± 5.9 1 11.667 0.22 0.05847 0.3 11.671 0.22
S161D-36.1 – 1802 167 0.10 133 530.8 ± 1.2 530.8 ± 1.2 530.8 ± 1.2 526.8 ± 7.5 528 ± 6 −1 11.653 0.24 0.0579 0.34 11.652 0.24
S161D-37.1 – 2026 232 0.12 149 527.9 ± 1.2 527.7 ± 1.2 527.9 ± 1.2 535.6 ± 6.9 524.6 ± 4.1 1 11.719 0.23 0.05815 0.31 11.719 0.23

123
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124
Table 6 (Continued )
Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
206 Pb* 235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S161D-01.1 0.05833 0.19 0.7417 0.27 0.09223 0.2 .713 10.831 0.2 0.05922 0.28 0.8914 0.37 0.09233 0.2 .681
S161D-02.1 0.05819 0.37 0.689 0.45 0.08587 0.25 .562 11.646 0.26 0.05812 0.42 0.7831 0.53 0.08587 0.26 .616
S161D-03.1 0.058 0.41 0.6855 0.54 0.08573 0.35 .648 11.665 0.35 0.05795 0.44 0.779 0.61 0.08572 0.35 .708
S161D-04.1 0.05813 0.44 0.6885 0.52 0.0859 0.27 .518 11.642 0.27 0.05811 0.46 0.7833 0.56 0.0859 0.27 .571
S161D-05.1 0.05805 0.28 0.6881 0.41 0.08598 0.3 .734 11.627 0.31 0.05832 0.4 0.7872 0.57 0.08601 0.31 .730
S161D-06.1 0.05814 0.48 0.6883 0.54 0.08586 0.25 .466 11.645 0.26 0.05823 0.42 0.7843 0.53 0.08587 0.26 .625

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S161D-07.1 0.05804 0.56 0.6871 0.6 0.08586 0.22 .364 11.647 0.22 0.05804 0.6 0.7819 0.66 0.08586 0.22 .433
S161D-08.1 0.05812 0.19 0.7538 0.26 0.09407 0.18 .686 10.609 0.18 0.05967 0.32 0.9263 0.41 0.09426 0.18 .655
S161D-09.1 0.0581 0.3 0.6905 0.37 0.0862 0.21 .573 11.599 0.21 0.0582 0.3 0.7888 0.38 0.08621 0.21 .622
S161D-10.1 0.05741 1.4 0.656 1.4 0.08287 0.29 .207 11.764 0.35 0.0777 2.1 0.989 2.3 0.085 0.35 .691
S161D-11.1 0.05812 0.4 0.6902 0.48 0.08613 0.26 .553 11.609 0.27 0.05821 0.42 0.7879 0.51 0.08614 0.27 .578
S161D-12.1 0.05791 0.55 0.6824 0.72 0.08547 0.46 .637 11.7 0.46 0.05792 0.55 0.775 0.78 0.08547 0.46 .728
S161D-13.1 0.0579 0.43 0.6853 0.54 0.08584 0.33 .615 11.65 0.33 0.05789 0.42 0.7799 0.55 0.08583 0.33 .643
S161D-14.1 0.05821 0.24 0.7215 0.3 0.0899 0.19 .623 11.11 0.19 0.05916 0.31 0.8555 0.4 0.09001 0.19 .645
S161D-15.1 0.05807 0.19 0.7368 0.26 0.09203 0.18 .680 10.852 0.18 0.0591 0.29 0.887 0.37 0.09215 0.18 .655
S161D-16.1 0.05822 0.62 0.6875 0.68 0.08564 0.27 .397 11.675 0.27 0.05833 0.68 0.7824 0.76 0.08565 0.27 .466
S161D-17.1 0.05773 0.39 0.6859 0.46 0.08617 0.24 .518 11.605 0.24 0.05776 0.37 0.783 0.45 0.08617 0.24 .565
S161D-18.1 0.05767 0.44 0.6827 0.54 0.08586 0.31 .572 11.65 0.31 0.05751 0.44 0.7755 0.58 0.08584 0.31 .662
S161D-19.1 0.05811 0.23 0.7264 0.3 0.09066 0.19 .637 11.02 0.2 0.05883 0.28 0.8627 0.37 0.09075 0.2 .661
S161D-20.1 0.05783 0.3 0.6826 0.36 0.0856 0.21 .577 11.682 0.22 0.05782 0.46 0.7757 0.55 0.0856 0.22 .587
S161D-21.1 0.05777 0.47 0.6842 0.54 0.0859 0.25 .464 11.638 0.25 0.05794 0.53 0.7816 0.62 0.08592 0.25 .547
S161D-22.1 0.05756 0.49 0.6782 0.56 0.08546 0.28 .498 11.702 0.29 0.05758 0.61 0.7709 0.71 0.08546 0.29 .540
S161D-23.1 0.0575 3.1 0.632 3.2 0.07965 0.38 .119 12.37 0.38 0.0693 1.6 0.832 1.8 0.08084 0.38 .480
S161D-24.1 0.05797 0.24 0.7275 0.31 0.09101 0.2 .630 10.972 0.2 0.05907 0.35 0.8712 0.44 0.09114 0.2 .619
S161D-25.1 0.05794 0.33 0.6872 0.4 0.08602 0.24 .582 11.625 0.24 0.058 0.37 0.7838 0.46 0.08602 0.24 .611
S161D-26.1 0.05787 0.34 0.6856 0.49 0.08591 0.35 .711 11.639 0.35 0.05796 0.4 0.7819 0.58 0.08592 0.35 .735
S161D-27.1 0.05785 0.4 0.6882 0.47 0.08628 0.25 .527 11.59 0.25 0.05782 0.6 0.7854 0.69 0.08628 0.25 .529
S161D-29.1 0.05804 0.35 0.6852 0.42 0.08563 0.23 .539 11.679 0.23 0.05796 0.36 0.7777 0.46 0.08562 0.23 .629
S161D-30.1 0.05811 0.35 0.6865 0.42 0.08568 0.23 .557 11.676 0.24 0.05778 0.42 0.776 0.52 0.08565 0.24 .594
S161D-31.1 0.05798 0.4 0.6895 0.5 0.08625 0.3 .592 11.603 0.3 0.05735 0.43 0.7788 0.56 0.08618 0.3 .638
S161D-32.1 0.05759 0.41 0.6818 0.47 0.08587 0.23 .501 11.646 0.24 0.05761 0.4 0.777 0.5 0.08587 0.24 .614
S161D-33.1 0.05803 0.37 0.686 0.43 0.08574 0.23 .539 11.666 0.24 0.05784 0.38 0.7776 0.48 0.08572 0.24 .628
S161D-34.1 0.05964 0.31 0.674 0.38 0.08197 0.23 .594 12.2 0.23 0.05961 0.36 0.7452 0.46 0.08197 0.23 .629
S161D-35.1 0.05821 0.37 0.6877 0.43 0.08568 0.22 .521 11.67 0.23 0.05826 0.49 0.7822 0.58 0.08569 0.23 .573
S161D-36.1 0.05792 0.34 0.6854 0.41 0.08582 0.24 .573 11.651 0.24 0.05798 0.41 0.7808 0.51 0.08583 0.24 .596
S161D-37.1 0.05816 0.31 0.6842 0.39 0.08533 0.23 .588 11.718 0.23 0.05824 0.38 0.7769 0.48 0.08534 0.23 .628
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.12% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.
 Author's personal copy

Table 7
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR188A.
Spot % 206 Pbc p‘pm U ppm Th 232 Th/ ppm 206 Pb* (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S188A-01.1 0.05 424 48 0.12 32.3 546.4 ± 1.9 546.4 ± 1.9 546.3 ± 1.9 548 ± 18 555 ± 17 0 11.299 0.36 0.05889 0.61 11.305 0.36
S188A-01.2 0.18 229 25 0.11 17.4 545.6 ± 3.9 545.3 ± 4 545.8 ± 4 563 ± 30 536 ± 26 3 11.301 0.75 0.06034 0.99 11.322 0.75
S188A-02.1 0.01 228 22 0.10 17.2 543.7 ± 2.5 543.6 ± 2.6 543.9 ± 2.5 551 ± 22 533 ± 18 1 11.362 0.48 0.05865 0.84 11.363 0.48
S188A-03.1 0.13 229 25 0.11 17.3 543.4 ± 2.5 543.8 ± 2.6 543.5 ± 2.5 524 ± 23 542 ± 18 −4 11.355 0.48 0.0589 0.83 11.369 0.48

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188A-04.1 0.29 167 23 0.14 12.7 545.5 ± 5.4 545.6 ± 5.4 545.9 ± 5.4 541 ± 50 526 ± 40 −1 11.29 1 0.06063 0.99 11.32 1
S188A-05.1 0.12 282 28 0.10 21.3 541.5 ± 2.3 541.5 ± 2.3 541.6 ± 2.3 537 ± 30 535 ± 30 −1 11.399 0.44 0.05913 0.75 11.413 0.45
S188A-06.1 0.17 174 17 0.10 13.3 546.7 ± 2.9 546.8 ± 3 546.8 ± 3 542 ± 35 541 ± 36 −1 11.278 0.55 0.05972 0.96 11.297 0.56
S188A-07.1 0.21 182 21 0.12 13.8 544.5 ± 2.8 544.6 ± 2.9 544.6 ± 2.9 537 ± 27 538 ± 20 −1 11.323 0.54 0.05988 0.95 11.346 0.54
S188A-08.1 0.00 169 18 0.11 12.8 545.3 ± 2.9 545.1 ± 3 545.2 ± 2.9 556 ± 21 547 ± 17 2 11.329 0.55 0.05871 0.97 11.329 0.55
S188A-09.1 0.00 249 24 0.10 19 547.4 ± 2.6 547.4 ± 2.7 547.3 ± 2.6 546 ± 22 552 ± 20 0 11.283 0.5 0.05843 0.8 11.283 0.5
S188A-10.1 0.12 290 32 0.11 22 544.6 ± 2.2 544.7 ± 2.3 544.5 ± 2.3 538 ± 19 551 ± 14 −1 11.332 0.43 0.05917 0.74 11.345 0.43
S188A-11.1 24.71 569 66 0.12 56 531 ± 10 530 ± 21 530 ± 17 700 ± 1300 31 8.738 0.31 0.2627 0.47 11.61 2
S188A-12.1 0.07 212 22 0.11 16 542.6 ± 2.6 542.6 ± 2.6 542.5 ± 2.6 545 ± 21 549 ± 16 1 11.379 0.49 0.05895 0.85 11.387 0.49
S188A-13.1 0.32 183 23 0.13 13.9 543.8 ± 2.8 544.1 ± 2.8 544.4 ± 2.8 528 ± 39 516 ± 31 −3 11.324 0.52 0.0606 0.9 11.36 0.53
S188A-14.1 0.05 211 24 0.12 16.1 548.7 ± 2.6 548 ± 2.7 548.1 ± 2.6 587 ± 31 581 ± 30 7 11.251 0.49 0.05994 0.85 11.256 0.5
S188A-15.1 0.04 207 27 0.13 15.7 544.8 ± 2.6 544.5 ± 2.6 544.6 ± 2.6 562 ± 28 556 ± 23 3 11.335 0.49 0.0592 0.85 11.34 0.49
S188A-16.1 0.13 143 12 0.09 10.8 543.7 ± 3.9 543.7 ± 4 543.5 ± 4 543 ± 32 559 ± 34 0 11.348 0.75 0.05944 1 11.363 0.76
S188A-17.1 0.10 351 33 0.10 26.7 545.8 ± 2.1 545.7 ± 2.1 545.9 ± 2.1 552 ± 24 542 ± 26 1 11.306 0.39 0.05936 0.67 11.317 0.4
S188A-18.1 0.02 222 21 0.10 16.7 541.9 ± 3 542 ± 3 541.7 ± 3 540 ± 29 558 ± 30 0 11.4 0.57 0.05843 0.84 11.402 0.57
S188A-19.1 0.25 230 25 0.11 17.4 543.6 ± 2.4 544.1 ± 2.5 544.2 ± 2.5 517 ± 21 510 ± 14 −5 11.337 0.46 0.05965 0.79 11.365 0.46
S188A-20.1 0.05 602 64 0.11 45.3 540.4 ± 1.6 540.4 ± 1.6 540.4 ± 1.6 543 ± 14 539 ± 12 1 11.43 0.3 0.05879 0.5 11.436 0.31
S188A-21.1 – 247 27 0.11 17.5 511.1 ± 2.3 509.7 ± 2.3 510.2 ± 2.3 591 ± 27 564 ± 24 16 12.136 0.47 0.05858 0.83 12.121 0.47
S188A-22.1 0.23 182 26 0.15 13.8 544.4 ± 2.7 544.5 ± 2.8 544.4 ± 2.8 543 ± 36 546 ± 26 0 11.321 0.52 0.0602 0.91 11.347 0.53
S188A-23.1 0.07 172 20 0.12 13 544.5 ± 2.6 544.5 ± 2.7 544.4 ± 2.7 548 ± 26 553 ± 21 1 11.338 0.5 0.05904 0.89 11.346 0.51
S188A-24.1 0.12 215 24 0.12 16.4 545.9 ± 2.5 545.7 ± 2.5 546 ± 2.5 559 ± 34 540 ± 33 2 11.302 0.46 0.05974 0.81 11.316 0.47
S188A-25.1 0.29 194 21 0.11 14.8 546.1 ± 2.6 546.2 ± 2.6 546.2 ± 2.6 545 ± 33 544 ± 34 0 11.278 0.49 0.06073 0.84 11.311 0.49
S188A-26.1 0.07 232 25 0.11 17.5 542.8 ± 2.3 542.4 ± 2.4 542.7 ± 2.4 566 ± 24 551 ± 22 4 11.375 0.45 0.05957 0.77 11.383 0.45
S188A-27.1 0.13 236 23 0.10 17.8 542.3 ± 2.4 542.1 ± 2.4 542.3 ± 2.3 551 ± 37 542 ± 43 2 11.38 0.44 0.0596 0.77 11.394 0.45
S188A-28.1 0.14 163 16 0.10 12.4 544.4 ± 2.7 544.1 ± 2.7 544.3 ± 2.7 563 ± 36 553 ± 38 3 11.331 0.51 0.06005 0.9 11.347 0.52
S188A-29.1 0.12 288 29 0.10 21.8 544.9 ± 2.1 544.8 ± 2.2 545.1 ± 2.1 549 ± 27 536 ± 28 1 11.324 0.4 0.05948 0.7 11.337 0.41
S188A-30.1 5.83 9 4 0.50 0.711 551 ± 17 567 ± 12 562 ± 14 −740 ± 1700 408 ± 190 −235 10.55 2.2 0.0835 3.5 11.21 3.3
S188A-31.1 0.36 165 27 0.17 12.5 543.4 ± 3.5 543.6 ± 3.6 544 ± 3.6 534 ± 42 517 ± 28 −2 11.33 0.67 0.06103 0.91 11.37 0.68
S188A-32.1 0.16 269 32 0.12 20.6 548.6 ± 2.3 548.7 ± 2.3 549 ± 2.3 547 ± 36 531 ± 24 0 11.239 0.42 0.05976 1.3 11.257 0.43
S188A-33.1 0.09 890 120 0.14 66.6 538.3 ± 1.8 538.2 ± 1.8 538.2 ± 1.8 547 ± 13 544 ± 9.9 2 11.472 0.34 0.05916 0.39 11.482 0.35
S188A-34.1 0.20 236 25 0.11 18 545.9 ± 3 546.2 ± 3.1 546 ± 3 527 ± 44 536 ± 36 −3 11.294 0.57 0.05953 1.4 11.316 0.58
S188A-35.1 0.20 113 23 0.21 9.1 574.3 ± 3.6 574.9 ± 3.6 573.4 ± 3.7 541 ± 45 602 ± 26 −6 10.711 0.64 0.05994 1.1 10.733 0.65
S188A-36.1 0.04 201 20 0.10 15.3 547 ± 3.6 546.8 ± 3.6 547.2 ± 3.6 560 ± 24 537 ± 22 2 11.286 0.68 0.05915 0.85 11.291 0.68
S188A-37.1 0.08 340 41 0.13 25.7 543.6 ± 2.2 543.6 ± 2.2 543.4 ± 2.2 544 ± 22 553 ± 18 0 11.357 0.41 0.059 0.65 11.365 0.41
S188A-38.1 0.26 131 12 0.10 9.96 546 ± 3.2 546.1 ± 3.2 546.1 ± 3.2 542 ± 38 539 ± 39 −1 11.283 0.6 0.06047 1.1 11.312 0.61

125
 Author's personal copy

126
Table 7 (Continued )
Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
206 Pb* 235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S188A-01.1 0.05847 0.83 0.7132 0.91 0.08846 0.36 .396 11.308 0.37 0.05825 0.83 0.8218 0.96 0.08843 0.37 .533
S188A-01.2 0.05888 1.4 0.717 1.6 0.08832 0.75 .474 11.318 0.76 0.05911 1.2 0.831 1.6 0.08835 0.76 .635
S188A-02.1 0.05858 0.99 0.7108 1.1 0.08801 0.48 .436 11.359 0.49 0.05883 0.96 0.8227 1.1 0.08803 0.49 .541
S188A-03.1 0.05786 1.1 0.7016 1.2 0.08796 0.48 .409 11.369 0.49 0.0579 1 0.8105 1.2 0.08796 0.49 .543
S188A-04.1 0.0583 2.3 0.71 2.5 0.0883 1 .412 11.32 1 0.05891 1.3 0.828 1.9 0.08837 1 .733
S188A-05.1 0.05819 1.4 0.703 1.4 0.08762 0.45 .312 11.411 0.45 0.05834 0.91 0.811 1.1 0.08764 0.45 .545
S188A-06.1 0.05832 1.6 0.712 1.7 0.08851 0.56 .333 11.296 0.56 0.05845 1.2 0.825 1.4 0.08853 0.56 .536
S188A-07.1 0.0582 1.2 0.7072 1.3 0.08813 0.54 .402 11.344 0.55 0.05836 1.2 0.819 1.4 0.08815 0.55 .539

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188A-08.1 0.05871 0.97 0.7145 1.1 0.08827 0.55 .493 11.33 0.56 0.05866 1.2 0.824 1.4 0.08826 0.56 .528
S188A-09.1 0.05843 10 0.714 1.1 0.08863 0.5 .446 11.285 0.5 0.05832 0.93 0.8253 1.1 0.08861 0.5 .568
S188A-10.1 0.05823 0.85 0.7077 0.96 0.08815 0.43 .449 11.347 0.44 0.05806 0.94 0.815 1.1 0.08813 0.44 .541
S188A-11.1 0.063 58 0.74 59 0.0859 2 .033 11.69 3.3 0.06 44 0.8 48 0.0856 3.3 .995
S188A-12.1 0.05842 0.97 0.7074 1.1 0.08782 0.49 .453 11.389 0.5 0.05827 1 0.8128 1.2 0.0878 0.5 .543
S188A-13.1 0.058 1.8 0.703 1.9 0.08802 0.53 .287 11.35 0.54 0.05876 1.2 0.823 1.4 0.08811 0.54 .546
S188A-14.1 0.05953 1.4 0.729 1.5 0.08884 0.5 .326 11.268 0.5 0.0587 1.1 0.832 1.2 0.08875 0.5 .544
S188A-15.1 0.05886 1.3 0.7156 1.4 0.08818 0.49 .355 11.345 0.5 0.05852 1.1 0.821 1.2 0.08815 0.5 .553
S188A-16.1 0.05836 1.4 0.708 1.6 0.088 0.76 .463 11.368 0.77 0.05805 1.2 0.813 1.5 0.08797 0.77 .616
S188A-17.1 0.05858 1.1 0.7137 1.2 0.08836 0.4 .338 11.316 0.4 0.05867 0.79 0.8259 0.93 0.08837 0.4 .547
S188A-18.1 0.05826 1.3 0.705 1.4 0.0877 0.57 .398 11.407 0.58 0.05791 0.99 0.8066 1.2 0.08766 0.58 .596
S188A-19.1 0.05766 0.97 0.6994 1.1 0.08798 0.46 .430 11.354 0.47 0.0585 0.98 0.8191 1.2 0.08808 0.47 .544
S188A-20.1 0.05836 0.64 0.7036 0.71 0.08745 0.31 .431 11.435 0.31 0.05839 0.6 0.809 0.72 0.08745 0.31 .560
S188A-21.1 0.05964 1.2 0.6784 1.3 0.08251 0.47 .354 12.142 0.48 0.05819 0.99 0.7351 1.2 0.08236 0.48 .539
S188A-22.1 0.05836 1.6 0.709 1.7 0.08813 0.53 .307 11.348 0.53 0.05831 1.2 0.818 1.4 0.08812 0.53 .548
S188A-23.1 0.05848 1.2 0.7107 1.3 0.08814 0.51 .390 11.349 0.51 0.05826 1.1 0.817 1.3 0.08812 0.51 .541
S188A-24.1 0.05877 1.6 0.716 1.6 0.08837 0.47 .288 11.314 0.47 0.05893 0.98 0.8292 1.2 0.08839 0.47 .542
S188A-25.1 0.0584 1.5 0.712 1.6 0.08841 0.49 .308 11.31 0.5 0.05846 1.3 0.824 1.5 0.08842 0.5 .509
S188A-26.1 0.05897 1.1 0.7143 1.2 0.08785 0.45 .374 11.386 0.45 0.05877 0.94 0.8192 1.1 0.08783 0.45 .542
S188A-27.1 0.0586 1.7 0.709 1.8 0.08776 0.45 .257 11.394 0.45 0.05858 0.99 0.8159 1.2 0.08776 0.45 .524
S188A-28.1 0.0589 1.6 0.716 1.7 0.08813 0.52 .302 11.35 0.52 0.05871 1.1 0.823 1.3 0.08811 0.52 .531
S188A-29.1 0.05852 1.2 0.7117 1.3 0.08821 0.41 .312 11.334 0.41 0.05873 0.84 0.8245 0.99 0.08823 0.41 .540
S188A-30.1 0.035 62 0.42 62 0.0892 3.3 .053 10.98 2.6 0.0515 17 0.77 19 0.091 2.6 .657
S188A-31.1 0.0581 1.9 0.705 2 0.08794 0.68 .332 11.357 0.69 0.05911 1.4 0.826 1.7 0.08805 0.69 .609
S188A-32.1 0.05846 1.7 0.716 1.7 0.08883 0.43 .250 11.25 0.43 0.05895 1.4 0.837 1.5 0.08889 0.43 .391
S188A-33.1 0.05845 0.61 0.7019 0.7 0.08709 0.35 .492 11.485 0.35 0.05827 0.53 0.8022 0.7 0.08707 0.35 .682
S188A-34.1 0.0579 2 0.706 2.1 0.08837 0.58 .274 11.313 0.58 0.05816 1.5 0.82 1.7 0.08839 0.58 .453
S188A-35.1 0.0583 2.1 0.749 2.2 0.09317 0.65 .299 10.75 0.67 0.05704 1.7 0.875 2 0.09303 0.67 .567
S188A-36.1 0.0588 1.1 0.718 1.3 0.08856 0.68 .527 11.288 0.69 0.05902 1 0.833 1.3 0.08859 0.69 .655
S188A-37.1 0.05837 1 0.7081 1.1 0.08798 0.41 .377 11.369 0.42 0.05811 0.81 0.8131 0.98 0.08796 0.42 .579
S188A-38.1 0.0583 1.7 0.711 1.8 0.0884 0.61 .331 11.311 0.61 0.05847 1.3 0.824 1.5 0.08841 0.61 .528
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.09% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.
 Author's personal copy
Table 8
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR188B.
Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/ (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb* 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S188B-01.1 0.01 1993 176 0.09 146 528.6 ± 1.1 528.6 ± 1.1 528.6 ± 1.1 530.6 ± 6.4 528.7 ± 4.6 0 11.701 0.21 0.05809 0.29 11.702 0.21 0.05802 0.29
S188B-02.1 0.53 35 7 0.22 2.99 616 ± 11 616 ± 10 616 ± 10 599 ± 170 601 ± 110 −3 9.92 1.7 0.0642 1.9 9.98 1.8 0.0599 7.9
S188B-03.1 0.06 202 5 0.03 14.8 529.1 ± 2.5 529.4 ± 2.6 529.1 ± 2.5 512 ± 24 529 ± 60 −3 11.683 0.49 0.05801 0.88 11.689 0.5 0.05754 1.1
S188B-03.2 0.66 49 14 0.30 3.88 560 ± 5.3 559.9 ± 5.4 560.5 ± 5.5 568 ± 81 550 ± 33 1 10.94 0.97 0.0644 1.6 11.02 10 0.059 3.7
S188B-04.1 0.18 43 14 0.33 3.71 611.1 ± 6.1 609.9 ± 6.1 609.5 ± 6.3 671 ± 86 645 ± 39 10 10.04 1 0.0634 1.7 10.06 1.1 0.0619 4
S188B-05.1 0.19 46 13 0.29 3.91 607.8 ± 8.2 606.9 ± 8.3 606.7 ± 8.5 653 ± 78 635 ± 40 7 10.09 1.4 0.063 1.7 10.11 1.4 0.0614 3.7
S188B-06.1 0.48 55 14 0.26 4.35 561.7 ± 5 562 ± 5.1 562.8 ± 5.2 550 ± 55 535 ± 24 −2 10.93 0.92 0.0625 1.6 10.98 0.93 0.0585 2.5
S188B-07.1 0.01 50 11 0.22 4.31 613 ± 5.7 613 ± 5.8 612.4 ± 5.8 612 ± 57 632 ± 35 0 10.023 0.96 0.0603 1.6 10.024 0.97 0.0602 2.6
S188B-08.1 0.26 67 15 0.24 5.63 603.6 ± 4.8 603.4 ± 4.9 602.7 ± 4.9 613 ± 54 629 ± 30 2 10.16 0.82 0.06243 1.4 10.187 0.83 0.0603 2.5
S188B-09.1 0.00 4396 208 0.05 328 537.05 ± 0.89 537.33 ± 0.91 537.21 ± 0.9 520.5 ± 4.5 514.6 ± 6.9 −3 11.51 0.17 0.05779 0.2 11.51 0.17 0.05775 0.2
S188B-10.1 0.27 53 17 0.33 4.56 611.3 ± 5.4 611.9 ± 5.5 610.5 ± 5.7 586 ± 53 628 ± 22 −4 10.025 0.92 0.06176 1.5 10.052 0.93 0.0595 2.4
S188B-11.1 0.42 53 23 0.45 4.13 561.5 ± 5.3 561.3 ± 5.2 561.7 ± 5.5 574 ± 100 559 ± 30 2 10.94 0.93 0.0626 1.6 10.99 0.99 0.0592 4.8
S188B-12.1 0.04 1232 148 0.12 90.5 528.8 ± 1.2 528.6 ± 1.2 528.8 ± 1.2 541 ± 11 529 ± 8.2 2 11.693 0.23 0.05863 0.34 11.698 0.23 0.05829 0.48

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188B-13.1 0.15 59 19 0.33 5.04 612.5 ± 5.1 610.7 ± 5 610.9 ± 5.2 700 ± 64 645 ± 30 14 10.018 0.84 0.06396 1.4 10.032 0.86 0.0628 3
S188B-14.1 0.24 65 22 0.35 5.54 608.4 ± 4.9 608.9 ± 4.9 608.8 ± 5 582 ± 78 601 ± 32 −4 10.079 0.82 0.06137 1.4 10.103 0.85 0.0594 3.6
S188B-15.1 0.37 73 32 0.45 6.01 586.5 ± 4.5 586.6 ± 4.4 588.7 ± 4.7 581 ± 84 555 ± 25 −1 10.46 0.77 0.06242 1.3 10.499 0.81 0.0594 3.8
S188B-16.1 0.33 74 31 0.44 6.31 611.5 ± 4.5 611.4 ± 4.6 611.8 ± 4.8 620 ± 39 608 ± 14 1 10.015 0.76 0.06319 1.3 10.048 0.77 0.0605 1.8
S188B-17.1 0.34 45 15 0.34 3.8 606 ± 5.8 606.4 ± 5.8 603.8 ± 6 591 ± 95 650 ± 39 −3 10.11 0.97 0.0624 1.6 10.14 1 0.0596 4.4
S188B-18.1 0.85 266 82 0.32 14 380.3 ± 5.1 381.5 ± 5.1 381.7 ± 5.3 262 ± 160 350 ± 35 −31 16.32 1.3 0.0583 2.3 16.46 1.4 0.0515 7
S188B-19.1 0.50 42 11 0.26 3.63 608.5 ± 9 608 ± 9.1 607.5 ± 9.3 639 ± 96 635 ± 53 5 10.05 1.5 0.0651 1.7 10.1 1.6 0.061 4.5
S188B-20.1 0.43 46 10 0.23 3.78 588.6 ± 5.6 589 ± 5.7 588.8 ± 5.7 570 ± 65 583 ± 35 −3 10.41 0.98 0.0626 1.6 10.46 0.99 0.0591 3
S188B-21.1 1.09 32 7 0.24 2.53 557.6 ± 6.4 557.6 ± 6.4 557.9 ± 6.6 560 ± 110 550 ± 55 0 10.95 1.2 0.0677 1.9 11.07 1.2 0.0588 5.1
S188B-22.1 0.52 55 14 0.27 4.26 554.9 ± 7.5 555.5 ± 7.6 555.7 ± 7.8 521 ± 83 534 ± 36 −6 11.07 1.4 0.062 1.7 11.12 1.4 0.0578 3.8
S188B-23.1 0.15 50 10 0.21 4.27 613.2 ± 7.5 613.5 ± 7.7 613.8 ± 7.7 599 ± 56 597 ± 31 −2 10 1.3 0.0611 2.1 10.02 1.3 0.0599 2.6
S188B-24.1 0.27 46 16 0.35 3.57 558.3 ± 5.3 558.1 ± 5.3 558.4 ± 5.5 568 ± 71 557 ± 26 2 11.02 0.96 0.0613 1.7 11.05 0.98 0.059 3.3
S188B-25.1 0.17 29 7 0.25 2.47 610.3 ± 7.3 610.5 ± 7.2 609 ± 7.4 599 ± 120 646 ± 64 −2 10.05 1.2 0.0612 2.4 10.07 1.3 0.0599 5.3
S188B-26.1 0.30 46 17 0.39 3.92 608 ± 6.1 607.9 ± 6.2 608.3 ± 6.5 615 ± 68 603 ± 26 1 10.08 1 0.0628 1.6 10.11 1.1 0.0603 3.1
S188B-27.1 0.83 50 16 0.33 4.09 583.4 ± 5.7 583.6 ± 5.8 584.1 ± 6 572 ± 77 569 ± 29 −2 10.47 1 0.0659 1.6 10.56 1 0.0592 3.5
S188B-28.1 0.05 53 22 0.43 4.53 615.3 ± 7.1 614.9 ± 7.3 615.4 ± 7.6 639 ± 43 614 ± 19 4 9.98 1.2 0.06139 1.5 9.98 1.2 0.061 2
S188B-29.1 1.12 37 8 0.23 2.89 552.9 ± 6 552.9 ± 6.1 552.9 ± 6.2 559 ± 85 556 ± 39 1 11.04 1.1 0.0679 1.8 11.16 1.1 0.0588 3.9
S188B-30.1 0.72 49 17 0.36 3.82 557.9 ± 5.6 557.6 ± 5.4 558.6 ± 5.6 577 ± 130 544 ± 44 3 10.98 0.97 0.0651 1.6 11.06 1 0.0593 5.8
S188B-31.1 0.36 54 20 0.38 4.59 610.7 ± 5.4 611.3 ± 5.4 611 ± 5.7 584 ± 75 606 ± 29 −4 10.026 0.91 0.06241 1.5 10.063 0.93 0.0595 3.4
S188B-32.1 0.41 44 13 0.29 3.81 609.8 ± 5.9 609 ± 6 609 ± 6.2 653 ± 61 630 ± 29 7 10.04 1 0.0647 1.7 10.08 1 0.0614 2.8
S188B-33.1 0.61 52 19 0.38 4.51 613.4 ± 5.6 614 ± 5.6 613.1 ± 5.8 589 ± 96 620 ± 35 −4 9.955 0.92 0.0646 1.7 10.016 0.96 0.0596 4.4
S188B-34.1 0.01 3037 393 0.13 227 537.26 ± 0.92 537.32 ± 0.94 537.42 ± 0.94 533.7 ± 5.4 529.1 ± 3.5 −1 11.504 0.18 0.05822 0.22 11.506 0.18 0.0581 0.25
S188B-35.1 0.22 62 12 0.19 5.32 608.6 ± 4.9 607.6 ± 5 607.8 ± 5.1 657 ± 38 636 ± 22 8 10.078 0.84 0.06327 1.5 10.1 0.84 0.0615 1.8
S188B-36.1 0.44 82 42 0.53 6.43 558.2 ± 4.1 558.2 ± 4.1 558.2 ± 4.4 556 ± 70 558 ± 17 0 11.007 0.74 0.06232 1.3 11.056 0.76 0.0587 3.2
S188B-37.1 0.01 80 35 0.46 6.94 618.1 ± 4.4 618.3 ± 4.5 617.6 ± 4.7 611 ± 31 627 ± 12 −1 9.935 0.74 0.06032 1.3 9.937 0.74 0.06021 1.4
S188B-38.1 0.16 44 11 0.27 3.43 555.7 ± 6.4 555.1 ± 6.3 555.9 ± 6.4 587 ± 130 551 ± 58 6 11.09 1.1 0.0609 3 11.11 1.2 0.0596 6.1
S188B-39.1 0.35 40 10 0.26 3.38 609.3 ± 6.1 608.7 ± 6.1 609.6 ± 6.2 641 ± 81 603 ± 44 5 10.05 1 0.0639 1.7 10.09 1 0.061 3.8
S188B-40.1 0.43 91 20 0.23 7.17 560.2 ± 5 560.2 ± 5 560.4 ± 5.1 563 ± 68 555 ± 37 1 10.967 0.9 0.06237 1.2 11.01 0.93 0.0589 3.1
S188B-41.1 0.15 76 28 0.38 6.44 603.1 ± 4.3 603.2 ± 4.4 602.8 ± 4.6 601 ± 47 609 ± 19 0 10.181 0.74 0.06111 1.3 10.196 0.75 0.0599 2.2
S188B-42.1 0.31 35 8 0.25 2.98 607.4 ± 6.3 606.9 ± 6.4 607.1 ± 6.6 637 ± 63 616 ± 34 5 10.09 1.1 0.0635 1.8 10.12 1.1 0.0609 2.9
S188B-43.1 0.08 45 13 0.31 3.82 609.3 ± 5.7 608.7 ± 5.7 609.2 ± 5.9 639 ± 72 612 ± 36 5 10.079 0.95 0.06161 1.6 10.087 0.97 0.061 3.3
S188B-44.1 0.03 1583 119 0.08 116 527.8 ± 1.2 527.9 ± 1.2 527.8 ± 1.2 522.2 ± 9 522.7 ± 9.4 −1 11.718 0.23 0.05803 0.33 11.721 0.23 0.0578 0.41
S188B-45.1 1.25 47 16 0.36 3.92 589.2 ± 5.7 589.2 ± 5.9 589.3 ± 6.2 593 ± 85 588 ± 28 1 10.32 1 0.0699 1.6 10.45 1 0.0597 3.9
S188B-46.1 0.23 57 15 0.27 4.89 607.1 ± 4.9 607.3 ± 4.9 607.1 ± 5 597 ± 56 606 ± 29 −2 10.103 0.82 0.06168 1.4 10.126 0.84 0.0598 2.6
S188B-47.1 0.04 51 13 0.26 4.36 610.4 ± 5.2 610 ± 5.3 610.4 ± 5.4 631 ± 56 611 ± 30 3 10.064 0.88 0.06112 1.5 10.068 0.89 0.0608 2.6
S188B-48.1 0.61 38 11 0.29 3.24 607 ± 6.5 607.1 ± 6 606.9 ± 6.2 605 ± 160 609 ± 75 0 10.07 1 0.065 1.7 10.13 1.1 0.06 7.2
S188B-49.1 0.32 71 32 0.47 5.59 562.5 ± 4.7 562.5 ± 4.7 562.7 ± 5 561 ± 75 560 ± 22 0 10.932 0.84 0.06146 1.4 10.968 0.87 0.0588 3.4
S188B-50.1 0.82 48 9 0.20 3.74 554 ± 5.6 554.1 ± 5.7 554.3 ± 5.8 553 ± 87 545 ± 51 0 11.05 1 0.0653 1.7 11.14 1.1 0.0586 4
S188B-51.1 0.24 48 18 0.39 3.78 564.4 ± 5.5 563.7 ± 5.6 565.4 ± 5.8 601 ± 62 547 ± 20 6 10.9 1 0.0619 2 10.93 1 0.0599 2.9
S188B-52.1 0.26 61 40 0.68 4.75 558.9 ± 5.1 557.7 ± 5 560.5 ± 5.5 628 ± 83 545 ± 18 12 11.01 0.91 0.06276 1.5 11.04 0.95 0.0607 3.9
S188B-53.1 0.38 47 14 0.31 4.01 612.6 ± 5.9 612.7 ± 5.9 611.1 ± 6.1 612 ± 70 646 ± 32 0 9.991 0.99 0.0634 1.7 10.03 1 0.0602 3.2
S188B-54.1 0.01 2281 182 0.08 167 528.1 ± 1 528 ± 1 528.3 ± 1 534.8 ± 5.9 515.6 ± 4.4 1 11.712 0.2 0.05824 0.26 11.713 0.2 0.05813 0.27
S188B-55.1 0.29 64 25 0.41 5.47 605 ± 5.1 605 ± 5.2 604.8 ± 5.5 606 ± 59 609 ± 21 0 10.133 0.88 0.06247 1.5 10.163 0.89 0.0601 2.7
S188B-56.1 0.69 68 26 0.39 5.88 612.5 ± 5.3 612.3 ± 5.4 612.7 ± 5.6 622 ± 55 609 ± 19 2 9.963 0.89 0.0661 1.6 10.032 0.9 0.0605 2.6

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Table 8 (Continued )

Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/ (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb* 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S188B-57.1 0.63 43 12 0.30 4.21 692.1 ± 6.9 691.9 ± 7 692.3 ± 7.2 705 ± 71 689 ± 42 2 8.766 1 0.0681 1.8 8.822 1.1 0.0629 3.3
S188B-58.1 0.13 87 26 0.31 7.41 608.4 ± 4.3 608.2 ± 4.3 607.5 ± 4.5 618 ± 56 627 ± 26 2 10.091 0.73 0.06142 1.2 10.104 0.75 0.0604 2.6
S188B-59.1 0.75 47 11 0.25 4.01 607.4 ± 7.5 606.6 ± 7.7 608.1 ± 7.9 653 ± 62 590 ± 31 7 10.04 1.3 0.0675 1.6 10.12 1.3 0.0614 2.9
S188B-60.1 0.21 50 17 0.36 4.3 613.9 ± 5.7 613.1 ± 5.7 612.9 ± 5.9 655 ± 81 632 ± 34 7 9.987 0.94 0.0632 1.6 10.008 0.97 0.0614 3.8
S188B-62.1 0.24 69 23 0.35 5.65 584.3 ± 6.9 584.5 ± 7 585.6 ± 7.3 578 ± 54 561 ± 22 −1 10.51 1.2 0.06123 1.4 10.54 1.2 0.0593 2.5
S188B-63.1 0.35 32 7 0.23 2.75 611.1 ± 7.2 610 ± 7 610.9 ± 7.1 670 ± 120 619 ± 74 10 10.02 1.2 0.0647 2 10.06 1.2 0.0619 5.6
S188B-64.1 0.33 73 24 0.34 6.26 608.5 ± 4.6 609.1 ± 4.6 608.6 ± 4.8 583 ± 64 608 ± 26 −4 10.067 0.77 0.06213 1.3 10.1 0.79 0.0594 2.9
S188B-65.1 0.43 56 9 0.17 4.74 605.7 ± 5.2 605.7 ± 5.2 604.9 ± 5.2 610 ± 88 640 ± 68 1 10.105 0.87 0.06374 1.4 10.149 0.91 0.0602 4.1
S188B-66.1 0.65 44 13 0.30 3.83 611.5 ± 5.9 612.1 ± 5.9 611.4 ± 6 585 ± 98 615 ± 44 −4 9.984 0.97 0.0648 1.6 10.05 1 0.0595 4.5
S188B-67.1 0.32 59 15 0.26 5.01 609.6 ± 5.2 609.3 ± 5.1 608.8 ± 5.2 625 ± 83 630 ± 45 3 10.049 0.85 0.06326 1.4 10.082 0.89 0.0606 3.8
S188B-68.1 0.52 53 19 0.36 4.53 610.2 ± 5.2 609.8 ± 5.3 609.5 ± 5.5 634 ± 46 625 ± 18 4 10.019 0.88 0.06507 1.4 10.071 0.89 0.0608 2.1
S188B-69.1 0.05 59 21 0.37 5.38 646.3 ± 5.2 646.6 ± 5.2 645.9 ± 5.4 630 ± 65 653 ± 27 −3 9.479 0.83 0.06115 1.5 9.483 0.85 0.0607 3
S188B-70.1 0.43 46 13 0.28 3.92 607.4 ± 6.8 607 ± 6.7 605.5 ± 6.9 628 ± 130 652 ± 60 3 10.08 1.1 0.0642 2.7 10.12 1.2 0.0607 5.8

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188B-71.1 0.08 54 18 0.35 4.62 614.4 ± 5.5 612.7 ± 5.5 613.3 ± 5.7 695 ± 52 635 ± 24 13 9.993 0.92 0.06325 1.5 10.001 0.93 0.0626 2.4
S188B-72.1 1.01 31 6 0.19 2.67 613.6 ± 6.9 614.3 ± 7.1 614 ± 7.2 584 ± 78 598 ± 46 −5 9.91 1.2 0.0678 1.9 10.01 1.2 0.0595 3.6
S188B-72.2 0.12 65 27 0.43 5.51 606.8 ± 6.7 605.9 ± 6.8 605.5 ± 7.1 650 ± 39 628 ± 16 7 10.12 1.1 0.06227 1.3 10.13 1.1 0.0613 1.8
S188B-73.1 0.36 90 19 0.21 7.65 605.6 ± 4 605.6 ± 4.1 605.9 ± 4.1 606 ± 48 596 ± 29 0 10.115 0.69 0.06304 1.1 10.151 0.7 0.0601 2.2
S188B-74.1 2.00 43 9 0.23 3.68 602.2 ± 8.4 610.3 ± 8 610.1 ± 8.1 146 ± 270 365 ± 120 −76 10.01 1.3 0.0655 1.8 10.21 1.5 0.049 11
S188B-75.1 0.04 1149 133 0.12 84.6 529.4 ± 1.6 529.6 ± 1.7 529.7 ± 1.7 518 ± 8.6 517.2 ± 6.3 −2 11.678 0.32 0.05799 0.34 11.683 0.32 0.05769 0.39

Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S188B-01.1 0.6836 0.36 0.08545 0.21 .580 11.702 0.21 0.05802 0.35 0.7759 0.43 0.08545 0.21 .610
S188B-02.1 0.827 8.1 0.1002 1.8 .222 9.97 1.8 0.0605 3.2 1.035 4.2 0.1003 1.8 .682
S188B-03.1 0.6787 1.2 0.08555 0.5 .418 11.69 0.5 0.05754 0.94 0.7716 1.1 0.08555 0.5 .501
S188B-03.2 0.738 3.8 0.09075 10 .260 11.01 1 0.0597 2.9 0.874 3.4 0.09083 1 .600
S188B-04.1 0.849 4.2 0.0994 1.1 .254 10.09 1.1 0.0596 2.9 1.006 3.5 0.0992 1.1 .616
S188B-05.1 0.837 3.9 0.0989 1.4 .361 10.13 1.5 0.0598 2.8 1.001 3.6 0.0987 1.5 .699
S188B-06.1 0.735 2.7 0.09105 0.93 .349 10.96 0.97 0.0601 2.4 0.885 2.8 0.09122 0.97 .596
S188B-07.1 0.828 2.8 0.09976 0.97 .348 10.03 10 0.0594 2.3 1.01 2.7 0.09966 10 .588
S188B-08.1 0.816 2.6 0.09816 0.83 .318 10.203 0.86 0.059 2.2 0.979 2.5 0.09801 0.86 .586
S188B-09.1 0.6918 0.27 0.08688 0.17 .648 11.507 0.17 0.058 0.25 0.7964 0.32 0.0869 0.17 .633
S188B-10.1 0.816 2.6 0.09947 0.93 .357 10.067 0.98 0.0584 2.7 0.991 3.2 0.09934 0.98 .617
S188B-11.1 0.743 4.9 0.09101 0.99 .203 10.98 1 0.0594 3.1 0.875 3.7 0.09104 1 .642
S188B-12.1 0.6871 0.53 0.08548 0.23 .433 11.698 0.24 0.05829 0.42 0.7795 0.52 0.08548 0.24 .599
S188B-13.1 0.863 3.1 0.09967 0.87 .277 10.06 0.9 0.0606 2.4 1.023 2.8 0.0994 0.9 .618
S188B-14.1 0.811 3.7 0.09898 0.85 .229 10.097 0.87 0.0599 2.3 1.006 2.7 0.09904 0.87 .625
S188B-15.1 0.78 3.9 0.09525 0.81 .206 10.458 0.83 0.0625 2.3 0.984 2.7 0.09562 0.83 .656
S188B-16.1 0.829 2 0.09951 0.77 .392 10.045 0.83 0.0608 2.4 1.026 2.8 0.09955 0.83 .647
S188B-17.1 0.811 4.5 0.09857 1 .225 10.19 1 0.0564 3.2 0.948 3.7 0.0982 1 .608
S188B-18.1 0.431 7.2 0.06076 1.4 .195 16.39 1.4 0.0547 4 0.436 4.7 0.061 1.4 .613
S188B-19.1 0.832 4.7 0.099 1.6 .328 10.12 1.6 0.0596 3.1 0.999 4 0.0988 1.6 .693
S188B-20.1 0.779 3.2 0.09561 0.99 .314 10.46 1 0.0593 2.5 0.945 3 0.09564 1 .586
S188B-21.1 0.732 5.2 0.0903 1.2 .229 11.06 1.2 0.0592 3.7 0.862 4.3 0.0904 1.2 .570
S188B-22.1 0.716 4 0.0899 1.4 .350 11.11 1.5 0.059 2.8 0.854 3.6 0.09 1.5 .693
S188B-23.1 0.824 2.9 0.0998 1.3 .444 10.01 1.3 0.0606 2.8 1.029 3.4 0.0999 1.3 .596
S188B-24.1 0.736 3.4 0.09047 0.98 .289 11.05 1 0.0591 2.9 0.863 3.4 0.09048 1 .613
S188B-25.1 0.82 5.5 0.0993 1.3 .230 10.09 1.3 0.0581 3.5 0.983 4 0.0991 1.3 .559
S188B-26.1 0.823 3.3 0.0989 1.1 .320 10.1 1.1 0.0608 2.8 1.016 3.4 0.099 1.1 .656
S188B-27.1 0.772 3.7 0.09472 1 .279 10.54 1.1 0.0602 2.9 0.942 3.5 0.0948 1.1 .630
S188B-28.1 0.842 2.4 0.1002 1.2 .515 9.98 1.3 0.0611 3.1 1.041 3.9 0.1002 1.3 .695
S188B-29.1 0.726 4.1 0.0896 1.1 .277 11.17 1.2 0.0587 3.5 0.843 4 0.0895 1.2 .572
S188B-30.1 0.739 5.9 0.0904 1 .179 11.05 1 0.0604 3 0.879 3.6 0.09052 1 .617
S188B-31.1 0.815 3.6 0.09937 0.93 .261 10.059 0.98 0.0598 2.9 1.011 3.4 0.09941 0.98 .619
S188B-32.1 0.84 3 0.0992 1 .340 10.09 1.1 0.0602 2.8 1.011 3.4 0.0991 1.1 .605
S188B-33.1 0.82 4.5 0.09983 0.96 .213 10.023 0.99 0.0591 3.1 1.007 3.6 0.09977 0.99 .608
S188B-34.1 0.6963 0.31 0.08691 0.18 .585 11.502 0.18 0.05835 0.27 0.8011 0.36 0.08694 0.18 .667
 Author's personal copy

Table 8 (Continued )
Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S188B-35.1 0.84 1.9 0.09901 0.84 .433 10.114 0.87 0.0604 2.1 1.012 2.5 0.09887 0.87 .558
S188B-36.1 0.732 3.3 0.09045 0.76 .233 11.056 0.82 0.0587 2.9 0.857 3.3 0.09045 0.82 .653
S188B-37.1 0.836 1.6 0.10064 0.74 .461 9.947 0.81 0.0594 2.3 1.024 2.8 0.10054 0.81 .652
S188B-38.1 0.739 6.2 0.09 1.2 .194 11.1 1.2 0.0598 3.8 0.865 4.2 0.0901 1.2 .497
S188B-39.1 0.834 3.9 0.0991 1 .266 10.08 1.1 0.0614 2.6 1.028 3.1 0.0992 1.1 .598
S188B-40.1 0.737 3.3 0.09079 0.93 .283 11.01 0.94 0.0592 1.9 0.868 2.4 0.09082 0.94 .654
S188B-41.1 0.81 2.3 0.09808 0.75 .328 10.202 0.8 0.0595 2.3 0.985 2.7 0.09802 0.8 .625
S188B-42.1 0.83 3.1 0.0988 1.1 .348 10.13 1.1 0.0605 2.8 1.01 3.3 0.0988 1.1 .592
S188B-43.1 0.834 3.5 0.09913 0.98 .282 10.09 1 0.0608 2.8 1.02 3.3 0.0991 1 .593

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188B-44.1 0.6799 0.47 0.08531 0.23 .484 11.72 0.23 0.05789 0.4 0.7725 0.48 0.08532 0.23 .581
S188B-45.1 0.788 4 0.0957 1 .253 10.45 1.1 0.0598 3.7 0.952 4.2 0.0957 1.1 .615
S188B-46.1 0.815 2.7 0.09875 0.84 .309 10.126 0.87 0.0599 2.3 1.001 2.7 0.09876 0.87 .593
S188B-47.1 0.832 2.7 0.09932 0.89 .328 10.068 0.92 0.0608 2.2 1.023 2.6 0.09932 0.92 .599
S188B-48.1 0.817 7.3 0.0987 1.1 .155 10.13 1.1 0.0599 2.9 1.001 3.4 0.0987 1.1 .601
S188B-49.1 0.739 3.6 0.09117 0.87 .244 10.96 0.92 0.0591 3 0.874 3.5 0.09121 0.92 .641
S188B-50.1 0.725 4.1 0.08974 1.1 .256 11.14 1.1 0.059 3.2 0.851 3.6 0.08978 1.1 .552
S188B-51.1 0.756 3.1 0.0915 1 .333 10.91 1.1 0.0614 3 0.908 3.5 0.09166 1.1 .613
S188B-52.1 0.758 4 0.09058 0.95 .239 11.01 1 0.063 3.4 0.915 4 0.09084 1 .703
S188B-53.1 0.828 3.4 0.0997 1 .297 10.06 1.1 0.0581 3 0.99 3.5 0.0994 1.1 .604
S188B-54.1 0.6843 0.34 0.08537 0.2 .594 11.71 0.2 0.05837 0.3 0.7792 0.38 0.0854 0.2 .631
S188B-55.1 0.815 2.9 0.09839 0.89 .311 10.167 0.95 0.0598 2.7 0.994 3.2 0.09835 0.95 .640
S188B-56.1 0.832 2.7 0.09967 0.9 .331 10.029 0.97 0.0608 2.9 1.029 3.4 0.09971 0.97 .617
S188B-57.1 0.983 3.5 0.1133 1.1 .299 8.821 1.1 0.0631 3.4 1.301 3.9 0.1134 1.1 .582
S188B-58.1 0.824 2.7 0.09897 0.75 .276 10.119 0.77 0.0592 2 0.994 2.4 0.09882 0.77 .612
S188B-59.1 0.836 3.2 0.0988 1.3 .411 10.11 1.4 0.0623 2.7 1.036 3.4 0.0989 1.4 .671
S188B-60.1 0.846 3.9 0.09991 0.98 .251 10.03 1 0.0601 2.9 1.021 3.4 0.0997 1 .618
S188B-62.1 0.776 2.8 0.0949 1.2 .444 10.52 1.3 0.0611 2.4 0.958 3.2 0.0951 1.3 .730
S188B-63.1 0.848 5.7 0.0994 1.2 .217 10.06 1.2 0.0615 2.9 1.034 3.5 0.0994 1.2 .590
S188B-64.1 0.811 3.1 0.099 0.8 .261 10.1 0.82 0.0595 2.2 1 2.6 0.09901 0.82 .621
S188B-65.1 0.818 4.2 0.09852 0.91 .218 10.165 0.9 0.059 2.2 0.984 2.6 0.09837 0.9 .560
S188B-66.1 0.816 4.6 0.0995 1 .221 10.05 1 0.0593 2.9 1.005 3.4 0.0995 1 .604
S188B-67.1 0.829 3.9 0.09918 0.89 .225 10.096 0.89 0.0595 2.3 1.002 2.7 0.09905 0.89 .593
S188B-68.1 0.833 2.3 0.09929 0.89 .385 10.085 0.95 0.0597 2.8 1.007 3.3 0.09915 0.95 .623
S188B-69.1 0.883 3.1 0.10545 0.85 .270 9.489 0.88 0.0603 2.4 1.117 2.8 0.10538 0.88 .618
S188B-70.1 0.827 6 0.0988 1.2 .198 10.15 1.2 0.0581 4 0.974 4.5 0.0985 1.2 .520
S188B-71.1 0.863 2.6 0.09999 0.93 .357 10.019 0.98 0.0612 2.6 1.037 3.1 0.09981 0.98 .625
S188B-72.1 0.819 3.8 0.0999 1.2 .314 10.01 1.2 0.0601 3.3 1.023 3.8 0.0999 1.2 .567
S188B-72.2 0.835 2.2 0.0987 1.1 .534 10.16 1.2 0.0594 2.8 0.992 3.5 0.0985 1.2 .727
S188B-73.1 0.816 2.3 0.0985 0.7 .298 10.147 0.71 0.0605 1.7 1.006 2 0.09855 0.71 .584
S188B-74.1 0.661 11 0.0979 1.5 .128 10.08 1.4 0.06 2.9 1.002 3.6 0.0993 1.4 .648
S188B-75.1 0.6809 0.51 0.0856 0.32 .631 11.678 0.33 0.05803 0.43 0.7785 0.59 0.08563 0.33 .706
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.07% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.

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130
Table 9
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR188C.
Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/ ppm 206 Pb* (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb* 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S188C-01.1 0.00 542 40 0.08 39.8 528.6 ± 1.6 528.5 ± 1.6 528.5 ± 1.6 533 ± 15 540 ± 17 1 11.702 0.31 0.0581 0.53 11.702 0.31 0.0581 0.67
S188C-02.1 0.10 586 39 0.07 43.2 530.2 ± 2.2 530.2 ± 2.2 530.3 ± 2.2 529 ± 15 523 ± 17 0 11.653 0.43 0.05883 0.54 11.665 0.43 0.05798 0.68
S188C-02.2 0.08 200 49 0.26 16.1 577.1 ± 2.8 577.1 ± 2.9 577.3 ± 2.9 578 ± 28 574 ± 14 0 10.668 0.51 0.05997 0.86 10.677 0.51 0.05929 1.3
S188C-03.1 0.07 157 55 0.36 13.8 628.2 ± 3.3 628.1 ± 3.4 628.4 ± 3.5 633 ± 27 626 ± 12 1 9.763 0.55 0.06139 0.91 9.77 0.56 0.06081 1.3
S188C-04.1 0.26 170 61 0.37 13.6 574.9 ± 3 575.5 ± 3.1 575.1 ± 3.2 542 ± 32 570 ± 11 −6 10.693 0.55 0.06048 0.92 10.721 0.55 0.05833 1.4
S188C-05.1 0.34 166 73 0.45 13.5 580.9 ± 3 581.7 ± 3.1 582.5 ± 3.3 539 ± 36 558 ± 11 −7 10.568 0.54 0.06102 0.91 10.604 0.55 0.05824 1.7
S188C-06.1 0.12 168 223 1.37 13.5 576.6 ± 3.1 576.6 ± 3.1 575.7 ± 4 577 ± 31 580.3 ± 5.7 0 10.674 0.55 0.06029 0.93 10.688 0.55 0.05928 1.4
S188C-07.1 0.51 316 27 0.09 23.3 528.5 ± 2.1 528.6 ± 2.1 528.7 ± 2.1 525 ± 45 514 ± 54 −1 11.644 0.41 0.06199 0.68 11.703 0.42 0.0579 2.1
S188C-08.1 0.10 68 55 0.82 9.75 988.5 ± 7.9 987.6 ± 8.2 988.5 ± 9 1012 ± 28 989 ± 15 2 6.028 0.86 0.07377 1 6.034 0.86 0.0729 1.4
S188C-09.1 0.06 402 178 0.46 31.5 561.5 ± 2.6 561.5 ± 2.6 561.8 ± 2.8 561 ± 17 556.8 ± 5.7 0 10.982 0.48 0.05936 0.59 10.989 0.48 0.05884 0.77

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188C-10.1 0.22 196 83 0.44 15.8 577.4 ± 3.9 577.9 ± 4 578.4 ± 4.3 552 ± 32 562 ± 11 −4 10.648 0.71 0.06038 1.2 10.672 0.71 0.05859 1.5
S188C-11.1 0.29 203 16 0.08 14.9 526.3 ± 3.6 526.4 ± 3.6 526.4 ± 3.7 522 ± 43 514 ± 63 −1 11.722 0.7 0.06011 1.2 11.756 0.71 0.0578 1.9
S188C-12.1 0.01 127 87 0.71 9.96 564 ± 4.8 563.2 ± 4.9 564 ± 5.4 604 ± 49 564 ± 12 7 10.936 0.88 0.06013 1.5 10.938 0.89 0.06 2.3
S188C-13.1 0.40 114 57 0.52 9.21 575.8 ± 4 577.2 ± 3.9 576.2 ± 4.2 503 ± 74 571 ± 19 −13 10.659 0.69 0.06057 1.2 10.702 0.73 0.0573 3.4
S188C-14.1 0.00 81 29 0.37 6.55 577.8 ± 4 578.2 ± 4.1 578 ± 4.3 559 ± 36 575 ± 14 −3 10.663 0.73 0.0588 1.3 10.663 0.73 0.05877 1.7
S188C-15.1 0.28 66 67 1.06 5.26 574 ± 4.7 574.3 ± 4.6 576.4 ± 5.5 559 ± 86 560 ± 13 −3 10.708 0.82 0.06108 1.4 10.738 0.86 0.0588 3.9
S188C-16.1 0.20 125 144 1.19 9.99 573.5 ± 3.3 573.6 ± 3.4 574.4 ± 4.2 572 ± 46 569.6 ± 7.6 0 10.725 0.6 0.06078 1 10.747 0.61 0.0591 2.1
S188C-17.1 0.05 248 161 0.67 21.3 613.2 ± 2.5 613 ± 2.6 613.5 ± 2.8 624 ± 18 610.9 ± 5.7 2 10.015 0.43 0.06097 0.7 10.02 0.43 0.06056 0.83
S188C-18.1 0.10 68 15 0.22 5.75 609 ± 4.7 609.2 ± 4.7 609.1 ± 4.8 601 ± 62 608 ± 38 −1 10.082 0.79 0.06076 1.3 10.092 0.81 0.0599 2.8
S188C-18.2 0.13 216 93 0.45 18.4 610.2 ± 2.7 609.8 ± 2.7 609.8 ± 2.9 629 ± 29 615.9 ± 10 3 10.059 0.45 0.06175 0.74 10.072 0.46 0.06072 1.3
S188C-19.1 0.16 66 52 0.81 5.12 558 ± 4.5 558.1 ± 4.5 555.7 ± 5.1 553 ± 65 576 ± 13 −1 11.043 0.81 0.05994 1.4 11.061 0.83 0.0586 3
S188C-20.1 0.12 93 40 0.45 8.2 628.9 ± 4.1 628.8 ± 4.2 629 ± 4.4 633 ± 41 627 ± 16 1 9.747 0.68 0.06178 1.1 9.758 0.69 0.0608 1.9
S188C-21.1 0.10 216 56 0.27 18.4 608.9 ± ±3.2 608.9 ± 3.2 608.6 ± 3.3 609 ± 21 617 ± 10 0 10.084 0.54 0.06099 0.92 10.094 0.54 0.06016 0.97
S188C-22.1 0.04 110 90 0.85 8.79 575.1 ± 3.6 574.1 ± 3.6 574.5 ± 4.1 624 ± 59 579 ± 11 8 10.713 0.63 0.0609 1.1 10.717 0.66 0.0606 2.7
S188C-22.2 0.08 211 161 0.79 16.9 575.3 ± 2.6 575.7 ± 2.7 575.9 ± 3 553 ± 29 570.8 ± 6.1 −4 10.704 0.47 0.05925 10 10.712 0.47 0.05863 1.3
S188C-23.1 0.22 217 80 0.38 18.6 612.2 ± 2.7 612.4 ± 2.7 612.4 ± 2.8 605 ± 24 609.6 ± 9.3 −1 10.015 0.46 0.06186 0.74 10.038 0.46 0.06003 1.1
S188C-24.1 0.12 415 195 0.49 36.7 631 ± 3.7 631.4 ± 3.8 631.1 ± 4 612 ± 19 629.8 ± 7.1 −3 9.713 0.62 0.06122 0.52 9.724 0.62 0.06023 0.86
S188C-25.1 0.23 118 40 0.35 9.63 585.4 ± 3.4 586.2 ± 3.4 585.5 ± 3.6 540 ± 41 584 ± 16 −8 10.496 0.6 0.06017 1 10.52 0.61 0.0583 1.9
S188C-26.1 0.22 42 14 0.34 3.73 626.9 ± 6.1 626.9 ± 6 626.2 ± 6.2 629 ± 95 640 ± 42 0 9.769 0.97 0.0625 1.6 9.79 1 0.0607 4.4
S188C-27.1 0.40 103 52 0.53 8.02 557.6 ± 3.4 558.2 ± 3.5 557.8 ± 3.8 527 ± 41 555 ± 11 −5 11.024 0.64 0.06118 1.1 11.068 0.64 0.0579 1.9
S188C-28.1 0.27 54 9 0.17 4.38 582.7 ± 6.7 581.1 ± 6.6 582.3 ± 6.7 667 ± 82 598 ± 64 14 10.54 1.2 0.06401 1.5 10.57 1.2 0.0618 3.8
S188C-29.1 0.04 118 59 0.51 18.7 1090.3 ± 5.6 1089.2 ± 5.9 1088.7 ± 6.1 1115 ± 16 1114 ± 13 2 5.424 0.56 0.07711 0.66 5.426 0.56 0.07678 0.81
S188C-30.1 0.13 352 113 0.33 30.1 611.6 ± 2.5 611.9 ± 2.5 611.8 ± 2.6 599 ± 18 608 ± 11 −2 10.034 0.43 0.06095 0.57 10.047 0.43 0.05988 0.85
S188C-31.1 0.31 118 47 0.41 10.2 612.1 ± 3.6 612 ± 3.6 612.4 ± 3.7 618 ± 49 607 ± 18 1 10.008 0.59 0.06291 0.97 10.039 0.61 0.0604 2.3
S188C-32.1 0.01 170 89 0.54 15.1 633.9 ± 3.1 633.6 ± 3.1 631.9 ± 3.3 645 ± 33 658 ± 11 2 9.677 0.5 0.06127 0.81 9.678 0.51 0.06117 1.5
S188C-33.1 0.08 55 17 0.32 4.89 630.9 ± 5.2 631.1 ± 5.3 629.9 ± 5.4 624 ± 52 654 ± 25 −1 9.717 0.85 0.06124 1.4 9.725 0.86 0.0606 2.4
S188C-34.1 0.21 175 62 0.36 13.8 563.4 ± 2.7 564 ± 2.7 563.8 ± 2.8 534 ± 30 557 ± 11 −5 10.926 0.49 0.0598 0.84 10.949 0.5 0.05811 1.4
S188C-35.1 0.06 267 23 0.09 19.6 528.6 ± 2.1 528.3 ± 2.1 528.5 ± 2.1 542 ± 25 536 ± 22 3 11.695 0.4 0.05885 0.9 11.703 0.4 0.05833 1.1
S188C-37.1 0.14 208 70 0.35 17.9 613.2 ± 2.9 613 ± 3 613.8 ± 3.1 624 ± 26 602 ± 11 2 10.007 0.5 0.06169 0.8 10.02 0.5 0.06058 1.2
S188C-38.1 0.08 179 56 0.32 15.3 611.1 ± 3.9 611.5 ± 3.9 610.8 ± 4 591 ± 30 617 ± 13 −3 10.048 0.66 0.06029 0.86 10.056 0.66 0.05964 1.4
S188C-38.2 0.09 421 28 0.07 30.8 527.4 ± 1.8 527.5 ± 1.9 527.3 ± 1.9 517 ± 16 531 ± 17 −2 11.72 0.36 0.05837 0.62 11.73 0.36 0.05766 0.74
S188C-39.1 0.06 695 35 0.05 51.1 529.1 ± 1.5 528.9 ± 1.6 529.2 ± 1.5 541 ± 19 512 ± 36 2 11.684 0.3 0.05878 0.49 11.69 0.3 0.05831 0.86
S188C-40.1 0.01 2877 501 0.18 227 567.4 ± 1 567.6 ± 1 567.5 ± 1 560.8 ± 5.2 565.3 ± 3 −1 10.867 0.19 0.0589 0.22 10.868 0.19 0.05883 0.24
S188C-41.1 0.08 117 67 0.59 9.53 585.9 ± 4.1 586.3 ± 4.2 585.4 ± 4.5 565 ± 43 591 ± 12 −4 10.502 0.73 0.05958 1.3 10.51 0.73 0.0589 2
S188C-42.1 0.09 313 167 0.55 24.3 558.7 ± 2.2 558.7 ± 2.2 559.6 ± 2.4 559 ± 24 547.6 ± 6.5 0 11.036 0.41 0.05954 0.69 11.046 0.41 0.05877 1.1
S188C-43.1 0.04 485 32 0.07 35.6 528.8 ± 1.7 528.9 ± 1.7 528.8 ± 1.7 520 ± 17 525 ± 21 −2 11.693 0.33 0.0581 0.56 11.698 0.34 0.05774 0.77
S188C-43.2 0.06 221 135 0.63 19.5 629 ± 3.7 629.3 ± 3.8 629.6 ± 4.2 614 ± 20 623.3 ± 7.7 −2 9.75 0.62 0.06083 0.75 9.756 0.63 0.0603 0.94
S188C-44.1 0.19 166 123 0.77 14.8 636.3 ± 4.9 636.5 ± 4.9 637.2 ± 5.5 630 ± 45 629 ± 12 −1 9.621 0.79 0.06226 0.85 9.639 0.8 0.0607 2.1
S188C-44.2 0.13 177 15 0.09 13.1 530.5 ± 2.7 530.6 ± 2.7 530.7 ± 2.8 528 ± 40 519 ± 71 −1 11.642 0.51 0.05902 0.92 11.657 0.53 0.0579 1.8
S188C-45.1 0.16 83 30 0.37 11.9 989.5 ± 6.4 990.8 ± 6.6 989.9 ± 6.7 958 ± 28 981 ± 23 −3 6.017 0.69 0.0724 0.89 6.027 0.69 0.07102 1.4
S188C-46.1 0.27 125 52 0.43 10.7 612.1 ± 3.6 612.3 ± 3.6 611.6 ± 3.8 606 ± 55 620 ± 19 −1 10.012 0.6 0.06226 0.99 10.039 0.62 0.0601 2.5
Table 9 (Continued )
Author's personal copy
Spot % 206 Pbc ppm U ppm Th 232 Th/ ppm 206 Pb* (1) 206 Pb/ (2) 206 Pb/ (3) 206 Pb/ (1) 207 Pb/ (1) 208 Pb/ % Dis-cor-dant Total 238 U/ ±% Total ±% (1) 238 U/ ±% (1) 207 Pb*/ ±%
238 U 238 U Age 238 U Age 238 U Age 206 Pb Age 232 Th Age 206 Pb 207 Pb/ 206 Pb* 206 Pb*
206 Pb

S188C-47.1 0.27 103 53 0.53 8.04 560.3 ± 3.6 560.2 ± 3.6 560 ± 3.9 564 ± 48 563 ± 13 1 10.983 0.66 0.06113 1.1 11.013 0.67 0.0589 2.2
S188C-48.1 0.20 197 116 0.61 17.5 631.4 ± 3 631.9 ± 3 632 ± 3.2 610 ± 36 626 ± 10 −3 9.697 0.48 0.06184 0.92 9.717 0.49 0.0602 1.7
S188C-49.1 0.05 154 112 0.75 13.6 631.7 ± 3.2 631.9 ± 3.3 632.2 ± 3.7 622 ± 26 627.7 ± 8.1 −2 9.707 0.53 0.06096 1 9.713 0.53 0.06051 1.2
S188C-50.1 0.00 208 55 0.27 17.7 609.4 ± 3.5 609.6 ± 3.6 609.3 ± 3.6 597 ± 25 611 ± 13 −2 10.087 0.6 0.05983 0.77 10.087 0.6 0.05983 1.1
S188C-51.1 0.08 78 20 0.27 6.69 615 ± 4.4 615 ± 4.5 615.2 ± 4.6 616 ± 31 612 ± 16 0 9.981 0.74 0.06103 1.3 9.989 0.74 0.06034 1.4
S188C-52.1 0.45 36 9 0.26 3.18 635.8 ± 6.8 635.9 ± 6.7 637.1 ± 6.8 633 ± 100 602 ± 56 0 9.6 1.1 0.0645 1.8 9.65 1.1 0.0608 4.6
S188C-53.1 0.07 353 150 0.44 31.1 628.3 ± 3.4 628.3 ± 3.5 628.4 ± 3.6 625 ± 15 625.8 ± 6.8 −1 9.763 0.56 0.06112 0.57 9.769 0.56 0.06059 0.68
S188C-54.1 0.24 52 17 0.33 4.47 609.6 ± 5.2 609.5 ± 5.3 609.1 ± 5.4 616 ± 60 619 ± 26 1 10.058 0.88 0.06234 1.5 10.083 0.9 0.0603 2.8
S188C-55.1 0.10 261 18 0.07 19.1 525.7 ± 2.6 525.4 ± 2.6 525.9 ± 2.6 548 ± 32 509 ± 45 4 11.756 0.51 0.05933 0.92 11.768 0.51 0.0585 1.5
S188C-56.1 0.34 37 10 0.29 3.19 608.8 ± 6.4 607.8 ± 6.3 608 ± 6.4 663 ± 100 628 ± 53 9 10.06 1 0.0644 1.7 10.1 1.1 0.0617 4.9
S188C-57.1 0.06 146 57 0.40 12.5 611 ± 3.2 610.6 ± 3.2 610.9 ± 3.4 631 ± 36 613 ± 14 3 10.052 0.54 0.06124 0.89 10.058 0.55 0.0608 1.7
S188C-58.1 0.17 143 47 0.34 12.2 608 ± 4.8 607.9 ± 4.8 608.4 ± 5 615 ± 42 600 ± 18 1 10.093 0.81 0.06174 0.89 10.11 0.82 0.0603 1.9
S188C-60.1 0.12 150 167 1.15 12.3 586 ± 4 585.9 ± 4.1 590.6 ± 6.3 590 ± 25 562 ± 21 1 10.496 0.71 0.06061 10 10.509 0.71 0.05961 1.2
S188C-61.1 0.20 100 54 0.56 7.81 557.5 ± 4 558.3 ± 4.1 557.3 ± 4.4 513 ± 45 561 ± 11 −8 11.047 0.74 0.0592 1.4 11.07 0.75 0.0576 2
S188C-64.1 0.25 138 10 0.07 10.2 530.3 ± 3.8 529.6 ± 3.9 530.3 ± 3.9 569 ± 40 531 ± 48 7 11.634 0.75 0.06106 1.3 11.663 0.76 0.0591 1.8
S188C-65.1 0.25 125 9 0.07 9.2 527.5 ± 3.6 527.2 ± 3.7 527.6 ± 3.6 546 ± 36 519 ± 39 4 11.698 0.7 0.06043 1.3 11.727 0.71 0.05844 1.6
S188C-66.1 0.11 124 9 0.07 9.06 527.7 ± 3.8 527.9 ± 3.8 527.4 ± 3.8 516 ± 63 553 ± 92 −2 11.71 0.73 0.05855 1.4 11.723 0.76 0.0576 2.9
± ± ± ± ± −4

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188C-59.2 0.16 328 31 0.10 24.1 528.5 2 528.9 2.1 528.5 2.1 508 19 530 15 11.685 0.4 0.0587 0.71 11.703 0.4 0.05743 0.87
S188C-62.1 0.07 170 60 0.36 14.5 611.4 ± 3.2 611.5 ± 3.3 611.2 ± 3.4 605 ± 23 614.6 ± 9.8 −1 10.045 0.54 0.06066 0.91 10.052 0.54 0.06004 1.1
S188C-63.1 0.13 191 115 0.62 15 561.1 ± 3.2 561.4 ± 3.3 562.4 ± 3.6 545 ± 22 547.9 ± 6.6 −3 10.981 0.6 0.05948 0.87 10.995 0.6 0.05841 1
S188C-65.1 0.09 156 55 0.37 12.9 590.4 ± 3.1 590.2 ± 3.2 590.2 ± 3.3 602 ± 28 594 ± 11 2 10.417 0.55 0.06071 0.93 10.426 0.56 0.05997 1.3
S188C-66.1 0.06 260 136 0.54 22.4 615.1 ± 2.6 615 ± 2.6 615 ± 2.8 619 ± 26 615.9 ± 7.8 1 9.982 0.44 0.06094 0.77 9.988 0.44 0.06044 1.2
S188C-67.1 1.02 2000 220 0.11 131 469.5 ± 1.4 469.7 ± 1.5 470.5 ± 1.5 453 ± 50 405 ± 33 −4 13.103 0.3 0.06426 0.34 13.237 0.32 0.056 2.2
S188C-68.1 0.03 486 32 0.07 39.1 576.4 ± 2.5 576.4 ± 2.5 576.4 ± 2.5 573 ± 16 575 ± 24 −1 10.689 0.45 0.0594 0.54 10.692 0.45 0.05917 0.75
S188C-69.1 0.20 99 51 0.53 8.09 583.9 ± 4.1 583.7 ± 4 583.4 ± 4.3 597 ± 74 591 ± 20 2 10.525 0.7 0.06149 1.2 10.547 0.74 0.0598 3.4
S188C-69.2 0.02 337 25 0.08 24.7 528.3 ± 2 528.2 ± 2.1 528.3 ± 2 537 ± 19 535 ± 19 2 11.706 0.4 0.05831 0.7 11.708 0.4 0.05818 0.85

Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S188C-01.1 0.6845 0.74 0.08546 0.31 .423 11.705 0.32 0.0579 0.62 0.7744 0.73 0.08543 0.32 .533
S188C-02.1 0.6853 0.8 0.08572 0.43 .538 11.664 0.44 0.05809 0.62 0.7807 0.81 0.08573 0.44 .640
S188C-02.2 0.766 1.4 0.09366 0.51 .373 10.675 0.53 0.05947 1.2 0.916 1.5 0.09368 0.53 .600
S188C-03.1 0.858 1.4 0.10236 0.56 .403 9.767 0.59 0.061 1.5 1.076 1.8 0.10238 0.59 .637
S188C-04.1 0.75 1.5 0.09327 0.55 .356 10.716 0.59 0.05872 1.6 0.9 1.9 0.09332 0.59 .629
S188C-05.1 0.757 1.7 0.0943 0.55 .314 10.574 0.59 0.0605 1.7 0.942 2 0.09457 0.59 .652
S188C-06.1 0.765 1.5 0.09356 0.55 .365 10.705 0.73 0.0579 4 0.893 4.6 0.09341 0.73 .799
S188C-07.1 0.682 2.1 0.08544 0.42 .202 11.699 0.42 0.05817 1.1 0.7779 1.2 0.08547 0.42 .507
S188C-08.1 1.667 1.6 0.1657 0.86 .524 6.035 0.99 0.0729 2.7 2.665 3.3 0.1657 0.99 .773
S188C-09.1 0.7383 0.91 0.091 0.48 .532 10.982 0.52 0.05933 1.2 0.874 1.5 0.09106 0.52 .728
S188C-10.1 0.757 1.6 0.0937 0.71 .439 10.653 0.77 0.06 2.1 0.925 2.6 0.09387 0.77 .650
S188C-11.1 0.678 2.1 0.08506 0.71 .343 11.753 0.73 0.058 2.2 0.77 2.5 0.08508 0.73 .483
S188C-12.1 0.757 2.4 0.09143 0.89 .364 10.94 1 0.0601 3.5 0.889 4.2 0.09143 1 .703
S188C-13.1 0.738 3.4 0.09343 0.73 .211 10.695 0.77 0.0579 2.6 0.892 3 0.0935 0.77 .655
S188C-14.1 0.76 1.8 0.09378 0.73 .404 10.66 0.78 0.059 2.1 0.912 2.5 0.09381 0.78 .621
S188C-15.1 0.755 4 0.09312 0.86 .213 10.69 1 0.0624 4.3 0.949 5 0.09354 1 .758
S188C-16.1 0.759 2.2 0.09305 0.61 .277 10.731 0.76 0.0603 3.8 0.919 4.3 0.09319 0.76 .774
S188C-17.1 0.8334 0.93 0.0998 0.43 .461 10.016 0.48 0.06091 1.6 1.033 1.9 0.09984 0.48 .703
S188C-18.1 0.819 3 0.09908 0.81 .275 10.092 0.82 0.06 1.9 1.008 2.2 0.09909 0.82 .590
S188C-18.2 0.831 1.4 0.09928 0.46 .329 10.079 0.49 0.06018 1.4 1.013 1.7 0.09922 0.49 .653
S188C-19.1 0.731 3.1 0.09041 0.83 .269 11.11 0.96 0.0551 4.2 0.808 4.9 0.09002 0.96 .712
S188C-20.1 0.859 2 0.10248 0.69 .338 9.757 0.74 0.061 2.5 1.078 2.9 0.1025 0.74 .625
S188C-21.1 0.8217 1.1 0.09906 0.54 .488 10.1 0.57 0.05972 1.5 1.004 1.7 0.09901 0.57 .592
S188C-22.1 0.779 2.8 0.09331 0.66 .235 10.728 0.74 0.0597 3 0.913 3.4 0.09321 0.74 .725
S188C-22.2 0.755 1.4 0.09335 0.47 .332 10.701 0.54 0.0595 2.1 0.912 2.5 0.09345 0.54 .696
S188C-23.1 0.825 1.2 0.09962 0.46 .377 10.035 0.49 0.06023 1.3 1.021 1.6 0.09965 0.49 .639
S188C-24.1 0.8539 1.1 0.10283 0.62 .585 9.723 0.67 0.06035 1.3 1.075 1.7 0.10285 0.67 .800
S188C-25.1 0.764 2 0.09506 0.61 .306 10.519 0.64 0.0584 1.7 0.923 2.1 0.09507 0.64 .620
S188C-26.1 0.855 4.5 0.1021 1 .225 9.8 1 0.0598 2.8 1.054 3.3 0.102 1 .621
S188C-27.1 0.722 2 0.09035 0.64 .328 11.065 0.71 0.0582 2.4 0.85 2.8 0.09038 0.71 .658
S188C-28.1 0.806 4 0.0946 1.2 .299 10.58 1.2 0.0612 2.1 0.952 2.7 0.0945 1.2 .656
S188C-29.1 1.951 0.98 0.1843 0.56 .568 5.436 0.61 0.0754 1.3 3.239 1.7 0.184 0.61 .729
S188C-30.1 0.8217 0.95 0.09953 0.43 .450 10.044 0.45 0.06012 1.3 1.017 1.5 0.09956 0.45 .621
S188C-31.1 0.829 2.3 0.09961 0.61 .260 10.034 0.64 0.0608 1.9 1.028 2.3 0.09966 0.64 .630
S188C-32.1 0.871 1.6 0.10333 0.51 .313 9.711 0.55 0.0585 1.8 1.053 2.1 0.10298 0.55 .669
S188C-33.1 0.859 2.6 0.10282 0.86 .336 9.743 0.9 0.0591 2.4 1.055 2.8 0.10264 0.9 .614
S188C-34.1 0.732 1.5 0.09133 0.5 .340 10.942 0.52 0.05861 1.4 0.87 1.7 0.09139 0.52 .624

131
 Author's personal copy

132
Table 9 (Continued )

Spot (1) 207 Pb*/ ±% (1) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr (3) 238 U/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 207 Pb*/ ±% (3) 206 Pb*/ ±% Err corr
235 U 238 U 206 Pb* 206 Pb* 235 U 238 U

S188C-35.1 0.6872 1.2 0.08545 0.4 .333 11.705 0.41 0.05817 1 0.7775 1.1 0.08543 0.41 .461
S188C-37.1 0.834 1.3 0.0998 0.5 .382 10.01 0.53 0.0614 1.3 1.04 1.6 0.0999 0.53 .635
S188C-38.1 0.818 1.5 0.09944 0.66 .435 10.062 0.69 0.05922 1.4 1.003 1.8 0.09938 0.69 .687
S188C-38.2 0.6778 0.83 0.08525 0.36 .439 11.731 0.37 0.05761 0.72 0.7682 0.84 0.08524 0.37 .530
S188C-39.1 0.6877 0.91 0.08554 0.3 .333 11.687 0.3 0.05852 0.54 0.7832 0.64 0.08556 0.3 .543
S188C-40.1 0.7464 0.3 0.09202 0.19 .615 10.867 0.19 0.05891 0.3 0.8834 0.4 0.09202 0.19 .683
S188C-41.1 0.773 2.1 0.09515 0.73 .351 10.519 0.81 0.0582 2.8 0.922 3.3 0.09506 0.81 .670
S188C-42.1 0.7336 1.2 0.09053 0.41 .351 11.027 0.45 0.0602 1.4 0.879 1.6 0.09069 0.45 .676

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135

S188C-43.1 0.6806 0.84 0.08549 0.34 .400 11.697 0.34 0.0578 0.63 0.7739 0.75 0.08549 0.34 .539
S188C-43.2 0.8522 1.1 0.1025 0.63 .552 9.747 0.7 0.0611 1.9 1.08 2.4 0.10259 0.7 .739
S188C-44.1 0.869 2.2 0.10374 0.8 .361 9.626 0.91 0.0619 2.8 1.113 3.5 0.10389 0.91 .759
S188C-44.2 0.685 1.9 0.08578 0.53 .277 11.654 0.55 0.0582 2.7 0.783 2.9 0.08581 0.55 .504
S188C-45.1 1.624 1.5 0.1659 0.69 .448 6.025 0.73 0.0714 1.4 2.637 1.8 0.166 0.73 .692
S188C-46.1 0.825 2.6 0.09961 0.62 .238 10.048 0.65 0.0594 1.9 1.007 2.3 0.09953 0.65 .643
S188C-47.1 0.737 2.3 0.0908 0.67 .294 11.018 0.73 0.0585 2.4 0.86 2.8 0.09076 0.73 .661
S188C-48.1 0.854 1.8 0.10291 0.49 .281 9.708 0.54 0.0609 1.9 1.086 2.2 0.10301 0.54 .664
S188C-49.1 0.859 1.3 0.10296 0.53 .409 9.705 0.62 0.0611 2.8 1.089 3.1 0.10304 0.62 .678
S188C-50.1 0.818 1.3 0.09914 0.6 .467 10.088 0.62 0.05972 1.2 1.005 1.5 0.09913 0.62 .686
S188C-51.1 0.833 1.6 0.10011 0.74 .459 9.987 0.78 0.0605 1.8 1.032 2.2 0.10013 0.78 .606
S188C-52.1 0.869 4.8 0.1037 1.1 .235 9.63 1.1 0.0626 2.6 1.123 3.2 0.1039 1.1 .607
S188C-53.1 0.8551 0.88 0.10236 0.56 .641 9.766 0.61 0.06081 1.2 1.074 1.6 0.10239 0.61 .749
S188C-54.1 0.825 2.9 0.09918 0.9 .306 10.091 0.93 0.0597 2.5 1.005 2.9 0.0991 0.93 .617
S188C-55.1 0.685 1.6 0.08497 0.51 .327 11.764 0.51 0.05877 1 0.7781 1.2 0.085 0.51 .513
S188C-56.1 0.842 5 0.099 1.1 .221 10.11 1.1 0.0606 2.9 1.014 3.4 0.0989 1.1 .606
S188C-57.1 0.833 1.8 0.09942 0.55 .308 10.06 0.58 0.06061 1.5 1.022 1.8 0.0994 0.58 .643
S188C-58.1 0.823 2.1 0.0989 0.82 .393 10.104 0.86 0.06091 1.6 1.019 2.1 0.09898 0.86 .737
S188C-60.1 0.782 1.4 0.09516 0.71 .524 10.42 1.1 0.0663 9.1 1.04 10 0.096 1.1 .821
S188C-61.1 0.717 2.2 0.09034 0.75 .347 11.075 0.83 0.0572 2.9 0.836 3.4 0.09029 0.83 .656
S188C-64.1 0.698 2 0.08574 0.76 .379 11.663 0.76 0.05906 1.5 0.792 1.8 0.08574 0.76 .529
S188C-65.1 0.687 1.8 0.08527 0.71 .395 11.725 0.72 0.05858 1.5 0.78 1.8 0.08529 0.72 .512
S188C-66.1 0.678 3 0.0853 0.76 .256 11.729 0.75 0.05722 1.7 0.764 2 0.08526 0.75 .494
S188C-59.2 0.6766 0.96 0.08544 0.4 .416 11.704 0.41 0.0574 0.87 0.7685 1 0.08544 0.41 .526
S188C-62.1 0.8236 1.2 0.09948 0.54 .453 10.055 0.58 0.0598 1.5 1.012 1.8 0.09945 0.58 .633
S188C-63.1 0.7324 1.2 0.09095 0.6 .508 10.969 0.67 0.0603 1.9 0.887 2.4 0.09117 0.67 .719
S188C-65.1 0.793 1.4 0.09591 0.56 .390 10.43 0.59 0.05972 1.6 0.954 1.9 0.09588 0.59 .632
S188C-66.1 0.834 1.3 0.10012 0.44 .350 9.99 0.48 0.06034 1.5 1.03 1.7 0.1001 0.48 .668
S188C-67.1 0.583 2.3 0.07554 0.32 .140 13.207 0.32 0.05792 1.3 0.6415 1.4 0.07572 0.32 .530
S188C-68.1 0.763 0.87 0.09353 0.45 .512 10.691 0.45 0.05919 0.6 0.91 0.79 0.09353 0.45 .657
S188C-69.1 0.782 3.5 0.09481 0.74 .212 10.558 0.77 0.0589 2.5 0.926 2.9 0.09471 0.77 .664
S188C-69.2 0.6852 0.94 0.08541 0.4 .423 11.71 0.4 0.05806 0.8 0.7756 0.94 0.0854 0.4 .525
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.09% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U–208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.
 Author's personal copy
G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research 234 (2013) 85–135
surviving in Africa (Monapo and Mugeba in Fig. 1) in contrast
to extensive allochthonous areas in Antarctica including Sør Ron-
dane and eastern CDML. In the lower part of Fig. 19 four stages of
tectonic evolution are shown. In Stage 1, the Namuno and Nam-
pula Terranes are separated by a paleo-Mozambique Ocean. In the
Namuno Terrane, the terminal stages of the EAO are represented by
metamorphism and intrusion at deep crustal levels >10–12 kb and
∼900 ◦ C at between ∼640 Ma and ∼600 Ma with the EAO rocks in
the Namuno Terrane forming the accretionary thrust fault stacked
complex described by Bingen et al. (2009) and Viola et al. (2008)
with top to W and WNW vergence.
At approximately ∼600 Ma (Stage 2, Fig. 19), collision with the
Nampula Terrane and Maud Belt is started with the EAO rocks being
thrust over the Nampula Terrane + Maud Belt rocks. During this
period, P–T conditions follow the P–T paths described above with
fluids being introduced into the hot hanging wall rocks, probably
from dehydration reactions in the floor as well as from molasse
basins over ridden by the hanging wall thrust sheet. Insight into
the timing and nature of this fluid is provided by Higashino et al.
(2013) who have described the effects of Cl-rich fluids which they
infer were introduced at 603 ± 14 Ma. The introduction of the flu-
ids results in partial to complete hydration of the granulite grade
assemblages in the hanging wall as well contributing to granite melt
genesis resulting from decompression melting assisted by fluid
ingress. The declining P–T conditions are also indicative of rapid
erosion resulting in the deposition of the Mecuburi Group and Alto
Benfica Group molasses sediments ahead of the advancing thrust
front.
Their burial under the thrust front (Stages 3 and 4, Fig. 19), facil-
itates the metamorphism of the Mecuburi and Alto Benfica Group
metasediments at the same time that granites are generated by
partial melting in the footwall Nampula Terrane and Maud Belt
rocks after ∼530 Ma. The genesis of post tectonic granites, with ages
mostly younger than the metamorphic ages of the hanging wall
Namuno rocks, in the footwall is consistent with thermal models
described by England and Thompson (1984) for continental col-
lisional settings where granite genesis occurs typically 40–50 my
after collision due to heat accumulation in the floor or foot wall.
Although most of the granites with ages ∼530-490 Ma appear to
be post tectonic, it is evident at exposures along the transpres-
sional, top to the north, sinistral Main Shear zone in Sør Rondane
(Fig. 3, Osanai et al., 1996) that some of the youngest granites were
emplaced broadly synchronously with the shearing. An example
of the compressional intrusion of the granite is evident in Fig. 5E
where granitic sills form conjugate pairs whose acute angle (i.e.
 1 ) is near horizontal. Strike slip, transpressional shearing with a
top to the west sense of shear is also seen at the exposure at the
northern end of Austhameren (Fig. 10) with the strike slip sense of
shear indicated by shallowly plunging stretching lineations (Stere-
onet B, Fig. 10) in the near vertical gneisses. Ishikawa et al. (under
review) have described a complex structural history from northern
Balchenfjella and recognized dextral strike slip shear in N. Balchenf-
jella, interpreted to be related to the East African Orogeny in eastern
DML, although no time constraints on the deformation we deter-
mined.
The direction of the emplacement of the Monapo Complex is
uncertain with this uncertainty resulting from the difficulty in dat-
ing specific structures e.g. lineations and kinematic indicators. Most
of the lineations within the complex plunge westwards (Fig. 2).
These data may suggest E–W transport and emplacement. How-
ever these lineations may also predate the emplacement of the
complex. Lineations measured from the marginal/basal mylonite
potentially provide a clearer indication however available data
from these rocks show a wide range of orientations from between
ENE to SE. The synformal shape of the klippen also suggests that
there has probably been gentle warping after emplacement thus
133
the plunge orientations do not necessarily reflect the original
directions.
The geochronological and P–T data from Monapo and Balchen-
fjella suggest that the rocks were metamorphosed at ≥900 ◦ C and
≥10 kb at ∼635 Ma after which they were exhumed by thrust-
faulting to ∼7 kb depth at ∼700 ◦ C at ∼570-580 Ma. During the
exhumation some of the samples have been partially to completely
retrogressed. This retrogression is interpreted to have resulted
from fluids generated by dehydration reactions in the footwall
gneisses.
On a broader scale, the Monapo and Mugeba Complexes (Roberts
et al., 2005) along with the inferred allochthonous CDML rocks
have similar ages to other allochthonous units along the Kuunga
Orogenic Belt with klippen structures being recognized to the east
of Mozambique (the Kataragama klippe in Sri Lanka, Kriegsman,
1995) and to the west along the Zambesi Damara Belts includ-
ing the Urungwe klippe (Shackleton et al., 1966; Vail and Snelling,
1971), the Makuti Gneisses (Dirks, 1997; Dirks et al., 1999) and the
Masoso Gneisses in Zimbabwe (Dirks and Jelsma, 2006) and the
Naukluft nappes in Namibia (Ahrendt et al., 1978; Hartnady, 1978;
Gray et al., 2006, 2008). These klippen are interpreted to have sim-
ilar origins resulting from collision between N and S Gondwana
during the Kuungu Orogeny (Meert, 2003) at ∼550 Ma.
Rocks with similar P–T histories and geochronology are recog-
nized in Schirmacher Oasis in northern Central Dronning Maud
Land, Antarctica which are also considered as part of the thrust-
faulted block from north of the Lurio Belt (Grantham et al., 2008;
Baba et al., 2008; Ravikant et al., 2002, 2004, 2007).
Acknowledgements
GHG would like to thank Prof. K. Shiraishi, Dr. Y. Motoyoshi and
Dr. T Hokada of the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo,
Japan for the invitation to join JARE51 to Sør Rondane in the
austral summer of 2009/2010. The expedition was a rare privilege.
We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of numerous
geologists and support personnel who have assisted with logisti-
cal support and companionship in the field in Mozambique and
in Antarctica as well as laboratory personnel at CGS and NIPR
who have assisted with microprobe analyses as well as zircon
separations and SHRIMP analysis. Constructive reviews by two
anonymous reviewers and Prof. T.R.K. Chetty are appreciated.
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