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LTE Air Interface Training

Manual Contents
Tarek Soliman

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LTE Air Interface

Training Manual Contents

Contents

1 The Air Interface ................................................................................................................... 1-1 

1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks .............................................................................................................. 1-2 
1.1.1 First Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................... 1-2 
1.1.2 Second Generation Mobile Systems ............................................................................................... 1-2 
1.1.3 Third Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................. 1-4 
1.1.4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................ 1-5 
 
1.2 3GPP Releases ....................................................................................................................................... 1-6
 
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99............................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.2.2 Release 99 ..................................................................................................................................... 1-7 
 
1.2.3 Release 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
 
1.2.4 Release 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
 
1.2.5 Release 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
 
1.2.6 Release 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-8
 
1.2.7 Release 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-9
 
1.2.8 Release 9 and Beyond................................................................................................................... 1-10
 
1.3 Radio Interface Techniques .................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................. 1-10 
1.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access ..................................................................................................... 1-11 
1.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access ..................................................................................................... 1-11 
1.3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ........................................................................... 1-12 
 
1.4 Transmission Modes ..............................................................................................................................1-12
1.4.1 Frequency Division Duplex .......................................................................................................... 1-13 
 
1.4.2 Time Division Duplex................................................................................................................... 1-13
 
1.5 Spectrum Usage .................................................................................................................................... 1-14
1.5.1 Frequency Bands .......................................................................................................................... 1-14 
1.5.2 Existing Mobile Deployment ........................................................................................................ 1-16 
 
1.5.3 LTE Release 8 Bands .................................................................................................................... 1-17
 
1.6 Channel Coding in LTE ......................................................................................................................... 1-20
 
1.6.1 Transport Block CRC ................................................................................................................... 1-20
1.6.2 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment ........................................................................... 1-21 
 
1.6.3 Channel Coding ............................................................................................................................ 1-23
 
1.6.4 Rate Matching .............................................................................................................................. 1-28

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1.6.5 Code Block Concatenation............................................................................................................ 1-29
 
1.7 Principles of OFDM .............................................................................................................................. 1-30
1.7.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing..................................................................................................1-30 
1.7.1 OFDM Subcarriers ....................................................................................................................... 1-31 

1.7.2 Fast Fourier Transforms ................................................................................................................ 1-31 

 
1.7.3 LTE FFT Sizes.............................................................................................................................. 1-32
 
1.7.4 OFDM Symbol Mapping .............................................................................................................. 1-32
  
1.7.4 OFDM Symbol Mapping .............................................................................................................. 1-32
1.7.5 Time Domain Interference ............................................................................................................ 1-33 
1.7.6 OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages ......................................................................................... 1-35 

2 LTE Physical Layer................................................................................................................ 2-1 

 
2.1 The Uu Interface..................................................................................................................................... 2-3
 
2.2 LTE Radio Interface Protocols ................................................................................................................ 2-3
2.2.1 Control and User Plane Protocols ................................................................................................... 2-4 
 
2.2.2 Non Access Stratum....................................................................................................................... 2-4
 
2.2.3 RRC .............................................................................................................................................. 2-7
 
2.2.4 PDCP ............................................................................................................................................ 2-7
 
2.2.5 RLC .............................................................................................................................................. 2-8
 
2.2.6 MAC ............................................................................................................................................. 2-8
 
2.2.7 Physical......................................................................................................................................... 2-9
 
2.3 LTE Channel Structure ........................................................................................................................... 2-9
 
2.3.1 Logical Channels .......................................................................................................................... 2-10

2.3.2 Transport Channels.......................................................................................................................2-11  

 
2.3.3 Physical Channels......................................................................................................................... 2-12
 
2.3.4 Radio Channels ............................................................................................................................ 2-13
 
2.3.5 Channel Mapping ......................................................................................................................... 2-13
 
2.4 LTE Frame Structure ............................................................................................................................. 2-15
2.4.1 Type 1 Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes .................................... ............................................... 2-15 
2.4.2 Type 2 Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes .................................... ............................................... 2-17 
 
2.5 OFDM Signal Generation ...................................................................................................................... 2-18
2.5.1 Codewords, Layers and Antenna Ports .......................................................................................... 2-19 
2.5.2 Scrambling................................................................................................................................... 2-20
 
 
2.5.3 Modulation Mapper ...................................................................................................................... 2-21
 
2.5.4 Layer Mapper ............................................................................................................................... 2-22
 
2.5.5 Precoding ..................................................................................................................................... 2-23
 
2.5.6 Resource Element Mapper ............................................................................................................ 2-26
2.5.7 OFDM Signal Generation ............................................................................................................. 2-26 
 
2.6 Downlink OFDMA................................................................................................................................2-26
2.6.1 General OFDMA Structure ........................................................................................................... 2-26 
2.6.2 Physical Resource Blocks and Resource Elements......................................................................... 2-27 
 
2.7 LTE Physical Signals ............................................................................................................................. 2-28
 
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals .................................................................................................................. 2-31

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2.8.1 Cell Specific Reference Signals .................................................................................................... 2-31
 
2.8.2 MBSFN Reference Signals ........................................................................................................... 2-33
2.8.3 UE Specific Reference Signals...................................................................................................... 2-34 
 
2.9 Downlink LTE Physical Channels .......................................................................................................... 2-34
 
2.9.1 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)............................................................................................. 2-34
2.9.2 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) .................................................................. 2-35 
2.9.3 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) ............................................................................. 2-37 
2.9.4 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) ........................................................................ 2-40 

2.9.5 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) ............................................................................... 2-41 

2.10 Downlink Control Signaling ................................................................................................................ 2-42 
 
2.10.1 DCI Format 0 ............................................................................................................................. 2-42
 
2.10.2 DCI Format 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2-43
 
2.10.3 DCI Format 1A........................................................................................................................... 2-43
 
2.10.4 DCI Format 1B ...........................................................................................................................2-44
 
2.10.5 DCI Format 1C ...........................................................................................................................2-44
 
2.10.6 DCI Format 1D........................................................................................................................... 2-45
 
2.10.7 DCI Format 2 ............................................................................................................................. 2-45
2.10.8 DCI Format 2A........................................................................................................................... 2-46
 
 
2.10.9 DCI Format 3 ............................................................................................................................. 2-46
 
2.10.10 DCI Format 3A......................................................................................................................... 2-46
 
2.11 LTE Cell Search Procedure .................................................................................................................. 2-47
 
2.11.1 Cell Search ................................................................................................................................. 2-47
 
2.11.2 PSS Correlation .......................................................................................................................... 2-48
 
2.11.3 SSS Correlation .......................................................................................................................... 2-49
 
2.11.4 Master Information Block ........................................................................................................... 2-50
2.11.5 System Information Messages ..................................................................................................... 2-50 
 
2.11.6 PLMN Selection ......................................................................................................................... 2-55
 
2.11.7 Cell Selection ............................................................................................................................. 2-57
2.12 Uplink Transmission Technique ...........................................................................................................2-58 
2.12.1 SC-FDMA Signal Generation......................................................................................................2-58 
 
2.13 OFDMA Verses SC-FDMA ................................................................................................................. 2-61
 
2.14 Uplink LTE Physical Channels............................................................................................................. 2-61
2.14.1 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) ............................................................................... 2-62 
2.14.2 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel).................................................................................. 2-66 

2.14.3 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) ................................................................................ 2-68 

 
2.15 Timing Relationships...........................................................................................................................2-69
 
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals..................................................................................................................... 2-70
2.16.1 Demodulation Reference Signal .................................................................................................. 2-71 
 
2.16.2 Sounding Reference Signal ......................................................................................................... 2-72
 
2.17 Uplink Control Signaling ..................................................................................................................... 2-75
 
2.17.1 PUCCH Format 1 ....................................................................................................................... 2-75
 
2.17.2 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b .......................................................................................................... 2-76

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 2.18 LTE Random Access Procedure ........................................................................................................... 2-78 
 
2.18.1 RRC Connection ......................................................................................................................... 2-78
 
2.18.2 PRACH Preambles ..................................................................................................................... 2-79
2.18.3 Random Access Procedure Initialization ...................................................................................... 2-80 
2.18.4 Random Access Response Window ............................................................................................. 2-82 
2.18.5 Random Access Response ........................................................................................................... 2-82 
2.18.6 Uplink Transmission ...................................................................................................................2-83 
2.19 Uplink Power Control .......................................................................................................................... 2-84 
2.19.1 PUSCH Power Control ............................................................................................................... 2-84 
 
2.19.2 PUCCH Power Control ............................................................................................................... 2-85
 
2.19.3 PRACH Power Control ............................................................................................................... 2-86
 
2.20 Paging Procedures ............................................................................................................................... 2-86

2.20.1 Discontinuous Reception for Paging............................................................................................ 2-86 

 
2.20.2 Paging Frame ............................................................................................................................. 2-87
 
2.21 HARQ Operation .................................................................................................................................2-88
 
2.21.1 Retransmission Types ................................................................................................................. 2-88
2.21.2 HARQ Methods .......................................................................................................................... 2-88 
 
2.21.3 HARQ in LTE ............................................................................................................................ 2-90
2.21.4 HARQ In the Downlink .............................................................................................................. 2-91 
2.21.5 HARQ In the Uplink................................................................................................................... 2-91 
 
2.21.6 ACK NACK Timing ................................................................................................................... 2-92

2.22 Diversity Options ................................................................................................................................ 2-94

 
2.22.1 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO ........................................................................................................ 2-94 
2.22.2 MIMO and Transmission Options ............................................................................................... 2-94 
 
2.22.3 MIMO Modes............................................................................................................................. 2-95
2.22.4 Spatial Multiplexing in LTE ........................................................................................................ 2-96 
 
2.22.5 Feedback Reporting .................................................................................................................... 2-98

3 D ynamic Resource A llocation ................................................................!!"#$%&'( 

3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling .......................................................................... "#$%&'( 

3.1.1 QoS in Packet Switched Networks .................................................................... "#$%&'( 

3.1.2 Key Factors Influencing Scheduling.................................................................. "#$%&'( 
3.1.3 Scheduling Methods ......................................................................................... "#$%&'( 
3.1.4 Downlink Scheduling ....................................................................................... "#$%&'( 
3.1.5 PDSCH Resource Allocation............................................................................. "#$%&'( 
3.1.6 Modulation and Coding Scheme ....................................................................... "#$%&'( 
3.1.7 Uplink Scheduling ............................................................................................ "#$%&'( 
3.2 Scheduler Interaction ................................................................................................. "#$%&'( 
"#$%&'(
3.2.1 Radio Bearers ...................................................................................................  
3.2.2 Scheduler Interaction with Layer 2 and Layer 1................................................. "#$%&'( 
3.3 Dynamic and Semi-persistent Scheduling................................................................... "#$%&'( 

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3.3.1 Dynamic Scheduling......................................................................................... "#$%&'( 

3.3.2 Downlink Semi-persistent Scheduling ............................................................... "#$%&'( 
3.3.3 Uplink Semi-persistent Scheduling ................................................................... "#$%&'( 

4 Intra LTE Mobility ...................................................................................!!"#$%&'( 

4.1 Intra-LTE Mobility .................................................................................................... "#$%&'( 
4.1.1 Idle State - Cell Reselection .............................................................................. "#$%&'( 
4.1.2 Active State Mobility........................................................................................ "#$%&'( 
4.1.3 Handover Procedure ......................................................................................... "#$%&'( 
4.2 Reporting Options ..................................................................................................... "#$%&'( 
4.2.1 Measurement Configuration Parameter ............................................................. "#$%&'( 
4.2.2 Report Configuration Parameter ........................................................................ "#$%&'( 
4.3 Mobility Measurements ............................................................................................. "#$%&'( 
4.3.1 Measurement Gaps ........................................................................................... "#$%&'( 
4.3.2 Gap Configuration ............................................................................................ "#$%&'( 
4.3.3 UE Measurements ............................................................................................ "#$%&'( 

5 Glossary .................................................................................................................................. 3-1 

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