PARTITION SUITS AND ITS METHODOLOGY

By

ABDUL ZAKIR TAREEN

Advocate, High Court, Peshawar.

In Courts of Pakistan huge number of partition suits are pending adjudication. As there is no proper
mechanism with revenue hierarchy/revenue department or other law enforcing institutions to make
partitions of properties without constraining the owners to approach the Courts of law. The difference
of opinion and ill-unionship is a natural thing in a society and normally the people cannot survive in joint
venture and to live an independent life or to utilize the property in his own manner, they are
constrained to get divide their properties but through the course of law.

In partition suits there is no loser and both the parties are to be called winner but if the possession of
the property is in the hands of tress-passer, then he can be loser of partition suit.

Partition is recognized by the legal maxim "Nemo in Communione potest invitus detineri", no one can be
kept in co-proprietorship against his will. Partition is merely an arrangement whereby co-sharers having
undivided interest in joint properties take by arrangements specific properties in lieu of their shares.

For partition suits the property can be divided in three types:

(i) Pure Agricultural Properties,

(ii) Agricultural and Constructed mixed properties, and

(iii) Pure Constructed Properties (in the shape of houses, shops, markets and etc).

Undoubtedly relief for partition in respect of agricultural properties can be sought from Revenue Officer
under Chapter XI Section 135 and other relevant sections of this chapter.
Similarly if the property subject of partition is partly agricultural and partly constructed, then as per law
laid down by the Superior Courts, it will be analyzed that whether which type of property has a major
portion, if agricultural then Revenue Courts will be approached, otherwise relief for partition will be
obtained from Ordinary Civil Courts of Law.

So far as pure constructed properties are concerned, they can be got divided from ordinary civil Courts
through a suit for partition under the Partition Act, 1893.

PRE-CAUTIONS IN PARTITION SUITS:

(i) (JURISDICTION):

Case must be filed in the appropriate Court of jurisdiction. While assessing the question of
jurisdiction, first of all territorial jurisdiction should be ascertained and the suit for partition in respect of
immovable property must be filed having regard to Sections 16, 17 and 18 of the Civil Procedure Code,
and ordinarily it is to be filed in that Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction, the immovable
property is situated.

Secondly, subject matter jurisdiction must be assessed as highlighted above, suits in respect of
pure agricultural property or major portion of agricultural property is to be filed in Revenue Courts, and
regarding constructed property or major portion of constructed property is to be filed in Civil Courts. In
case titled: Qamar Sultan Vs Mst. Bibi Sufaidan, reported in 2012 SCMR 695, it was held that,
"Jurisdiction in respect of partition of agricultural property and to grant relief would lay with the
revenue Court".

While dealing with the matter of jurisdiction the Court should have to take great care for deciding
that whether the suit property is an agricultural one or constructed/commercial. In case titled: Sher
Ahmad Khan Vs Sardar Khan, reported in 2008 PLD 97 Peshawar, it was held that, "if the land was
agricultural, then the partition of the same was exclusively amenable to the jurisdiction of the Revenue
Court and the jurisdiction of the Civil Court in view of S. 172, West Pakistan Land Revenue Act, 1967 was
barred which proposition, however, was subject to one exception that if the agricultural land would lose
its character and would become building site or commercial area, then the civil Court would have
jurisdiction to entertain the suit with respect to its partition. Whether the land or its major portion was
covered by abadi or the same was exclusively agricultural land, was a spot related question, which could
be determined by the Trial Court after the appointment of a local commission who, after visiting the
spot, would be in a position to determine the nature of the property".
 In case titled: Jamal ud Din Vs Haji Gul Khan, reported in 2012 CLC 1353 Quetta, the august
superior Courts provided a procedure for preferring the matter of partition to a Revenue Court and held
that, "Party interested in partition of his share in suit property, had to make an application for partition
of the land to a Revenue Officer as per provision of S. 135 of West Pakistan Land Revenue Act, 1967".

The Revenue Officer while dealing with the partition of the property could decide only question of
title in property to be partitioned while acting as a civil Court of competent jurisdiction, but could not
decide all other questions falling within jurisdiction of Civil Court. In case titled: Mst. Farzana Vs Mst.
Sehti, reported in 2012 PLD 241 Karachi, it was held that, "Revenue Officer while deciding questions as
to property to be partitioned or mode of its partition would act only as Revenue Officer, but not as a
revenue Court or civil Court".

Revenue Officer can decide matter of title in the immovable property and if he thinks fit, then he
can sent the same matter to the Civil Court for deciding matter of title to the immovable property. In
case titled: Muhammad Yousaf Khan Vs Board of Revenue, reported in 2002 CLC 739 Supreme Court
Azad Kashmir, it is held that, "Where question of title would arise in property to be partitioned, Revenue
Officer could himself determine question of title or refer matter to Civil Court for its determination".

(ii) (PARTIES).

All Co-sharers in the joint properties are to be arrayed as a party to the partition case and no name
should be left from impleadment, in order to save the suit from the plea of non-joinder.

In case titled: Syed Ain Ullah vs Dilber and others, reported in 2013 MLD 708 Baluchistan, it was
held that, "dismissal of suit on the basis of non-joinder of a necessary party was an erroneous decision
as under Order I Rule 9, CPC, no suit shall be defeated by the reason of mis-joinder or non-joinder of
parties and the trial Court was empowered to implead a person to the proceedings who it deemed to be
necessary for determination of matter in issue".

In case titled: Muhammad Younas Sheikh Vs Corex enterprises and another, reported in 2007 MLD
508 Karachi, it was held that, "Suit would not be defeated by reason of mis-joinder or non-joinder of
parties and the Court could deal with the matter in controversy so far as regarded the rights and
interests of the parties actually before it".

Similar guideline is also provided in the below mentioned rulings of superior Courts that mis-
joinder or non-joinder is not fatal to the suit, those judgments are as under:
 a. 2011 YLR 1999 Quetta, b. 2011 SCMR 1460,

c. 2010 MLD 1596 Quetta, d. 2007 SCMR 729 Citation (n).

Keeping in mind the afore-referred verdicts of the august superior Courts, though mis-joinder or
non-joinder of parties is not fatal to the civil litigation and the trial Court is supposed to determine the
issue even in those suits in which this defect is present. But at the same time the law advises that all
parties having an interest in the subject matter of the suit should be arrayed as a party either in the
panel of plaintiffs or defendants. So great care should be made that in suit for possession through
partition all the co-sharers/Khata shareek are joined as a party.

(iii) (FULL PARTITION SUIT IS TO BE BROUGHT AND NOT FOR PARTIAL PARTITION).

All properties which are in joint venture of the parties are to be included in the partition suit, in
order to save the suit from the question of Partial Partition.

In case titled: Noor Muhammad and others Vs Allah Ditta and others, reported in PLD 2009
Supreme Court 198 citation (C), the august Apex Court held that, "Co-owner in a joint property was not
entitled without assent or acquisance of the other co-sharers, to exclude portion of joint property or to
select a particular portion for the purpose of partition. Co-sharer was required to seek the partition of
the landed property as a whole".

In case titled: Ghulam Rasool and another Vs Muhammad Khalid and others, reported in 2006 YLR
2289 Lahore, the august Court held that, "party opting to come for partition was not permitted to pick
and choose and to have share in valuable parts of the joint holdings by leaving out its parties with lesser
value, suit found to be for partial partition was not maintainable".

In case titled: Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas Vs Barkat Ali and another, reported in 1999 YLR 2190
Lahore citation (b), the Hon'ble Court held that, "partition of holding could not be affected without
including the entire land of property, partial partition was bad in law".

(iv) (NO PRIOR PARTITION OR PRIVATE SETTLEMENT/KHANGI TAQSEEM).

 The suit must be in respect of those joint properties in respect of which neither any regular
partition was made priorly nor the properties should have been divided through private
settlement/Khangi Taqseem.

To prove private partition, party should have to produce/exhibit order of partition or copy of
Roznamcha Waqiati showing delivery of possession or Tatimma made in favour of co-sharer/party.

The fact of Private partition is always considered in the course of litigation, as such sanctity is
available to the same. In a case titled: Irshad alieas Abdul Rahim Vs Ashiq Hussain, reported in 2007 PLD
421 Karachi, the Hon'ble Court held that, "Private arrangement and partition deserves the same sanctity
which a lawful contract deserves and should not be interfered within any legal proceedings unless the
private arrangement or partition is otherwise not legally permissible".

If a dispute between the co-sharers arises in a situation when private partition has been arrived
between them, but they have no formal partition deed in their hands or it has been lost, then in such
like circumstances, the possession of respective party would be of great importance in determining the
real issue of private partition. In case titled: Naveed Ahmad Vs Iqbal Begum, reported in 2006 YLR 2341
Lahore, it is held that, "Private Partition between the parties--

—Absence of formal partition deed—Question of possession would assume critical significance".

Private partition should be proved independently.

(v) (CO-SHARERSHIP).

It is to be established that the claimant is co-sharer in the property subject of partition.

In case titled: Gulzar Begum Vs Mehboob Hussain alias Mehboob Khan, reported in 2012 YLR 809
High Court AJK, the Hon'ble Court held that, "Possession on the said land could not be distributed till
partition of the same in accordance with law was not made".

In another case titled: Muhammad Ismail Vs Ghulam Sarwar, reported in 2008 YLR 420 Lahore, the
remedy was given to a co-sharer who desired to get possession of his share in an undivided property
and it is held that, ''only manner in which the plaintiffs could get possession was by filing a suit for
partition and separate possession".

Sometimes a question arises that whether a co-sharer can sell his share in the joint khata or not.
This question is resolved by the august Lahore High Court in case titled: Abdul Ghaffar Vs Waqas Hafeez,
reported in 2010 CLC 285 Lahore, it was held by the august Court that, "Co-sharer in possession in a
khata has a right to alienate a specific piece of land in his possession and the transferee acquires the
same rights as the transferor".

It is the basic right of each and every co-sharer that he can claim partition of the joint property at
any time and there is no limitation against such claim. This preposition has been set by worthy Supreme
Court of Pakistan in case of Muhammad Rafiq, reported in 2004 SCMR 1036 Supreme Court, wherein it
is held that, "Partition could be claimed by any of the joint owners during currency of joint ownership
without limitation of any period in that behalf, so long as his right was not denied".

In case titled: Ashiq Hussain Vs Prof. Muhammad Aslam, reported in 2004 MLD 1844 Lahore, it is
held that, "suit for permanent injunction against the other co-sharers was not maintainable except by
bringing a suit for partition of joint property".

TRIAL OF PARTITION BY CIVIL COURT:

In partition suits ordinarily the civil Courts bifurcate the claim into two rounds/stages:

(a) First round/stage is finalized on preliminary decree of the partition suits or if some flaws
highlighted here-in-above are involved, then it is dismissed.

In the preliminary round of litigation of partition suits, the trial Court mainly checked the question
of jurisdiction, the entitlement/co-sharership of the parties, and other merits of the case and if the case
is made out by the claimant, then in this round of litigation the Court determines the shares of the
parties in joint property.

(b) Second round/stage is called final decree proceedings. In this round application for the grant of
final decree is filed by the decree holder, on the basis of which issues notice to the respondents, and if
they contest the same, they file reply. The Court after hearing the parties appoints a local commission
under Section 75 read with order 26 of CPC for determination of mode of partition. The commission as
per directions of the Court visits the property subject of partition and examines it, whether it is
partitionable or not. If it is not partitionable then the local commissioner evaluate the market value of
the decretal property and thereafter he submits his report. The Court passes order of sale of decretal
property and then passes order of division of proceeds of sale between the parties in accordance with
their determine shares.

The report of local commissioner in determining the actual position of the property sought to be
partitioned is of much importance, as the same can help the Court for determining the fact that whether
the property is partitionable or not and if partitionable then what should be the criteria for its partition.

If the property is partitionable then the local commission in the presence of the parties and record
keeper of the property, if any, suggests the mode of partition. He prepares a sketch/map of the spot.
Legally speaking the local commission keeping in mind the possession of each party, their shares, the
valuable and priceless portions of the property, the construction if any, suggests the mode of partition
keeping in mind this notion that every co-sharer must received the constructed portion, valuable and
priceless portion as that all them are equally accommodated. Thereafter, the local commission submits
its report, the Court invites the objections if any, of the parties, examine the local commission, if
necessary and either confirmed or set aside the commission report. If it is set aside, then the Court
appoints another commission with the same directions and work, otherwise in case of confirmation of
the commission report, the Court passes final decree.

Thereafter, the decree holder brings an execution application for getting possession on the spot in
accordance with the final decree.

It also pertinent to mention that the outcome of first round of partition suit i.e. preliminary decree is
always subject to appeal, then revision or second appeal, and finally it is also challengeable before the
Supreme Court in its appellate jurisdiction envisaged under Article 185 of the Constitution. Similarly the
final decree if the parties so desires, can be challenged through the same process, appeal,
revision/second appeal and appeal under Article 185 of the Constitution, and the last stage is the
execution as mentioned above.

TO GET REMEDY IN CASES OF PARTITION IS TIME CONSUMING PROCESS:

A huge number of suits for partition are pending before different Civil Courts of Pakistan and a great
number of civil appeals, civil revision and CPLA are pending before District Courts, High Courts and
Supreme Court of Pakistan. As observed above, that as there is no direct/automatic mechanism for
partition/division of immovable properties except the litigation, a large number of people are making
visits of different Courts for getting relief. It is also observed that even a suit for partition take great time
in civil Court, if we roughly calculate it takes:

(i) Six years in civil/Trial Court;

(ii) Two years in Appellate/District Court;

(iii) Six years in Revisional/High Court; and

(iv) Six years in Supreme Court of Pakistan.

Meaning thereby a partition suit takes minimum Twenty years. It must be kept in mind that in partition
suits there is no concept of looser, both the parties if found co-owners, get relief and except the tress-
passer both the parties are accommodated by the Court. But what happened practically, a partition suit
is brought and the same is decided but at the end of the day it is defeated due to the below mentioned
flaws:

i. (Jurisdiction).

ii. (Non-joinder).

iii. (Partial partition).

iv. (Prior partition or private settlement/Khangi Taqseem).

v. (No Co-sharership).

It is need of hour that the august Supreme Court of Pakistan like guidelines provided for rent cases, in
case titled: Barkat Ali Vs Muhammad Ihsan, etc, reported in 2000 SCMR 556, also provides guidelines for
partition suits and to declare it necessary that some proforma's prepared by the Supreme Court of
Pakistan are to be made available with the partition suit at the time of its institution and these proforma
must be filled by the counsel of the plaintiffs, signed by him and also by the plaintiffs. These proforma
must relate to the issues mentioned below:

(i) The Court has got the jurisdiction,

(ii) All the co-sharers and necessary parties are impleaded,

(iii) The suit is regarding whole property and not for a particular portion,

(iv) There is no prior regular or private partition and

(v) The plaintiffs are co-sharers in the property subject of partition and there due share, if determined
and known should be highlighted.

This effort will surely minimize the agonies of poor litigants who are visiting Courts for their suits
regarding partition.

If both the parties claiming possession over the suit property, then such phenomena deals with the
factual controversy and the same could only be resolved after calling of evidence from both sides. In
case titled: Abdul Qadir Vs Sher Muhammad, reported in 2010 MLD 1596 Quetta, it was held that,
"Section 54 and O.XX, R. 18, C.P.C. were to be observed while deciding the issues of partition".

PROCEDURE IN RESPECT OF PARTITION OF AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES IN REVENUE COURTS:

As explained in case of Noor Muhammad and others Vs Allah Ditta and others, reported in PLD 2009
Supreme Court 198 by the august Supreme Court that proceedings of partition of agricultural land
before the Revenue Officers were not governed by the Civil Procedure Code, 1908, particularly when the
question of title was not involved, such proceedings being summary in nature do not partake the
character of a civil suit necessitating the framing of issues or recording of evidence of the parties.

According to Section 142 of Land Revenue Act, 1967 the Revenue Officer was to decide the question by
holding an inquiry as he deemed necessary.
Application for partition of agricultural property is to be filed under Section 135 of Land Revenue Act,
1967 by impleading all co-sharers as a party by joining complete property which is in joint venture of the
parties. The Revenue Court after noticing the respondents and after getting replies, if any, from them
will summons the patwari halqa and will direct him to prepare Naqsha "Alif', "Bay" and "Jeem".

(i) Naqsha Alif will show Shares/Hissas of parties in the property in question.

(ii) Naqsha Bay will show proposed Khasrawise shares of parties and basically in this document the
mode of partition is determined and proposed Tatimaas are curved out. Basically this document denotes
the division of shares and in Urdu it is known as ( ‫بٹوار‬،‫)نقشہ ب‬.

(iii) Naqsha Jeem will show the proposal regarding the partition mutation and in urdu it is known as (
‫)نقشہ ج جدائی‬.

At the end the revenue officer will examine the record and will hear the arguments, if any, of the
counsels of the parties and if there is no question of earlier private/regular partition or non-joinder or
partial partition or jurisdiction or title dispute will allow the application and passed the order and issue
"Sanad-Sultani" in favour of the applicants as per the above referred Naqshajaat. Thereafter, for
practical possession, the applicant may apply to an through an execution application and finally
possession is handed over to him on the spot.

Similarly as per decision, the revenue officer will enter and attest partition mutation and will curved-out
the "Tattimaas" by dividing the available Khasra numbers in Bye-numbers.

In case titled: Khawaja Muhammad Arif Vs Mrs. Tahira Asif, reported in 2005 PLD 972 Supreme Court, it
is held by the worthy Supreme Court of Pakistan that, "Decree of partition is an "instrument of Partition"
and as such has to be engrossed on stamp paper and in case it is not done the decree can neither be
executed nor could be acted upon". "Real test of "instrument of partition" is whether there was any
property of which the parties were co-owners and the property was being divided by the deed in
scverality, entitling the parties to the separate enjoyment of that property".

LEGAL AFFECT OF PRIVATE PARTITION OF AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY:

Private partition of agricultural properties between the co-sharers will have no legal affect until the
same is affirmed by the Revenue Officer U/S 147 of Land Revenue Act, 1967, which provides that "In any
case in which a partition has been made without the intervention of a Revenue Officer, any party
thereto may apply to a Revenue Officer for an order affirming the partition. On receiving the application,
the Revenue Officer shall enquire into the case, and if he finds that the partition has in fact been made,
he may make an order affirming it and proceed under Sections 143, 144, 145 and 146, or any of those
sections, as circumstances may require, in the same manner as if the partition had been made on at
application to himself under this chapter.

In case titled: Noor Muhammad and others Vs Allah Ditta and others, reported in PLD 2009 Supreme
Court 198 citation (C), the august Apex Court held that, "Private partition does not determine the legal
rights but simply indicates the mode of division of property among them".

In case titled: Syed Musarrat Shah Vs Syed Ahmed Shah alias Lal Bacha reported in 2012 PLD 151
Peshawar, the august Court held that, "Mere entry of partition mutation, could not be declared to be
sufficient enough to have the protection of law". If other steps have not been taken in respect of the
affirmation of the private partition, i.e. inquiry about private partition, passing of order of affirmation of
private partition, administration of property excluded from partition, distribution of revenue and rent
amongst the co-owners after partition, instrument of partition and delivery of possession to all the
concerned co-sharers according to the partition so reached between the parties.

OTHER ISSUES REGARDING PARTITION

UN-DIVISIBLE NATURE OF PROPERTY:

One another problem which is now a day very common and which the masses faces in the urban area is
that sometimes the property is of un-divisible nature, so in such a situation if any one of the co-sharers
files a suit for partition of the such property, then the Court should have to take great care in such like
cases and should take assistance from law by applying S.2 of Partition Act, 1893. In case titled: Iqbal
Ahmad Vs Mst. Aziz Bano, reported in 2010 MLD 784 Karachi, it is held that, "Provisions of S.2 of
Partition Act, 1893, made it generally permissible that in a suit of such nature, a property if found
incapable of being partitioned by metes and bounds, the same might be sold out and proceeds thereof
might be distributed among the share-holders/co-owners to resolve the controversy between them in
respect thereof as once for all".

RIGHT OF CO-SHARER TO BUY WHOLE UNDIVIDED PROPERTY WHICH IS OF INDIVISIBLE NATURE:

Once a preliminary decree is passed by a Court of law then the Court has left with no other option by to
proceed under S. 3 of the Partition Act, 1893. This fact has further been confirmed by the verdict of the
Lahore High Court, in case tilled: Firdous Begum Vs Mst. Salamat Bibi reported in 2008 CLC 248 Lahore,
in which it is held that, "Once preliminary decree was passed, then provisions of S. 2 of Partition Act,
1893 would not apply and Court would have to pass final decree and resort to provision of S. 3 thereof
and in case of failure of any share-holder to apply for leave to buy share, then property would be liable
to be auctioned. Once property was found to be indivisible, then Court for effecting partition would
have to follow procedure laid down in Partition Act, 1893 after providing opportunity to shareholders to
apply for leave to buy property".

REMEDIES WITH THE PERSON/CO-SHARER WHO IS DISPOSSESSED:

In case titled: Contractor Haji Muhammad Alam Vs Shaukat Sultan, reported in 2009 SCMR 688, the
Hon'ble Apex Court held that, "where a co-sharer in possession is dispossessed by another co-sharer,
then he has two remedies to avail, he can either file suit for partition or a suit under S.9, Specific Relief
Act, 1877".

In another case titled: Shoukat Sultan Vs Haji Muhammad Alam, reported in 2008 YLR 1698 Lahore, it is
held the by the august High Court that, "where co-sharer in possession was dispossessed by another co-
sharer, then he had two options, namely he could either wait and file suit for partition or he could file a
suit under S. 9 of the Specific Relief Act, 1877".

In another case titled: Niaz War Jan Vs Gul Nawaz, reported in 2007 YLR 1723 Peshawar, it is held by the
august High Court that, "A co-sharer in possession of a joint property was not liable to be ousted
therefrom, except on a partition by metes and bounds taking place between the co-sharers".

In case titled: Muhammad Riaz Vs Mumtaz Ali through Legal Heirs, reported in 2006 YLR 1071, it is held
that, "where both the parties were co-sharers in the joint un-partition Khata and their remedy was to
seek partition in accordance with law by impleading all other co-sharers in khata—If a co-sharer was
dispossessed by another co-sharer his remedy was for partition of joint property or a suit under Section
9 of Specific Relief Act, 1877, for possession but a regular suit under section 8 of Specific Relief Act,
1877, was not maintainable—Suit filed by the petitioner could not be treated to be one under Section 9
of Specific Relief Act, 1877, as there was no specific averment that they were illegally or forcibly
dispossessed from the land in dispute".

Remedies provided to the co-sharer who has been dispossessed has also been given by august Lahore
High Court in case titled: Nazar Hussain Vs Additional District Judge, Chakwal reported in 2004 YLR 322,
wherein it is held that, "Co-sharer in possession, if dispossessed had two remedies; one a suit for
separate possession by partition; and the second a suit in accordance with terms of S. 9 of Specific Relief
Act, 1877".
MESNE PROFIT:

Any person in possession of the property enjoying benefit therefrom to the exclusion of rightful owner,
he would be liable to pay rent or mesne profit to the person who has been dispossessed or deprived of
his property. In a case titled: Muhammad Anwar Vs Dr. Gohar Ali, reported in 2007 CLC 621 Karachi, it is
held that, "Co-owner in possession to the exclusion of other co-owner in such case, could be held liable
to the extent of his unauthorized or hostile occupation, possession or enjoyment thereof. Once a person
established and Court came to a conclusion that person was entitled to any right or share in the
property; and he was being deprived of use of such right or share in property by the other person, then
the owner who was out of possession or enjoyment would become entitled to claim those profits
actually received by person in unlawful possession or enjoyment of such part thereof, as the case could
be".

QUESTION OF JURISDICTION IN CASE OF SHAMILAT PROPERTY:

In case titled: Barkat Ali Vs Sultan Mehmood, reported in 2009 CLC 899 Supreme Court Azad Kashmir, it
is held that, "Suit land was shamilat Deh, about which the civil Court had limited jurisdiction and could
not grant permanent injunction against all the Share-holders who possessed the land in the estate as
well. Unless the shamilat Deh land partitioned by metes and bounds by the Revenue Authorities, no
specific share could be declared to be in possession of any land-owner".

QUESTION OF POSSESSION OF CO-SHARER IN UNDIVIDED PROPERTY:

In case titled: Syed Shabir Hussain Shah and others Vs Asghar Hussain Shah, reported in 2007 SCMR
1884 Supreme Court, it is held by the Apex Court that, "Every Co-owner/Co-sharer would be considered
to be in possession of each inch of un-partitioned land according to his share".

In case titled: Munawar Hussain Vs Amanat Ali, reported in 2007 YLR 1756 Lahore, it is held that, "any
transfer out of joint khata even with regard to specific khasra number is always subject to final
adjustment of partition. No person can claim his exclusive ownership with regard to a specific khasra
number on the ground of having been purchased by him to the exclusion of other co-sharer".

Actual possession of a joint owner in an undivided property in of no value and it would not affect the
rights of other co-sharers. As it is discussed by the august Lahore High Court in case titled: Muhammad
Arif Vs Muhammad Hafeez, reported in 2007 MLD 1983, that, "Actual possession of a co-owner/co-
sharer in case of joint land would be of no relevance. Such possession to all purposes would inure to
benefit of remaining co-owners/co-sharers as well till such time partition was affected".

Sometimes it happens that a co-sharer started raising construction over an undivided property, without
consulting and associating other co-sharers or without taking their prior approval. In such an
eventualities, a co-sharer who is dis-agreed with the act of another co-sharer who is raising construction
can come to the Court and stop him from such an act. In a case of Ghulam Rasool Vs Umar Hayat,
reported in 2004 YLR 1136 Lahore, it is held by august Lahore High Court that, "Each co-share was owner
in every part of the joint holdings to the extent of his entitlement—No co-sharer could be permitted to
change character of the land to the exclusion of other co-sharers, without resorting to some lawful
partition proceedings".

Possession of a co-sharer on a specific part of an undivided property carries little weight when the
property comes to the partition proceedings. In a case of Muhammad Younas Vs Member (Judicial),
Board of Revenue, Punjab, reported in 2004 YLR 793 Lahore, it is held while deciding the revision
petition that, "Each and every co-sharer would be deemed to be owner and also in possession of every
inch of joint land till such time, same is partitioned by metes and bounds—Actual possession over joint
land would matter little, when land comes to partition".

In a case titled: Mst. Ghulam Fatima Vs Muhammad Munir, reported in 2004 CLC 995 Lahore, it is held
that, "Dispute among co-sharers with respect to possession of their property could be settled through
partition of the same from a competent Court".

In case titled: Khurshid Anwar Jalil Vs Muhammad Hafeez Mirza, reported in 2003 CLC 1695 Lahore, it is
held that, "every joint owner shall be deemed to be in possession of each and every inch of joint
property—If strong co-sharer after taking possession of more valuable part of joint property either
alienates same or changes its character, then it cannot be said that weak/poor co-sharer may file suit for
partition and till its decision, strong co-sharer may alienate same or change its character and throw his
adversary into ditches or barren land by taking commercially valuable land abutting on road side or
more fertile land—Such course cannot be allowed under principle of equity and justice".

CONSTRUCTION BENEFICIAL FOR OTHER CO-SHARERS:

Plea that the construction raised by one co-sharer would be beneficial to other co-sharers, as the same
will increase the value of the property is disregarded by worthy Supreme Court of Pakistan in case of
Fazal Vs Ghulam Muhammad, reported in 2003 SCMR 999 Supreme Court, wherein it is held that,
"Defendants instead of raising construction on the property which was admittedly owned by the
plaintiffs, should have first of all got the same partitioned and then might have constructed the portion
of land falling in their share".

Suit for possession of specific khasra number is not maintainable against a co-sharer unless the whole
khata is not partitioned. In a case of Dilmeer Vs Rajab Ali reported in 2003 MLD 484 Lahore, it is held
that, "Trial Court could to pass a decree for specific khasra number from joint khata, unless joint khata
was partitioned—Suit for possession against a co-sharer was not maintainable—Every co-sharer,
however, would have a right to seek partition in accordance with law".

No co-sharer can be dispossessed from an immovable property which is of an undivided nature, except
in accordance with law. In a case titled: Khawaja Masood Ahmad Vs Sajad Sarwar reported in 2002 MLD
434 Lahore, it is held that, "Person acquiring possession of immovable property at the very inception as
co-owner could not be dispossessed from the same without proper partition and a decree/order of a
competent Court in that regard".

WHEN ENTITLEMENT OF PARTY ESTABLISHED IN PROPERTY, PARTITION CANNOT BE DENIED:

It is prime duty of the party who wants the Court to issue an order of partition in his favour in respect of
some immovable property that he should have first established that he is owner in the suit property or
that he has some rights attached to the immovable property, along with other essential conditions of
Jurisdiction, non-joinder or mis-joinder of parties, case for full partition. No private partition and if he
succeeded in proving all essential requirements of partition, then it became his right that a decree or
order for partition should be passed in his favour, if any other legal question not arises in his way. In
case titled: Muhammad Anwar Vs Dr. Gohar Ali, reported in 2007 CLC 621 Karachi, it is held that, "Once
entitlement of the plaintiff to the suit property was established, partition and division of property could
not be denied, unless, of course, it was shown that such property was incapable of division and
partition.

IMPLEADMENT OF PARTY/CO-SHARER AFTER PASSING OF PRELIMINARY DECREE:

As it is the established principle of law, set down by the superior Courts of Pakistan that no one should
be condemned unheard and keeping in view the said principle, the Court always try to decide the
disputes between the parties on merits and after hearing them and after affording them ample
opportunity to safeguard their rights. Even a co-sharer can come to the Courts of law and defend his
rights after passing of preliminary decree, in which he did not joined the proceedings. In a case titled:
Mst. Maqsooda Vs Muhammad Azeem, reported in 2004 YLR 1019 Lahore, it is held that "So long land in
dispute remained joint and final decree was not drawn up, any necessary party being vested with title or
interest therein, could be impleaded".
ALIENATION OF PROPERTY/POSSESSION OF CO-SHARER IN JOINT KHATA:

In case titled: Muhammad Bashir Vs Noor Rehman, reported in 2011 MLD 1518 Lahore, the august Court
held that, "Co-sharer in possession of specific property not beyond his share could protect his
possession till taking place of partition in accordance with law".

In another case titled: Abdur Rehman VS Muhammad Siddique through L.Rs, reported in 2006 MLD 442
Lahore, it is held that, "Co-sharer in possession could, while alienating his share, transfer possession of
his holding to another person which would be subject to partition. Co-sharer would be entitled to retain
possession of land in joint khata till it was partitioned by metes and bounds".

A Co-sharer can alienate his share in an undivided property and there is no embargo upon him for doing
so. In case titled: Mst. Bibi Jan VS Mir Zaman, reported in 2003 CLC 909 Peshawar, it is held that, "Co-
owners in possession of specific area can alienate same subject to final adjustment at time of actual
partition".

If a co-sharer sells in portion of property in an undivided khata, and deliver the possession of some
specific area to the vendee, then the vendee can retain the possession of such land which was delivering
to him by the vendor till final partition. In case titled Muhammad Aslam Vs Amir Muhammad Khan,
reported in 2003 YLR 1870 Lahore, it is held that, "Co-sharer was entitled to transfer a specific khasra
number under his exclusive possession to the vendee and the he (vendee) would continue in possession
til the partition of the joint khata because the vendee stepped into the shoes of the vendor as co-
sharer".

A Co-sharer can alienate a property in favour of other person but he cannot alienate a property with a
specific description of boundaries unless the property is being properly partitioned. In a case titled:
Muhammad Anwar Vs Mst. Nawab Bibi, reported in 2003 MLD 742 Lahore, it is held that, "Vendors
although co-sharers, yet were not in possession of specific khasra numbers and, therefore, they were
not entitled to transfer and lawfully alienate the plot with boundaries in favour of vendee".

CONCEPT OF OWELTY OF PARTITION:

Owelty is an equalization charge. It is the amount that one co-owner must pay to another after a suit of
partition, so that each co-owner receives equal value from the property. This is done to achieve equality
after exchange of parcels of land having different values or after an unequal partition of real property, or
Owelty of partition is a sum of money paid by one of two caparceners or co-tenants to the other, when a
partition has been effected between them, but the land not being susceptible of division into exactly
equal shares, such payment is required to make the portions respectively assigned to them of equal
value.

In case titled: Mrs. Saadia Muzaffar through her attorney Vs Mrs. Khadija Manzur, reported in 2006 CLC
401 Karachi, it is held that, "Co-owners would have equal right in every part of property until a regular
partition was affected. Merely because defendant was in occupation of front portion of property
purporting to be of higher value would not give him right to more benefit than what was possessed by
plaintiff. Concept of owelty was not applicable to such case".

CONCLUSION

From above details we can assess that in civil suits the claims of partition of property is highly technical
and complicated job. In order to accommodate the people it is need of hour that the Govt. should take
serious steps for computerizing the revenue record or other property record. Further settlements in all
districts of Pakistan are to be made regularly and at the time of settlement, if the revenue officers found
any joint property as impliedly divided by co-sharers through an implied/silent private partition, to give
it effect in the record without constraining them to have a recourse of litigation. Secondly it is also
inevitable that the Hon'ble Supreme Court of Pakistan like laid downing the procedure in rent cases, as
evident from Barkat Ali case 2000 SCMR 556, also considered the question of partitions for facilitating
the people of Pakistan.