INTORUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

Q.1:- Define the term political science?

Ans:- The word political science is combination two words. In which the word politics is derived from a
Greek word “polis” which means city state and science is the knowledge which we get from observation
and experiment. In ancient time the Greece have about 350 state and these states are independent in
discussing and solving their problems.
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Q.2:- Definition of political science?
Ans :- There are various definition of political science according to different political scientists:
1. GERNAR:- says that political science begins with state and ends with state.
2. GETTLE :- says that political science is historical investigation of what the state was (past of
state), the analysis of what the state is (the evolution of state from past to the present) and the
predication of what the state ought to be( the future of state).
3. PUAL JERAL:- says that political science is branch of social sciences in which we study about
the foundation of state and principle of govt.
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Q.3 :- What is politics?
Ans:- There are various meaning of politics :
Politics is an activity, an event, an occupation, public career, a process or struggle to attain
power.
OR
Politics is the art of bridging differences and problems .politics is sharing or shaping of power
According to Harold d lasswell is the of “who get what when and how”
Politics is the technique to sort out the solution of the problem of the society without suffering it.
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Q.4:- Describe nature of political science ?
Ans:- NATURE:-
Nature of something tells as that either it is science or it is an art (not science). Different
political scientists have different views about the nature of political science. The father of political
science “Aristotle” says that political science is a “supreme science”. On the other hand the father of
sociology august conte says that political science is an “art” (not science).
So first of all we have to know what science is:- it the knowledge which we get through observation and
experiment. (1.) Which is universal. (2.) exact nature. (3) precise.(4) predictable.
Aristotle:
According to Aristotle political science possess all the characters of science. Means that (1)
experiments are possible in political science.(2) We also predicate for future.(3)contains universal law. (4)
systemic manner
August conte :-
On the basis few points which are given below “August conte” says that political science
is an art. (1) lack of uniformity . (2) do not posses universal laws. (3) scientific method are not used.
Conculsion:-
So from above discussion it is clear that political science is a social science or normative
science not a physical science or biological science.
In social or normative sciences we deals with human beings. The problems arise in their life and the way
to solve them without suffering the as whole.
While in physical or biological sciences we deals with materials or the knowledge which we get through
observation and experiments, containing verifiability and universality
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Q.5:-Describe scopes of political science?
Ans:-Scopes of political science:-
As we know that political science is subject that is developing day by
day.so its scopes are also becoming wider. In ancient times when it is newly emerged. It is just related to
state or city. But now a day it is related to various of field which include:-
(1).Study of state:- the institutional study of state includes:-
a. ”The state as it was” means the past of state.
b. ”The state as it has been” means the evolution of state from past to the present.
c. “ The state as it ought to be” means the predication for future.
(2). Study of govt :-
Govt is working machinery of a state. It is an agency or in other words it is the agent
through which state express its well. Without government we cannot imagine to run the state. It has
three essential parts which are:-
(a).Legislature:- it is responsible for making laws for the welfare peoples living in a state. For example:-
our “MPA’s ,MNA’s and SNATOR’s”
(b).Executive:- it is responsible for execution ( implementation) of those laws which prepared by
legislature. It includes civil administration (AC, DC, and Police)
(c). Judiciary:- it is responsible to make difference between aggressor and victim according to the law
provided by legislature. Also to punish the aggressor and to give right to victim.
(3).Study of international relation (IR):- It is related to the relation or interaction between two or more
state including the role of an individual, society, organization and state. These relation are based on
either co-operation or conflict.
Political science have many other scopes which are(study of organization )(study of relation b/w
individual and state) etc.
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Q.6:- Discuss about different sub-field of political science?

Ans:- Political science is vast discipline. It covers different subjects, so for its convince it is divided into
following division or sub-field:
1.Public policy:- =>it is method or technique adopted by govt for the welfare of peoples.
=> public policy include formulation of policies, process of policies and implementation of policies
2. Comparative politics:- =>it uses different methods and deep research to analyze politics
=> in it we compare political system of two different states. Similarities and differences are drawn
between the systems. It is easy to identify the problem in the system with comparison. Aristotle is the
father of comparative politics.
3. Public administration:- the word administration is derived Greek word “ad” and” ministiare” which
mean to look after or manage the affairs of people. Some defines that it is fulfillment and enforcement of
public policy declared by competent authority. Administration are of two types:
(a) public administration:- the management of affairs by govt
(b) private administration :-the management of affairs by non- govt organization. Exp, company,
business, corporation etc.
4.Administration and politics:- both are closely related to each other. politics is concerned with policy
making and administration is concerned with implementation of these policies in best manner.
5.Political dynamics:- it studies the informal aspects of politics like public opinion, propaganda and press
media etc. it is the new sub field of political science.
6. local govt :- it is the administration of limited policies with in relatively small area. Local govt is very
important because the individual themselves manage their affairs at local level. Local govt performs
activities like contructionof road, savage system, streets, water channel, bridges, water pumps etc.
Q.7:- Describe the relation of political science with social science?
Ans:- As we know that, political science is a social science. Means, that it deals with political aspects of
men’s in social life. It is closely related with other social sciences:- history, economics, sociology,
geography.
(1) : Relation with history :- According to seely, history without political science has no fruits
while political science without history has no roots.
 History provide knowledge to under the subject matter of political science .
 History act as guide for political science.
 History is incomplete without studying political events.
 Political revolution makes history.
(2) :Relation with economics:- Economics need help of political science for securing right
economic policies and goal
 Political ideology are influenced by economic condition.
 The modern state need assistance of economy
 Govt policies are influenced by economic condition.
(3) :Relation with sociology:- As we know, sociology is science of society while political science
is the science of state. Sociology is the study of society whether it is politically organized or
not, while political science is the study of politically organized society.
 Sociology give valuable knowledge to political science.
 The social life is controlled or regulated by the state.
 Social condition influence the political organization.
(4) Relation with geography:- geography is the field of science which deals with study of
lands, features and inhabitants, while political science is science of state and govt.
 Territory is the essential element of state so therefore geography is the part of poilitical
science which give basic knowledge of land
 Geography is independent study while political science take knowledge which is needed.
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Q.8 :- Define approach in political science and its types ?
Ans :- Approach is criteria or standard adopted by political scientist to study different political
phenomena. As we know, political science is research oriented subject and is used to solve different
political question.it has following types:
(1) Traditional approach:- we know that, political science is multi-disciplinary subject, when we study
political science in the aspect of history, economics ,sociology, psychology is known as traditional
approach. Traditional approach is the theoretical study of political institution.
)a) approach to history:- when we study political science from historical point of view is known as
historical approach. according to seely ,history without political science has no fruit,political science
without history has no roots.it gives as ionformation about the historical evolution and past of the
state .
(b) approach to sociology:- when we study political science from sociologal point of view it is known
as sociological approach. sociology is mother of all social sience it deals with the all aspect of human
life.sociology in trunk while political science is the branch.
(c) approach to economics:-when we study political science from economic point of view is known
economic approach.karl max used economic approach to clarify the modern concept of
economics.nowaday international relation are influenced by economic condition.
(d) approach to psychology:- when we study political science from psychological point view is known
as psychological approach. It plays very important role in political science so therefore it is named as
political psychology. Because human psychology is variable not constant.
(2) Behavioral approach:- in this we study the behavior of different political institution inside the
state. It follows observational method. It uses analogy. It is scientific in nature. It is dynamic.it
study power politices
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Q.9:-Define state?
Ans:-State:-the institutional study of state includes:
(a) The state as it was (means pastof the state)
(b) The state as it has been(means the evolution of state from past to the future)
(c) The state as it ought to be(means the predication for future)
State has four basic elements: (1).territory.(2).population.(3)govt.(4).sovereignty.
If, out of these 4 only is 1is absent .so,we cannot called it a state.
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Q.10: Write a note on origin of the state?

Ans: Different political thicker have different views about the origin of the state. Some belives that state
is present naturally. Some says that state came into being by social contract while other says that it is
the result of force.but,yet it is not clear that how state came into being there are various theories about
the origin of state.
(1) Divine theory:-it is one of the oldest theory about the origin of state and also known as divine
rights of king.according to this theory ,state is created by God almighty and there is no efforts of
human in the creation of state.
 King is shadow of God on earth and he is answerable to God almighty alone.
 It is obligatory for the people to obey the king and never take stance against the king.
Basic tents:- Monarchy is divinly ordined
 King is answerable to God only
 The people should obey the king
Causes of failure:- rise of democracy
 Rise of social contract theory
 Sepration of church and state.
(2).Social contract theory:- this theory starts with the assumption that state is existing naturally. This
has two basic assumption:(1).the contract. (2) the state of nature.basic exponent of this theory are
Thomas hobbes, john lock,and j.j roussuea.
Thomas hobbes:- according to him before the origin of state man lived in state of nature in miserable
condition, the state of violence, ruthlessness and cruelty.In short it is the state of wild brutality. Man got
tired of such situation and comes under the contract to get rid of such miserable condition.
John lock:- according to john lock before the origin of state man lives in a state of nature where he had
got all natural rights, right of life ,property, freedom was there in state of nature but due to the absence
of govt everyone interpreting their rights which leds to conflict. To resolve this conflict man come under
the contract.As a result society and govt was established
J.J.roussoue:- according to him man lived in state of nature and enjoyed heavenly blessing. But due to
increase in population and the tradition of holding land leds to conflict.to resolve the conflict. man signed
a contract and transferred there right to the state.
Criticism :- it is baseless theory.
 It provide wroung progress of the mankind
 Unhistorical theory.
Force theory:- according to force theory state came into being by physical force or subjugation of weaker
section by stronger. In beginning man want form one place to another place in search of food. Some time
they got fight between them. As a result the sucessed group brought the defeated group in its control. It
means that the state is emerged, developed, and expended by force,many example in this regard are
present in the history.for example Alexander and many other expend their states by force.
Criticism:- force alone can not create the state
 Force alone can not expend the state
 Force is not the base of the state.
Evolution theory:-it is also known as historical or evolutionary theory. The state is the historical growth
and gradual evolution. The state is oriented on the following basis:
 Family => religion => force => economic activies
 Political consciousness