Plants - Vegetative (Part 1)

PLANT ORGAN
SYSTEMS AND
THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Vegetative Plant Parts
Are you familiar with these plants?
barrel cactus
Venus flytrap
carnivorous
sundew plant
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

But like other flowering plants, these have

roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and
seeds.
Harsh environments have selected for

adaptations in these plants, such as
modified leaves.
This chapter explores the anatomy and

physiology of vegetative (non-
reproductive) plant parts.
Section 21.1 Venus flytrap: ©Bob Gibbons/Alamy; cactus: ©Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
OF PLANTS
Plants like most animals

are composed of organs,
tissues and cells
Three Basic Plant Organs
Vegetative plant parts

include stems, leaves,
and roots. These organs
work together.
Section 21.1 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 21.1
The shoot is the aboveground

part of the plant.
-consists of the supporting
stems, photosynthetic leaves
and reproductive flower
The shoot’s stem supports

the leaves, which produce
carbohydrates by
photosynthesis.
Figure 21.1
Some of the sugar

produced in the shoot
system travels through
the stem to the roots,
which are usually
belowground.
Roots anchor the plant

and absorb water and
minerals that move via
the stem to the leaves.
Figure 21.1
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF ROOTS
Prop roots
extra support
Pneumatophores
Storage roots vertical aerial root specialized
for gas exchange
Leaves attach to stems

at nodes. Spaces
between nodes are
internodes.
Each node also features

an axillary bud, an
undeveloped shoot that
could form a new
branch or flower.
Figure 21.1
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
• Apical bud – the growing • Axillary bud – found in the

shoot tip where most of the upper angle (axil) formed by
growth of a young shoot is each leaf and stem which can
concentrated potentially form a lateral
branch or, in some cases, a
• Also called as terminal bud
thorn and flower
• Also called as lateral bud
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION OF
STEMS
• Food storage or asexual reproduction
• “Modified stems”
• Rhizomes, stolons and tubers
VEGETATIVE PLANT PARTS
Leaves are the main
photosynthetic organ,
exchange gases with the
atmosphere, dissipate heat
and defend from
herbivores and pathogens
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION OF
LEAVES
Tendrils
Storage
Spines
Reproductive
Biologists divide plants into

two categories based on the
characteristics of the stem.
Figure 21.1, 21.2
A herbaceous plant has a
green, soft stem.
A woody plant is made of
tough, bark-covered wood.
Figure 21.1
WHAT ARE THE THE 2 MAIN
DIVISIONS
OF THE PLANT BODY?
• Shoot system
• Root system
WHAT CONNECTS THE SHOOT
SYSTEM
TO THE ROOT SYSTEM?
• Vascular tissue/system
• (purple strands in the
diagram) connects the
root and shoot system
• Conducts water and
nutrients through the
plant
Question #1
Roots depend on shoots because shoots

____, which is transported to the roots.
A. absorb water
B. absorb O2
C. produce sugar
D. release CO2
E. All of the above are correct.
Cover: © Getty Images/Mike McKen

Plants Require 16 Essential Elements
All plants require several nutrients to stay healthy.
These plants have nutrient deficiencies.
Section 21.2 Both photos: ©Nigel Cattlin/Science Source

Figure 21.4
Essential elements are required for
metabolism, growth, and
reproduction. Both photos: ©Nigel Cttlin/Science Source
Figure 21.3, 21.4
Macronutrients are required in large
amounts. Carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen are the most abundant
macronutrients.
Both photos: ©Nigel Cattlin/Science Source
Figure 21.3, 21.4
Micronutrients are required in much

smaller amounts.
Both photos: ©Nigel Cattlin/Science Source
Figure 21.3, 21.4
Leaves and roots absorb nutrients from

air and soil. Both photos: ©Nigel Cattlin/Science Source
Figure 21.3, 21.4
Leaves and Roots Absorb Essential Elements
Symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-

fixing bacteria help plants obtain useful
forms of nitrogen (fixed nitrogen -
inorganic).
Rhizobium – associated with

leguminous plants
Bacteria invade the root hairs where they multiply and stimulate
formation of root nodules. In the nodules, the bacteria convert
the available nitrogen in the atmosphere and convert it to
ammonia which is needed by the host plant for development
Soybean plant: ©WILDLIFE GmbH/Alamy
Figure 21.4, 21.5
Question #2
Plants require abundant carbon and

nitrogen. These elements occur in some of
the same organic molecules, including:
A. proteins
B. ATP
C. DNA
D. sugar
E. Proteins, ATP, and DNA are all correct.

Question #2
Plants require abundant carbon and

nitrogen. These elements occur in some of
the same organic molecules, including:
A. proteins
B. ATP
C. DNA
D. sugar
E. Proteins, ATP, and DNA are all correct.

Plant Cells Build Tissues
Plants have three main tissue

types:
• Ground tissue makes up most
of the plant body. (storage,
photosynthesis, transport)
• Vascular tissues (xylem and
phloem) transport materials
within the plant. (transport and
support)
• Dermal tissue covers the plant
(outer protective covering).
Figure 21.8
Ground tissue consists of
three main cell types:
parenchyma,
collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma.
The cells that compose

ground tissue are
important sites of
photosynthesis,
respiration, storage, and
support.
Parenchyma: ©Malcolm Park microimages/Alamy; collenchyma: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source; sclerenchyma:

Section 21.3 ©Steven P. Lynch RF; xylem, phloem: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Figure 21.6
Vascular tissues transport
water, minerals,
carbohydrates, and other
dissolved compounds.
Xylem tissue transports

water and minerals from
the roots to other plant
parts. It consists of long,
narrow cells called
tracheids and wide, barrel-
shaped cells called vessel
elements
Section 21.3 Xylem, phloem: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

Figure 21.6
Phloem tissue transports

dissolved organic
compounds like sugars.
Sieve tube elements are the
conducting cells;
companion cells transfer
materials in and out of sieve
tubes.
Section 21.3 Xylem, phloem: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

Figure 21.6
Dermal tissue covers the plant; it

consists of the epidermis, which is
coated with a waxy cuticle.
The cuticle conserves water and

protects the plant. Pores in the
cuticle, called stomata (singular
stoma), allow leaves to exchange
gases with the atmosphere.
Guard cells surround each stoma

and control its opening and closing.
Section 21.3 Stomata: ©Dr. Keith Wheeler/Science Source

Figure 21.7
Question #3
If you cut a stalk of celery and put it in a

glass of water containing red food coloring
overnight, the next morning the celery will
be red. The food coloring is taken up
through the
A. phloem.
B. stomata.
C. xylem.
D. epidermis.
E. ground tissue.

21.3 Mastering Concepts
What are the functions of dermal tissue and

vascular tissue?

Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots
The three tissue types make

up the stems, leaves, and
roots of the plant.
Let’s look at each of these

organs, starting with the
stem.
Figure 21.8
Ground tissue occupies most

of the stem of a herbaceous
plant.
Vascular bundles are

embedded in the ground
tissue.
Dermal tissue covers the

stem.
Figure 21.8
Monocots and eudicots have

different arrangements of
vascular tissue and ground
tissue in stems.
Section 21.4 Corn: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Steven P. Lynch; sunflower: ©Jupiter Images/Getty Images RF
Figure 21.9
In monocots, vascular bundles

are scattered throughout the
stem.
In eudicots, vascular bundles

are arranged in a ring near the
epidermis.
Section 21.4 Corn: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Steven P. Lynch; sunflower: ©Jupiter Images/Getty Images RF
Figure 21.9
Ground tissue occupies most

of a leaf.
Vascular bundles are

embedded in the ground
tissue.
Dermal tissue covers the leaf.
Figure 21.8
Leaves are flattened blades supported with a stalk-like petiole.
Figure 21.10
Simple leaves have undivided blades.

Compound leaves are divided into leaflets attached to one
petiole.
Figure 21.10
Veins on
typical
monocot leaf Veins are vascular
Veins on bundles inside leaves.
typical Many monocots have
eudicot leaf parallel veins; most
eudicots have netted
veins.
Section 21.4 Both photos: ©Dwight Kuhn

Figure 21.11
The ground tissue inside
a leaf is called
mesophyll, which
consists of cells with
abundant chloroplasts
that produce sugars by
photosynthesis.
Section 21.4 Roots: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images

Figure 21.12
When stomata are open,

mesophyll cells exchange
gases with the
atmosphere.

Figure 21.12
Mesophyll cells also

exchange materials with
vascular tissues.

Figure 21.12
In a root, ground tissue

surrounds a central core of
vascular tissue.
Dermal tissue forms the root

epidermis.
Figure 21.8
Roots might form a fibrous root system or a taproot system.
• Fibrous roots are slender, shallow, and arise from the stem base.
• Taproots are thick, deep, and have fewer branches.
Fibrous roots, Taproot,

typical of monocots typical of eudicots
Section 21.4 Barley: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser; buttercup: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Figure 21.13
Near each root’s tip, root hairs are extensions of the epidermis
that absorb water and minerals.
Section 21.4 Root hairs: ©Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source

Figure 21.14
Question #4
The cross section shown at right

comes from the
A. eudicot root.
B. eudicot stem.
C. monocot root.
D. monocot stem.

Plants Have Flexible Growth Patterns
Some plants never stop

growing. These plants have
indeterminate growth.
Plants that stop growing when

they reach their mature size
have determinate growth.
Figure 21.2
Plants grow by adding units,

or modules, consisting of
repeated nodes and
internodes. Growth occurs at
meristems, regions of active
cell division.
Apical meristems produce

tissues that lengthen the tips
of shoots and roots.
Table 21.1
Primary growth occurs

at the apical meristems.
New cells can
differentiate into any
tissue type.
Apical
meristems
Section 21.5 Apical shoot: 21.15: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images; root meristem: ©Oxford Scientific/ Getty Images
Figures 21.15, 21.16
Secondary growth
thickens roots and
stems; this growth
occurs at lateral
meristems.
Table 21.1
Secondary growth
occurs in woody plants.
Two types of lateral
meristems produce
wood and bark:
• Vascular cambium
• Cork cambium
Figure 21.17
The vascular cambium

(highlighted green)
produces secondary
xylem toward the inside
of the stem and
secondary phloem
toward the outside.
Figure 21.17
The cork cambium

(highlighted white)
produces parenchyma
cells toward the inside
and dense, waxy cells
called cork toward the
outside.
Cork is the outer

protective layer of bark.
Figure 21.17
Secondary xylem
eventually becomes
unable to conduct
water, forming
heartwood.
Section 21.5 Stump: ©Siede Preis/Getty Images RF; LM: ©Herve Conge/Phototake
Figure 21.18
Question #5
If you have ever used a microscope to study

cells undergoing mitosis, you may have
examined onion root tips. Why are root tips
ideal specimens?
A. They contain lots of rapidly dividing cells.

B. They carry out photosynthesis.
C. They have root hairs that absorb water.
D. They don’t require O2.
E. They don’t contain vascular tissue.

Vascular Tissue Transports Substances
Vascular tissue forms the
transportation system that
connects plant parts.
Xylem and phloem function

in different ways.
First, let’s look at how water

and minerals are pulled up
to leaves in xylem.
Figure 21.19
Xylem transport is explained

by cohesion-tension theory.
Cohesion is the tendency for
water molecules to form
hydrogen bonds with one
another.
Because of cohesion, when

water evaporates from the
leaves, it pulls adjacent
molecules closer to the
stomata.
Figure 21.20
As the concentration of water

within the mesophyll
decreases, water molecules
diffuse out of nearby veins.
Those molecules, in turn, pull
neighboring water molecules
up the xylem.
This movement of water

molecules is repeated all the
way down the xylem. Along
the way, water molecules
diffuse into “thirsty” tissues.
Figure 21.20
• According to the cohesion-tension hypothesis,

transpiration provides the pull for the ascent of
xylem sap (water & dissolved minerals in the xylem),
and the cohesion of water molecules transmits this
pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots
to roots.
• Hence, xylem sap is normally under negative
pressure, or tension.
Where does transpirational pull begin
in the cohesion-tension mechanism?
• Since transpiration is a “pulling” process, our

exploration of the rise of xylem sap by the cohesion-
tension mechanism begins not with the roots but with
the leaves, where the driving force for transpirational
pull begins.
COHESION-TENSION THEORY
Now, let’s see how

sugars are pushed to
non-photosynthetic cells
in phloem.
Figure 21.19
The green leaves of this
strawberry plant are
sugar “sources” because
they carry out
photosynthesis.
Roots and fruits, which

require sugar but do not
carry out photosynthesis,
are “sinks.”
Section 21.6 Strawberries: ©Ingram Publishing RF

Figure 21.21
According to pressure flow
theory, phloem sap moves
from high pressure at
sources to low pressure at
sinks. Water movement
causes the pressure
changes in the phloem
tissue.
First, sugars are actively transported from photosynthetic cells to

companion cells and then into the sieve tube.

Figure 21.21
Then, water moves by
osmosis from xylem into
the sieve tube, increasing
sieve tube pressure.
This pressure pushes the

sugars toward the sink.
At the sink, transport proteins move sugars out of the sieve tube.
Since the solute concentration in the phloem decreased, water
leaves the sieve tube by osmosis.

Figure 21.21
Transport of sugars from

sources to sinks explains
how non-photosynthetic
cells obtain sugars (and why
fruits are often sweet).

Figure 21.21
SUMMARY
OF BULK
FLOW BY
POSITIVE
PRESSURE
(PRESSURE
FLOW)
AN OVERVIEW OF RESOURCE ACQUISITION
AND TRANSPORT IN A VASCULAR PLANT
Question #6
Throughout a growing season, a plant uses

up to 1000 liters (or kg) of water to produce
just 1 kilogram of tissue. What happens to
most of the remaining 999 kg of water?
A. It fills the cytoplasm of the plant’s cells.

B. It is consumed in photosynthesis.
C. It evaporates.
D. It passes back through roots into the soil.
E. It enters the phloem.


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PLANT ORGAN

Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

But like other flowering plants, these have

Harsh environments have selected for

This chapter explores the anatomy and

Plants like most animals

Three Basic Plant Organs

Vegetative plant parts

The shoot is the aboveground

The shoot’s stem supports

Some of the sugar

Roots anchor the plant

Leaves attach to stems

Each node also features

• Apical bud – the growing • Axillary bud – found in the

Biologists divide plants into

Roots depend on shoots because shoots

Cover: © Getty Images/Mike McKen

All plants require several nutrients to stay healthy.

These plants have nutrient deficiencies.

Section 21.2 Both photos: ©Nigel Cattlin/Science Source

Micronutrients are required in much

Leaves and roots absorb nutrients from

Symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-

Rhizobium – associated with

Soybean plant: ©WILDLIFE GmbH/Alamy

Plants require abundant carbon and

Cover: © Getty Images/Mike McKen

Plants require abundant carbon and

Cover: © Getty Images/Mike McKen

Plants have three main tissue

The cells that compose

Parenchyma: ©Malcolm Park microimages/Alamy; collenchyma: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source; sclerenchyma:

Xylem tissue transports

Section 21.3 Xylem, phloem: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

Phloem tissue transports

Section 21.3 Xylem, phloem: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

Dermal tissue covers the plant; it

The cuticle conserves water and

Guard cells surround each stoma

Section 21.3 Stomata: ©Dr. Keith Wheeler/Science Source

If you cut a stalk of celery and put it in a

Cover: © Getty Images/Mike McKen

What are the functions of dermal tissue and

Cover: © Getty Images/Mike McKen

The three tissue types make

Let’s look at each of these

Ground tissue occupies most

Vascular bundles are

Dermal tissue covers the

Monocots and eudicots have

In monocots, vascular bundles

In eudicots, vascular bundles

Ground tissue occupies most

Vascular bundles are

Dermal tissue covers the leaf.

Leaves are flattened blades supported with a stalk-like petiole.

Simple leaves have undivided blades.

Section 21.4 Both photos: ©Dwight Kuhn

Section 21.4 Roots: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images

When stomata are open,

Section 21.4 Roots: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images

Mesophyll cells also

Section 21.4 Roots: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images