The essence of calculus

We know,

Area of circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

Let’s think the thickness is dr

If we slice up the circle our dr value will gonna be smaller and smaller

If we broken up the circle their value should be the same which is 2𝜋𝑟2

So the area is = 2𝜋𝑟2

Here 2𝜋𝑟2 .dr depends on the dr, if the dr getting smaller and smaller 2𝜋𝑟2

Will gonna get less and less wrong according to the dr

The paradox of the derivative

So let’s call that difference in time “ dt ”, which might think of as 0.01 seconds, and call the resulting
difference in distance traveled “ds” . So the velocity at that point in time is ds over dt, the tiny change in
distance over the tiny change in time.

Here v(t) is velocity,

velocity

Change in distance

Change in time

ds(t) = is not “infinitely small

d(t) =is not 0

Derivative formulas through geometry

X2

dx

dx

df = + +

2xdx

Let’s imagine a square whose side length is x if we increase x by some tiny nudge, some little dx that side
change in the area of a square would be df.

The tiny increase to the value of f(x) = x2 caused by that tiny dx

In this picture the 2 thin rectangle each have side length of x and dx so they account for 2 times x * dx
units of new area 2xdx.
Visualizing the chain rule and product rule

Fx = sin (x) + x2

Df = sin(x)d(x2)+ x22d(sin(x))

Df = sin(x)2xdx+x22dcos(x) dx

Df/dx = sin(x)2xdx+ x22dcos(x)

What’s so special about Euler’s number e?

First of all let’s think about an intuition, let’s just focus on the function 2 to the x

So let’s think of that input as a time “t” and the output 2 to the t, as population size

P(t) = 2^t t=0

Here, p= population size

If we increase the number of t it will identify the total population (mass).

So, let’s imagine t=0 the total mass is 2 to the 0 equals 1

M(t)= 2^t

2^t+dt-2^t

Dt

Rate of change

In a small time

More abstractly for a tiny change in time dt we have to understand about the different between 2 to the
t plus dt.
Implicit differentiation, what’s going on here?

Let’s say,

X(t)^2+y(t)^2=5^2

D(x(t)^2+y(t)^2)

=0

dt

on the other hand the derivative of x(T)2 is 2*x(t)* the derivatives of x

x(t)^2+y(t)^2=5^2

2x(t)dx/dt+2y(t)dy/dt=0

2(3)dx/dt+2(4)(-1)=0

That would be dx/dt=4/3

Lmits, L’Hospitals rule, and epsilon delta definitions

To think about this derivative df/dx(2)

Let’s imagine x=2 let’s start by imagining nudging that input by some tiny dx and looking at the resulting
change

Here the actual derivative is whatever this ratio approaches as dx approaches to 0 then the nudge out df
is in the different between f(starting input + dx)+f (starting input)

F(2+dx)-f(2)

dx

to express that if we want to find what this ratio approaches

lim f(2+dx)-f(2)

dx 0 dx

df/dx(2)= lim f(2+dx) – f(2)

dx 0 dx
What does area have to do with slope?

𝜋
2𝜋

𝜋/2

3 𝜋/2

Here the graph of sinx between 0 and pi which is half its period in this graph there are infinitely value of
sinx between 0 and pi and its not like we can add up all those numbers and divided by infinity .since its
finite sample you can find the average up all the height sinx at each 1 and divide sum by the number of
points and sampled

So
Higher order derivatives

Df/dt

D^2f/dx^2=10

D^2f/dx^2(4) = 0

At point where there is not really any curvature the 2nd derivative 0

Taylor series

d(cos)/dx(0)=-sin(0)=0

d^2(cos)/dx^2(0)=-cos(0)=-1

d^(cos)/dx^3(0)=sin (0)=0

d^4(cos)/dx^4(0)=cos(0)=1

well first of all input 0 the value of cosx is 1 so if our approximation gonna to be any good at all it should
also equal 1 when plug in 0 plugging in 0

just results in whatever c0 is so we can set 1.

the average height would be =Area/width= 𝜋