WTS TUTORING

202 momentum

GRADE : 12

COMPILED BY : PROF KHANGELANI SIBIYA

CELL NO. : 082 672 7928

EMAIL : kwvsibiya@gmail.com

FACEBOOK P. : WTS MATHS & SCEINCE TUTORING

GROUP WHATSAP : 082 672 7928

INSTAGRAM : WTSTUTOR

TWITER : WTSTUTOR

WEBSITE : www.wtstutor.co.za/www.wtstutoring.org

“WHERE TO START MATHS & SCIENCE IS FOR THE NATION”

  MOMENTUM

 Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.

 Describe the linear momentum of an object as a vector quantity with the same direction as the
velocity of the object.
 The momentum of an object (p) is calculated by using: p = m .v
WHERE:
o m is the mass of the object (measured in kg)
o v is the velocity of the object (measured in m.s−1).
o p in kg m. s-1
 Calculate the momentum of a moving object using
 Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate it with some simple examples.

 CHANGE IN MOMENTUM

 When an object accelerates, its velocity will CHANGE. If the velocity of the object is changing,
then its momentum will CHANGE. Change in momentum Δp
 Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the initial momentum, the final
momentum and the change in momentum for each.

 The change in momentum of an object is calculated by subtracting its initial momentum from its
final momentum:
Δp = pf – pi
Δp = mvf - mvi

 WHERE:
o m is the mass of the object (measured in kg)

o vi is the initial velocity of the object immediately before the collision (measured in m.s−1)

o vf is the final velocity of the object immediately after the collision (measured in m.s−1)

WTS TUTORING 2
  NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION IN TERMS OF MOMENTUM

 State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum: The resultant/net force acting on
an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the object in the direction of the
resultant/net force.
 Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant/net force acts on an object and its velocity:
o Increases in the direction of motion
o Decreases, e.g. brakes are applied
o Reverses its direction of motion

 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

 Momentum Linear: momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity.
 Newton’s Second Law of motion in terms of momentum: The net (or resultant) force acting on
an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the object in the direction of the net force.
 Principle of conservation of linear momentum: The TOTAL linear momentum in an isolated
system remains constant (is conserved).
 Isolated system: A system in which the net external force acting on the system is zero.
 Impulse: The product of the resultant/net force acting on an object and the time the resultant/net
force acts on the object.
 Elastic collision: A collision during which kinetic energy is conserved.
 Inelastic collision: A collision during which kinetic energy is not conserved.
 Write down the equation for Newton’s second law in terms of momentum on the board:
o Fnet =

o Cross multiply
o The left hand side of this equation is:
o is a vector quantity known as IMPULSE.
o The unit for impulse is: N.s
 In other words, Impulse is EQUAL TO the change in momentum of an object.
 the N.s and kg.m.s−1 are equivalent units
 This is referred to as the Impulse-Momentum theorem



WTS TUTORING 3
  Use the impulse-momentum theorem to calculate the force exerted, the time for which the force is
applied and the change in momentum for a variety of situations involving the motion of an object
in one dimension.

 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS

 Explain what is meant by a closed/an isolated system (in Physics), i.e. a system on which the
resultant/net external force is zero.
 A closed/an isolated system exclude external forces that originate outside the colliding bodies, e.g.
friction. Only internal forces, e.g. contact forces between the colliding objects, are considered.
 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum: The total linear momentum of a closed
system remains constant (is conserved).

 COLLISIONS

 MOVE OFF TOGETHER

 When objects collide and move off together, their masses can be added as one object
 Objects that are stationary have an initial velocity of zero.

 COLLIDE AND REBOUNDS

 Objects can collide and move off separately

 The velocity and momentum are vectors.
 Velocity substitution must take direction into account

 OBJECT DROPPED VERTICALLY ON A MOVING OBJECT

 A dropped object has a horizontal velocity of zero

 EXPLOSIONS

 Objects that experience the same explosion will experience the same force.
 The acceleration, velocity and momentum of the object is dependent on the mass.
 Objects that are stationary have an initial velocity of zero.

WTS TUTORING 4
  SPRINGS

 The spring will exert the same force on both objects (Newton’s Third Law).
 The acceleration, velocity and momentum of the object is dependent on the mass.
 Objects that are stationary have a velocity of zero.

 FIREARMS/ CANNONS

 The gun and bullet will experience the same force.

 The acceleration of the weapon is significantly less than the bullet due to mass difference.
 Recoil can be reduced by increasing the mass of the weapon.

KUTHI HUUU!!!

 Each object involved in the collision will experience an equal but opposite net force.
 Each object involved in the collision will experience an equal but opposite impulse.
 Each object involved in the collision will experience an equal but opposite change of momentum.

 ELASTIC COLLISIONS:

 linear momentum is conserved

 colliding objects remain separate and are not changed in any way
 total kinetic energy is conserved: Σ Eki = Σ Ekf
 Ek before collision = Ek after collision
 The initial kinetic energy is not transformed into any other forms of energy.

 INELASTIC COLLISIONS:

 linear momentum is conserved

 colliding objects are joined or change their shapes
 total kinetic energy is not conserved: Σ Eki > Σ Ekf
 Ek before collision > Ek after collision
 Some of the initial kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy e.g. heat, light, sound.

WTS TUTORING 5
KUTHI HUUUU!!!

o EK → kinetic energy (J)

o m → mass (kg)
o v → velocity (m ⋅ s−1)
o h → height ( m)
o g → gravity (ms-2)
o Elastic collision: Ek(before) = Ek(after)
o Inelastic collision: Ek(before) ≠ Ek(after)
o Some energy is lost as sound or heat

 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

 The purpose of seat belts and airbags in vehicles is to change the momentum of the passenger over
a longer period of time, thus reducing the net force acting on the passenger.
 Write the equation for Newton’s second law in terms of momentum on the board:

o Fnet =

 THE IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIP IN THIS EQUATION IS:

 For a constant change in momentum, the net force is inversely proportional to the contact time.
 If the passenger is not wearing a seat belt, the passenger will be brought to rest during the collision
in a very short time interval.
 The shorter the contact time, the greater the net backward force on the passenger (for a constant
change in momentum).
 If the passenger collides with the seat belt, the momentum will change over a longer period of
time.
 If time increases then the net backward force acting on the passenger will decrease.
 This will decrease the risk of injury to the passenger.

WTS TUTORING 6
  CRUMPLE ZONES

Crumple zones in the front end of cars will also improve the safety of passengers Crumple zones
have two effects:
o Increase the time taken to change the momentum of the car, thus reducing the net
backward force on the car and passengers.
o Prevent the car from bouncing backwards during the collision. Cars that don’t bounce
backwards during a collision experience a smaller change in momentum and therefore a
smaller net backward force.

Often the braking system of large trucks overheats and fails through excessive use.
Engineers construct emergency escape pathways called arrestor beds to safely slow down vehicles
with failed braking systems.
An arrestor bed is a gravel filled pathway that runs next to a main road.
Arrestor beds ensure the momentum of the truck is changed (decreased to zero) over a long time
interval.

WTS TUTORING 7
KWV QP 01 # 2016 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 8
KWV M 01 # 2016 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 9
KWV QP 02 # 2017 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 10
KWV M 02 # 2017 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 11
WTS TUTORING 12
KWV QP 03 # 2018 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 13
KWV M 03 # 2018 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 14
KWV QP 04 # 2019 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 15
KWV M 04 # 2019 MAY-JUNE

WTS TUTORING 16
WTS TUTORING 17
 MERCY!!!!!

WHERE TO START MATHS AND SCIENCE TUTORING

Our vision is to create a majority of learners who will master Maths and Science around the country

 TO: EDUCATORS & LEARNERS

 JOIN US ON WHATSAP GROUP: 082 672 7928

 WE CONDUCT THE FOLLOWING PROGRAMS

1. WTS VISITING SCHOOL PROGRAM

 DAYS : FRIDAYS, SATURDAYS & SUNDAYS

 SUBJECTS : MATHS, MATHS LIT AND PHYSCS

 TIME : ANY TIME AND EVEN CROSSNIGHTS

2. WTS PRIVATE CLASSES

 AREAS: RICHARDS BAY

 MTUBATUBA

 EMPANGENI

 ESKHAWINI

 DURBAN

 PMB

 GRADES : 8 TO 12

WTS TUTORING 18
 3. WTS SATURDAY & SUNDAYS CROSS DAYS CLASSES

 LEARNERS FROM DIFFERENT SCHOOLS ARE ALLOWED

 TIME : 08:00 TO 16:00

 SUBJECTS : MATHS & SCIENCES

 VENUE : RICHTEC COLLEGE (RICHARDS BAY)

 DAYS : SATURDAYS

4. WTS FINISHINING / UPGRADING SESSIONS

 PLACE : KZN RICHARDS BAY

 SUBJECTS : MATHS & PHYSCS

 TIME : 18:00 TO 22:00

 ACCOMMODATION IS AVAILABLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5. WTS CROSSNIGHTS

 EVRY TERM

6. WTS CAMPS

 EVERY TERM

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PAST PAPERS

“WHERE TO START MATHS & SCIENCE tutorInG IS For tHE nAtIon”

WTS TUTORING 19