NOTE: This is an electronically scanned document.

OCR technology is not

perfect and although I have tried to eliminate all mistakes, the published and
bound version of this document from the main office is still the authoritative
document. Page numbers correspond to the original.

Lord Maximilian Alois von Brandenberg

Canton of Spiaggia Levantina
Barony of Bright Hills
Atlantia
Summer A.S. XXXII

THE MARSHAL'S HANDBOOK

1994 EDITION

Copyright @ 1985, 1989, 1992, 1994

by the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc.

Copies may be made by members of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc. for
circulation to other members, so long as no changes are made and the copyright
statement is included.

CONTENTS

Introduction 2

Part I:

Paperwork 3

Part II:

Marshalling on the Field

Marshal-in-Charge of an Event 5
Equipment Inspections 5
Sample Equipment Inspection 6
Marshalling Single Combat 8
Marshalling Melees 10
Marshalling Wars 11
Marshalling Missile Combat 13
Marshalling Period Fencing 14
Combat Authorization Guidelines 15
Sample Authorization Procedure 18
Combat Injuries 20

Appendices:

1. Definitions 22
2. Combat Rules
The Rules of the Lists 26
Governing and Policy Decisions 27
Applications of the Rules of the Lists 30
Conventions of Combat of the SCA, Inc 32
Missile Combat Rules 36
Period Fencing Rules 38
3. Armor and Weapons Standards
Tournament and War Equipment 39
Missile Combat Equipment 45
Fencing Equipment 49
Experimental weapons and materials 52
4. Resolution of Grievances 53
5. Sanctions 54

Diagrams 56

INTRODUCTION

Over the past quarter of a century, the SCA's form of combat, armor, and weapons
have evolved as we have tried to recreate the honor and chivalry that should
have existed on the medieval battle field. Just as the combat style, armor and
weapons have evolved, so have the rules that govern them. The basis for SCA
combat rules and regulations are the Rules of the Lists and may be found in
Corpora. This basic set of rules is supplemented by Governing and Polity
Decisions of the Board of Directors Conventions of Combat of the SCA, and the
numerous rules, regulations and conventions practiced in the various Kingdoms.

The Rules and Standards outlined in this handbook are the minimum rules and
standards acceptable for SCA combat. It is the prerogative of the individual
Kingdoms to add to these basic standards to establish more rigid standards where
warranted by necessity, or by Kingdom practice or accepted convention. You as a
fighter or marshal should become familiar with the additional rules and
standards of your Kingdom.

These Rules and Standards have been revised by various Society Marshals, who
have tried to make them as clear and accurate as possible. These rules and
standards, combined with the additional Kingdom rules and standards, are
intended to promote safety on the field. However, rules and standards, no
matter how clear or accurate, cannot replace common sense, good judgement, and
concern for the safety of all participants in promoting safety on the field. If
a question arises when applying these standards, always choose the answer that
promotes the greatest degree of safety for all participants.

Lawrence of Ashana
Marshal of the Society

Fall, A.S. XXVI

Page 2
Part I:

Paperwork

Most people join the Marshallate because they are interested in fighting, not
paperwork. But a little bit of paperwork is necessary. We put it at the
beginning, so you can see just how little. You need to do the following:

If you are a member of the Marshallate, but not the Knight Marshal of a branch,
nor the Marshal-in-Charge1 at an event:

Whatever your Kingdom requires to get you warranted (probably a one-time

effort)1,

Reports on what you personally observed of any incident during or related

to combat, which the Marshal-in-Charge was required to report on,

Otherwise, NOTHING. (Wasn't that easy?)

If you are the Marshal-in-Charge of an event:

Whatever your Kingdom requires to get you warranted (probably a one-time

effort),

A brief report on the event, including any incidents in which

- someone was injured,

- a fighter had to be disciplined (see also Appendix 5 on

Sanctions).

This should go to the Principality Knight Marshal or the Kingdom Earl

Marshal. (It should not go to the Marshal of the Society!)

Any other reports that the Earl Marshal of your Kingdom requires. (If you
do not know, write and ask him what he will want before the event --- it
is a lot easier that way.)

____________
1 it is relatively common for a Marshal-in-Charge to draft anyone he feels
is competent to serve as field marshals during an event. Whether these
individuals are warranted marshals is a matter of Kingdom choice. The advantage
of being a warranted marshal is that you are thereby an official of the
corporation, which gives you certain legal protection from suits (if any)
arising out of your actions as a marshal. Since the Society and its officers
have never faced a suit over fighting on the field, this may not seem critical,
but it is worth thinking about.

Page 3
If you are the Knight Marshal2 if a Branch:

Whatever your Kingdom requires to get you warranted (probably a

one-time effort),

Regular reports on the state of fighting in your branch. If there are

subsidiary branches (i.e. you are in a Barony with Cantons, a Province
with Ridings, or a Principality) this includes summarizing the reports
that you get from them. Ask your immediate superior how often you need to
do this.

Any other reports that the Earl Marshal of your Kingdom requires. (If you
do not know, write and ask him what he will want before the event --- it
is a lot easier that way.)

If you are the Earl Marshal of a Kingdom:

An agreement to serve as Earl Marshal (a one-time effort which gets

you a warrant in return).

At least quarterly, let the Society Marshal know that you are still alive
and in office. While you are at it, tell him about the state of fighting
in your Kingdom. (If you are required to make a similar report to the
Crown, a copy to the Marshal is sufficient.)

If disciplinary action that extends beyond the bounds of a single event is

being taken against a fighter in your Kingdom (e.g. authorizations
suspended or revoked, Courts of Chivalry), a brief account of what was
done, to whom, and why. (If more information is needed, for example
because of an appeal of the action, the Marshal will let you know.)

Either individual warrants must be provided for each member of the

Marshallate in your Kingdom, or a roster must be maintained. (Information
on the roster system may be obtained from your Kingdom Seneschal if you do
not have it.) This task may be partially delegated to the Knight Marshals
of the Principalities within your Kingdom, if any.

Answer correspondence from the Knight Marshals of your Kingdom.

If you are Marshal of the Society:

At least quarterly, report to the Steward (and thence to the Board) on

the state of the Marshallate.

Provide warrants for the Earl Marshals as they are appointed.

Answer correspondence from the Earl Marshals.
___________
2 The term �Knight Marshall� applies to the marshal of a branch, regardless
of whether you are a belted fighter, or even whether you are an authorized
fighter at all. Thus does history sow confusion for us all.

Page 4

Part II:
Marshalling on the Field

There are three near-equal priorities in marshalling: safety, fair witness, and
showmanship. Over-emphasizing any one at the expense of the others will tend to
make the fighting less enjoyable for everyone (though if you must go overboard
on one, pick safety).

Being Marshal-in-Charge

As Marshal-in-Charge, you are responsible for organizing the marshalling.

This does not mean that you have to do it all yourself. You do need to

Check that the field can be safely fought upon. Preferably, check the
site before it is reserved for the event. Can someone in armor, with
restricted vision, cross it safely (i.e. without injury; tripping being an
inherent hazard of combat in rough terrain)? At minimum, check at the
beginning of the day to see if there are holes, soft spots, rocks, etc.
If they are serious and cannot be worked around, move the fighting
somewhere else.

Arrange for equipment inspection. (This is covered in detail below.)

Arrange for marshals for all of the combat. That means an absolute
minimum of one marshal per single combat (preferably two or three), and
enough marshals for group combats (melees and war battles) to both
surround the fighting (to keep an eye on the boundaries) and keep most of
the fights under general surveillance (for things like armor falling off,
broken weapons, etc.). (If volunteers seem to be in short supply, point
out to the fighters that they do not get to start until sufficient
marshals are available.)

When it is all over, write up a report on the event (see the Paperwork
section above).

Equipment Inspections

At each event, the Marshal-in-Charge must arrange for the inspection of all of
the equipment in use in combat (armor and weapons). This in no way relieves the
individual combatants of their responsibility for following the Equipment
Standards (Appendix 3). Rather, it is intended to provide a second pair of eyes
(hopefully at least a little more experienced, but not necessarily) and an
outside point of view. A reminder: Equipment which was perfectly serviceable at
the beginning of the previous event may well have broken since. And even the
most experienced fighters occasionally forget some piece of armor or another.

The inspection outlined below is merely by way of example. (For purposes of

illustration, it is for regular SCA combat, without missile weapons.) It
necessarily does not include checks for additional requirements which your
Kingdom may have added. Until you have done it so many times that it becomes
redundant, a check list might be helpful as you do the inspection. (In addition,
as noted in the section on marshalling combat, a quick visual check of the
combatants just before the start of an individual combat or battle is also a
good idea.)

Page 5
A Sample Equipment Inspection

All of this is based on the Equipment Standards given in the Appendices. You
should be familiar with them, as well as with any other requirements which your
Kingdom may have instituted. The fact that one of the requirements is not
mentioned on this check list does not mean that you should not notice If it has
not been met.

Armor inspection must be done with all of the armor on the body of the fighter
who is going to wear it. It is not otherwise possible to get an accurate idea
of what is covered and what is not, nor of where gaps may occur as the combatant
moves.
of the

Before you start, remind yourself that armor is hot, not to mention heavy. if
the weather is hot, try to find some shade in which to hold the inspection, or
at least for the fighters to stand in while waiting to be inspected. (Similar
reasoning applies in case of rain, freezing cold, or other inclement weather.
Just because it is possible to fight, does not mean that it is pleasant or
desirable to stand around in it during inspections.)

Armor

1. Leg Armor: Check that the front and sides of the knee are covered. Have
the fighter flex his knees (either a deep knee bend or one knee at a time)
and see that the knee remains covered and that the articulation (if any)
does not gap. Check for sharp edges, broken or missing rivets, or other
signs that the equipment is falling apart.

2. Groin: ASK a male fighter if he remembered his cup. Do not knee someone
in the groin to check.

3. Kidneys: Check for kidney armor. (Kidneys are normally in the back, at the
bottom of the ribs, but the armor should also extend around to the sides.)

4. Elbows: Check that the point and sides of each elbow are covered. Have
the fighter flex his elbows and see that the elbow remains covered and
that the articulation (if any) does not gap. Check for sharp edges,
broken or missing rivets, or other signs that the equipment is falling
apart.

5. Hands and Wrists: Check the gauntlet and/or basket hilt. Look to see if
the gauntlet will pinch the hand if it is hit. Check for sharp edges,
broken or missing rivets, or other signs that the equipment is falling
apart.

6. Neck and Head: Check that the neck is covered. Check the face plate and
eye slots (a 1" dowel is a quick way to check and hard to argue with) both
for size of openings and to be sure that it is firmly secured in place.
Put your hand on the front of the helm, and have the fighter push

Page 6
against it. See that his face does not hit the face plate. (A gentle
touch of the tip of the nose at maximum pressure may not be desirable but
is not necessarily grounds for rejecting the helm.) Repeat with the sides
and back of the helm. Have the fighter turn his head toward his shield
side --- see that his neck is still not exposed. Have the fighter tilt
his chin up as far as possible and check the neck again (this is intended
to simulate the position he might be in if he had just taken a blow high
up on the front of the helm). If you can reach in (with your fist, or the
dowel that you used to check the face openings) and touch bare throat,
some improvements are in order before the fighting starts. Chin down as
far as possible and repeat for the back of the neck. Lift gently on the
front of the face-plate, to make sure that the helmet does not rotate
easily to expose the face or throat. After making sure that the fighter
does not have his tongue between his teeth, test the chin strap (or
equivalent) by lifting up sharply on both sides of the helm. It should
not rise up so far as to expose the head or neck.
Check for sharp edges, broken or missing rivets, or other signs that
the equipment is falling apart.

7. Shield: Check the rim for exposed sharp edges. (For this purpose, a 90
angle is a sharp edge.) Check the rest of the shield for sharp edges,
broken or missing rivets, or other signs that It is falling apart.

Weapons

The primary test is safety. If you, as marshal do not believe that the weapon is
safe (i.e. if you would not be willing to face it), do not let it be used on the
field. In all cases, when in doubt ask the prospective user if he would be
willing to fight against the weapon. If not, it may not be used regardless of
whether it meets all other requirements.

1. Swords: Check that they meet the minimum diameter (1 1/4 inch or 33 mm).
A 1 1/4 inch (33 mm) no-go gauge will speed this up enormously. Check
that the ends are taped, and that there are no exposed cuts in the rattan.
Check the quillons or basket hilts for sharp edges, broken or missing
rivets, or other signs that they are coming apart. Check the wrist strap
or other means that is being used to keep the sword from flying away (see
Appendix 3 on Weapons Standards).

2. Thrusting Tips: Check that they have the minimum cross section. Push on
the end to verify the required amount of resilient give.

3. Mass Weapons: Check the padding for give. Check the wrist strap. Consider
the total mass of the weapon. (See comments above about weapons in
general.)

4. Pole Weapons: Check the thrusting tips, if any. Check the padding for
give. Consider the total mass of the weapon. (See the comments above
about weapons in general.) Check that the weapon meets the relevant length
restrictions.

Page 7
Marshalling Single Combat

At minimum, there must be one marshal for a single combat. Two or three will be
able to see more of the fight. Four or more will get in each others way, and
block the view from the side lines, without providing noticeably better
marshalling.

As noted earlier, marshalling has three parts of nearly equal importance:

safety, fair witness, and showmanship. Excessive concern for any of these, to
the neglect of the other two, will make fighting less enjoyable for all
concerned. While these concerns apply to all marshalling, they are most
detailed and balanced in single combat.

Safety:

The field itself can cause safety problems. Before you begin, look over the
area where the fighting will take place. Look particularly for large holes,
soft spots, and rocks. (The fighters will generally accept small holes, rocks,
etc. as part of the background.) Once the fight starts, you will want to try to
keep it away from these areas. If the hazards are serious, move the fight.

As the fighters come out onto the field, take a quick look to see that they have
remembered all of their armor --- especially elbow, neck and hand armor. These
are the likeliest to be removed and then forgotten. This should not take any
time at all; it is not a full inspection nor an attempt to catch some idiot who
is trying to play silly games with the rules --- just a quick double check to
help someone who may be distracted by the excitement of the day.

Once the fight is started, watch particularly for breakage: broken armor, broken
tempers, broken people (i.e. injuries), broken boundaries (outsiders, especially
small children and pets, do not always realize that they are supposed to stay
off of the field during combat). If something breaks, first off shout "Hold!" -
-- several times, if necessary. (Fortunately, most fighters will hear and
respond to a cry of "Hold!", even when they won't notice their own names). If
the first cry of "Hold!" does not cause the fighters to stop, get in between the
fighters (or between the fighters and whoever has wandered onto the field) and
block the weapons with your staff until the fighting does stop. (Keep yelling
"Hold!" while you do --- eventually they may notice.) That is why marshals
routinely carry staffs on the field.

Bear in mind that the various Kingdoms have somewhat differing traditions as to
how much the marshal should intrude himself into a fight. On one extreme, some
Kingdoms expect the marshal to keep his opinions to himself except in the case
of clear and immediate safety hazards. At the other extreme, some Kingdoms
expect the marshal to volunteer advice any time he thinks the fighters might
possibly have a question about a blow. If you are new to marshalling, or merely
new to the Kingdom you are in, try to find out where in this spectrum your
Kingdom falls --- it will make a difference in how you act and, perhaps more
important, it will make a major difference in what the fighters expect of you.

Page 8
Witness:

You are expected to be an impartial witness to exactly what you saw happen
during the fight . . . and to keep your mouth shut about it unless a safety
hazard occurs or you are asked by the fighters. Ideally, be able to describe
the last 3-4 blows on your side of the fight: where they started, their angle of
approach, how they were blocked or where they landed. (Do not be afraid to say
�I don't know" if you were looking at one part of the fight when something
(perhaps) happened in another part.) Do not try to impose your view unless you
see what appear to be major and repeated problems. Leave the blow counting to
the participants unless you see dents forming in armor; usually, they have a
much clearer perspective than the marshals.

If the fighters do ask you what happened (or you feel compelled to volunteer)
try to do so tactfully. Prefacing your statements with "It looked to me like .
. ." or "It appeared . . ." is preferable to a dogmatic assertion of what
happened. Similarly, it is preferable to ask "Was that dent in your helm
before?" rather than saying "That blow put a 6 inch dent in the side of your
helm" --- the latter may be 100% accurate, but It is unnecessarily antagonistic
to someone who may honestly have thought the blow too light (because most of its
energy was absorbed in bending metal).

How to Watch a Fight:

In order to be able to answer as accurately as possible, you need as clear a

view as possible. This means being close to the fight. You need to strike a
balance between getting closer to see better, and staying back out of range of
the blows yourself. Just what the appropriate distance is for you will depend
on your level of experience with fighting, i.e. how well you can judge what the
range of the weapons is and whether you are in or near it. In general, for
single combat 20 yards is too far and 2 yards is too close. In the absence of a
better Idea, consider 5 yards for weapons less than 3 1/2 feet in length, and 8
yards if either combatant has a longer weapon. Try to keep moving so that the
combatants are roughly centered between you and the other marshals for the
fight.

Showmanship:

Keep an eye on the audience. SCA combat is a spectator sport just as medieval
tournaments were. (A spectator sport for members of the Society and our guests,
but a spectator sport none the less.) Your part of the show is to keep things
moving and avoid blocking the view from the sidelines more than unavoidable.
This means fast pre-fight checks and announcements, a minimum of holds and
discussions during the fight, and a strenuous effort to stay out of the way and
keep moving. (If it's cold, wear several layers of tunics and move even more;
one man in a cloak can cut off the view from a whole pavilion, or even two.)

Page 9

Marshalling Melees

When marshalling a melee, the witness function is necessarily relegated to a

very low priority. (It is not that it is unimportant, just that it is impossible
for a handful of marshals to be accurate witnesses to the details of a couple of
dozen separate combats.)

You should have a minimum of 3 marshals for the first 20 fighters, plus one
additional marshal for each 15 fighters up to a total of 500 fighters and 35
marshals. If you have more than 500 fighters (actually, if you have more than
50 fighters) you should have an experienced Marshal-in-Charge and a sizable
fraction of experienced marshals. It is preferable to have more marshals for
free-for-all melees.

The marshals should station themselves around the edges of the fight. This
allows control of the borders at the same time as they see as much of the
fighting as possible in one glance. It also keeps them from having a fight run
into them from behind. Be careful that you do not get so interested in the part
of the fight in front of you that you forget about another part which is moving
around behind. As always, keep moving and stay close enough to spot safety
problems.

In very large melees it may be desirable to have some of the marshals in the
middle of the field, in addition to those around the edge. If you are one of
these, be especially aware of fighters who may be coming up behind you (or who
you may be backing into).

Page 10

Marshalling Wars

Before the War:

1. The general rules under which the war will be conducted, compromises
between conflicting Kingdoms' standards, and the Tactical Limits for each
planned battle should be negotiated and agreed to in writing in advance by
the authorized representatives of all belligerent groups involved. The
rules and Tactical Limits should be published in the appropriate
newsletters. For intra-Kingdom wars, notices should be placed also in the
local newsletters of the groups involved. In addition, copies of all of
the rules and agreements should be available on-site, as a handout for
people who do not receive (or do not read) the newsletters.

2. Each side in a battle should provide a reasonable number of trained and

experienced marshals. If not enough marshals are available, the sides
should arrange for a draft from their armies.

3. All marshals should be separately briefed prior to the meetings of all

participants. (They should also attend the group briefing.) Emphasis at
this briefing should be on enforcing the rules and Tactical Limits for
each battle, and to preventing accidents that could arise from hazards
related to the Tactical Limits and to the actual terrain.

4. All participants should gather to have the rules and the Tactical Limits
explained to them. Their questions should be answered by the autocrats
and the marshals. If the Tactical Limits vary radically from battle to
battle, this procedure should be repeated for each battle.

5. Equipment inspection must take place before combat starts, with particular
emphasis on any modifications which have been made in making compromises
between conflicting Kingdom standards.

Marshalling the War:

1. A supervising marshal (Marshal-in-Charge) should be chosen for each war

(and possibly for each battle, if the Marshal-in-Charge for the war is
fighting in the battles). He shall be responsible for the activities of
the marshals in his charge. If possible, the Marshal in-Charge should not
be a member of one of the belligerent groups. The Marshal-in-Charge for a
particular battle may not participate in the battle as a combatant.

2. When "Hold!" is called, all fighting shall cease. The fighters shall drop
to one knee (if possible) where they stand. Conversations relating to the
conduct of the battle are not permitted between combatants. Changes of
position/location are not permitted, unless ordered by a marshal. If
movement away from a boundary or hazard is necessary, the fighters shall
maintain their relative positions and distances.

Page 11

To end a �Hold!", the Marshal-in-Charge will call "All Rise!";3 when the
combatants have resumed their feet, the Marshal-in-Charge will call "Lay
On!" to signal the resumption of the fight.

3. "Hold!" will normally be called only for broken armor, broken tempers,
broken people (injuries), or broken boundaries (outsiders wandering on to
the field or fighters about to wander off it), or to enforce the rules and
Tactical Limits.

4. "Hold!" should not be called for dropped weapons, fighters who have
slipped and fallen (unless they are in danger of injury), or the near
approach of a fighter to a boundary where there are no spectators (nor any
natural hazards, such as cliffs).

5. Marshals have the preemptory authority to remove from combat and from the
field any combatant who violates the rules or Tactical Limits, or who
performs any unsafe or dishonorable act. Such removal may only be
discussed during the battle if the marshal permits it. The marshals
ruling may be appealed to the Marshal-in-Charge.

6. Marshals have the authority to regulate the movement of non-combatants on

the field, and to control the location of spectators.

7. In the event of an emergency, such as an injury, the marshals shall

cooperate with the authorized persons responding to the emergency, and
keep the area clear of would-be spectators.

__________
3 It is often useful to have one side rise, and then the other. This makes
it easier to tell if there are enough left on both sides for the fight to be
worth continuing.

Page 12
Marshalling Missile Combat

1. All equipment inspection must take place before combat starts.

2. Missile combat, especially archery, shall not be conducted within enclosed

areas (such as Tournament Lists) or where spectators are in close
proximity to the field boundary.

3. The Marshal in Charge shall be responsible for establishing a safe area

for spectators and non-combatants. The Marshal in Charge shall warn all
spectators of the danger of missile weapons prior to the start of combat.
He shall attempt to minimize the risk to all spectators, participants, and
bystanders as much as is possible given the constraints of the site.

4. Where missile combat is to take place, a readily identifiable boundary for

the combat shall be established. All spectators shall be at least 40
yards beyond this line unless the Marshal-in-Charge determines that a
lesser distance will be adequate.

5. Any combatant who crosses the boundary of a spectator's area must cease
fighting and should be treated as specified in the rules or Tactical
Limits for "routed fighters." Any combatant who crosses such a boundary
and then discharges a missile or endangers a spectator will be ejected
from the battle and may be ejected from the event or subject to other
sanctions.

6. Rules for capturing/slaying missile combatants shall combine fairness and

realism with safety. A minimal set is given in Appendix 2.

7. Marshals should pay special attention to tactfully telling fighters of

arrow strikes that they fail to feel, to enforcement of the capture/
slaying rules, and to strictly enforcing the rules above concerning
crossing boundaries.

8. It is strongly recommended that non-combatants wear eye protection which

is sufficient to protect against the combat arrows in use. It is
recommended that Marshals also wear groin and kidney protection. Non-
combatants will bear conspicuous insignia which identify their non-
combatant status (usually the arms of their office). Marshals are also
urged to wear marshal's tabards, or carry a clearly marked marshalling
staff.

Page 13

Marshalling Period Fencing

Rapier Combat and standard SCA combat are sufficiently different that competence
in one style does not automatically mean competence in the other. Therefore,
separate warrants and authorizations are necessary.
Because of the nature of the weapons used, marshals and fighters should pay
special attention to missing tips or broken blades.
When cloaks are used by either fighter, �HOLD� should be called if the cloak
becomes tangled about the head or face of either fighter, or about one of the
weapons. It need not be called if the cloak is merely worrying, the face or
deflecting a weapon (assuming that the Kingdom rules allow use of the cloak for
more than simple blocking or deflection).

Page 14

COMBAT AUTHORIZATION GUIDELINES

A. GENERAL:

All persons who wish to participate in SCA combat activities must

authorize under the Society and Kingdom of residence authorization
procedures. SCA combat activities are defined as armored combat, period
fencing, combat archery, marshalling, scouting, and banner bearing in
combat. Other activities clearly falling within the scope above are also
considered combat-related activities.

1. Each kingdom shall establish a procedure for authorizing combatants

for participation in SCA combat-related activities. These
procedures shall verify the candidate is familiar with the
following:

a. Rules of the List of the SCA

b. The Armor and Weapon standards of the SCA
c. The Conventions of Combat for the SCA
d. Kingdom of residence specific Conventions of Combat
e. Kingdom of residence specific Armor and Weapon Standards

In addition to the above requirements the candidate must demonstrate

that he/she is able to function on the field in a manner that is
safe both to himself/herself and his/her opponent.

2. Only a warranted or rostered Authorized Marshal may perform an

Authorization. This Marshal must witness the Authorization and must
execute the appropriate paperwork to insure the authorization is
registered with the appropriate Kingdom Official.

3. Authorization shall be registered with and kept on file by the

Minister of the Lists or other designated official of each kingdom.
This office shall be responsible for keeping properly completed
waivers and issuing combat authorization cards. In addition to
maintaining the registration of authorizations, this office shall
provide the Earl Marshal with a list of all current Authorization
Cards upon request.

4. No authorization card may be issued until a properly completed

Waiver and informed Consent to Participate in SCA Combat-Related
Activities is filed with the kingdom.

5. Waivers for SCA combat related activities shall be kept on file for
seven (7) years.

6. Combat authorizations may be issued for a period of up to, but not

exceeding, two (2) years.

Page 15

7. Authorization cards shall not be issued to persons residing in other

kingdoms unless such persons are defined as subjects of the issuing
kingdom by specific royal treaty.

8. Kingdoms may define such additional types of authorizations

requirements such as weapon forms, field marshals, and missile
combat marshals, as they deem necessary.

9. Valid authorization cards shall be accepted outside the issuing

kingdom, as proof of authorization. (Kingdoms may define additional
requirements before renewing an authorization card for a person who
has moved into that kingdom from another kingdom.)

10. Any kingdom may revoke the authorization card of any other kingdom
for just and stated cause. (see APPENDIX 4, page 52 and APPENDIX 5,
page 56 for additional information)

B. NON-CONTACT AUTHORIZATIONS:

1. Each kingdom which allows Non-Contact participants (Scouts, Non-

Contact Archers, Banner-Bearers, et cetera) in SCA Combat-Related
Activities shall establish a procedure for authorizing non-contact
participants in SCA combat-related activities. These procedures
shall verify that in addition to the General Requirements the
candidate is familiar with the following:

a. All safety requirements applicable to himself/herself and

his/her opponent.
b. How he/she can be "killed".

2. The candidate should demonstrate under combat conditions how to die

safely.

C. MINOR AUTHORIZATION:

Minors (14 to 18) may authorize with these additional requirements:

a. No person below the age of sixteen (16) may be authorized in armored

combat or the marshalling of armored combat. No person below the
age of fourteen (14) may be authorized for any form of SCA combat-
related activity.
b. The parents or guardians of the minor must witness SCA Combat,
discuss with a witnessing marshal how it relates to the
participation of their child, and execute a "Minor's Waiver and
Informed Consent to Participate in SCA Combat-Related Activities�.
The witnessing Marshal must countersign the waiver.
c. The Earl Marshal, the Principality Marshal, or a designated Deputy
must be the one to authorize the minor for SCA Combat-Related
Activities.
d. At any event in which the minor is involved in SCA Combat-Related
Activities the minor must either have a parent or guardian present,
or must be in possession of a properly-executed "Medical
Authorization Form for Minors" designating some adult present at the
event as able to authorize medical treatment in the case of an
emergency.

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D. MARSHALS:

1. A Marshal may be authorized after he/she demonstrates the ability to

oversee combat, judge a fighter's authorization, and inspect weapons
and armor. Unless he/she is warranted or rostered by the Earl
Marshal as an officer of the kingdom, however, he/she may not be the
Marshal-in-Charge of an event, or sign the paperwork to authorize a
fighter or non-contact participant.
2. Kingdoms may have other types of Marshals other than Authorized
Marshals (local Knight Marshals, Constables et cetera) as they see
fit. These individuals may be warranted or rostered by the Earl
Marshal of the kingdom. However, unless the marshal has undergone a
Marshall's Authorization, he/she should not give final approval of
the suitability of weapons or armor, or be involved in the
authorization of participants.
3. Only the Earl Marshal or one of his/her Deputies may perform a
Marshall's Authorization. He/She must witness the authorization and
execute the appropriate paperwork to insure the authorization is
registered. As a minimum a Marshall's Authorization shall include
the following:
a. The candidate must have a good working knowledge of the �Rules
of the Lists", the Society "Conventions of Combat" and any
additional Kingdom rules or conventions.
b. The candidate must be willing to enforce the "Rules of the
Lists", the Society "Conventions of Combat" and any additional
Kingdom rules or conventions.
c. The candidate must have a good working knowledge of the
Society minimum Armor and Weapon standards and any additional
Kingdom Armor and Weapon standards.
d. The candidate must demonstrate the ability to conduct an Armor
and Weapons for use in combat.
e. The candidate must demonstrate the ability to conduct an for
Combatants and Non-Contact participants.
f. The candidate must demonstrate the ability to safely control
SCA Combat, whether this be single combat, team combat,
general melee, or part of a war environment.

Page 17

SAMPLE AUTHORIZATION PROCEDURE

This sample authorization is for a heavy weapons fighter. This procedure may be
used as is by a kingdom or it may be modified as required to reflect the
differences in culture and convention. This authorization procedure requires a
member of the Chivalry (to act as a witness and provide a second opinion), a
warranted Authorized Marshal, and an experienced authorized fighter be present.
This outline is general and does not deal with the specifics of armor and weapon
rules, since these rules are changed as the need arises. The warranted
Authorized Marshal will be trained in the specifics as they change.

1. Prior to authorizing the candidate and the authorizing marshal will

properly complete a Waiver for SCA Combat-related Activities (THE WAIVER
FOR SCA COMBAT-RELATED ACTIVITIES IS HU THE SAME AS THE GENERAL MEMBERSHIP
WAIVER).
2. The persons conducting the authorization must verify that the candidate is
familiar with the Rules of the Lists and the current rules that
specifically govern within the kingdom of residence.
3. The candidate must present himself/herself on the field in armor for
inspection. The armor must be inspected on the body and must pass the
current armor requirements for combat. This inspection must be complete
and exacting and any deficiencies must be permanently corrected before the
person may authorize.
4. Both the experienced authorized fighter and the candidate should be armed
with sword and shield or weapon that is being authorized in, if separate
weapon authorization is required by the kingdom. (The Earl Marshal may
permit a substitute weapons system.)
5. For the first few minutes of the bout for authorization, the prospective
fighter and his experienced opponent shall fight at 1/2 to 3/4 speed and
verbally acknowledge all blows landed.

During this phase of the authorization the marshal and Chivalry should get an
Impression of the new fighter's style, technique, ability to call blows,
and the ability to defend himself/herself. If this portion of the
authorization is not satisfactorily completed the authorization procedure
shall be stopped. The candidate shall be told of the problems observed
and instructed as to how to correct the problems.

6. If the first portion of the bout has progressed satisfactorily, then the
combatants will be told to fight a Lists type of combat, counting blows
until one is defeated.

During this phase the Marshal and Chivalry should observe the new fighter's
control, reaction to blows, and ability to cope with pressure.

7. The Marshal, the Chivalry, and the authorized fighter shall confer to
decide If the new fighter exhibits adequate performance in the minimum
criteria for authorization listed below:

A. Does he know and apply the Rules of the Lists and the Conventions of
Combat?

Page 18

B. Does he exhibit safe behavior on the field, both for himself and for
others?

C. How does he react to pressure? Does he fight back, or does he get

disoriented and confused?
D. Can he defend himself?
E. Is he able to feel and judge blows, both those he receives and those
he gives?

8. If the Marshal, Chivalry and experienced fighter agree that the new
fighter meets these requirements for authorization, the Marshal will
notify the fighter that he is authorized. The fighter and marshal will
properly complete any paperwork required by the kingdom in addition to the
previously completed Waiver for SCA Combat-Related Activities. (THE WAIVER
FOR SCA COMBAT-RELATED ACTIVITIES IS ELT THE SAME AS THE GENERAL
MEMBERSHIP WAIVER) The fighter will send these properly completed forms to
the kingdom official responsible for issuing authorization cards. Upon
receipt of these properly completed forms, an authorization card will be
issued.

(The fighter should be issued a temporary card or keep a copy of the

authorization form and waiver if he intends to fight prior to receiving
his authorization card. The card should be received within one month. If
the card is not received the fighter should contact the authorization
official and forward any information or paperwork required.)

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COMBAT INJURIES

The following text (i.e. the section on Combat injuries) is the joint policy
statement on the procedures and protocol for treating injuries which occur in
combat areas. This policy is promulgated by both the Chirurgeon General and the
Marshal of the Society; it is also included in the Chirurgeons Handbook.

I. GENERAL:

It should always be remembered that when an injury occurs on the field the
primary concern is getting to and assisting the injured party. Second to this
objective, but no less Important, is the safety of persons entering the field to
help and the well-being of anyone already on the field. (For example, fighters
standing around in armor in the sun could be subject to heat problems.) The
marshals and chirurgeons shall work together to assist the injured and promote
the safety and well-being of all parties on the field.

II. When An injury is Suspected On The Field

A. No Chirurgeon shall enter the combat area until summoned by a

marshal.

B. In the event of any suspected injury on the field, the marshal

should halt all fighting in the area and determine if a chirurgeon
is needed. The hold may be a "local hold" as long as the safety of
the injured person may be maintained.

C. Once the chirurgeon is summoned to the field, he/she should

determine the extent of the problem and apprise the marshal of this
status, consistent with the ethical constraints of patient
confidentiality.
D. A marshal should call for a chirurgeon if he or she suspects that a
participant is experiencing more than momentary distress. it is an
extremely serious matter to delay the application of first aid when
it is needed, and marshals who ignore injuries may be subject to
revocation of their authorization to supervise combat-related
activities. See paragraph IV (below.)

III. Procedures For Treating injuries On The Field

A. Once on the field, the Chirurgeon will determine if the injury can
be tended to "in place" or if the injured party can be removed from
the field and then given attention.

B. No conscious person will be forced to accept treatment without his

or her consent.

C. Fighting cannot resume until the injured participant can continue,

is removed from the field, or the provisions in paragraph E. below
are met.

Page 20

D. The Chirurgeon is responsible for the care of the injured party. If

removal from the field is necessary, the chirurgeon is responsible
for determining and implementing the most appropriate manner (i.e.
supported by others, carried on a shield or backboard, ambulance,
etc.).

E. If the area is large enough and the Marshal-in-Charge on the field

can provide adequate marshals to protect the injured party and the
support personnel, fighting may be moved and allowed to resume on
the rest of the field. Both the Marshal-in-Charge and the
responding chirurgeon must be in agreement for this to happen.

F. A chirurgeon must survey the overall situation as well as attending

to the injured party, and make every effort to release as much of
the field as possible so that combat may proceed. Chirurgeons who
repeatedly exercise poor judgement in such matters may be barred
from the field. See section IV (below).

IV. Problem Resolution

Any problem resulting from lack of cooperation between Marshals and Chirurgeons
will be reported to the Kingdom Earl Marshal and Kingdom Chirurgeon. The
Kingdom Earl Marshal and/or Kingdom Chirurgeon shall be responsible for taking
appropriate action. The SCA channels for Complaint and appeal will be followed
in all cases.

Page 21

APPENDIX 1
DEFINITIONS

The definitions which follow apply throughout the Handbook, unless specifically
stated otherwise. They are intended to clarify usage and establish a frame of
reference for the various materials used in SCA combat.

Armor Materials:

1. Bars: When used in the face guard of helms, should be minimum 3/16 inch
(4.5 mm) in diameter mild steel, or the equivalent. If the distance
between cross-bars is 2 inches (5 cm) or less, 1/8" (3 mm) bars may be
used.

2. Closed-cell foam: A less dense foam than resilient foam. For example,
Ensolite.

3. Equivalent: Refers to the impact resistance, impact distribution, and

impact absorption characteristics of the specified material --- not to
the physical dimensions.

4. Foam: Any open- or closed-cell foam, including foam rubber, foam neoprene,
polyurethane etc.

5. Gauge: U.S. sheet metal standard. Note that 16 gauge is officially 1/16"
(.0625" or about 1.6 mm), but commercially available sheet frequently is
rolled to .058 or even .055" --- much too thin for helms.

6. Heavy Leather: Stiff oak-tanned leathers 1/81, (3 mm) or more thick.

Often referred to as belt leather or 8 oz. leather.

7. Mail: Any fabric of small metal components either linked together (e.g.
chain) or attached to a flexible backing (e.g. ring or scale).

8. Padding: quilted or multi-layered cloth material, such as mattress pads,

moving pads carpet, felt, or equivalent.

9. Plate: Large components of rigid material (e.g. steel of no less than 18

gauge, aluminum of no less than 1/8", (3mm) or equivalents).

10. Resilient Foam: Dense, plastic, closed-cell foam such as ethyl polymer.

11. Rigid Material:

a. Steel of not less than 22 gauge (.045"). (There is a tendency for

sheet steel to be rolled significantly thinner than its nominal
thickness, as noted above. 24 gauge, even if sold as 22 gauge, is
the stuff of beer cans and not sufficient.)

b. Aluminum of not less than 18 gauge.

Page 22

c. Other metals of sufficient thickness to give similar rigidity to

those listed above.
d. High impact resistant plastics such as ABS or polyethylene of
sufficient thickness to give similar rigidity to those listed above.

e. Heavy leather that has been hardened in hot wax, soaked in polyester
resin (properly catalyzed), etc.

f. Two layers of untreated heavy leather.

g. Thick, deep pile carpet that has been soaked in polyester resin
(properly catalyzed).

h. Two layers of untreated, thick deep-pile carpet.

12. Steel: cold or hot rolled mild steel or equivalent ferrous material.

Weapons:

1. Swords: Single- or double-edged bladed cutting weapons (including swords

with thrusting tips).

2. Mass weapons: Maces, axes war hammers or other weapons which are designed
to smash or punch holes (on account of the weight of the real weapons),
rather than primarily to cut (on account of sharp edges on the real
weapon).

3. Missile weapon: Any weapon which is intended to deliver a blow without

being held in the hand (e.g. arrows, javelins, quarrels, or various soft
projectiles from catapults etc.) (See the Missile Combat rules and
standards below).

4. Pole arms; Hafted weapons, generally long, designed to be swung with two
hands. Includes glaives, halberds, etc.

5. Spears: Hafted weapons designed for thrusting only.

6. Progressively resistant �give�: As used in discussions of thrusting tips,

this means that the marshal pushes on the tip with his hand and it does
not bottom out, bend aside to expose the end of the blade or haft, etc.

Other Definitions:

1. Authorization: A procedure which determines that the individual fighter

has, at minimum, read and become familiar with the rules of combat and
been observed while fighting to assure that he does not constitute an
exceptional safety hazard (either to himself or to others). Details of
the procedure used vary from Kingdom to Kingdom, and may include further
requirements. (Note: the former term �qualification� is still heard, but
should be avoided.)

Page 23

2. Battle: A single combat event in a war or war game wherein a specific

scenario is enacted.
3. Earl Marshal: The warranted chief marshal of a Kingdom.

4. Eric: The boundary line around the edge of the fighting field.

5. Full-Contact Combat Archer: A combatant equipped in armor meeting at least

the minimum requirements for combat using rattan (heavy) weapons and who
will be using archery equipment in combat. EXCEPTION: Hand protection
shall meet the Archer's Gauntlet requirement as outlined in Combat Archery
Rules and Regulations.

6. Fully Armored: For the purposes of acknowledging blows, a fully armored

fighter is presumed to be wearing a light-weight, short sleeved, knee
length, riveted mail hauberk over a padded gambeson, with boiled leather
arm and leg defenses and an open faced iron helm with a nasal. (The helm
may be presumed to include a very light chain mail drape --- permitting
vision and resisting cuts by a mere touch of a bladed weapon.) (Note that
the hand, knee, and lower leg armor are considered to be proof against all
attack. Also, the hands, wrists, knees and lower legs, and feet,
including the areas up to 1" (2.5 cm) above the knee cap and 1" (2.5 cm)
above the bend of the wrist, are not legal targets.)

7. Heavy Fighter: A combatant equipped in armor meeting at least the minimum

requirements for combat using rattan (heavy) weapons and who will be using
such weapons in combat.

8. Heavy Weapons: Rattan weapons including, but not limited to, swords of all
length, great weapons, mass weapons, pole arms and spears. Other weapons
in this class exist and have been used including shields designed for
thrusting.

9. Light Fighter: A combatant equipped in armor meeting at least the minimum

requirements for combat using light weapons and who will be using light
weapons in combat.

10. Light Weapons: Projectile weapons including, but not limited to, bows and
arrows, crossbows and bolts, slings and stones or bullets, javelins,
darts, and throwing axes. Other weapons in this class exist and have been
used including shuriken, knives and catapults. In cases where the combat
is solely between light fighters, and if the scenario allows it, shinai
(bamboo Kendo swords) can also be used in adjunct with other "light
weapons".

11. Light Weapons Combat: (LWC) Combat in which only light weapons are to be
used.

12. Knight Marshal: The warranted chief marshal of a Principality, Barony,

Province, Shire, Canton, etc. (whether a belted fighter or not).

13. Marshal: a) someone who is monitoring the conduct of combat on the field.
(The Marshal-in-Charge of an event shall be a warranted marshal; the other
individuals doing marshalling may or may not be, so long as the Marshal-
in-Charge finds them competent to do the job.)
b) The Marshal of the Society.

Page 24
14. Mixed Combat: Combat in which both Light and Heavy fighters are to
participate.

15. Non-Contact Combat Archer: A combatant equipped in armor meeting at least

the minimum requirements for combat using light weapons and who will be
using archery equipment in combat.

16. Tactical Limits: The body of rules and definitions which apply to a
specific battle, such as the description of real or imaginary terrain
features, obstacles, weapons limitations, allowable conduct, and scoring.

17. War: A declared state of feigned hostility between two or more kingdoms,
branches, or other recognized SCA groups, for the express intent of
holding group combat.

18. War Maneuvers: Group combat events not involving a state of declared
hostility, usually with both sides drawn from all of the kingdoms,
branches or other recognized SCA groups participating.

Page 25

APPENDIX 2

SCA COMBAT RULES

General:

The basic rules for SCA combat are contained in the Rules of the Lists. These
Rules, however, do not specifically coyer non-tourney field activities such as
wars, war archery, and period fencing. In practice, the Rules have been
extended to cover these activities, with the observance of honor and chivalry
being the overriding element, along with the safety of the combatants. The
following is intended to bring together the appropriate rules for conducting
both tourney field combat and other SCA combat activities.

RULES OF THE LISTS:

The Rules of the Lists are reprinted from Appendix B of the Corpora of the
SCA.

THE RULES OF THE LISTS

OF THE
SOCIETY FOR CREATIVE ANACHRONISM INC.

1. Each fighter, recognizing the possibilities of physical injury to himself

or herself in such combat, shall assume unto himself or herself all risk
and liability for harm suffered by means of such combat. Other
participants shall likewise recognize the risks involved in their presence
on or near the field of combat, and shall assume unto themselves the
liabilities thereof.

2. No person shall participate in Combat-Related Activities (including

armored combat, period fencing, combat archery, scouting, and banner
bearing in combat) outside of formal training sessions unless he or she
shall have been properly authorized under Society and Kingdom procedures.

3. All combatants must be presented to, and be acceptable to, the Sovereign
or his or her representative.

4. All combatants shall adhere to the appropriate armor and weapons standards
of the Society, and to any additional standards of the Kingdom in which
the event takes place. The Sovereign may waive the additional Kingdom
standards.

5. The Sovereign or the Marshallate may bar any weapon or armor from use upon
the field of combat. Should a warranted Marshal bar any weapon or armor,
an appeal may be made to the Sovereign to allow the weapon or armor.

Page 26

6. Combatants shall behave in a knightly and chivalrous manner, and shall

fight according to the appropriate Society and Kingdom Conventions of
Combat.

7. No one may be required to participate in Combat-Related Activities. Any

combatant may, without dishonor or penalty, reject any challenge without
specifying a reason. A fight in a tournament lists is not to be
considered a challenge, and therefore may not be declined or rejected
without forfeiting the bout.

8. Fighting with real weapons, whether fast or slow, is strictly forbidden at

any Society event. This rule does not consider approved weaponry which
meets the Society and Kingdom standards for traditional Society combat
and/or Society period rapier combat, used in the context of mutual sport,
to be real weaponry.

9. No projectile weapons shall be allowed and no weapons shall be thrown

within the Lists of a tournament. The use of approved projectile weapons
for melee, war, or combat archery shall conform to the appropriate Society
and Kingdom Conventions of Combat.

Governing and Policy Decisions

The Governing and Policy Decisions (G&PD's) of the Board of Directors which are
pertinent to combat are given below. In addition, the matter of SCA membership
and other requirements for entrants in Crown or Coronet Lists is also addressed
in Corpora Article VI.A., and potential entrants should consult that document.

4. ENFORCEMENT OF MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICIPATING IN CROWN AND

CORONET LISTS (August 1979, amended May 1982, July 1986, July 1989)
1. Kingdoms and Principalities will ensure that all competitors in
Crown and Coronet Lists are aware of membership requirements for
themselves and their prospective consorts at the time they register
for participation in the lists. All competitors shall sign a
statement to the effect that they and their prospective consorts
meet the requirements for membership. This statement will be kept
on file with the Marshal or the Minister of the Lists.
2. All entrants and prospective consorts must be members on the first
day of the month in which the Crown or Coronet Lists occur. In
order to qualify, people must be listed in the Registrar's data base
as current members, and this requires that membership applications
or renewals reach the Registry before the first of the month PRIOR
to the month of the tournament. For example, the deadline for a
tournament in May would be the last working day of March.
3. If either entrant or prospective consort is in violation of
membership requirements, both are subject to dismissal by the Board,
nullification of their official acts, and liable to loss of any
honors and privileges deriving from having held the Crown or
Coronet.

Page 27

5. RAPIER FIGHTING IN THE SOCIETY (September 1979; rev. July 1989)

The Board acknowledges period rapier combat as an ancillary activity of
the society when properly supervised by the marshals and when approved by
individual kingdoms.
Rapier combat may take place within a kingdom only by rules established by
the Marshallate of that kingdom and after the approval of those rules by
the Marshal of the Society. The Board directs the Marshal of the Society
to formulate guidelines for rapier combat within the Society.
Rapier combat, not having been part of formal tournament combat in the
Middle Ages, shall not be a part of formal tournament lists for royal
ranks and armigerous titles.

6. POLICY ON RELIGION (June 1980, revised July 1988)

Having no wish to recreate the religious conflicts of the period under
study, the Society for Creative Anachronism, incorporated, shall neither
establish nor prohibit any system of belief among its members. No one
shall perform any religious or magical ceremony at a Society event (or in
association with the name of the Society) in such a way as to imply that
the ceremony is authorized, sponsored, or promulgated by the Society or to
force anyone at a Society event by direct or indirect pressure, to observe
or join the ceremony. However, this provision is in no way intended to
discourage the study of historical belief systems and their effects on the
development of Western culture.
Except as provided herein, neither the Society nor any member acting in
its name or that of any of its parts shall interfere with any person's
lawful ceremonies, nor shall any member discriminate against another upon
grounds related to either's system of belief.

NOTE - The original text of G&PD #27 vas very specific about the types of
actions considered improper use of magical or religious ceremonies, and
included an explicit prohibition against the use of amulets and other
magical devices on the field of combat. Although the new wording is much
more general, the Board minutes establish that it is regarded as providing
equivalent protection to the membership. Whether or not you believe in
amulets, the use of any such device in a manner that causes your opponent
or others on the field to be affected by it, for instance by knowledge of
its existence, would be regarded as a ceremony prohibited by this G&PD.

12. SCA COMBAT-RELATED ACTIVITIES (July 1986, revised January 1992 and April
1993)
1. Definitions: SCA combat-related activities are defined as armored
combat, period fencing combat archery marshalling, scouting, and banner
bearing in combat. Other activities clearly falling within the scope of
the above are also to be considered combat-related activities.
2. Authorization for SCA Combat-Related Activities: A participant in
any of the SCA combat-related activities as defined above must be
authorized by a marshal warranted and designated by the Earl Marshal of a
kingdom or his representative as able to authorize individuals in the
appropriate activity.

Page 28

The Society Marshal shall define requirements for authorization for all
combat-related activities and shall place them in the Marshall's Handbook.
Kingdoms may define such additional types of authorization (such as
weapons forms) as they deem necessary.
Authorizations shall be registered with and kept on file by the Minister
of the Lists or other designated official of each kingdom. 3. Waivers for
SCA Combat-Related Activities: Waivers are required for participation in
SCA combat and related activities. The Sea General Membership Waiver
adopted January 1993 is the text required for use in the United States and
Canada. Alternative texts may be approved by the Board for use in other
countries. Proof of waiver will be established as follows:
a. To be authorized, or to engage as an authorized participant in
SCA combat or related activities, a person must present a current
valid membership card indicating that the appropriate waiver is on
file with the SCA, Inc.
b. To train for authorization at SCA-sponsored practice sessions,
a person must sign a waiver with the same text to be kept on file by
the supervising marshal.
4. Combat Authorization Card: A Combat Authorization Card shall be
issued to each authorized participant in an SCA Combat-Related Activity.
This card shall be presented to the Lists Official at an SCA event to
register for such activities and shall establish that the person is
authorized. This card must be shown to any marshal or lists official upon
request. The Society Marshal shall establish procedures for the
notification and registration of authorizations and the issuance of the
Combat Authorization Cards.
5. Minor Participants in SCA Combat-Related Activities: No person who
has not attained his or her sixteenth (16th) birthday may be authorized in
armored combat or the marshalling of armored combat. No person who has
not attained his or her fourteenth (14th) birthday may be authorized for
any form of SCA combat-related activity.
Prior to the training of a minor in any SCA combat related activity, the
parent or guardian of the minor must witness the activity, discuss it with
a witnessing marshal, and execute a Parent's Consent for SCA Combat-
Related Activities. The witnessing marshal must be explicitly authorized
to perform this function by the Earl Marshal of the kingdom. The consent
for must be retained by the marshal of the practice session training the
minor, forwarded with the other documentation (including proof of
membership) at the time an authorization card is to be issued, and kept on
file with the kingdom authorization records.
The marshal who is authorizes a minor person for any form of SCA combat-
related activity must be the Kingdom Earl Marshal or the Principality
Marshal. This need not be the same person as the witnessing marshal. The
authorizing marshal must note on the card that parental consent is on
file.
6. Medical Authorization for Minors: Any minor involved in SCA combat-
related activities at an event MUST have a parent or legal guardian
present at the event, or be in possession of a properly executed Medical
Authorization Form for Minors designating some adult

Page 29

person present at the event as able to authorize medical treatment for

that minor in the case of any emergency.
The Board recommends that all minors who are ATTENDING an event without a
parent or legal guardian have a properly-executed medical authorization
form as provided above.

Applications of the Rules of the List

Ref Rule 1: "Other participants" include Marshals, and also support personnel
whose activities bring them close to fighting in a situation where
boundaries are not clearly defined. Heralds, Lists Pages, and similar
officers who leave the field entirely before combat begins are exempt from
this requirement, as are Water-Bearers and Chirurgeons who remain in fixed
support points outside the tournament field or battle area. Water-Bearers
and Chirurgeons who take part in mobile support groups within the overall
boundaries of a battle area must receive a basic orientation in field
safety, and sign the Combat-Related Activities Waiver.

Ref Rule 2: The Crown and/or Marshallate of each kingdom shall establish
standards and procedures for the authorization of fighters to participate
in combat. At minimum, these procedures should assure that the individual
has read the Rules of the Lists, is familiar with the conventions and
rules of the kingdom and the SCA, and has been observed in combat by a
member of the marshallate who can determine that he is not an exceptional
safety hazard to himself or to others. At kingdom option, these
procedures may involve either a general authorization to participate in
armored combat, or a set of separate authorization procedures for the use
of (or for combat AGAINST) specific weapons or classes of weapons.
The Crown and/or Marshallate of each kingdom shall establish
standards and procedures for the authorization of combat archers and
missile users to participate in combat.
Kingdoms may establish such additional limitations on the
participation of minors as may be deemed necessary.
It is usual for authorizations from other kingdoms to be accepted,
although exceptions may prove necessary in the case of specific
individuals.

Ref Rule 4: Kingdoms may apply armor and weapons standards which are stricter
than the Society standards, should they be deemed necessary, but may not
reduce or waive any Society standard.

Ref Rule 5: If a fighter regards an opponent's weapon or armor as unduly

dangerous to face, he or she can request the Marshal of the field to re-
inspect the item. Either fighter has the option of appealing the decision
of the re-inspecting Marshal to the Marshal in Charge and ultimately to
the Sovereign.

Page 30

Ref Rule 6: Engaging in any Society combat activity with the deliberate intent
to inflict injury to an opponent is strictly forbidden

Ref Rule 7: No one is required to fight in a tournament should he or she prefer

not to do so.

Ref Rule 8: Since fighting with real weapons is forbidden at any Society event,
threatening the use of such weapons is likewise expressly forbidden.
At the discretion of the Sovereign and the Marshal in Charge
recognized experts may be permitted to present choreographed
demonstrations with real weapons under strictly controlled conditions.
Posing for still photographs with real weapons is permitted.
No one may wear any real weapon onto the field while participating
in combat or present during combat. At the discretion of the Sovereign
and the Marshal in Charge, an exception may be made for marshals or other
noncombatants to wear knives bonded with peace straps.

Ref Rule 9: The prohibition on thrown weapons refers to weapons in combat, or

thrown in a hostile manner. It does not apply to "tossing" as a gentle,
short-range method of transferring or removing a tournament weapon or item
from the Lists or area of combat.
The use of archery, firearms, slings javelins, throwing axes,
throwing knives, or any other projectile is forbidden within Tournament
Lists, or in any other situation where spectators can not be separated
from the potential line of fire by more than the effective range of the
weapons.

Page 31

CONVENTIONS OF COMBAT OF THE SCA, INC

Introduction:

All traditional SCA Armoured Combat at SCA Tourneys, wars and other events shall
be conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Lists of the SCA, Inc., these
conventions of Combat, and such weapons, equipment, and event rules as are
established by the Marshallate of the SCA, Inc. and individual Kingdom
marshallate.

I. General Information:

A. All Kingdoms shall have as their minimum Armour and Weapons

standards those criteria established as Society minimum Armour and
Weapons standards. Additional, more extensive , and more strict
standards may be put into place by each Kingdom.
1. All fighters, prior to combat at each and every SCA event,
shall insure that their Armour and Weapons are inspected by a
warranted member of the Kingdom Marshallate.
2. Even though a warranted member of the Kingdom Marshallate has
inspected the Armour and Weapons used by a fighter, each
fighter accepts full responsibility for the condition of his
or her own equipment, and has the obligation to himself or
herself, the marshals and all opponents to see that his or her
equipment meets all Society and Kingdom requirements.

B. When not otherwise directed by the Crown, the Crown's representative

upon the field and in all matters dealing with Society Combat is the
Earl Marshal, and, by delegation, members of the Kingdom
Marshallate.

II. Behavior on the field:

A. All fighters shall obey the commands of the marshals on the field,
or shall be removed from the field and shall be subject to
disciplinary action.

1. Disagreements with the marshals on the field shall be resolved

through the established mechanisms outlined in the Marshallate
Procedures of the SCA, Inc.

B. Each fighter shall maintain control over his or her temper at all
times.

C. Striking an opponent with excessive force is forbidden.

D. Upon hearing the call of "HOLD" all fighting shall immediately stop.

E. Any behavior that takes deliberate advantage of an opponent's

chivalry or safety-consciousness, or that takes deliberate unfair
advantage of an opponent, is prohibited.
1. A fighter shall not deliberately strike a helpless opponent.

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2. Any fighter who obtains an unfair advantage by repeatedly

becoming "helpless" (e.g. by falling down or losing his or her
weapon) may, after being duly warned by the marshals on the
field, be forced to yield the fight at the next occurrence of
such behavior. The onus of this is on the marshals, not on
the opponent. However, the opponent may ask the marshals to
let the fight continue.

III The use of Weapons and Shields:

A. Weapons shall be used in accordance with their design (i.e. spears

may only be used for thrusting, axes for striking along the edge of
the blade, et cetera).
1. Only weapons approved for thrusting may be used for that
purpose. Feinting as if to thrust with a weapon not approved
for that purpose is not permitted. Before any bout where a
thrusting weapon is used the opponent and marshals shall be
informed that such a weapon is on the field, and the thrusting
tip shall be shown to the opponent.
2. A weapon wielded with two hands and having a grip of more than
18" (45 cm) long shall not be power-swung through an arc of
more than 90 degrees. Moving such a weapon more than 90
degrees for defense or positioning prior to attack shall not
be construed to be in violation of this rule, so long as the
weapon is not power-swung and does not strike with excessive
force.
3. The blade of a weapon may not be grasped at any time, nor may
it be trapped in contact with the fighter's body as a means of
preventing the opponent's use of the weapon. Neither may the
blade of a fighter's own weapon be grasped to enhance the
block.

B. The striking surface of a weapon in motion may not be grasped or

blocked by the hands or limbs as a means of impeding a blow.
Inadvertently bringing the hands in contact with the striking
surface of such a weapon when attempting to block a blow with
another weapon shall not be considered to be in violation of this
convention.

C. Blows repeatedly blocked by a weapon in contact with a fighter's

helm, body or shield at the moment of impact may at the Crown's or
Marshallate discretion, be considered to have broken the blocking
weapon. This will force a fighter to forfeit the fight, unless a
secondary weapon is carried or the opponent chooses to allow the
fighter to rearm with another weapon.

D. A shield may be used to displace, deflect, or immobilize an

opponent's shield or weapon, so long as such use does not endanger
the safety of the combatants. Deliberately striking an opponent's
head, limbs, or body with a shield is forbidden, unless that shield
is designed to be used as a weapon, and is approved by the Kingdom
Marshallate. Shields designed to be used as a weapon, and approved
by the Kingdom Marshallate, shall be considered a mass weapon.

Page 33

IV. Acknowledgment of Blows:

A. In judging the effect of blows, all fighters are presumed to be

fully armoured. Special tournaments or combats may be held which
may redefine what areas of the body are armoured, and to what
extent, so long as all the participants are made aware of the
special conditions prior to the start of combat.
1. All "fully armoured" fighters are presumed to be wearing
hauberk over a padded gambeson, with boiled leather arm and
leg defenses and an open-faced iron helm with a nasal. The
helm may be presumed by Kingdom convention to include a very
light chain mail drape, permitting vision and resisting cuts
by the mere touch of a bladed weapon.
a. Under this standard, an acceptable cutting blow to the
face would be lighter than to other portions of the head
or body. Areas deemed illegal for attack (the wrists
from 1" above the hands, from 1" above the knees and
below) shall be considered safe from all attack.
b. An acceptable thrusting blow to the face shall be a
directed touch and would be substantially lighter than
to other parts of the body.

B. Blows must be delivered with effective technique for the particular

type of weapon used, and must strike properly oriented and with
sufficient force, to be considered an effective, or good, blow.
1. An effective blow to the head, neck, or torso shall be judged
fatal or totally disabling, rendering the fighter incapable of
further combat.
2. An effective blow from an axe, mace, pole arm, greatsword, or
other mass weapon which lands on the hip above the hip socket,
or strikes the shoulder inside the shoulder socket, shall be
judged fatal or totally disabling.
3. An effective blow to the arm above the wrist will disable the
arm. The arm shall then be considered useless to the fighter,
and may not be used for either offense or defense.
4. An effective blow to the leg above the knee will disable the
leg. The fighter must then fight kneeling, sitting, or
standing upon the foot of the unstruck leg.
a. Kingdoms may put limitations upon the mobility of such
injured fighters.
5. If a wounded limb blocks an otherwise acceptable blow, the
blow shall be counted as though the limb were not there.
6. Kingdoms may institute a �bleed rule� that would render a
fighter who has suffered an effective wound to a limb
incapable of further combat after a specified time.

C. All fighters are expected to take into account the nature of the
weapon being used by their opponent and the location of the point of
impact of that weapon when judging the outcome of a blow delivered.
Fighters are also expected to take into account the timing of the
blow and the collision of the weapon with any other object other
than the fighter's presumed armour.
1. The fact that a blow struck a shield or another weapon before
striking the combatant may be reason why the blow

Page 34

was not effective. However, a blow which strikes with

sufficient force and properly oriented shall be considered
effective, regardless of what it hit prior to striking the
combatant.

D. Sometimes a blow which would normally be accepted occurs at almost

the same moment as an event that would cause the fight to be stopped
(a �HOLD�, being called, the fighter throwing the blow being killed,
etc.). If the blow was begun before the occurrence of the event
which would cause the bout to be halted, it shall be deemed a legal
blow, and acceptable if of sufficient force and not blocked or
deflected. If the blow was begun after the occurrence of the event
which would cause the bout to be halted, it shall be deemed not
legal, and need not be accepted.

E. A blow that includes the dropping of a weapon at the moment of

impact need not be counted.
Page 35

Missile Combat Rules

Missile combat falls mainly in to the rules above, except that Rule 9 (which
bans projectile weapons) is waived. In addition, the definition of �fully
armored� is sometimes modified to make plate (if worn by the combatants) proof
against missiles --- because it is difficult to impossible to detect the impact
of an arrow on plate armor.

Because of the restrictions which have been placed on missile weapons (i.e. bow
draw weight, arrow construction), missiles are not generally required to strike
as hard as non-missile weapons in order for the blow to be counted.

Full-Contact Combat Archers (Heavy Archers):

1. Full-Contact Combat Archers shall meet the minimal Society standards for a
fully armoured, heavy weapons combatant. The only exception to this rule
shall be those archers equipped with the "Archer's Gauntlet" (see point 3
below).

2. Full-Contact Combat Archers shall be Authorized to participate by the

marshallate, following established marshallate procedures. During this
authorization all Combat Archers must show:
That they are familiar with the Rules of the Lists and all the
conventions of combat regarding Combat Archery in their Kingdom.
That they can recognize and accept a killing blow.
That they are safe to themselves and their opponents.
That they can keep their bow out of the way during combat.
An awareness for crowd (spectator) safety.

3. Full-Contact Combat Archers shall wear an "Archer's Gauntlet" on the

hand that is used to pick up and draw arrows. The hand that is used to hold the
bow shall meet the minimum Society standards for hand protection for a
fully armoured, heavy weapons combatant.

The "Archer's Gauntlet" shall be a minimum of a hockey glove with the fingers
cut off, so that the back of the hand and the wrist is protected. A light
leather glove which covers the fingers is strongly recommended, and will
eliminate the need for finger tabs, etc. Other gauntlets may be used in
place of the "Archer's Gauntlet" described above, so long as they provide
equivalent or greater protection.

4. A Full-Contact Combat Archer may be killed (i.e.; struck) as is any

combatant on the field. A cry of �yield� shall be accepted. Once killed,
Full-Contact Combat Archers are treated as any other dead combatant, being
removed from combat as soon as practical (thus decreasing the chance that
a bow will be stepped on).

5. A Full-Contact Combat Archer may become a regular combatant as long as he

is Authorized as a regular combatant and does two things:
A) Discards his bow in a safe manner, removing it from the area of
combat, and replaces it with an approved weapon and/or shield.
Page 36

B) Either changes his "Archer's Gauntlet" for a combat-legal gauntlet,

or places his hand in an approved basket hilt. Approved in this
instance means that it vas inspected and approved by a warranted
marshal while the Combat Archer was wearing his "Archer's Gauntlet"
inside the basket hilt.

Non-Contact Combat Archers (Light Archers):

1. Non-Contact Combat Archers shall meet the Missile Weapon equipment

standards as outlined in Appendix 3.

2. Non-Contact Combat Archers shall be Authorized to participate by the

marshallate, following established marshallate procedures. During this
authorization all Combat Archers must show:
That they are familiar with the Rules of the List and all the
conventions of combat regarding Combat Archery in their Kingdom.
That they are safe to themselves and their opponents.
That they can recognize a killing blow from another archer.
An awareness for crowd (spectator) safety.

3. Each Kingdom shall establish a safe method of determining that Non-Contact

Combat Archers are "dead" (such as approaching within 10 feet of the
Archer, et cetera).

4. Non-Contact Combat Archers shall be treated as all other non-combatants,

i.e.; they shall not be struck by any heavy weapons combatant. They are
subject to missile fire.

Page 37

Period Fencing Rules

Rapier Combat falls outside of some of the rules of traditional SCA Armored
combat. It is intended to re-create the rapier fighting styles of the 15th and
16th centuries.

1. Each fighter is expected to abide by the Rules of the Lists and

Conventions of Combat of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc., and
the additional rules set down below.

2. Engaging in Rapier Combat with the deliberate intent to inflict injury on

an opponent is strictly forbidden.

3. Blows are to be struck by thrusting with the point or draw-cutting with

the edge of the blade. Chopping or saber-type cuts are not permitted.

4. It is the responsibility of each fighter to determine what weapons his

opponent is using and resolve any questions before combat.
5. Fighters are considered to be wearing hose or a skirt, and a shirt. No
blow may be discounted because of the actual clothing worn by the fighter.
Any protection or clothing that prevents a fighter from properly calling a
blow will not be allowed.

6. A fighter is considered armed as long as at least one offensive weapon is

retained.

7. Dishonorable conduct such as grappling, throwing a weapon at an opponent,

striking with excessive force, consistent ignoring of blows, or deliberate
misuse of the rules (such as dropping a weapon whenever pressed) will not
be allowed.

8. Grasping or trapping against the body any portion of an opponent's bladed

weapon or buckler is not allowed.

9. All rapier fighters shall comply with the rules and standards of the
Kingdom in which they are fighting, and conform to the accepted
definitions of honorable conduct. At inter-kingdom events, a fighter must
at a minimum, comply with these rules and meet their home kingdom's
standards for protective equipment.

10. If Rapier Combat is to occur in a kingdom, the Crown and/or Marshallate of

the kingdom shall first establish a set of fighting rules, as well as
standards and procedures for authorization to participate in Rapier
Combat. As a minimum, the authorization procedure should ensure that the
individual is familiar with the rules and conventions of the kingdom, and
has been observed while fighting by a member of the Marshallate who can
determine that the fighter is not an exceptional safety hazard either to
himself or to others.

Page 38

APPENDIX 3

ARMOR AND WEAPON STANDARDS

All construction standards are intended to specify materials and methods that
will enable armor to function properly and maximize safety.

Tournament and War Equipment

Armor:

1. Helms:
a. Helms shall be constructed of steel of no less than 16 gauge, or of
equivalent material. Be aware that steel of less than .0625" (1/16"
or 1.6 mm) is too thin, even if it is sold as 16 gauge. (Note also
that the mass of the helm is an important part of the protection.
Beware of titanium, fiberglass, or other ultra-light materials.)

b. All joints or seams shall be constructed in one or a combination of

the following ways:

Welded on the inside and outside.

Welded with a single bead that extends through both surfaces.

Lap joints welded or brazed at the edges of both pieces.

Riveted with Iron or steel rivets no more than 2-1/2 inches

(63.5 mm) apart, or with equivalent riveting techniques.

Welds must be sound and rivets secure.

c. Face guards shall prevent a 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter dowel from
entering any facial opening.

d. The face guard shall extend at least I inch (25 mm) below the bottom
of the chin and jaw line when the head is held erect (see drawings
page 58).

e. Bars used in the face guard shall be steel of not less than 3/16"
(4.8 mm) in diameter, or equivalent. I the span between cross-bars
is less than 2 inches, 1/8" diameter bars may be used.

f. All visors shall be attached and secured in such a way that there is
minimal chance that they will become detached or come open in normal
use.

g. There shall be no major internal projections; minor projections of

necessary structural components shall be padded. All metal shall be
free of sharp edges. Face guard bars or mesh should not attach to
the interior of the helm, unless of structurally superior design and
workmanship.

Page 39

h. All parts of the helm that might come into contact with the wearer's
head shall be padded with a minimum of 1/2" (13 mm) of resilient or
closed-cell foam, or equivalent, or shall be suspended in such a way
as to prevent injurious contact with the wearer. Similarly, parts
of the helm which might come in contact with the wearer's neck or
body should be padded.

i. All helms shall be equipped with a chin strap or other means of

preventing the helm from being dislodged during combat. An
equivalent might be, for example, a strap from helm to breast plate.
A �snug fit� is NOT an equivalent. The chin strap should not be so
thin or so placed that it will tend to strangle the wearer. (See
Armor inspection - page 6, item 6 for further applications.)

2. Eye Wear:

a. The lens of all eye wear shall be shatter proof safety glass or
plastic. Ordinary glass lenses are prohibited. The wearing of
contacts or "sports glass" is strongly recommended.

3. Neck Armor:

a. The larynx and cervical vertebrae (see drawing page 58) must be
covered by the helm, by a gorget of rigid material, by a mail or
heavy leather camail or aventail, or by a collar of heavy leather
lined with foam or other equivalent padding. They must stay covered
during typical combat situations (turning the head, lifting the
chin, etc.).

4. Body, Shoulder, and Groin Armor:

a. The kidney area, the short ribs, and the lower spine (see drawing
page 58) shall be covered with a minimum of heavy leather worn over
1/4" (6 mm) of closed cell foam or equivalent padding.

b. For men, the groin must be covered by a minimum of a rigid athletic

cup (e. g., a hockey, soccer, karate, or baseball cup), worn in a
supporter or fighting garment designed to hold the cup in place, or
equivalent armor.

c. For women, groin protection of closed-cell foam or heavy leather or

the equivalent is required. The wearing of male style athletic cups
by female fighters is prohibited.

d. For women, breast protection in the form of a gambeson shall be worn

as a minimum. Separate breast cups are prohibited unless connected
by or mounted upon an interconnecting rigid piece, i.e., heavy
leather or metal breast plate.

e. Heavy padding over the shoulders is recommended.

5. Hand and Wrist Armor:

The outer surfaces of the hand and wrist of both arms (see drawings page 58)
must be covered by one or a combination of the following:

Page 40

a. A metal basket hilt with enough bars or plates to prevent a blow

from striking the fingers or the back of the hand. If a basket hilt
is used, a vambrace or partial gauntlet should cover the remaining
portions of the hand and wrist.

b. A gauntlet made of rigid plates, either lined with padding or foam,

or designed to transfer potentially injurious impact to the surfaces
being grasped. (Note that finger gauntlets, in which plates cover
individual fingers but do not form an arch over the finger to
transfer force to the surface being grasped, are not adequate.)

c. A gauntlet of heavy leather lined with closed cell foam or heavy

padding. (Note: A hockey glove is considered to be the equivalent.)

d. A shield. (Note: a shield alone is NOT sufficient, since It covers

only the back of the hand --- not the fingers or thumb.)

6. Arm Armor:

a. The point and bones at either side of the elbow Joint (see drawing
page 58) must be covered by a rigid material underlain by 1/4" (6
mm) of resilient padding or closed-cell foam, by a shield, or by an
approved equivalent. This armor shall be attached in such a way
that the elbow remains covered during combat.
7. Leg Armor:

a. The kneecap and both sides of the knee joints (see drawings page 58)
must be covered by rigid material lined by 1/4" (6 mm) of resilient
padding or closed-cell foam or an approved equivalent. This armor
shall be attached in such a way that the knee remains covered during
combat.

b. A minimum of heavy padding over the thigh of the shield-side leg is

strongly recommended.

SHIELDS:

Shields shall be edged with leather, or other padding in such a way as to

minimize the damage to rattan weapons.

No bolts, wires, or other objects may project more than 3/8 inch (9 mm)
from any part of a shield without being padded. (Rounded shield bosses are
not included in this category.) (See also shield as weapon)

WEAPONS:

No metal may be used in the striking surface or surfaces of any weapon.

1. Weapons used single-handed shall have a wrist strap (or equivalent

restraint) which will keep the weapon from leaving the immediate area of
the user.

Page 41

2. Swords:

a. Swords shall be constructed of rattan and shall be not less than 1

1/4" (33 mm) in total diameter (including rattan and tape) along its
entire length.

b. The rattan shall not be treated in any way that will substantially
reduce its flexibility.

c. The edges and tip of the blade shall be rounded and the blade itself
shall be no less than 1 1/4v� (33 mm) in cross section.

d. The tip of the blade shall be rounded.

e. The full length of the blade, including the tip, shall be wrapped in
such a way that no rattan splinters protrude.

f. When thrusting tips are used, they shall be no less than 2" (51 mm)
in diameter or cross-section and shall provide progressively
resistant �give� under pressure without allowing contact with the
rigid tip of the weapon. Further, it shall not be possible to
force the thrusting tip more than 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) into a legal face
guard. (See also, page 34, ltem5. Spears: d.)
g. Swords shall have a hand guard such as a basket hilt quillons or
equivalent. The hand guards shall have no sharp edges or protruding
unpadded points of less than 1 1/4 inch (33 mm) in diameter.
Further, it shall not be possible to force the guard more than 1/2
inch (12.5 mm) into a legal face guard.

3. Mass Weapons:

a. Hafts shall be of rattan (or equivalent material) of no less than 1

1/4 inch (33 mm) in diameter.

b. The haft may not be treated in any way that significantly reduces
its flexibility.

c. The head shall not be constructed solely of rigid materials. The

head shall be firmly and securely attached to the haft. The head
shall allow some progressively resistant give, between the striking
surface and the weapon haft.

d. The striking surface of all mass weapons shall have no sharp edges
or square corners.

e. if grips or guards are used, they shall have no sharp edges or

protruding unpadded points with cross-sections of less than 1 1/4
inch (33 mm) in diameter. Guards and pommels shall be firmly and
securely affixed to the haft.

Page 42

f. When thrusting tips are used they shall be no less than 21 (51 mm)
in diameter or cross section, and shall provide progressively
resistant �give� under pressure without allowing contact with the
rigid tip of the weapon. Further I it shall not be possible to
force the thrusting tip more than 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) into a legal
face guard.

g. Maximum total weight of weapon shall not exceed 5 pounds.

4. Pole Arms:

a. Shafts shall be of rattan (or equivalent material) of no less than

one and 1 1/4 inch (33 mm) in diameter.

b. Pole weapons should not be excessively flexible or whippy

c. The head shall not be constructed of solely rigid materials. The head
shall be firmly and securely attached to the haft. The head shall
allow some progressively resistant �give� between the striking
surface and the weapon haft.

d. No pole arm may have a cutting head and/or smashing head at both
ends.

e. When thrusting tips are used they shall be no less than 2" (51 mm)
in diameter or cross-section and shall provide progressively
resistant �give� under pressure without allowing contact with the
rigid tip of the weapon. Further I it shall not e possible to force
the thrusting tip more than 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) into a legal face
guard.

f. Weight of the total weapon shall not exceed one pound per foot up to
6 (six) feet in length. Additional weight is allowed to weapons
over 6 feet in length at the rate of 1/2 (one-half) pound per foot
(i.e. a 7 (seven) foot weapon would be allowed to weigh 6 1/2 (six
and one-half) pounds.)

5. Spears:

a. Spears shall not have any cutting or smashing head.

b. Shafts shall be of rattan (or equivalent material) of no less than 1

1/4 inch (33 mm) in diameter. Fiberglass spears shall be
constructed in accordance with the additional specifications listed
below.

c. Thrusting tips shall be no less than 2" (51 mm) in diameter or

cross-section, and shall provide progressively resistant give, under
pressure without allowing contact with the rigid tip of the weapon.
Further it shall not be possible to force the thrusting tip more
than 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) into a legal face guard.

d. Total spear length shall not exceed 12 (twelve) feet.

Page 43

e. Fiberglass Spears:

Pultruded fiberglass piping only may be used. Substitutions are not

allowed. The piping must be 1 1/4 inch (33 mm) in diameter and have a
side wall of not less than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) thickness. Hence it shall
have an interior diameter of 1 inch (25.4 mm).

The end of the shaft which will have the thrusting tip attached must be
covered with a schedule-40 PVC cap with an interior diameter the same as
the outside diameter of the shaft (1 1/4 inch, or 33 mm). The thrusting
tip will then be attached over this cap, and shall meet the requirements
for fiberglass spear thrusting tip.

Shafts may be �spliced� using a solid fiberglass rod of the same or

equivalent material which has an outside diameter of 1 inch (25.4 mm) and
is between 8 inches and 12 inches in length (20.3 cm to 30.4 cm). Only
two splices will be allowed per spear shaft. Each end to be spliced
should be cut square and clean of cracks or frayed fibers. The rod should
extend at least 4 inches (10 cm) into each spliced end. The splice should
be secured by one or both of two methods:

Epoxying the fiberglass rod before insertion.

Thoroughly taping the splice over with fiber tape.

The butt end of the shaft should be smooth and free of cracks or frayed
fibers. The butt should be taped over or otherwise sealed. It is
recommended (but not required) that the entire length of the shaft be
taped, because prolonged exposure to sunlight will shorten the life span
of the shaft. If a weapon is completely taped, a marshal may require one
section be untaped enough to determine that Pultruded Fiberglass has been
used in the construction of the shaft.

All fiberglass spears must have a thrusting tip with a minimum of 3 inches
(75 mm) diameter or cross-section. Additionally, these thrusting tips
must be constructed so that there is a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of
resilient material in front of the PVC endcap and shall provide
progressively resistant �give� under pressure without allowing contact
with the PVC endcap. Further, it shall not be possible to force the
thrusting tip more than 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) into a legal face guard.

Total spear length shall not exceed 12 (twelve) feet.

6. Shields:

a. If a shield is to be used as a weapon, particular attention must be

given to keeping it light enough that it will not injure someone who
is struck with it.

Page 44

Missile Combat Equipment

Armor:

1. During Light Weapons Combat a fencing mask or helm with screening over
face opening is required. The mask or helm must cover the front and sides
of the head, and be fastened in such a manner as will prevent it from
coming off or being significantly dislodged during normal use. In
addition, the back of the head must be covered with at least heavy
padding. A standard SCA- shaped helm of light gauge metal with all
openings covered with well secured perforated metal, chain mail, or stout
wire mesh of no more than 1/4 inch mesh (soldered or woven) is a highly
acceptable equivalent. Window screen or galvanized hardware cloth is not
acceptable. If chain mail is used, the links must be hard tempered,
welded, soldered, or otherwise strengthened to avoid opening under impact.

2. Screening over helm openings is required for regular SCA combat helms in
those battles where archery is included. In the case where only missiles
with tips which are legal for thrusting tips in regular SCA combat or
modified Markland style arrows are in use, this additional covering MAY be
waived, at the discretion of the Crown and
Marshal-in-Charge.

3. If Non-Contact Combat Archers are to be on the field during combat mixed

combat, then Non-Contact Combat Archers must wear a minimum of a standard
SCA-shaped helm constructed of 18 gauge or heavier steel, and padded
adequately to protect against an unintentional blow. This helm shall be
marked with the 6 inch white diamonds of the inter-kingdom Non- Contact
symbol.

4. It is strongly recommended that minimum society armour be worn by all Non-

Contact participants who may accidentally come in contact with combatants.
5. Puncture- and thrust-resistant padding for the back of the head, the
throat, and the neck is required. Tournament combat helms and neck armor
are acceptable equivalents, provided the neck armor has no openings which
would admit the blunt tip of an arrow.

6. Kidney and groin armor which meets minimum SCA tourney standards is
required.

7. A minimum of a leather glove must be worn on the bow hand. It should

cover the openings on the sleeve and cuff.

8. Sleeves must be made of sturdy material (denim, trigger cloth, light

leather, etc.) which will resist tearing from draw cuts, stabs, or other
normal blows is recommended. The gloves and sleeves together should cover
the entire arm, wrist, and hand.

9. Pant legs made of sturdy material (denim, trigger cloth, light leather,
etc.) are recommended.

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10. It is recommended-that shoes or boots be worn on the feet. The pants and
footwear together should cover the entire leg, ankle, and foot.

BOWS:

1. A Combat Archer may use any recurve or longbow that is in a safe and
usable condition, so long as the bow does not exceed 30 (thirty) pounds
pull weight at 28 inches of draw. Compound bows are not permitted. Bows
shall be inspected by a warranted marshal at the time of armour and
weapons inspection.

2. If only the golf-tube arrow is used by all Combat Archers on the field,
then bows with a pull weight of up to 50 (fifty) pounds weight at 28
inches of draw may be allowed by the marshallate.

3. No bow may ever be used as a weapon, or as a shield against rattan

weapons. Such use shall be considered grounds to remove a fighter from
the field and may be considered grounds for revocation of authorization.

CROSSBOWS

1. A Combat Archer may use any crossbow that is in a safe and usable
condition, so long as the crossbow does not exceed 50 (fifty) pounds pull
weight at 12 (twelve) inches of draw. (The pull weight is to be measured
at the nut. - i.e. string position when the crossbow is cocked.) Compound
crossbows are not permitted. Crossbows shall be inspected by a warranted
marshal at the time of armour and weapons inspection.

2. If only the golf-tube arrow is used by all Combat Archers on the field,
then crossbows with a pull weight not exceeding 70 (seventy) pounds at 12
(twelve) inches of draw may be allowed by the marshallate. (The pull
weight is to be measured at the nut. - i.e. string position when the
crossbow is cocked.)
3. Crossbows with draw lengths of other than 12 (twelve) inches can not have
an inch-pound rating exceeding 600 (six hundred) inch-pounds. If the
crossbow is designed to shoot golf-tube arrows only, the inchpound rating
may be increased to 840 (eight hundred forty) inchpounds. (inch-pounds is
the number determined by multiplying the length of "draw" in inches by the
pounds of pull at the locked position on the string.)

4. No crossbow may ever be used as a weapon, or as a shield against rattan

weapons. Such use shall be considered grounds to remove a fighter from
the field and may be considered grounds for revocation of authorization.

ARROWS:

Arrows may only be used as missile weapons launched from a bow. No arrows shall
be used as hand-held thrusting weapons. Such use may be considered grounds for
removing a fighter from the field and/or revoking his authorization.

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WOODEN SHAFTED

Wood-shaft arrows shall be used only after inspection by a marshal (this may
mean that no gleaning of these arrows is allowed). Archers shall be responsible
for re-checking the safety of all arrows at the time of use.

1. Arrows must have a blunt point, rubber blunt or modified Markland tip,
which is flat and has a finished diameter of at least 1 1/4 inches.
if the blunt point, rubber blunt or the wooden dowel (used on Markland arrows)
is less than I inch in diameter screening shall be required on the helm
openings of all combatants. Blunts made to a pattern that provides
greater safety are strongly recommended.

2. Tips shall be firmly glued and taped to the shaft.

3. Maximum allowable arrow draw length (nock to just back of the blunt) is 28
inches (71 cm).

4. Only wooden shafted arrows are permitted. Fiberglass and aluminum arrow
shafts are not permitted.

5. Bow quivers, brush buttons, and bow slings are allowed.

6. Metal piles shall be removed prior to mounting blunt points.

7. The shaft of the arrow shall be spirally or longitudinally wrapped with

plastic or cloth tape, totally covering the surface from the front of the
fletching to the tip of the shaft.

GOLF-TUBE:

Golf-Tube Combat Arrows shall be constructed by using a plastic golf tube and
attaching a tennis ball or foam thrusting tip to the reinforcing ring end.

1. The golf-tube arrows may be gleaned from the field and used
immediately.

For the Tennis-ball style:

Using a strong cord of 1/8" or less diameter tie the tennis ball to the
golf tube by crossing two pieces of cord through the golf tube underneath
the reinforcing ring, and over the tennis ball. Be sure that the knots
are located on the side of the tennis ball and not at the tip. Securely
tape the tennis ball to the tube using fiber-reinforced tape. Be sure
that the cords are securely taped to the tennis ball to prevent slippage.
These cords will prevent the tennis ball from being torn loose when the
arrow strikes a hard surface.

For the Foam Thrusting-tip style:

Construction methods should be similar to thrusting tips for rattan

weapons. The tip should be a minimum of 1.5 inches diameter, and should
allow for about 1 inch of compression.

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The striking point of the arrow should be marked with red tape or cloth
that is firmly attached. The shaft of the arrow need not be taped as
there is no chance of breakage. Fletches are recommended for better
stability during flight, but number and size are left to the discretion of
the archer. Fletches must be of a soft, flexible material such as foam or
duct tape, and rounded so as to not have sharp corners.

To reduce the likelihood of an arrow penetrating an SCA legal helm in event of

�bounce-back�, there should be a foam, paper, or similar material plug put in
the knock-end of the arrow so as to limit the tendency of the tube to compress
upon impact (alternative solutions to this problem are subject to the Earl
Marshall's approval). Maximum allowable arrow draw length (nock to just back of
the blunt) is 28 inches (71 cm). Substantial additional weight may not be added
to the arrow.

Other Projectile Weapons:

1. Javelins may be constructed from lengths of one inch OD, schedule 40 PVC
tubing, or equivalent materials approved by the marshallate. Any
equivalent should be as strong or stronger, and not significantly heavier,
than schedule 40 PVC tubing.

2. The shafts shall be spiral wrapped with fiber tape.

3. Striking tips shall be constructed according to tourney weapon thrusting

standards.

4. Other throwing weapons or projectiles must meet these standards, and be

individually approved for use by the Marshallate.

5. Projectiles shall be marked for individual identification of ownership.

Shinai:
1. Shinai, if permitted, must be in good repair with no signs of splintering,
falling apart or incipient breakage.

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Fencing Equipment

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

1. Resistant material is defined as material that will withstand normal

combat stresses (such as being snagged by the unbroken blade) without
tearing. Nylon tights or stockings and cotton gauze shirts are examples
of unacceptable materials. Broadcloth, a single layer of trigger cloth or
sweat pants are examples of acceptable materials.

2. "Impenetrable" materials is defined as any fabric or combination of

fabrics that will withstand four hard thrust from a broken foil blade.
Four-ounce leather or four layers of Trigger cloth (heavy poplin, 35X
cotton and 65% polyester) are known to be "impenetrable"; any other
material must be tested. Kevlar is not an acceptable material.

3. To conduct the four-thrust test, lay the material to be tested on a

penetrable surface such as the ground or a block of ethyl foam (used for
archery targets). Holding the broken blade in both hands, punch the
material four times, increasing the force each time. After each punch,
examine the material. If it has been completely penetrated, or seriously
damaged, it fails. If there is no damage, or only the top layer has been
damaged, then it passes. Note that the test blade should have a typical
"flat" break, not a jagged point.

4. There must be no skin showing, or easily accessible. There should be at

least three inches of overlap between separate pieces of protective
clothing, regardless of the fighter's stance.

5. The face must be protected with a minimum of a 12-kilo fencing mask. A

good field test (if a 12-kilo spring punch is not available) is to press
on the mask grill with one thumb. If the grill flexes significantly, it
is not strong enough. The mask must be securely fastened so that it
cannot be removed or seriously dislodged during combat.

6. "Impenetrable" material is required on the back of the head, the entire

neck and the torso (including the chest, back, abdomen, sides and groin--
see diagram).

7. If theatrical rapier blades are being used, additional throat protection

is required. It shall consist of 8-ounce leather backed by at least one
quarter inch (1/4") of open-cell foam.

8. Resistant material is required on the arms, legs, and other areas not
specifically mentioned in these rules.

9. Hands shall be protected by leather gloves that overlap any sleeve

openings by at least three inches. Feet shall be protected by closed toe
shoes or boots. If the fighter is wearing skirts, there must be
sufficient overlap between the hem of the skirt and the top of the shoes
or boots so that no skin is exposed during combat. If necessary, pants or
bloomers should be worn under the skirt to ensure that no skin will be
exposed.

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10. Male fighters must wear rigid groin protection. Any holes large enough to
admit a broken blade must be covered from the outside with "impenetrable"
material. Female fighters are reminded that their breasts are in a prime
target area and are encouraged to wear additional padding or protection.

WEAPONS

1. Rapiers: foil, epee, saber, double-wide epee, theatrical rapier and

fiberglass blades (such as the An Tir fiberglass rapier) may be used,
subject to the following:
a. Foil and epee are the standard blades, subject to local kingdom
restrictions. "Double-wide" epees will be classed with standard
epees.
b. Saber blades, because of their lighter weight and greater
flexibility will require separate authorizations before they may be
used.
c. Theatrical rapier blades, because of their greater weight and
limited flexibility will require separate authorization before they
may be used.
d. Fiberglass blades, because of their unique handling characteristics,
will require separate authorizations.
e. Saber, theatrical rapier and fiberglass blades may be further
restricted as desired by the individual kingdoms.

2. Regardless of blade type, all blade points must be capped with a rubber,
plastic or leather tip. The tip must be firmly taped or glued in place.
The tip or covering tape must be of a contrasting color so that its
absence is readily apparent.

3. The rapier blade shall have a single gradual curve. Any blade with kinks,
multiple curves or cracks may not be used.

4. The rapier may have a hand guard such as a bell guard or quillons. Any
guard with openings large enough to admit a rapier tip must have those
holes covered with "impenetrable" material, so that a blade will not be
caught. Quillons that could trap and break a blade are prohibited because
they work. Guards and quillons used against theatrical rapier or
fiberglass blades are exempt from this requirement. Quillons may not be
longer than twelve inches (12") overall, and the ends must be blunt.

5. Orthopedic ("Belgian" or "Pistol") grips are non-period and may not be

used.

6. There shall be two classes of daggers:

a. Rigid daggers shall be made of rattan, CPVC, or "plunger style"
(i.e. a telescoping design where some form of elastic band or spring
provides most of the "give"). A rigid dagger may not be longer than
twenty inches (20"). It shall have a standard SCA thrusting tip,
with a minimum diameter of two inches (2"), and provide
progressively resistant "give" without allowing contact with the
rigid tip of the weapon.
Page 50

b. Flexible daggers shall be made of fiberglass or metal (such as the

American Fencing Supply "flex-dagger"). A flexible dagger may not
be longer than twenty five inches (25"). The blade shall have a
single, gradual curve. Any blade with kinks, cracks, or multiple
curves will not be allowed. The point must be covered with a
plastic, rubber or leather tip which must be firmly taped or glued
in place. The tip or covering tape must be of a contrasting color
so its absence is readily apparent.
c. Daggers may not weigh more than one and one half pounds (1 1/2
lbs.).
d. The dagger may have a hand guard such as a knuckle bow or quillons.
Any guard with openings large enough to admit a rapier tip must be
covered with "impenetrable" material, so that the blade will not be
caught. Quillons designed to trap or break a blade are prohibited.
Dagger guards and quillons used solely against theatrical rapier or
fiberglass blades are exempt from this requirement. Ouillons may
not be longer than twelve inches (12") overall, and the ends must be
blunt.
e. Rigid metal "parrying-only� daggers made from cut down foil or epee
blades will not be allowed.

6. A buckler shall be constructed of lightweight material such as one quarter

inch (1/4") plywood. The edges must be covered to prevent splintering.
Any buckler that is designed to trap or break a blade is prohibited. The
maximum size for a buckler is 315 square inches (20" diameter circle).

7. Cloak size shape and weight shall be left to the discretion of the user,
as long as it is recognizably a cloak and not a whip or flail. A cloak
may be weighted with soft material such as a rope or rolled cloth; it may
not be weighted with a rigid material such as metal chain or fishing
weights.

8. Other defensive equipment such as scabbards and parrying batons may be

used subject to the rules of the local kingdom.

9. The decision to disallow a particular weapon may be appealed to the

Kingdom Rapier Marshal and Crown in the usual way.

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EXPERIMENTAL WEAPONS AND MATERIALS

Before any unapproved weapon or material can be used at Society activities

a test plan must be submitted to and approved by the Society Marshal. This plan
should include specifics on construction (i.e. materials used, how assembled
etc.), an outline of the test and all restrictions that will be imposed on the
test. It should also tell how long the test period will be.
It is the prerogative of the kingdom Earl Marshal to allow limited testing
of alternate or unapproved materials and weapons within a kingdom. Limited
testing means the weapon or material may be used at fighter practice tourneys,
and in small melees after all combatants and marshals have been informed the
weapon or material is being tested and that it is not approved for SCA use.
All combatants and marshals must consent to the use of the weapon or
material before combat begins. If any of the marshals or combatants object to
the use of the material or weapon, the material or weapon may not be used. All
unapproved materials and weapons shall be marked with alternating bands of red
and green tape totaling 6" (six inches) in length. Bands shall be visible
during weapon usage.
At regular intervals through out the test period the Earl Marshal will
update the Society Marshal on the progress and results of the testing.
At the end of the test period the Earl Marshal will provide the Society
Marshal will a test summary. This summary should include a list of injuries
that resulted from the use of the weapon or material and any concerns from
fighters and marshals that resulted from the testing. The Society Marshal,
after consultation with the Earl Marshals, shall determine if the weapon or
material is suitable for SCA Combat-Related activities.

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APPENDIX 4

RESOLUTION OF GRIEVANCES

This section is currently being reviewed at the corporate level. Once the
review is complete a new section will be issued.

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APPENDIX 5

Sanctions

Usually the combatants are more than willing to correct any problems, or
breaches of the rules, which a marshal points out. This is the desired solution
--- get the problem fixed. However, occasionally some action is required by the
marshal. In the unhappy event that you find it necessary, here are your options
(in order of preference):

1. Point out the violation (missing armor, grappling during combat, etc.) and
ask the fighter to correct it.

2. In the case of missing or inadequate armor, do not allow the combatant

onto the field until it has been fixed.

3. In the case of violation of the rules during combat, ask the combatant to
leave the field, and do not allow combat to resume until he is off. This
particularly includes removing from the field anyone who has lost his
temper.
4. If you need support, call on (in order):

a. Any other marshals who are present, including especially the

Marshal-in-Charge.

b. Any other fighters who are handy.

c. The local Seneschal.

d. The Crown.

5. If the violation cannot be stopped, convince the Marshal-in-Charge and the

local Seneschal to end the event.

6. In extremity, you should stand forth in the center of the field and, on
your own authority, inform all those present that this is no longer a
Society event and they are on their own. (This is actually only true if
you are the Marshal-in-Charge, but it may shock people into paying
attention.)

So far, it has never been necessary to go further than the other marshals
present.

In the case where voluntary correction was not made when the problem was pointed
out, a written report should be made to the Earl Marshal as soon as possible
after the event.

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In addition to getting the would-be combatant off of the field at the times some
long-term sanctions are available. These will normally be applied by the
Marshallate of the Kingdom rather than by a local marshal.
They include:

Revoking the authorization of the individual to fight with a particular

weapon, (This sanction may be applied whether or not your Kingdom does
authorizations by weapons-form.)

Revoking the authorization of the individual to fight at all .4

Recommendation to the Crown to banish the individual from

participation in events for a while.

Recommendation to the Board to banish the individual from the

Society and its activities.

If any of these long-term sanctions is in prospects the Society Marshal should

be informed. If authorization has been revoked, it is probably desirable to
inform the Earl Marshals of any neighboring Kingdoms where the (ex-)fighter
might travel. And once the long-term sanction has been applied, a report should
be made to the Marshal of the Society,

____________
4 Note that an authorization from any Kingdom may be suspended/revoked in
another Kingdom, should it prove necessary and appropriate. Such
suspension/revocation means that the fighter may not fight anywhere in the
Society until and unless it is resolved. Accordingly, the Earl Marshal should
inform the Earl Marshals of the neighboring Kingdoms.

Furthermore, if the fighter is subsequently re-authorized, the neighboring Earl

Marshals should again be notified.

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