Course title : Energy conversion

Presented by : Group 8

Supervised by: Assoc . Prof . DR . Eng. Montaser Abd El-Sattar

Date : 6-3-2023
Group Names :-
1. Ahmed Diaa El - Deen Mahmoud
2. Ahmed Mustafa Abd El – Baset
3. Ahmed Nagy Abdelaty
4. Hamdy Fawaz Hamdy
5. Saad Saeed Mousa
6. Abdallah Abd El - Rady Noupy
7. Omar Mohammed Abdo
8. Mohammed Barakat
9. Mahmoud Saad Said Ahmed
10. Mustafa Mohammed Abd El – Rady
Contents :

Definition of Energy and its Classification

Wind Energy

Factors affecting wind movement

Wind Turbine

Wind Turbine Types

Wind Turbine components

Wind Power Calculation

Places of wind energy in Egypt

Wind Grid connect systems

Simulation on matlab
Definition of Energy and its Classification
• Any physical activity in this world, whether carried
out by human beings or by nature, is caused due to
flow of energy in one form or the other forms.

• So we can define Energy as :

The capacity to do work , The power to create, shape ,
transform and animate.

❑ Discussion : What is the difference between work and Energy ?

 Classification of Energy

Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:

• Primary and secondary energy.

• Commercial and non-commercial energy.

• Renewable and non-renewable energy.

• Conventional and non-conventional energy.

❖ Primary and secondary energy :

Primary Secondary

Coal Gasoline

Natural gas Liquid fuel oil

Oil Biofuels

Uranium Electricity

Biomass Hydrogen

Blowing wind Heat

❖ Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy:

Commercial Non Commercial

Commercial energy is energy Non-commercial energy is energy
which is available to the users at which is available free of cost to
some price. the users.

It is used for commercial It is used for domestic and

purposes in factories and farms. consumption purposes.

Produced in power plants. Naturally found in Nature

Example: Example:
Coal, Petroleum, Electricity Fire wood , Agricultural waste in
rural areas.

Available in limited supply and It is endless type.

will be finished in future.
❖ Renewable and Non Renewable Energy :

Renewable(green energy) Non Renewable

Energy obtained from sources that are The conventional fossil fuels such as
essentially inexhaustible. coal and oil

Can naturally replenish themselves They can’t replenish themselves

Unlimited in supply Limited

Examples: Wind, Solar, Hydropower Examples: Oil, Natural gas and coal
and Geothermal, …. , etc.
❖ Conventional and Non conventional energy:
 Questions

1. Choose the correct answer

(a) . . . . . . . . Energy sources are either found or stored in nature.
a) Primary b) Secondary c) Renewable d) Non-Commercial
Answer : (a)

(b) ……… is energy which is available free of cost to the users.

a) Commercial b) Non commercial
Answer : (b)
Wind Energy

12
 Wind Energy

➢ Wind energy is energy extracted from the kinetic energy of

the wind by using wind turbines to produce electrical energy.

➢ The wind turbine captures the wind’s kinetic energy in a

rotor consisting of two or more blades mechanically coupled
to an electrical generator.

➢ The turbine is mounted on a tall tower to enhance the energy

capture. Numerous wind turbines are installed at one site to
build a wind farm of the desired power generation capacity.
Obviously, sites with steady high wind produce more energy
over the year.

➢ Two distinctly different configurations are available for

turbine design, the horizontal axis configuration and the
vertical axis configuration.
• Advantages of Wind energy:
1. Wind power is a clean and renewable energy source.
2. Wind power creates good-paying jobs.
3. Wind is almost everywhere.
4. Wind power is excellent in remote areas, wherever they may be.
5. Excellent conversion efficiency.
6. The environmental impact is minimal.
7. A green source that is truly economical.

• Disadvantages of wind energy:

1. The wind is inconsistent.
2. Wind turbines involve high upfront capital investment.
3. Wind turbines have a visual impact.
4. May reduce the local bird population.
5. Wind turbines are prone to noise disturbances.
6. Installation can take up a significant portion of land.
7. Wind turbines can be a safety hazard.
 Questions
1. State some of advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.
Answer

• Advantages of Wind energy:

1. Wind power is a clean and renewable energy source.
2. Wind power creates good-paying jobs.
3. Wind is almost everywhere.
4. Wind power is excellent in remote areas, wherever they may be.
5. Excellent conversion efficiency.
6. The environmental impact is minimal.
7. A green source that is truly economical.

• Disadvantages of wind energy:

1. The wind is inconsistent.
2. Wind turbines involve high upfront capital investment.
3. Wind turbines have a visual impact.
4. May reduce the local bird population.
5. Wind turbines are prone to noise disturbances.
6. Installation can take up a significant portion of land.
7. Wind turbines can be a safety hazard.
Factors affecting wind movement
 Factors affecting wind movement

• The factors that determine wind speed and affect it in climatic conditions are three forces that control wind
speed and direction:-

1. Variation in atmospheric pressure.

2. Terrain.

3. Coriolis force.
1. Variation in atmospheric pressure
The air moves in the form of winds that blow from high
pressure areas to low pressure areas. The direction of
equal atmospheric pressure lines indicates the direction
of the winds, which usually blow nearly parallel to
them.

2. Terrain
They affect the speed of the winds, which increase in
height above sea level, and terrain obstacles cause the
wind to change direction, sometimes dividing it into
several branches.

3. Coriolis force
It is the deflection force arising from the rotation of the
earth around itself, so the winds deflect to the right of
their original direction in the northern hemisphere, and to
the left of their original direction in the southern
hemisphere, somehow below us (Farrell's law), and if we
assume that the earth is stationary, the winds will blow
directly in a straight line of high pressure to low pressure.
 Questions
1. Talk briefly about the Factors affecting wind movement.

Answer
• The factors that determine wind speed and affect it in climatic conditions are three forces that control wind
speed and direction:-

1. Variation in atmospheric pressure.

2. Terrain.

3. Coriolis force.
Wind Turbine
 Wind Turbine
• A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy.

• The blades are shaped like airfoils and are designed to capture the energy of the
wind.

• As the wind passes over the blades, they start to rotate around the rotor, which
is connected to the shaft. The shaft then turns a generator, which converts the
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• Wind turbines can be small enough to power a single home or large enough to
generate electricity for an entire city.

• However, the construction and maintenance of wind turbines can have

environmental impacts, and their efficiency can be affected by variations in wind
speed and direction.

• The length of wind turbines can vary widely depending on the size and capacity
of the turbine. Generally, the length of a wind turbine is determined by the
length of its blades, which are designed to capture as much energy from the
wind as possible.
Wind Turbine Types

22
• Wind turbine can be classified according to the Axis of installation into two types :

Horizontal-axis
wind turbines Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT).
(HAWT)
• Comparison between two types :

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT)

Advantages • High Power Output. • quieter and less vibration than

horizontal-axis wind turbines.
• High Efficiency.
• Produces electrical energy at
• High Reliability. very low wind speeds.

• High Operational Wind Speed. • Can be installed in urban

environments and residential
• Less cost and commercial areas because
they operate at low noise levels

Disadvantages • Difficult to Transport, Install, • Requires power and a starting

and Maintain. motor to start the Darrieus
wind turbine.
• Create Negative Environmental
Impact. • Not as efficient as horizontal-
axis wind turbines.
• Strict Regulations for
Installation. • High cost.
• Wind turbines can be classified according to their operating speed into two main categories:

Fixed speed wind turbines Variable speed wind turbines

• Both fixed speed and variable speed wind turbines have their advantages and
disadvantages, and the choice of turbine depends on several factors, such as the wind
resource, the location, the grid requirements, and the cost. In recent years, variable speed
turbines have become more common due to their higher efficiency and better performance
at low wind speeds.
 Questions

1. What is a wind turbine ?

Answer
A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical power.

2. What are the main parts of a wind turbine ?

Answer
The main parts of a wind turbine include the blades, rotor,hub, gearbox, generator, and tower.

3. How does a wind turbine generate electricity ?

Answer
A wind turbine generates electricity by converting the rotational motion of the blades into
electrical power using a generator.
Wind Turbine components
• Wind turbine components
 1. The rotor of wind turbine

• The rotor of the wind turbine is the part of the turbine that rotates.

-The components of the rotor:

(a) Hub
It is in the front of the turbine and it
connects the blades to the other parts.
(B) Blades

• They convert the kinetic energy of the moving

wind to rotating motion.
• The rotating motion of the blades result from
the difference in pressure of air above and
under the surface of each blade.
• This difference in pressure is due to air
velocity being greater on the upper surface of
the blade than the bottom one.

-Pitch angle : It is the angle between the blade axis

and the wind direction
 2. Pitch and controller

• It is the moving portion of the blade , it

can decrease or stop the wind turbine
because it can control the pitch angle.

3. Gear box
The basic function of the gear box is to convert the low
speed of the turbine rotor into high speed necessary for
turbine operation.
4. The break system

• It is used to support the breaking

condition when the turbine needs to
slow or stop the wind turbine in cases
of high wind speed or maintenance.
It is installed on the low speed shaft
to avoid the high breaking torque.
 Questions

State where these sentences are True or false.

1.The breaking system can slow or stop the wind turbine.

Answer: True
Choose the correct answer.

1. The rotation of the blades is a result of the difference in.......

(Elevation-Pressure-blade dimensions)

Answer: Pressure
5. Wind turbine generator
• It is used to convert the rotational motion to electrical energy.
• Types of wind turbine generator

1. Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG).

2. Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).

3. Double-fed induction generator (DFIG).

• Generator shaft (high speed shaft) :

It connects the gear box output to the generator input.
6. Anemometers and wind vanes

• They are used to measure the speed

and direction of wind .

• The output data is transferred to

the aerodynamic control system and
the yaw system.

7. Yaw system
• Providing flexibility to wind turbine to keep the
wind perpendicular to turbine blades
• Contains of it
electrical motor – yaw gear – gear rim – bearing – yaw breakers
8.Tower
• It carries the nacelle that represents the house of
previously mentioned component.

• The output power of wind turbine is proportional to

the tower height.

• The more increasing the height from the earth surface ,

The more increasing the speed of wind.

• The expression between the height and wind speed is

given as :-
𝒂
𝒉
𝒗𝒉 = 𝒗𝒐
𝒉𝒐
Where : 𝒗𝒐 is the average wind speed at 𝒉𝒐
𝒂 is the friction coefficient .
Wind Power Calculation
 Wind power calculation

• Under constant acceleration, the

kinetic energy of an object having
mass m and velocity v is equal to 𝐸 =𝑊 =𝐹∗𝑑
the work done W in displacing that
object from rest to a distance d
under a force F.

• According to Newton’s Law, we have: 𝐹 =𝑚∗𝑎

Hence,
𝑬=𝒎∗𝒂∗𝒅 (1)

𝒗𝒇𝟐 −𝒗𝒊𝟐
• Using the third equation of motion: 𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒅 we get that 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒅

𝒗𝟐
• Since the initial velocity of the object is zero, so 𝒗𝒊=0 we get: 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒅 (2)

𝟏
By substitute in equation (1) using equation (2) we get that 𝑬 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝒎 ∗ 𝒗𝟐 (𝑲. 𝑬)
• The power in the wind is given by the rate of change of energy:
𝒅𝑬 𝟏 𝒅𝒎
𝑷 = 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝒗𝟐 ∗ 𝒅𝒕 𝟑
𝒅𝒎
• 𝒅𝒕 is the mass flow rate of the wind and equals to :
𝝆 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝒗 (4)

Where:
𝝆 is the mass density of the air.( in standard conditions equals to 1.23 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 )
𝑨 is the sweap area and equals to 𝝅 ∗ 𝒓^𝟐 where 𝒓 is the blade length.
𝒗 is the average speed of the wind.
• From equations (3) and (4) :
𝟏
𝑷 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝒗𝟑

• The theoretical maximum power efficiency of any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (i.e. no
more than 59% of the energy carried by the wind can be extracted by a wind
turbine).This is called the “power coefficient” and is defined as:
𝑪𝒑𝒎𝒂𝒙 =0.59
𝟏
• So the power law becomes 𝑷 = ∗ 𝝆 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝒗𝟑 ∗ 𝑪𝒑
𝟐
 Question:-
It is needed to install a wind farm produces 250 MW of electricity in a location where the air mass density is 1.225
Kg/m^3. average wind speed is 9 m/s at height 10 m and 1/7 and 1/2 friction coefficient for day and night,
respectively,
How many wind turbines are needed for this aim if we use a wind turbine that has a hub height of 80 m with 44 m
blade length and 0.32 power coefficient ?

Solution

First find the speed of wind at the hub height

𝟏
𝒂
𝒉 𝟖𝟎 𝟕 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎
𝒗𝒉 = 𝒗𝒐 =𝟗∗ =
𝒉𝒐 𝟏𝟎 𝒔
Find the power of turbine :
𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑷 = ∗ 𝝆 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝒗 ∗ 𝑪𝒑 = ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝝅 ∗ 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝑴𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
Finally , Find the number of turbines as:

𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑴𝑾

𝑵= = = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟗 ≈ 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝑴𝑾
Places of wind energy in Egypt

42
 Places of wind energy in Egypt

1.Ras Ghareb Windfarm

o Ras Ghareb windfarm is a 262.5MW near-shore wind
project being developed near the Gulf of Suez,
approximately 30km north-west of Ras Ghareb,
Egypt.
o It is the first independent power producer project in
the country.
o Wind farm cost is 465.81 million dollars

2. Zafarana Wind farms

o The total installed capacities in Zafarana wind farm is
745 MW in 2015/2016.
o The wind farms includes 700 turbines from
differentmodels (600 kw, 660 kw, 850 kw).
o This wind farms were implemented on several stages
since 2001, through Governmental cooperation
protocols with Germany, Denmark, Spain and Japan.
o Wind farm cost is 110 million Euros.
3. Jabal al-Zeit wind farm
o The station was implemented in cooperation with
the German Construction Bank (KfW), the
European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European
Commission (EU).

o Area of project is 100 𝐊𝒎𝟐

o The number of turbines is 120 turbines and the

capacity of each turbine is 2 MW (240 MW).

o Project cost is nearly 12 billion egyptian pounds.

o The project was completed and run on 24/7/2018.

Wind Grid connect systems
45
• On-grid system

The one in which the solar

power system is connected
to the utility’s power grid
• Off-grid system

off-grid means the system

works independently
• Wind solar hybrid system

Wind solar hybrid system is The

combination of renewable energy
sources, wind & solar are used for
generating power.
 49

Simulation on matlab
• Wind turbine Simulation with DC Machine

Used blocks

Powergui block Wind turbine block Constant DC machine DC voltage

block block source

Bus
Series RLC branch Scope block
selector
block
Speed of motor
Thank you For your attention