4 131 OIDAL WATER WAVES Like solids, fluids also have translatignal, rotational and oscillatory motions. {Translational Motion —_: Wher rivers flow. Rotational Motion In whirlpool. Oscillatory Motion In the distortion of the shape that travels outward. Such moving shape distortion of the water surface is known as a water wave. However an initial disturbance is needed in order to generate a water wave. Sinusoidal wave ea Shapes Waves -— ;| Lt rochoidal wave | Progressive wave 5 Horizontal motion Standing wave All types of waves have got the following two points in common: i) Energy propagates to distant points. ji) Disturbance travels through the medium without any transference of the medium itself * in fact all types of wave motions are governed by a certain differential equation of the type: 1&9 Cee | e* 2 oF | whose solutions, fitted with proper boundary conditions, explain each particular / problem. 1a etAthematical formulation of the wave motion e basis for formulation of wave motion, which neecis Potential theory is th following assumptions for fluid to be: i) inviscid ii) irrotational iii) incompressible The waves propagate in the horizontal direction, with coordinate x, and a fluid domain bound above by a free surface at z=n(x,t), with z the vertical coordinat= (positive in the upwart-direction) and t being time. The levelz=0 corresponds with the mean surface elevation. The impermeable bed undemeath the fluid layer is at z = -h. AT In an incompressible fluid, the Velocity V=(u,vw) at each point will satisfy the continuity equation , In our case the y-component of the velocity, v, is assumed to be zero, that is, we do not assume any variations across the channel. Again, in addition, the fluid is considered to be irrotational, the velocity may be expressed in terms of a so-called velocity potential ® such that (Note that u,=u and u,=w)ubstitution 1) Continuity equation, the potential © has to satisfy the following s Auat Laplace equation Cr Ap (1) on + ar = 0. Where @ is the velocity potential & the velocity potential ®(x,z,t) is related to the flow _velocity components u, and u,in the horizontal (x) and vertical (z) directions by: Boundary conditions: Boundary conditions are needed at the bed and the free surface in order to close the system of equations. The bed being impermeable, leads to the kinematic bed boundary-condition At the free surface, for infinitesimal waves, the vertical motion of the flow has to be equal to the vertical velocity of the free surface. This leads to the kinematic. free-surface boundary-condition: an _ (3) = a z= 10h) | where n{x,t) is the free surface elevation. bsnl However, the surface elevation is an extra unknown, for which an additional boundary condition is needed. This is provided by Bernoulli's equation for an unsteady potential flow. The pressure above the free surface is assumed to be constant. This constant pressure is taken equal to Zero, without loss of 4f fl Erality, since the level of such a constant pressure does nef allen ie low fter linearization, this gives the dynamic free-surface boundary a op a) 4 on = 0 cheer) at $ both free-surface boundary conditions - the Because this is a linear theory, in a opeNons De kinematic and the dynamic one, equations (3) and (4) — 80/éz at the fixed mean level z= 0 is used. Solution fora progressive monochromatic wave For a propagating wave of a single frequency - a monochromatic wave — the surface elevation is of the form: 7 = acos(kr a: wave amplitude wt) Where The associated velocity potential, satisfying the Laplace equation (1) in the flui interior, as well as the kinematic boundary conditions at the free surface (2), an-i bed (3), is: h (k(2eh ; (e a Dei ak ae But 7 and ¢ also have to satisfy the dynamic boundaty condition, which results in ero) values for the wave amplitude a only if the linear dispersion non-trivial (no felation is satisfied. From (4), we obtain, ner i If we now satisfy condition (3), we get, gk tanh (kh),isis ( Brae relation and it says that w and k cannot be chosen at equation are allowed Tne two frequencies, w and -w which satisfies the | The i wave number aie! Sra relation tells us how the frequency and the So angular frequency wand wave number k— or equivalently period 7 and wavelength A — cannot be chosen independently, but are related.MA Tok hESsiv@ wave _ Py, Probegabion oh ao Pear The pe aare at tun + td dink(n-wty --- 0 ee Huw . SE a a ble 1 be MD - => At Be 48 ae ae a; ) poet poe “@ = Ag eR Ne rlanvst) -- (© (Ge), frm 49 * O, AE As ow . a and fron - Pr 24 1a paper Senuecidh wane = Bh CEth) Ge eee Wit) P= fw ee F | om pobrodhabion, fs shat nk nee bE EAD took (n¥it) ef = ae 2. Bee 4, he my Wf =y ty eA AEE tes hlme Yt? . It) Jn decpooctin,tre ratio, Sink Rest a GB ee *6ET() bteones — i ha I i sk fo 1 te a ten te, fps 1p ev hk (n- Wt) Who Hr daafer eran prfile 4h nz0, te fda. Oe o tunter, fof, ohn. ve Velocity , L and Peto of Waveo b= tw eh ew) Gin R (t- Vonks) => ad. 2A dV bp RRMA) tole (oe Vet) ot ‘ “Tar 7 =) wv ts = —LaVek” oes Ae Hk (4-Vot) Anan od i a al a = L_d,Vik BAR Sak (2¢-Yot) The condihin af vel x Protins tequinn thet er a PP ~4,M, RY Cod BEBHA) gy. (art) ah : Sab R(-Bt4, a 91a Vek Soh ae Soke) & => Hon yl toh wath) Sweeny” = ati yo KA RE sis =D Ry 77 RVG” Col RO +4. 9 ih ROHS => Va sf Galencauhd —— ne Ok RCEAD Le Ve oe Aank (24h) | eeA : - a Wrben An Soe Dans wang panolh, Tonk = = anh ales tor STANDING WAVE pimplifis mo - tan Bw satan, by na sta naan "hrm ore ae “at fa 4 $m (t= Fp) = $e olor Adega « 4, a (t= By) + fs (t+) © 1,(9- at (atl, - Gat ae +4, (oot a lot tan ec Biv Dowd ata: Gime? Cer x). Fes Kocompls_ ‘ ips ie 12 35% fi ket2% Paeok. tete 9 whe he a wees deo) wo Ay - berrery aetacg | ewe eB? ' 26r @ TE EEEvi = Pressure ck « pt vehew saben suhaee | Q deentared under o erect 4 Yreneaned under a trough BPR (- Wt) refraeels rt. ee Cortina conta puma ’ al au ia Ac eell of 24, Luks sive. . ou A 2m a7) givas der srt awdple. teat Ps eg (e1,)+ Chg ah 2 a Ana nay x00, 1 theo os, «hen eee Pa C4, & (240-24) Gath a pe Cawsenh snob 2 294 Chg tem Sid «7 FF BAe aoa Mes’ poset, Feclicly when He wave atlas af a happhs, of y “te - ard, Ps 09 (24)- e94 = &9te (2--74)PENER GT * Tota Eas = K.€.4 PE. LL wide the orth 0b on of Ein no 0X - dae. ee. rls pm Be ogee et mw oe Oe usged™ a | Priya al “ jugs Le we ease one - A Vw e(* : e con a 7 a6 xe ry yy & Or ec? [ee gehgat a et | 6." i Eel (hs (1%) 4, 4% ‘ue raison iss % ae ‘yep Ih coe 3S ah Laake Riladir Awl. 404 l Cte my epde bs Do, al Trial é Cen aayon a fn dete Aneevdon eee: Jay \ . A ale banka =i art FMR etka) ote dx = dove! gm (Rant) dd 2.4 => d2>fevwk J oy (hay dk deans X= Khe ght és» (hn- ae) (-4) ahh ata (ax-ob) ce fe 2K ae oh? cork ex - Sk) --- YM Sinleut Bo he one ain(pa-b) sie 727)’ Sumy k 4b yp 2™ a(t) ghey ; bho: te ' Tin -prwer pkrd Sphe fl 2 edict penile v7 Terns | wabal Gea +). ATH OF_A PARTICLE IN A CANAL, CEM eIAMTe Derr bev Coo hk (24s sia SI Oo (ha-Bt) ket Op Cu A to-6y dich { 4 Lypusd pore” yalahive Se thy Anan fprmibion (4) eyx Ph dale - 4 io. mar oem atric ae a em) ee get obc rk — Te fe Ctrl “el a+ky 9 Od wee hegk sais oe Es Shi i a = ee G5 R- Stoel —_ re woe S eae My Ou © am mpifyy — yt7/7) aes 4 pate Fre hy todas antes ~ Tyee elreches ATK. Powe aphihde Bod Liffin ca eee Gree S18) « fe {32 (nive- He) fatale fa [4 (ein -978) + $2 (hen -0,8J] wot | i e4 fe (Atte a - Sethe 4) " | ine Cherlin = 2E% 4) ces 8 | A = "ff, tes (iM Re aucte 4)- Fag gn die oP aaa, Be eos cay, RicMe gE Renn In dif abins 2° 20. one velru Hehe a RYE +. ~~ (no in us & tank (ALD oo =p 2 ow pg —dagh + Lp ne ie (hy eee a i) z kD ee B+ roan” ami”? x = Bond ay, whe oh, > aé ‘ Pee bon dao ve, np a Bap od MAD 2 a y 2 a sie Athy dhe 428 see. 7 €=9905e- — Atte » 8 igose Fry. Gare e Asplihas alice fem oO Fe mine bth He A. ae7 Te. = wi ee 6b— oak ob af, th exfruvrsion Es , Now aya wi rk v — av pe) praree pause -. Ras Jomo) W g , ee a (ee ad : fan Sts pet #41i Free Eypakion « aa Gis Gre. cap a Cem) = Dera eras Ws tea Bn. Set a2+¢220 Kua ao ayn | pot eee wat int Worlhan zo —> aac G te fay ae, £ wtb a4 ¥ td ton”. oot Zo ark vik nd val. » +4, d be, 2 & B22, “pifennins ence p= Aisa too i - ok ak &20, api dc Any) w \A= Pag He velvet A and Bin G4)! 2: et + [2,\Coy ast Ne ¢ Siena 7 Lh 2.406 Be Bn 2. Wet COB - 26a ligt Hp = 2 Pr [ Se agt Cop - et fe —= | nn tan \" -. eal at Yas. ite Led 6 oteel Ste ™, tee: case pamiveD wearing Heres (Boe ~_ ro erCe os EA ends anh ok LA geeks * ae keh’ a ore 1 Q) bacemee pike canes Nee 20 27 ah! (WE DK + OE) < 0 yak wg Te Pa et bt Kin es OE 20, occh co « aon ore Be Re + eRe a8 Taeae Auk nea ally are an aff. f decoiy, D fe Ruz « -0 Nia fags” eae eg ere Rael sdbedien of. (y) co ben writin 9 — 2 SO ae. prcai2 beetle Oe" = at (eldee eat) 2 2% [c’Claruat + Gat) ales: gt c"( car Kigt = (8 94t) ] | = er PCc'p 0%) Ck 4 Lee cD SAMs] . ra LL C2 ct” and Cg2i Cee? © ‘ Bao [c, Cargt + Cr tied] G0 6 and yy Le datanninnd spre ik lordchina, cA hk £20, 228, ord 2-2 thn $20, 1s Yt C22, : anffenmbiadi'rg @Y we t, Ba aoe, ce Wet #6, Hn Net] Atte, a acs at ade sai ‘Daa + Race " Cpendot Oe Pubes A is rhs pond 6Y se [2 canst + dot AB 2 9,6] pues—— Hesenig Hebi (Badrsenys, ge i ag+ hiteca. Fact mw F+h24+222f cont —.. or ae oe wd ty 2 $0 He Wrall a: of. cad) + pss (st) zpe ot Se 1, bine Gas cb ~ haf toute pele ehh | shi ese defn died apradion G) = hea Cos (one A D+ BV. 113, Sr | eke aa - i el ae | To can Lu sorely ys gy + Pak + e]istopsbetcanganga He fy & 7" = Fe ts (ut) | ee afi 4 feslek) 5 Si (ad) for Ces (uct ) fl nascspieds S52 —fo £ au Wk 4h 20 (1) : oS a {| a (S-4 ad) + bak - --@& nt dak afacnrene -& Frm. (KW Ween wrth — HSS aoe o+ Fe (Sew) © BW Thi dee “& wos k= (Ce) ae Bi GO. ea 4 Rce-an) we = 4,2 = 5 \ m, = (e = sabyt ah” fe ea)| Ag tes (vik) Os 8a + 26 Sr ey (Het — £2 Bap 2. Ce: (4 t) . ee ee oF ae : ‘foo . cas Spceeeny + ~ tio ara a (agne) Qh 2 = tac! % Hai te We Suu, u's ue jek po (oe kf | = wd, tt) yee pee rs aides Guy HOD, ul fees? _ mon (VD hen He gh i Aas 4 fa {ut He) ence hy sae PFA Fare) | i a) nai 12a iEe eye ee bY es Ps ee + yop (ay) is “a ite 2. Roe oy Tells . ote ve dlisielan = r t -- - -fan | & eae Oe aud, 2a 25 ep) arse syatoins Sei ted in Bima x pati fay. ein erdanepeet- salldn, . SBE ce 2 “Ori rs 2 oe e te ie 4 lure aac = a on. at hl lnk, 4 eo = che | fan)" (arePhase angle Lacan te wae Ning pe and tf anchion \ ‘ 2kA_. jet! Tov feads foal pi Ba pea p-29 eeThe general solution of the Forced Heaving Motion is z= Ae sin(wat + 6)'+ 2aCos (wet — €2) This represents the sum of two oscillations: ts. The first term represents the free, damped oscillation and the second term represen an oscillation with the same circular frequency as that of the exciting force. As long as both oscillations are effective, the result is called a transient motion. However the first oscillation decays more or less quickly depending on the magnitude of v, and ‘only the second oscillation remains. Determination of hydrodynamic coefficients. Inertial Fores } =M + 61 where Mi= Mass of the vessel i az az . e = Mat a= Hea a,)<* where a, = dded mass ,dded Mass 1] For this, one should study the K.E of the fluid médium as the rigid body moves throvgh it. ' a mv? Inan empty space, its KE, Ty = "= When the body moves in fluid, there is added the K.E. of alithe fluid particles to the KE. of the body set into motion. Let us isolate an element in theform of a recta ingular parallelepiped with dimensions dx, dy, dz. Therefore KE. ofthe element= (p dx dy de) "= The total K.E. of the fluid medium, T= £ se nee 2dxdydz ‘ P-30The quantity p {== p=(2" ‘ Vv PLS I (2)2 A a aiden ihe 0 (5) Ix dy dz hasithe dimension of mass and viewed as Therefore total energy, 7, = ("44") y2 4 Determination of added mass 4 4 x According to ref. Lewis, F.M., ‘The inertia of the water surrounding ene, . Lewis, F.M., ‘The inertia of the water surrounding a vibrating ship’, Trans SNAME, 1929, an inertia coefficient Cis defined as: vided mass of the sect Half of the added mass Jor a circular section of unit length and diameter By Now half of the added mass for circular jection of unit length where breadth, B,= 2r. For ships other than semi-circular ones, the'added mass of a ship section, a, = Coefficient C for Lewis-form section, can be obtained from Figure 4.4 of the Text Book of Bhattacharya ni In order to apply the same coefficient C for ship-section, itis assumed that for sections other than those of mathematical’Lewis form, ‘C’ will not differ appreciably as tong as the beam, draught and area of each section are equal in both the cases. ‘ Therefore the total added mass of the shi ae Noting that B, = 2 y(x) where y(x) is the sectional half-breadth of the waterline, * , Oe -2 f Cy*(x)dx ; 0 See Example 4.1 of the Text Book of Bhattacharya.ants aaa thane Dia tte aapgeal THe co ar. Abe a) Tybe ¢ onseill ory motion 4D En oficacllation. 9 err oe ere pic aie as io LinscAly at eo Ue os fe oO. coal “eng Von Schr ion mendin, Zw Bim tarionalen Korte i He HSVA Sh jp nae ty Aoting ceed wih hingth Dy ic gtr “ts r hu radiated waee — ile ae Ap ae zu aa The i s ech exh ie Hisazew My sseulle M- Dee.fpr ow Taka ts, 7 a st fens dom ing bn ae wO' He cae ema ar @] Ee 10°, tet ie Miaieenlai a So a ins = a ~ * far Ss et “han Taras Aan Vranas ot oes >: leit aa Reslorring Force Ca eg Aw = ? cae wate fos ao eg Aue hore Ge «iin A a Awe [creat ao + | p tn i se fc aahn # rE GS Dots aay Fe, a, tes Teiotyy = 2x pwWhanw {io the 2 Ucke of the offacbie wane fowk ls aoe de aud tan hu papreond 10), LEE ba), t= seape ansam clapth of tw affective trae from Ae 1 R= 20 and D's Pf capo Coe PP 90° or 270" amd Dive and He amlitnde ef yin socerting for Fo Ascn—= Amasinnasiare Bond fun mat tb nena hilleo fave o> o es 4 he muding pore jo Hen ME cgeg orem soot een ke He : r Assumg Fs F, cout We - Aes ee Fos ut = cy e4 ideo eb of ose Lai —ACCELERATED ROTATIONAL MOTION 4 prssly magi dort has au aeeadeanhedk eftobinres. athe | oe loan he ponposdicnkone hued nee ot * gabebin, oa fur 2. Ak, ahowg te Livsch'rn of Guctantenwive valor, 2. yu directed poner Sts! eke” e 7 29) Here. & a. dod 5 . AS ee