A – Participle clauses give use extra information about a noun.

B – If it is an active sentence, we replace with -ing form.

C – If it is a passive sentence (verb to be + past participle), we replace with past participle.

(Step 1: Which part is the noun? Which part is the participle clause i.e. extra information about the
noun?)

(Step 2: If it is active, replace with -ing. If it is passive, replace with past participle)

People who are chosen to become NASA astronauts have to complete a difficult training programme
which lasts 20 months.

People chosen to become NASA astronauts have to complete a difficult training programme lasting
20 months.

The word astronaut, which is formed from two Greek words, means star sailor.

The word astronaut, formed from two Greek words, means star sailor.

Only flights which reach an altitude of 100km or more are considered space flights.

Only flights reaching an altitude of 100km or more are considered space flights.