Chedorlaomer as Gilgamesh or Uruashkhad, by Sean Bambrough.

Contents:
Introduction.
Part 1. Possible matches between Kedorlaomer and Gilgamesh.
Part 2. Possible matches between Kedorlaomer and Uruashkhad.
Appended lists of previous candidates.
References.

Introduction.

In this paper we look at our two main Sumerian candidates for

Chedorlaomer of Genesis 14 in the bible. In the first part we look at
the details matches evidences for Gilgamesh/Izdubar of Uruk 1
dynasty being Chedorlaomer. In the second part we look at the
details matches evidences for Uruashkhad/Urnanshe/Urnina of Lagash
1 dynasty being Chedorlaomer. Both these candidates have pros and
cons and at present we are not absolutely sure if and which of the
two may best match.

Genesis 14 mentions that in Abraham's times there was a battle of

4 kings of the east with 5 kings of the Dead Sea area. The 4
kings of the east include Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer king of Elam
(who was the chief king of the 4 kings and was overlord of the 5
kings), and Amraphel of Shinar. Thus if we can find who these
kings match in Mesopotamian and/or Elamite king lists we will have
a chronological synchronism which will help to correct the
conventional chronologies of Mesopotamia and Egypt (which are
known to conflict with the biblical chronology because they are too
long/old compared to the bible). The two main extant hitherto period
placements of the 4 kings of Genesis 14 are the conventional one
which places the 4 kings during the Larsa and Babylon 1 dynasties,
and the one of Rohl which places the 4 kings during the Ur 3
dynasty. Both these placements are certainly wrong for various
reasons including:

- The names & natures matches are not very strong.

- They have some missing matches for some of the 4 kings.
- They are too late in overall Mesopotamian & Elamite & Egyptian
history for Abraham who was early in overall biblical history.
- The dates don't really match like they suppose they do. Their
overall timelines of Mesopotamian history are too long compared to
the bible and so the true dates of persons like Hammurabi will be
lower. Their overall biblical chronology is also abit too short and the
true dates will be abit higher.
- They have a too long period between the Flood or Nimrod/Babel
and Abraham. Eg Rohl has Nimrod as 2nd king of Uruk 1 and has
Amraphel as middle king of Ur 3, which is longer than the period
between Flood or Nimrod and Abraham in the Massoretic text.
(Unless one uses the Septuagint's length from Flood to Abraham.
But the Septuagint seems to be less reliable.)
- They don't fit with other previous and succeeding synchronisms
that we have found such as the many details matches evidences for
Joseph being in the (2nd? or) 3rd to 4th (or 5th?) dynasties,
and evidences for Moses being in the 12th dynasty.

And so we must look for the true matces for the 4 kings in
dynasties before the conventional placment and before Rohl's
placement. We searched all the king lists of the ancient near east
and only found a few possible candidates for the 4 kings of Genesis
14. The two best candidates for Chedorlaomer are seemingly/probably
Gilgamesh of Uruk and/or Uruaskhad/Urnina/Urnanshe of Lagash.
We will now attempt to show the possible matches of the details of
Chedorlaomer with the details of these two candidates.

Part 1. Possible matches between Kedorlaomer and Gilgamesh.

Name match.

Chedorlaomer:
His name is Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer / Chodorlaomer /
Chodollogomor / Kedarela'omer / *Kedarelagomer? (or
Kudurlagamar/Kutirlagamar?)
It is said that scholars have not found any match for the name
Kedorlaomer in any ancient sources of Mesopotamia or Iran. A
couple/few inscriptions/texts were thought to have a name
Kudurlagamar/Kutirlagamar but the names are now considered to be
rendered differently. We searched all the king lists of Iraq and Iran
and there were very few candidate name (& nature) matches for
Chedorlaomer and the other 3 kings of Genesis 14. (Though one
problem is that Sumerian script glyphs have a number of different
possible values and so Sumerian names have a number of different
possible renderings e.g. Shulgi or Dungi or Shamugin (Ur 3). And
though the Elamite king lists are not wholly complete.) Of the few
candidates we did find the only best candidate match for
Chedorlaomer seems to be Gilgamesh and/or Uruash-khad.

Gilgamesh:
His name is Gishbilgames /Gishgimash /
Gilgamos/Gilgamec/Gilgames/Bilgames /Gilgamesh/Gilgamish /
Thilgamos /Gishsax-gamesh / Issax-gamesh/Iz-zax-ga-mesh /
Gisdhubar/Ghizdubar /Isdhubhar/Izdubar /Izzubarili /
Namrudu/Anamarutu/Numarad/Namrasit.
(For the interchange of the mes(h) & bar in Sumer-Akkadian
compare the other similar examples of Mash/Masu/Baru "hero" and
Mt Amasis/Masis/Abaris/Baris.)
Gilgamesh's adventures in the Epic of Gilgamesh are considered by
some scholars to maybe be the origin of those of Herakles/Hercules,
and it seems to us that the name Herakles/Hercules may also
actually come from the name Gilgamesh (with l/r and m/l
interchanges).
The only possible candidate matches for Gilgamesh in the bible are:
Lamech, Shem (via Shamash), Ham, Gomer (r/sh interchange),
Nimrod, Girgashite, Elam, Chedorlaomer, Isaac, James/Jacob? Of
these candidates the only best match is Chedorlaomer.

The names Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer (or

Kudurlagamar/Kutirlagamar?) and Gilgames(h)/Izdubar (and/or
Hercules/Herakles) are similar.
Both have same or similar first and last letters K/Ch- & -r and
G- & s(h)/r.
Both start with similar K/Ch- and G- (or H-), or Ke-/Che- and
Gi- (or He-), or Ked/Ched- and Gil/Gisd- (or Her-), or Kutir-
and Gil- (or Kedor- and Her-).
Both end with similar -mer/mar and -mes(h)/bar, or -omer and
-ubar (or -ules).
Both have similar -dor- and -du-, or Chedor- and Ghizdu-.
Both have similar K-e-l-a-(g)-m-e-r / K-e-l-(g)-a-m-e-r and
G-i-l-g-a-m-e-s (or H-e-r-(a)-c-l-e-s).
The consonants of Septuagint version Chodollogomor are pretty similar
to those of Gilgames except for the -d-, and/or the original
Kedarelagomer and Gilgames are especially much similar (with the s
(h)/r interchange) except for the -dar- in the biblical name.
Or possibly Kedor-laomer could match Gisdubar-Gilgamesh
combined?
Or possibly the Kedor- ("servant"?) might be a prefixed title and
might not be part of the original king name? Waddell's version of
the Sumerian king list has "lord Izzax-gamesh"?
Or the name of Gilgamesh's companion Enkidu/Eabani is maybe
similar to the Kedor-?
Sumerian script symbols/signs/glyphs have a number of different
possible values and it is difficult to know the exact correct renderings
of Sumerian names, so it is quite possible that Kedorlaomer is an
approximate Hebrew rendering of whatever the correct original
contemporary Sumerian rendering of the name Gilgamesh/Izdubar was
(which might have been an intermediate blend similar to both
Gilgames and Izdubar).
Also, examining Biblical and Greek versions of later Babylonian kings
names we can see that a certain amount of corruption/mutilation in
Hebrew renderings of foreign names is not uncommon.
If the Mexican Quetzal-co-atl matches Gilgamesh then we see that
Quetzalcoatl is also similar to Chedorlaomer and maybe represents an
intermediate missing link? Another possible intermediate link might be
the Iranian/Persian Gayomart? Laomedon of Troy is possibly another
one.
The name of Gilgamesh's 2nd successor Utulkalamma is also similar
to Kedorlaomer.
Gilgamesh might have been a near contmemporary of Uruash-
khad/Ur-nanshe of Lagash whose name is also similar to Chedor-
laomer?
Meaning match &/or servant/priest match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer's name is supposed to maybe mean "handful of
sheaves", or "servant of (goddess) Lagamaru", or "... the red" or
kudurru "boundary stone", or "firstborn son". (Or lao/lu means man
in Indo-European & Sumerian.)
But probably the Hebrew spelling and meaning is not
accurate/original.
It is by no means certain that the kudur + lagamaru etymology is
the correct origin of the biblical name Kedorlaomer.

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh's name is supposed to mean "lord of oxen" or "the
ancestor/elder is a young-man" or "difficulty" or "mass of fire".
Bil/Bel- means "lord/master". Mash/Masu/Bar means "hero".
Ish/esh/ash can mean "lord" or "man".
Gilgamesh is said to mean or Gilgamesh is said to have been
(called) "the fire priest" or "the buffalo (fire) priest" or a high
priest. [He was a solar hero or fire god?]
Waddell's version of the Sumerian king list has "lord Izzax-
gamesh"?

Elam match.

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was king of Elam/Eylam "highlands" (east)
(Shemite?)
Elam is variously suggested to mean "age, eternity" or "to ascend,
highlands" or "house of strife" or e-lam "house of the seat(s)".

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh has a number of possible connections with Elam.
- His father was dethroned/overthrown by a king of Elam who then
ruled Uruk.
"His father was dethroned by the Elamites."
"Erech's humiliation under the Elamite Conquest."
"8. The epic carries us back to the time when Erech was the
capital of Shumir, and when the land was under the dominion of the
Elamite conquerors, not passive or content, but striving manfully for
deliverance."
"What there is of the second tablet shows the city of Erech groaning
under the tyranny of the Elamite conquerors."
- "Then Izdubar/Gilgamesh slew the Elamite who had dethroned his
father, and put the royal diadem on his own head."
- Gilgamesh himself has been suggested to be an Elamite or
Kassite (or foreign usurper/tyrannt).
"His name suggests that he was not Babylonian but Elamite or
Kassite in origin, and from indications furnished by the poem itself
we learn that he conquered Erech (or relieved the city from a
besieging force) at the outset of his adventurous career."
- He defeated Humbaba who may be an Elamite god.
"Khumbaba, King of Elam, had invaded the country of the
Euphrates, destroyed the temples, and substituted for the national
worship the cult of foreign deities; the two heroes in concert could
alone check his advance, and kill him."
- Gilgamesh had a "bow of Anshan".
- His name Gilgamesh without the two gees and the -esh is similar
to the name Elam.
- The name Egalmes/Ekallatum is similar to both Elam &
Gilgames?
- He was king of Eana/Eanna (which place name and meaning is
similar to Elam's).
- He was son of Gela whose name is similar to Elam.
- Gilgamesh went to Dilmun/Dilman (which place's name minus the
D- is maybe similar to Elam's).
- Enmebaragesi who made the land of Elam submit was a
contemporary of Gilgamesh's father/predecessor Dumuzi, and a source
says he fought Gilgamesh, and his son/successor Ag(g)a/Aka/Sha-
gin/Sha-kin/Sha-gur was a contemporary of Gilgamesh.
(The Shustar/Awan dynasty of Elam is supposed to have been
contemporary with Uruk 1 & Adab & Lagash 1 & Akkad & Ur 3
dynasties of Mesopotamia.)
- Elam is mentioned in 'the fall of Erech' section of the Epic of
Gilgamesh.
- Its is thought by some that Sumerians were related to (Elamo-)
Dravidians?
There were found bones of Combe-Capelids at Kish in Iraq & Sialk
in Iran & Mohenjodaro in India (Baker).

Since Genesis has an alliance of kings of Shinar & Elam invading

Jordan / Canaan/Israel/Palestine / Syria, with the king of Elam
being over the other kings, we can assume that the king of Elam
may be mentioned in Mesopotamian king lists and Elamite king lists
(and that he would not be likely to be a king of one of the minor
local Iranian/Elamite dynasties).
There are not many periods of Elamite power/domination/influence
over Mesopotamia, especially at as an early a period as Abraham is
in the bible.

Hobah match.

Chedorlaomer:
Abraham pursued Chedorlaomer to
Cova/Chovah/Khobaw/Chowbah/Chobah/Choba/Hobah/Hoba "hiding
place" on the left (or north) of Damascus (in Aram/Syria)
(possibly Homs?)

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh went on a journey to defeat the guardian of the forest
Huwawa/Humbaba/Humban/Huban/Combabus who is either a Syrian
or Anatolian or Elamite god.
Gilgamesh was also lord of Kubabba/Kulaba/Zirabba.
Gilgamesh travelled through Mt Mashu (which name might match
Damascus?)
(Carchemish's name might also possibly be connected with
Gilgamesh?)

12/13 yrs match?

Chedorlaomer:
The kings of the Sodom & Gomorrah area were subject the
Chedorlaomer and his 3 allies for 12/13/14 yrs.
Gilgamesh:
The Epic of Gilgamesh has 12 tablets.
Gilgamesh planted a 120 poles in his sea trip.
Gilgamesh has a reign of 126/186 yrs (or 2 sos & 6 yrs) in the
Sumerian king list.
12(6) could match 12/13, or (1)26 is double 13, or (12)6 /
(2)6 is half of 12.
"Gligmos/Gmigmos/Gamigos was the last of a line of 12 kings who
were contemporaries of the patriarchs"?
Gilgamesh may be the original Hercules. Hercules is associated with
12 labours & 12 pillars of Hercules.
Gilgamesh's 2nd successor Utulkalamma ruled for 15 years.

Arioch match?

Chedorlaomer:
One of Chedorlaomer's allies is Arioch/Ariyok of Ellasar/Sellasar
(north). Although the Genesis 14 verses are usually seen to refer
to 4 kings some think that the 4 names may be "a single title for
one king who has unified several states", and that Arioch may be
Uru Ki "(in charge of) this place here". Other proposed meanings
of Arioch include "venerable". Ellasar is supposed to mean "oak" or
"the power of Larsa". Some link Ellasar with Asshur/Assyria
(Hamitic or Semitic in the bible).

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh was king of Unug/Enoch/Erech/Uruk(-ki), and also of
Eanna/Inanna.
Bilgames/Gilgamesh (and Herakles/Hercules) might match Viracocha
whose name is similar to Arioch's?
Larsa and Rim-sin (Eri-aku) are mentioned in 'the fall of Erech'
section of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Gilgamesh is also maybe a near contemporary of Arbum/Ar-pi-
um/Arurim/Arwium/Ar-wa-sag (Kish 1 dyn), or Aga/Aka (Kish 1
dyn), or Uruash-khud/Urnanshe/Urnina (Lagash 1 dyn)?

Amraphel match?
Chedorlaomer:
One of Chedorlaomer's allies is 'Amrapel/Amraphel/Amarphal of
Shinar/Shinear/Shingar/Sennaar "two rivers" (south) (Hamite in the
bible?) who some rabbinic scholars thought to match Nimrod.
Although the Genesis 14 verses are usually seen to refer to 4 kings
some think that the 4 names may be "a single title for one king
who has unified several states". Suggested means of the name
Amraphel include "keeper of gods" or "sayer of the darkness" or
"fall of the sayer", or amar "declared" + apilah "I will cast down",
or "commander, or lord of darkness, senior de la noche". Shinar is
supposed to mean "two rivers" or "sleeps".

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh's/Izdubar's name was alternatively rendered or confounded
with Namrasit (and/or Bil-namratsit?) (who some previously thought
to match Nimrod).
Gilgamesh's name is also read Bilgames or just Gamesh, and so
maybe Amra-phel might match Bil-games with the two parts
reversed/transposed?
Gilgamesh was also king of E-ana/In-an-na/Bid-dingir-na which
name might be similar to Shinar (ie dingir(-na) & Shingar)?
Gilgamesh was also maybe a near contemporary of
Amadgal/Akurgal/Anetum (Lagash/Shirpurla 1 dyn) or Merybiap (1st
dyn)?

Tidal match?

Chedorlaomer:
One of Chedorlaomer's 3 allies is Tidal/Tideal/Tidegal/Thargal of
Goiim/Goyim "nations" (west) (Japhethite?)
Although the Genesis 14 verses are usually seen to refer to 4 kings
some think that the 4 names may be "a single title for one king
who has unified several states", and that Tidal Goiim might mean
"those people have created a state and stretched (the extent of)
their power", from tid "..." & al "their power" & goyim "them/those
people". Other suggested meanings of Tidal are "great chief", or
"dread", or "formidable", or tur-gal "great son".
Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh's/Gisdhubar's/Izdubar's name is spelt Thilgamos/Gilgamos
in Aelian, so Tidal might match Gilgam- (or Hercul-/Herakl-) and
Goyim might be similar to Gamesh?
Or maybe Gistubar/Dhubar is maybe abit like Tidal?
Gilgamesh was also king of Kuara/Kha-me/Ha-me/Ha-a which
might resemble Goiim (ie Khame & Goiim)?
There is a Goim mentioned in 'the fall of Erech' section of the Epic
of Gilgamesh?
Gilgamesh's companion was Enkidu/Eabani whose name is possibly
similar to Tidal's?
Gilgamesh was contemporary with Zaidu/Habilu/Sangasu "the
trapper/hunter", and with Ziusudra, which names might be similar to
Tidal?
Gilgamesh was maybe a near contemporary of Etana/Etin(a)/Gal
(Kish 1) or Tizkar/Tizama (Kish 1 dyn) or Taltalkurgala (Lagash
dyn)?
Etana who "made foreign lands faithful" is maybe similar to Tidal
who was "king of the nations/gentiles"?

Abraham match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer of Elam was defeated by Abraham at Hobah. Abraham
was the 10th generation from the flood.

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh's father/predecessor was supposed to have been a
contemporary of (Enme-)baragesi/baraginma who "made the land of
Elam submit", and a source says Gilgamesh fought Enmebaraginma,
and Gilgamesh is supposed to have been a contemporary of Agga
the son/successor of Enmebaraginma. (Enme-)baraginma &
Abraham are both similar (similar abr-a-(h)-m & bar-a-(g)-m
names, both beat Elam, both fought similar king
Kedorlaomer/Gilgames).
Gilgamesh defeated Humbaba whose name is maybe similar to
Abram/Abraham (both ab/baba & ham/hum)?
Theodore bar Konai in 600 ad mentions a king
Gligmos/Gmigmos/Gamigos who was the last of a line of 12 kings
who were contemporaries of the patriarchs from Peleg to Abraham
(making Gilgamesh contemporary with Abraham).

Isaac similarity?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was a contemporary of Abraham who was later the
father of Isaac/Yitschaq.

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh's name is read as
Gishsax/Gishax/Ishzax/Issax/Iszax/Izzax-gamesh by Waddell.
Gilgamesh was supposed to be a contemporary of
Aka/Agga/Shagin/Shakin the son & successor of (Enme-)
Baraginma/Enme-baragesi.

Melchizedek/Shem match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was a contemporary of Melchi-zedek/Melchi-sedec king
of Salem "peace" (Jerusalem?)
Melchizedek is supposed by some modern scholars/sources to have
been a "Canaanite" (Hamite in the bible, Semite in modern
linguistics), but it is more likely that Melchizedek was probably
Shem.
Shem lived 500/502 years after the Flood. The Massoretic text has
290/352/427 yrs from flood to Abraham. So Shem could be still
alive then, unless one favours the Septuagint or Samaritan
Pentateuch amount of years from the Flood to Abraham. Melchizedek
has no parents mentioned which may match Shem' preflood ancestors
being cut off by the Flood (so that he would be seen as like
having no ancestors except for Noah). Shem's wife's name
Sedegetelebab in Jewish source is similar to Melchizedek (both
zedek/sedeg). Jesus is a priest after the order of Melchizedek
which may imply Jesus was a descendant of Melchizedek? Fasold
gave possible evidence for Shem being at Jerusalem.)
Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh seems to have probably been a near contemporary of
Meskalamdug/Meskalamshar of Ur 0 dynasty.
Gilgamesh went to Dilmun (which place name might match Salem
since a d/s interchange is known in Sumerian)?
Gilgamesh was a contemporary of Shamash-napishtim and/or Ur-
shanabi whose name is similar to Shem's.
Shem is mentioned in 'the fall of Erech' section of the Epic of
Gilgamesh.

Dead sea match? &/or garden of the Lord match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer fought Sodom & Gomorrah in the vicinity of the Salt
Sea or Dead Sea, which area the bible says was then "like the
garden of the Lord".

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh crossed the waters of death (Epic of Gilgamesh, Sitchin).
Gilgamesh visited the garden of the gods and/or Dilmun.
Sadu or Seri/Seru or Eden/Edin "plain" or "steppe" or "(the)
back, upper side" or "the wild" is mentioned in the Epic of
Gilgamesh (where Enkidu came from, &/or where Enkidu &
Shamhat meet).

Famine/drought match?

Chedorlaomer was a contemporary of Abraham. There was a famine

in Palestine and following plague(s)/disaster(s) in Egypt during
Abraham's lifetime some years before he defeated Chedorlaomer. This
famine may match any of either:
- Drought at Jericho between Natufian & Munhata/Yarmukian
phases?
- Two droughts in "predynastic/postglacial" Egypt (Cambridge
Ancient History)?
- The famine/drought of Uenephes/Ata and the following
(numerous) plague(s)/disaster(s) (& miracles) of
Semenptah/Semerkhet (1st dynasty of Egypt, Bey pages 28-9,
Clayton page 25) (ca "3050-2890" bc)?
And/or one of Semti (1st dynasty, Bristowe?)
- The "prehistoric" droughts in the Anau 2-Susa 2 period
(Cambridge Ancient History)?
- In the Epic of Gilgamesh we find that Gilgamesh slew the bull of
heaven which is associated with a drought/famine ("2900/2800-
2700/2500" bc). This drought/famine could match the one of
Abraham or Isaac or Jacob/Joseph.
These all suggest that Abraham was around about the same early
time as Gilgamesh.
The granaries at Lagash might also suggest that Joseph's
storehouses were before then?

Similar rulership?

Chedorlaomer:
The 4 kings & 5 kings were under his overlordship for 14 years.

Gilgamesh:
He was "a brutal and oppresive ruler".

Sodomy match?

Chedorlaomer:
He came against the king of Sodom.

Gilgamesh:
He "sexually oppreses all his subjects"?
Gilgamesh/Izdubar was a very close friend of Enkidu/Eabani.
Gilgames/Izdubar turned down the advances of Inanna/Ishtar.

4 kings vs 5 kings match?

Chedorlaomer:
Genesis 14 has an alliance of 4 kings versus an allaince of 5
kings. Cedorlaomer was the head of the 4 kings.

Gilgamesh:
"corronation of Izdubar/Gilgamesh as king of the 4 races"?
4 runners form a swastika in picture of Gilgamesh?
Gilgamesh was the 5th king of Uruk.
Gilgamesh is the 3rd king after Enmerkar. Enmerkar is associatd with
the 4 lands Shubur/east, Uri/north, Sumer/south, Martu/west.
Gilgamesh might have been a near contemporary of
Urnina/Urnanshe/Uruashkhad on whose plaque appear 4 persons and
5 persons?

Haran match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer is a contemporary of Abraham, who is the brother of
Haran, and who stayed at Haran for a few years.

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh travelled by the Harran (ilu) Shamash in the Epic of
Gilgamesh.

Ur Kasdim match?

Chedorlaomer:
Cedorlaomer was a contemporary of Abraham who one or two or
three decades earlier came from Ur Kasdim "Ur of the Chaldees".

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh was a near contemporary of Uruk/"Ourouk of the
Chaldees", Ur city, Kish, Uruash-khad (Urnanshe/Urnina of
Lagash).

Ages match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer is a contemporary of Abraham who comes roughly at
or near the end of the extreme longevity of the pre-flood and post-
flood patriarchs (excluding/excepting the ages of Abraham, Isaac,
Job, Jacob, Levi, Kohath, Amram).
Abraham lived for 175 yrs.
Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh comes rougly at or near the end of exagerated reigns
lengths of the antediluvian and early postdiluvian kings of the
Sumerian king list (excluding/excepting the 2nd dynasty of Kish).
Gilgamesh ruled/reigned for 126 or 186 yrs.

Dates match.

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer is comtemporary of Abraham.
Abraham is early in overall biblical history.
Counting down from the top
Abraham is the 20th generation from Adam.
Abraham's date ranges from 1400 am (AIG) to 1600 am (Jespen)
to 1876 am (Jubilees) to 1946 am (Massoretic) to 1957 am
(SO) to 2008 am (MT, AIG) to 2021 am (Massoretic) to 2023
am to 2064 am (Eup) to 2309 am (PS) to 3208 am (FJ) to
3314 am (Lxx) to 3328 am (H) to 3334 am (Dem).
Abraham is only the 10th generation after the Flood
Abraham is only 290/350/420 yrs after the Flood (in the
Massoretic text and Josephus).
Abraham is in the 1st book of the Bible.
Counting up from the bottom
Abraham's date ranges from Abraham 3243 bce (Eup) to 30th cent
bc / 3rd millenium bc (Palmer), 2300 bc (Arab/Muslim, Fasold),
to ca 2170 bc (Massoretic, AIG) to 2088 bc (Leupold) to 2038
bce (Lxx, Dem, Jub, PS, MT, FJ) to 1996/1987 bc (Jerome,
Lxx, Eusebius, Hislop) to 1922 bc to 1921 bc (Usher) to 1900 bc
(Kitchen) to 1876/1853/1847 bc (Rohl) to 1850 bc (Jerusalem
bible) to 1834-1825 bc (Rohl) to 1804 bce (SO).
Abraham is 215 + 430 + 480 yrs before Solomon (of ca
1000s/900s bc) in the Massoretic text.
Abraham is 14 generations before David (Matthew 1).
Abraham is 1200 yrs (lost source) or 1020 yrs (Josephus) before
Solomon.
Abraham is 56 gens (Luke) or 42/41/40 gens (Matthew) before
Christ.
Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh is early in overall Mesopotamian history.
Counting down from the top
Gilgamesh is the 5th king of the 2nd city/dynasty after the flood.
Gilgamesh is supposed to have been a contemporary of the 22nd or
23rd king of the 1st city/dynasty after the Flood.
"Gligmos/Gmigmos/Gamigos was the last of a line of 12 kings who
were contemporaries of the patriarchs"?
Counting up from the bottom
Gilgamesh is supposed to date to ca 2900/2800-2700/2500 bc in
conventional chronology, or 2500-2489-2442 in Rohl's more closer
to the truth "new" chronology. However the conventional chronology
has no real definite proofs for their ascribed theoretical dates as all
their few dating methods have problems and are unreliable, and there
is no doubt that the Mesopotamian chronology is too long/old when
compared with sources like the Bible, so the true dates will be some
centuries lower. Rohl's dates are about right from the 13th dynasty
and Moses and the 1st Babylonian dynasty downwards, but his
chronology is still at least a couple/few centuries too long/old before
the times of the 13th dynasty, Moses, and the 1st Babylon dynasty.
(Unless the modern reconstructed order of Sumerian and Babylonian
dynasties is wrong....)

Gilgamesh certainly seems to have been around about the time of

Abraham or Isaac or Job or Jacob or Joseph since he has
similarities with all of these persons. We have already listed the
similarities with Abraham and Isaac. The similarities with the other
persons include:

Gilgamesh & Jacob:

The rivals & "brothers" Gilgamesh/Izdubar & wildman Enkidu/Eabani
resemble the rival brothers Jacob/Israel & hairy Esau/Edom.
The name Gamesh is similar to the name James/Jacob?

Gilgamesh & Joseph:

The story of Gilgamesh & Ishtar is similar to the one of Joseph &
Potiphar's wife.
The 7 yrs drought/famine associated with the bull of heaven in the
Epic of Gilgamesh may match the 7 years famine of Joseph.

Gilgamesh & Job:

Job's name is corresponded by some with Jobab which name is
similar to Humbaba in the Epic of Gilgamesh?
Chaldeans came and ruined Job (Job 1-2), which might match
Gilgamesh going to fight Humbaba?
Job comes somewhere between Uz in Genesis 10 and Moses (who
some think wrote the book of Job) or Jobab the king of Edom
(who is suposed to have been sometime between Moses and Saul).
Job seems to have been close to the time of Jacob (similar names,
almost exact same years lived for).

Shortly after Nimrod/Babel match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer is a contemporary of Abraham. Some sources have
Abraham contemporary with Nimrod & Babel, and some rabbinic
sources equate Amraphel with Nimrod. Other sources have Nimrod &
Babel contemporary with Eber/Hud & Peleg who comes 5 or 6
generations before Abraham.

Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh's name is also read
Namrudu/Anamarutu/Numarad/Namrasit which some have
corresponded with Nimrod.
Gilgamesh was presumably also king of Marad (Ni-Marad) like his
predecessor Lugalbanda was.
Gilgamesh was also king of E-ana which might match Bab-el?
Gilgamesh is the 3rd king after Enmer-kar who some correspond
with Nimrod.
"Gligmos/Gmigmos/Gamigos who was the last of a line of 12 kings
who were contemporaries of the patriarchs from Peleg to Abraham"?

Amorites match?

Amorites are mentioned in the stories of Amorite (son of Canaan),

Abraham, Jacob, Moses, Joshua, Samuel. Some say that Amorites
don't occur as early as the dynasties we place these persons in.
Possible evidences of Amorites before the Isin-Larsa period include:
Enmerkar is associated with the 4 lands Shubur/east, Uri/north,
Sumer/south, Martu/west. Martu is Amurru in Akkadian.
Amorites/Amurru/Martu are mentioned as early as the Akkadian
period.
Or it may be that the biblical "Amorites" (Hamites) are not the
same as the archaeological "Amorites" (Semites).

-----

Part 2. Possible matches between Kedorlaomer and Uruashkhad.

Name match.

Chedorlaomer:
His name is Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer / Chodorlaomer /
Chodollogomor / Kedarela'omer / *Kedarelagomer? (or
Kudurlagamar/Kutirlagamar?)
It is said that scholars have not found any match for the name
Kedorlaomer in any ancient sources of Mesopotamia or Iran. A
couple/few inscriptions/texts were thought to have a name
Kudurlagamar/Kutirlagamar but the names are now considered to be
rendered differently. We searched all the king lists of Iraq and Iran
and there were very few candidate name (& nature) matches for
Chedorlaomer and the other 3 kings of Genesis 14. (Though one
problem is that Sumerian script glyphs have a number of different
possible values and so Sumerian names have a number of different
possible renderings e.g. Shulgi or Dungi or Shamugin (Ur 3). And
though the Elamite king lists are not wholly complete.) Of the few
candidates we did find the only best candidate match for
Chedorlaomer seems to be Gilgamesh and/or Uruash-khad.

Uruashkhad:
The name of this king is read Ur-nina/Ur-nanshe or Uruash-
khad/Uruash-khud (Waddell).
The name Uruash-khad/Uruash-khud with the two parts
reversed/transposed is similar to the first part of the name Kedor-
laomer/Chedor-laomer (or Kudur-lagamar/Kutir-lagamar?)
Maybe the second -laomer/-lagamar part is similar to
Lagash/Shirpurla?
Alternatively, the Lakh-madgal-gut name of Uruash's successor
Amadgal/Akurgal on the Urnina/Urnanshe Plaque is also maybe
similar to Kedor-laomer/Kudur-lagamar?

Meaning match &/or servant/priest match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer's name is supposed to maybe mean "handful of
sheaves", or "servant of (goddess) Lagamaru", or "... the red" or
kudurru "boundary stone", or "firstborn son". (Or lao/lu means man
in Indo-European & Sumerian.)
But probably the Hebrew spelling and meaning is not
accurate/original.
It is by no means certain that the kudur + lagamaru etymology is
the correct origin of the biblical name Kedorlaomer.

Uruashkhad:
The Uru(ash)- of Uruash-khad's name could mean "protector" or
"devotee" or ... (compare Ur-zababa, Uru-mush/Rimush).

Similar rulership? & 4 kings vs 5 kings match?

Chedorlaomer:
Genesis 14 has an alliance of 4 kings versus an allaince of 5
kings. Cedorlaomer was the head of the 4 kings. The 4 kings & 5
kings were under his overlordship for 14 years.

Uruashkhad:
One the upper and lower parts of the plaque of
Urnina/Urnanshe/Uruashkhad appear 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 persons
(upper) and/or 4 or 5 or 6 persons (lower). The names of some
of these persons are also similar to the names of the 4 & 5 kings
in Genesis 14.
The man with the basket on his head might be a symbol for
overlordship? (though it might be a symbol for construction works?)

(I don't seem to be able to paste in the picture here, so please

see the photo of the plaque here:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe_relief_(B%26W).
jpg .)

Arioch match?

Chedorlaomer:
One of Chedorlaomer's allies is Arioch/Ariyok of Ellasar/Sellasar
(north). Although the Genesis 14 verses are usually seen to refer
to 4 kings some think that the 4 names may be "a single title for
one king who has unified several states", and that Arioch may be
Uru Ki "(in charge of) this place here". Other proposed meanings
of Arioch include "venerable". Ellasar is supposed to mean "oak" or
"the power of Larsa". Some link Ellasar with Asshur/Assyria
(Hamitic or Semitic in the bible).

Uruashkhad:
Uruash-khad's name is maybe similar to Arioch's?
Uruashkad/Urnina/Urnanshe was king of Lagash/Shirpurla or Telloh
which city name is maybe similar to Ellasar?
Uru-pal on the plaque of Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe is maybe
similar to Arioch/Uru-ki?

Amraphel match?

Chedorlaomer:
One of Chedorlaomer's allies is 'Amrapel/Amraphel/Amarphal of
Shinar/Shinear/Shingar/Sennaar "two rivers" (south) (Hamite in the
bible?) who some rabbinic scholars thought to match Nimrod.
Although the Genesis 14 verses are usually seen to refer to 4 kings
some think that the 4 names may be "a single title for one king
who has unified several states". Suggested means of the name
Amraphel include "keeper of gods" or "sayer of the darkness" or
"fall of the sayer", or amar "declared" + apilah "I will cast down",
or "commander, or lord of darkness, senior de la noche". Shinar is
supposed to mean "two rivers" or "sleeps".

Uruashkhad:
Uruashkhad's son & successor was Amadgal/Akurgal/Anetum whose
name is similar to Amraphel's (especially since d & r interchange in
Hebrew, and Velikovsky said p & g can too?)
Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe & Amadgal/Akurgal were kings of
Lagash/Shirpurla which city name is maybe similar to Shinar? or
which is in Sumeria/Kiengin (which matches Shinar).
Uru-pal on the plaque of Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe is maybe
similar to Amraphel?
Or the name of Uruashkhad's 2nd successor Bi(d)ashnadi is maybe
similar to Shinar (with a d/r interchange)?

Tidal match?

Chedorlaomer:
One of Chedorlaomer's 3 allies is Tidal/Tideal/Tidegal/Thargal of
Goiim/Goyim "nations" (west) (Japhethite?)
Although the Genesis 14 verses are usually seen to refer to 4 kings
some think that the 4 names may be "a single title for one king
who has unified several states", and that Tidal Goiim might mean
"those people have created a state and stretched (the extent of)
their power", from tid "..." & al "their power" & goyim "them/those
people". Other suggested meanings of Tidal are "great chief", or
"dread", or "formidable", or tur-gal "great son".

Uruashkhad:
Uruashkhad is maybe a near contemporary of Taltalkurgala of
Lagash?
The "duke of troops" on the plaque of Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe
is maybe similar to the "king of nations" of Genesis 14?
Or the name of Uruashkhad's 2nd successor Bi(d)asnadi/Ean(n)
atum is maybe similar to Tidal?

Bera king of Sodom match:

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was overlord over Bera king of Sodom.

Uruashkhad:
On the plaque of Uruashkad/Urnina/Urnanshe occurs a 'Sirim
(king-)' and a 'Sag-ash-duk' either of which are maybe similar to
(king of) Sodom?
Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe and/or Amadgal/Akurgal were rulers
over Edin/Etin which might match Su-edin of
Sargon/Manishtusu/Naramsin (Akkad dynasty) which place's name
(and nature) is similar to Sodom (especially considering that edin
& rom are synonyms in Sumer-AKkadian).

Birsha king of Gomorrah match:

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was overlord over Birsha king of Gomorrah.

Uruashkhad:
On the plaque of Uruashkad/Urnina/Urnanshe occurs a 'Barid-ishshu'
&/or '(Mu- "named") Gamimla' were are similar to Birsha and
Gomorrah respectively.
The name of Uruashkhad's 2nd successor Bi(d)ashnadi is maybe
similar to Birsha (with a d/r or n/r interchange)?
Or, Lagash fought Umma over Edin, and Umma's name is vaguely
similar to Gomorrah?

Shinab:

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was overlord over Shinab king of Admah.

Uruashkhad:
The name of Uruashkhad's 2nd successor Bi(d)ashnadi is maybe
similar to Shinab with a slight transposition?

King of Bela/Zoar match:

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was overlord over the unnamed king of Bela/Zoar.

Uruashkhad:
On the plaque of Uruashkad/Urnina/Urnanshe occurs a (Uru-)Pal.
(Ur/Uru can mean "protector" or "devotee" or ..., like in Ur-
zababa and Uru-mush/Rimush.)

Siddim match:

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was at the battle of Siddim (Genesis 14).

Uruashkhad:
On the plaque of Uruashkad/Urnina/Urnanshe occurs a 'Sirim'. (D &
r can interchange in Hebrew.)

Lot match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer of Elam took Lot the nephew of Abraham captive.

Uruashkhad:
On the plaque of Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe is a certain
"Lidda/Lydda" who might possibly match Lot?

Dead sea match? &/or garden of the Lord match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer fought Sodom & Gomorrah in the vicinity of the Salt
Sea or Dead Sea, which area the bible says was then "like the
garden of the Lord" (Eden).

Uruashkhad:
Uruashkhad/Urnanashe/Urnina and/or his son & successor
Amadgal/Akurgal ruled over Edin/Etin (which Waddell supposed was
Indus Valley).
Edin/Etin might be the same as Su-edin of
Sargon/Manishtusu/Naramsin (Akkad dynasty) which place was near
Nar Marratu or the Lower Sea.

Lasha match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was in the vicinity of Lasha (Genesis 10 & 14).

Uruashkhad:
Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe was king of Lagash/Shirpurla/Telloh.
The names Lasha & Lagash are maybe similar?

Hobah match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer defeated the kings of Sodom & Gomorrah, and shortly
later he was defeated by Abraham at Hobah.

Uruashkhad:
Lagash fought Umma over Edin.
Umma's name is vaguely similar to Hobah (with an m/b
interchange)?

Famine match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was a contemporary of Abraham. There was a famine
in Palestine and following plague(s)/disaster(s) in Egypt during
Abraham's lifetime some years before he defeated Chedorlaomer. A
little later there were also famines in the times of Isaac and
Jacob/Joseph.

Uruashkhad:
The granaries at Lagash might suggest that Joseph's storehouses
were before then?

Ur Kasdim match?

Chedorlaomer:
Cedorlaomer was a contemporary of Abraham who one or two or
three decades earlier came from Ur (ha) Kasdim "Ur of the
Chaldees".

Uruashkhad:
Uruash-khad's name is maybe similar to Ur & Kasdim/Chaldees?
Uruashkhad was maybe a near contemporary of Uruk/"Ourouk of the
Chaldees", Ur city, Kish.

Dates match.

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer is comtemporary of Abraham.
Abraham is early in overall biblical history.
Counting down from the top
Abraham is the 20th generation from Adam.
Abraham's date ranges from 1400 am (AIG) to 1600 am (Jespen)
to 1876 am (Jubilees) to 1946 am (Massoretic) to 1957 am
(SO) to 2008 am (MT, AIG) to 2021 am (Massoretic) to 2023
am to 2064 am (Eup) to 2309 am (PS) to 3208 am (FJ) to
3314 am (Lxx) to 3328 am (H) to 3334 am (Dem).
Abraham is only the 10th generation after the Flood
Abraham is only 290/350/420 yrs after the Flood (in the
Massoretic text and Josephus).
Abraham is in the 1st book of the Bible.
Counting up from the bottom
Abraham's date ranges from Abraham 3243 bce (Eup) to 30th cent
bc / 3rd millenium bc (Palmer), 2300 bc (Arab/Muslim, Fasold),
to ca 2170 bc (Massoretic, AIG) to 2088 bc (Leupold) to 2038
bce (Lxx, Dem, Jub, PS, MT, FJ) to 1996/1987 bc (Jerome,
Lxx, Eusebius, Hislop) to 1922 bc to 1921 bc (Usher) to 1900 bc
(Kitchen) to 1876/1853/1847 bc (Rohl) to 1850 bc (Jerusalem
bible) to 1834-1825 bc (Rohl) to 1804 bce (SO).
Abraham is 215 + 430 + 480 yrs before Solomon (of ca
1000s/900s bc) in the Massoretic text.
Abraham is 14 generations before David (Matthew 1).
Abraham is 1200 yrs (lost source) or 1020 yrs (Josephus) before
Solomon.
Abraham is 56 gens (Luke) or 42/41/40 gens (Matthew) before
Christ.

Uruashkhad:
Uruashkhad seems to come fairly early in overall Mesopotamian
history, though we can't be sure exactly where his dynasty comes
between the Kish 1 or Uruk 1 and Uruk 2 dynasties of the Sumerian
king list. (One source has the Lagash 1 dynasty contemporary with
the Adab dynasty, shortly after the last king of the Uruk 1 dynasty,
and ten kings before the 4th king of the Akkad dynasty, though the
Sumerian king list has the Adab dynasty after the Uruk 2 & Ur 2
dynasties. Another source has Lagash 1 contemporary with Ur 0,
before Ur 1, and before Kish 2.)
Counting down from the top
Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe is the 1st king of the 1st? dynasty of
Lagash, which dynasty was somewhere between Uruk 1 and Uruk 2
dynasty.
Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe is supposed to be in the Early Dynastic
Period III.
Counting up from the bottom
Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe is supposed to date to ca "2550-
2500" bc / "26th-25th-24th" cent bc / "3rd" millenium bc in
conventional chronology, or "2322-2305-2301" in Rohl's more closer
to the truth "new" chronology. However the conventional chronology
has no real definite proofs for their ascribed theoretical dates as all
their few dating methods have problems and are unreliable, and there
is no doubt that the Mesopotamian chronology is too long/old when
compared with sources like the Bible, so the true dates will be some
centuries lower. Rohl's dates are about right from the 13th dynasty
and Moses and the 1st Babylonian dynasty downwards, but his
chronology is still at least a couple/few centuries too long/old before
the times of the 13th dynasty, Moses, and the 1st Babylon dynasty.
(Unless the modern reconstructed order of Sumerian and Babylonian
dynasties is wrong....)

Amorites match?

Amorites are mentioned in the stories of Amorite (son of Canaan),

Abraham, Jacob, Moses, Joshua, Samuel. Some say that Amorites
don't occur as early as the dynasties we place these persons in.
Possible evidences of Amorites before the Isin-Larsa period include:
Enmerkar is associatd Enmerkar is associated with the 4 lands
Shubur/east, Uri/north, Sumer/south, Martu/west. Martu is Amurru in
Akkadian.
Amorites/Amurru/Martu are mentioned as early as the Akkadian
period.
Or it may be that the biblical "Amorites" (Hamites) are not the
same as the archaeological "Amorites" (Semites).

Elam match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was king of Elam/Eylam "highlands" (east)
(Shemite?)
Elam is variously suggested to mean "age, eternity" or "to ascend,
highlands" or "house of strife" or e-lam "house of the seat(s)".

Uruashkhad:
Uruashkhad/Urnanashe/Urnina and or his successor Amadgal/Akurgal
ruled over Edin/Etin which Waddell supposed was Indus Valley.
(The Shustar/Awan dynasty of Elam is supposed to have been
contemporary with Uruk 1 & Adab & Lagash 1 & Akkad & Ur 3
dynasties of Mesopotamia.)
Its is thought by some that Sumerians were related to (Elamo-)
Dravidians?
There were found bones of Combe-Capelids at Kish in Iraq & Sialk
in Iran & Mohenjodaro in India (Baker).

Since Genesis has an alliance of kings of Shinar & Elam invading

Jordan / Canaan/Israel/Palestine / Syria, with the king of Elam
being over the other kings, we can assume that the king of Elam
may be mentioned in Mesopotamian king lists and Elamite king lists
(and that he would not be likely to be a king of one of the minor
local Iranian/Elamite dynasties).
There are not many periods of Elamite power/domination/influence
over Mesopotamia, especially at as an early a period as Abraham is
in the bible.

Salem match?

Chedorlaomer:
Chedorlaomer was a contemporary of Melchi-zedek/Melchi-sedec king
of Salem "peace" (Jerusalem?)
Melchizedek is supposed by some modern scholars/sources to have
been a "Canaanite" (Hamite in the bible, Semite in modern
linguistics), but it is more likely that Melchizedek was probably
Shem.
Shem lived 500/502 years after the Flood. The Massoretic text has
290/352/427 yrs from flood to Abraham. So Shem could be still
alive then, unless one favours the Septuagint or Samaritan
Pentateuch amount of years from the Flood to Abraham. Melchizedek
has no parents mentioned which may match Shem' preflood ancestors
being cut off by the Flood (so that he would be seen as like
having no ancestors except for Noah). Shem's wife's name
Sedegetelebab in Jewish source is similar to Melchizedek (both
zedek/sedeg). Jesus is a priest after the order of Melchizedek
which may imply Jesus was a descendant of Melchizedek? Fasold
gave possible evidence for Shem being at Jerusalem.)

Uruashkhad:
The plaque of Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe mentions a name Sirim
which is similar to Salem/Salim with an l/r interchange?

-----

Appended list of other previous suggested candidate matches for the

4 kings and other persons and places of Genesis 14 (and of
Abraham's life) so that people can see that they are weak matches
in both name and nature.

Chedorlaomer:
(Horus) Merinar/Normer/Narmer(za) (dyn 0/1 of Egypt)?
Shudur-kip/Qa'a (1st dyn of Egypt, Waddell)?
Kulla(s)sina-bel (Kish 1)?
The Elamite who had dethroned Gilgamesh's father (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Gilgamesh/Izdubar (Uruk 1)?
Enkidu/Eabani (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Urlugal (Uruk 1)?
Utulkalamma (Uruk 1)?
Urusag-khaddu/Urusag-khaddi (Kish, Sumer inscriptions)?
Uruash-khad/Urnina/Urnanshe (Lagash 1)?
Lakh-madgal-gut (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1 dyn)?
Limer (gudu, Mari)?
Lamgimari (Mari)?
Sar-ga-ni-lugal-ri (Akkad)?
Shudurul/Shuturul/Shudurkip (Akkad dyn)?
Puzur-insusinak (end of Akkad dyn)?
Lugalmelem (Uruk 4)?
Elulumesh/Eamamesh (Guti)?
Khabkalamu/Khablum (Guti)?
Gudea of Lagash (Lagash 2 dyn)?
Utuhegal (Uruk 5)?
Dashashiurash/Urninurta (Isin)?
Kudur-nahhunte (Elam)?
Kutikinsusinak?
"Kudur-lagomer" (Hammurabi tablet)?
"Kudur-lagamar/Kudur-laghamar" (Kedorlaomer texts / Spartioli
tablets/collection / Pinches)?
"Kutir-lagamar" (Rohl)?
Kuduzulush?
Gayomart (Persian)?
Laomedon (Trojan/Greek)?
Hercules (Greek)?
Sheddad & Luqman (Arabian)?
Himyar (South Arabia)?
The unnamed king of Awan "2580"?
Gap (Awan/Susa)?
Unknown king of Guti/Kuti "2550" (Zagros)?
The unnamed king of Der "2350/2006/819" bc?
Unnamed king of Marnasi "2325/2080"?
The unnamed prince/king of Zakhara "2315/2254"?
The unnamed king of Anshan "2305/2041-2037/2017"?
The unnamed king of Khukhnur "2100/2041/2017"?
The unnamed king of Simashki "2100"?
Unnamed king of Zabum "2064"?
Unknown king of Zabshali "2024"?
The unnamed king of Bashimi "1930"?
Unknown king of Gilzan 883-880?
Unnamed king of Andia 827?
The unnamed king of Elam 821 bc?
Unknown king of Araziash 775-772?
The unnamed king of Zikartu 744?

Elam/Eylam "highlands" (Shemite, Chedorlaomer):

Dilmun (Shuruppak dyn, Uruk 1 dyn)?
Ansha(n) (Etana, Kish 1 dyn)?
Melamkish (Kish 1)?
Eana/Eanna (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Gilgames (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Me-lam-an-na/Me-de (Uruk 1)?
Ebla (before Akkad dyn)?
Elulumesh (Guti)?
Urlammu?
Haltamti?
Elamtu?
Indus Valley?
Uru-Egalmes/Ekallatum (on left of the Euphrates in Syria)?
Meslam?
Hilmu?
Ahlamu (Aramean/Aramaic)?
Iran (l/r & m/n interchange)?
Elymais?

Amraphel:
Merybiap (1st dyn)?
Enmer-kar (Uruk 1)?
Namrasit/Gilgamesh/Izdubar (Uruk 1)?
Mamagal/Magalgal (Kish 2)?
Amadgal/Akurgal/Anetum (Lagash 1)?
Naram-sin (Akkad dyn)?
Ur-nammu (Ur 3 dyn)?
Amar-sin/Bur-sin (Ur 3 dyn)?
Mar/Marru (Indus seals, Waddell)?
Aralius (Assyrian king list of Ctesias)?
Ibalpiel (Es(h)nunna)?
Emutbal (Larsa)?
Amurru-ipul/Amur-pi-el (Mari ruler)?
Emudbal/Yamud-pala (region, Mari texts)?
Khammurabi/Hammurabi(-ili)/Ammurapi(-il) (Babylon 1 dyn)?
Hammu-rapaltu?
Amut-pi-el/Amud(-)pi-El (Qatna)?

Shinar/Shingar/Shinear:
Kishibnagar/Badtibira?
Dingir (Anu/Ilu, "god", Sumerian, d/s interchange)?
Thinis (1st-2nd dyns)?
E-ana/In-an-na/Bid-dingir-na (Uruk 1, d/s interchange)?
Shirpurla/Lagash?
Bi(d)ashnadi (d/r interchange)?
Senkereh (Larsa)?
Shumer/Sumeria (Kiengin)?
Sangara (Egyptian)?
Jebel Sinjar (Al-Jazirah, Kurdistan)?
China?
Zinj?
Dinar?
C(h)inar?
Shangrila?

Arioch:
Arbum/Ar-pi-um/Arurim/Arwium/Ar-wa-sag (Kish 1)?
Uruk (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Urusag-khaddu/Urusag-khaddi (Kish, Sumer inscriptions)?
Uruash-khad/Urnina (Lagash 1)?
Urukh/Urnammu (Ur 3)?
Zariku (Assyrian, Rohl)?
Arius (Assyrian king list of Ctesias)?
Aradsin/Ardusin/Zikarsin/Rimsin/Eriaku/Riaku/Rimagu (Larsa dyn)?
Ariyok/Ariyyuk/Ariukki/Arriyuk(ki)/Arriwuk(ki)/Ariwuk (vassal of
Zimrilim, Mari tablets, Nuzu inscriptions, Hurrian king name,
Urkesh/Nawar)?

Ellasar:
Lagash/Telloh?
E-sirara (Lagash 1)?
Ilansura (Isin-Larsa period)?
Larsa?
Asshur/Assyria?
Leshan?
Telassar?
Hellas?

Tidal:
Etana/Etina/Gal (Kish 1)?
Tizama/Tizkar (Kish 1)?
Thilgamos (Uruk 1)?
Enkidu/Eabani (Uruk 1)?
Lugal-kidul/Lugal-kitun (Uruk 1)?
Taltalkurgala (Lagash 1)?
Bi(d)ashnadi (Lagash 1)?
Is(h)tar/Sakhar-tar/Inanna?
Dadil/Dadal/Ta(l)tal (Sargon 1, Akkad dyn)?
Tirigan (Guti dyn, d/r & l/n interchange)?
Tudiya (Assyrian)?
Tudhulu (son of Gazza)?
mTudhula/Tudkhula/Tud(-G)hula (Amorite chief)?
Tishdal (Hurrian, Zagros)?
Tish-atal/Tih-atal (Hurrian Urkesh/Nawar)?
Tudal/Tudhaliya(s) (Pre-Hittite)?
Tudal/Tudhaliya(s) (Hittite)?
Xatal (Kassi)?
Italus?

Goiim:
Goim (mentioned in the fall of Erech section of the Epic of
Gilgamesh, Uruk 1 dyn)?
Gu/Guti/Gutium/Gutian (Guedin? Gubi?)

Melchizedek (Shem) :
Mukh-la Tasia A-zag (Kish 1 dyn)?
Mes-ki-ag-ga-se-ir (Uruk 1)?
Meskalamdug/Meskalamshar (Ur 0 dyn)?
Mesilim/Mesalim (Kish)?
Ur-zababa?
Lugal-zaggesi (Umma/Uruk 3)?
"Melik-Sadaksina was a great Indian prince, magician, and spiritual
giant - the son of a Kassite king"?
Azhi-Dahaka/Zohak/Astyages (Persian)?

Shem (Melchizedek) :
S(h)uruppak/Sumadru/Sumaddi?
Shamash-napishtim (Shuruppak, Uruk 1)?
Shamhat (Epic of Gilagmesh)?
Meskalamdug/Meskalamshar (Ur 0 dyn)?
Se-e (Kish 2)?
Ishmeshamash (Kish 4)?
Bashaama (Uruk 4)?
Imta (Guti)?
Shulme (Guti)?
Sium (Guti)?
Shamugin/Shulgi/Dungi (Ur 3 dyn)?
Shumer?
Rim-sin (Larsa)?
Shamsi-adad (Old Assyrian Period)?
Sumuabum (Babylon 1)?
Sumulael (Babylon 1)?
Ilusuma?
Mdisuen (Sealands)?
Signa (Kassi)?
Semiramis?

Salem "peace, perfect, surrender/submission" (Melchizedek):

Dilmun (Shuruppak, Uruk 1 dyn)?
Meskalamdug/Meskalamshar (Ur 0 dyn)?
Sirim (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1)?
Mesilim/Mesalim (Kish)?
Meslam (underworld)?
Salm/Sayrima (Persian)?
Solymi(tes) (Tacitus/Josephus/Homer)?
Solyma?
Jerusalem/Salem/Jebus?
Salim (near Jordan)?

Abram/Abraham/Yabolahan/Orham "lofty/high/exalted father, father

on high" / "father of a multitude, father of many nations":
Arbum/Arpium (Kish 1)?
Enmebaragesi/Baraginma (Kish 1 dyn)?
Humbaba (Uruk 1 dyn, transposition)?
Abargi (Ur 0 dyn)?
Akalamdug (Ur 0/1)?
Ebrium of Ebla?
Abarama/Abramu (Ebla texts)?
Barama'hasha/Bhrama'hasha (Indo-Sumerian)?
Barama ("ear of god", Indus seals, Waddell)?
Kha-a-ab-lam (Indus, Waddell)?
B'armyashwa/Barmyashya (Indian king list)?
Ibranum (Guti)?
Khablum (Guti)?
Urkham/Urnammu (Ur 3 dyn)?
'A-bu-ra-mu/Ab(i)-ramu (contemporary of Hammurabi's grandfather,
Babylon 1 dyn)?
Hammurabi (Babylon 1 dyn, transposition)?
Brahm(a(n)) (& Sarasvati)?

Lot "veil, hidden" :

Lugalbanda (or Lugaltuda? Uruk 1 dyn)?
Lidda/Lydda (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1)?
Nuzi?

Bera/Ballas "son of evil" (king of Sodom):

'Sirim (king-)' (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1)?
Ebla?
Sodom "consuming/burning" / "fasten, fortify, strengthen" /
"secret/mystery" (in Dead Sea area, not far from Red Sea &
Mediterranean, king Bera, d & r can interchange):
Si-da(m)-mu (Ebla tablets, disputed)?
Suedinki/Suedin/Subartu (near Lower Sea, 'Edin' & 'Rom' synonyms,
Akkad dyn)?
S(h)u-edin-hum/S(h)irihum (near Lower Sea, 'Edin' & 'Rom'
synonyms, Akkad dyn)?
Sirim (Urnina plaque, Lagas 1)?
Udum?
Solymi(tes) (Tacitus/Josephus/Homer)?
Somorrha/Somorrhon (Josephus)?

Birsha/Barsas "son of godliness" (king of Gomorrah):

Labasher/La-ba'cum/Ba-ussa/Bi-ussa (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Bi(d)sar/Enbiishtar (Sumer inscription, Adab &/or Kish 2 dyn)?
Barid-ishshu (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1 dyn)?
'(Mu- "named") Gamimla' (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1 dyn)?
Bi(d)ashnadi (Lagash 1)?

Gomorrah/Ghamorah/Amorah "submersion, be deep, copious

(water)" or "a pile of ruins" or "(corn) sheaf" (Birsha):
(Mu-)gamimla (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1 dyn)?
I-ma-ar/Imar/Emar (Eblaite records)?
Somorrha/Somorrhon (Josephus)?
Lake Amora?

Shinab:
Bi(d)sar/Enbi-ishtar (Sumer inscription, Adab &/or Kish 2 dyn)?
Bi(d)ashnadi (Lagash 1)?

Bela "destroying/destruction" (Zoar):

Uru-pal (Urnina plaque, Lagash 1)?
Ebla?

Zeboiim/Zeboyim "deer, goats, gazelles, roes" or "hyenas"

(Shemeber):
Sa-ba-i-im (Ebla)?

Ad(a)mah "fort"/"earthy" (king Shinab):

Adab?
Adme/Admum?

Siddim "pitted vale"/"the plains".

Siduri (Uruk 1 dyn)?
Sirim (Urnina plaque, Lagas 1)?
Sirihum/Shu-edin-hum (Akkad dyn)?
Sidimus (Sanchuniathon)?

Shaveh:
Subati?

Salt Sea / Dead Sea:

Waters of death (Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk 1 dyn, Sitchin)?
Nar Marratu / Lower Sea (Suedin near it, Akkad dyn)?

garden of the Lord (Eden) :

Eridu(g)/Urdu(-ki)/Nunki?
Dilmun?
Etana/Etin(a) / Ansha(n) (Kish 1 dyn)?
Sadu or Seri/Seru or Eden/Edin (Epic of Gilgamesh)?
garden of the gods (Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk 1)?
Edin/Etin (Lagash 1 vs Umma)?
Indus Valley?
Su-edin (Akkad dyn)?
Guedin?
Anedina?

Lasha "cleft/fissure":
Lagash?
Larsa?
Anshan?
El-Lishon/Lisan "tongue, bay"?

12/13/14 yrs:
"Urnammu came west in year 4, & died somewhere in battle in
year 18"?

Hoba(h)/Helbon "hiding, a hiding place":

Humbaba/Huwawa/Hwbbys (Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk 1 dyn)?
Kubabba/Kullab(a)/Kulaba/Zirabba/Dibbara (Gilgamesh king of,
Uruk 1 dyn)?
Umma (vs Lagash, Uruk 3 dyn)?
Upe (Akshak dyn? 6th dyn?)

4 kings &/or 5 kings:

5 cities (Antediluvian)?
4 lands Shubur/east, Uri/north, Sumer/south, Martu/west
(Enmerkar, Uruk 1 dyn)?
"corronation of Izdubar as king of the 4 races" (Uruk 1 dyn)?
4 runners form a swastika in picture of Gilgamesh (Uruk 1 dyn)?
4 persons & 5 persons of Urnina plaque (Lagash 1 dyn)?
Shar kibrdtim arba'inm erbettim "King of the 4 quarters" (Naramsin,
Akkad dyn)?

Gerar:
Gerrhaei?

Laban:
Eabani (Uruk 1)?
La-ba'cum (Uruk 1)?
Laipum/Barginibuzum/Parduibuzum (Sargon's father, Akkad dyn)?
Lapana-ila (Ulliui, overthrown by Naramsin, Akkad dyn)?
Labarna/Tabarna (Hittite)?
Lebanon?

Isaac:
Shagin/Agga (Kish 1)?
Izzax-gamesh (Uruk 1)?
Akshak?

Haran:
Harran (ilu) Shamash (Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk 1 dyn)?
Haran/Harran?
Arran?
Hadanish (Hamazi)?

Terah/Azar:
Etana (Kish 1)?
En-tarah-ana (Kish 1)?
Tizkar/Tizama (Kish 1)?
En-nun-tarah-ana (Uruk 1)?
Terqa?
Se-ra (from the 4th dyn)?
Tehran?
Azerbaijan?

Ur (ha) Kasdim "light/flame" or "region" or "Ur of the Chaldees":

Eridu/Urdu(-ki)?
Shuruppak?
Kish?
Uruk/"Ourouk of the Chaldees"?
Ur city?
Ur-nanshe/Ur-nina/Uruash-khad (Lagash 1)?
Ul (Kish 3)?
Uriki/Kiuri (Akkad)?
Urkesh/Urkish?
Kassites/Kashshu?
Urartu?
Urfa?

Babel:
Badtibira?
E-ana/In-an-na/Bid-dingir-na (Uruk 1)?
Babylon/Ka-dingir-ra?

-----

Shem:
1st Hermes (me)?
1st dyn (me, Hoeh, Bristowe)?
Imhotep?
4th dyn (Bristowe)?
15/16th dyn (Bristowe)?

Nimrod/Babel:
Ninurta
Uruk Period (Courville)*
Eridu/Nunki (Rohl, Waddell)
Uruk 1 (Rohl)
Akkadian
Nammurabi (Babylon 1)
Ninus.

Abraham:
Kish 1 (me? someone else)
"several hundred years before Gilgamesh" (Palmer)
Uruk 1 (me)
Ur 0/1 (me?)
Lagash 1 (me?)
Ebla (Ebla texts)
Puzurinsusinak (Smith)
Guti (Rice)
Lagash 2 (Rowe/Green/Rutledge)
Uruk 5 (someone based on Eshkol, Rice?)
Ur 3 (Rohl, Rice, Sitchin?)
Kutirnahhunte?
Larsa (conventional)
Babylon 1 (conventional)
Hittite (conventional)
Ekallatum/Mari/Carchemish/Ebla/Aleppo (Palmer)
Kassites/Amarna (Jim S)
Ninus/Semiramis (Jerome)?
Atlas (TDC)

Abraham:
Naqada (Warthen?)
0 dyn (me?)
1st dyn (me, Sweeney, Drnhawkins/Prometheo, Palmer, Warthen?)
2nd dyn (Warthen?)
"long after Menes" (Josephus)
4th dyn (AIG/Anderson)
(9th? or) 10th (to 12th?) dyn (Rohl)
11-12th dyn (conventional)
16th dyn (Jerome)
18th dyn (Jim S)

-----

References for Chedorlaomer include:

Bible (Genesis 14)
Book of Jasher / Sefer haYashar(11:10)
Book of Jubilees (Pseudepigrapha)
Creation Wiki
Catholic Encyclopedia.
Dead Sea Scrolls.
Eruvin (Rabbinic).
Genesis Apocryphon
Genesis Rabbah
Gutenberg.org (Josephus)
Illustrated Bible Dictionary
Jewish Encyclopedia
Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews
KJV.
Midrash Tanhuma (Lekh Lekhah).
NIV
Septuagint
Targum Yonatan
Wikipedia
Young's Literal Translation.

References for Gilgamesh/Izdubar include:

Epic of Gilgamesh (George & Thompson & Heidel & Speiser &
Sandars versions).
Walter RW Mattfeld y de la Torre bibleorigins.net
'Sumerian King List'
AH Sayce (Hibbert Lectures)
LA Waddell 'Makers of Civilization'
Wikipedia

References for Uruashkhad/Urnina/Urnanshe include:

Carpenter 'Guiness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen'.
'Royal Chronicle of Lagash'
'Urnina/Urnanshe Plaque'
LA Waddell 'Makers of Civilization'.
Wikipedia

References for other Chedorlaomer theories include:

A tablet from Hammurabi
Michael Astour / 'The Anchor Bible Dictionary'
Alan Alford 'Gods of the New Millenium'
British Museum (Spartioli tablets).
Seanbam / Sean Bambrough / me, ABH/NC group posts &
correspondence & blog posts & forum posts.
David Falk
(Ronald Hendel.)
Kenneth A Kitchen
Kedorlaomer texts / Spartioli tablets
Donald MacKenzie
Robert Palmer NC group posts & private correspondence
Theophilus Pinches
David M Rohl
David Rice NC group posts & private correspondence
Rowe or Green & Rutledge 'Ark of Urartu' www.willofjehovah.com
E Schrader
Jean-Vincent Scheil
Zecharia Sitchin
John Van Seters
Michael Smith ABH & NC groups posts.
http://amaic-abraham.blogspot.com/2010/12/era-of-abraham.html
http://amaic-abraham.blogspot.com/2010/09/chapter-thirteen-
abraham-fateful-years_26.html .