SolidWorks® 2014

SolidWorks Flow Simulation:

HVAC
© 2013 Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation.
Not for resale.

Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation

175 Wyman Street
Waltham, Massachusetts 02451 USA
© 1995-2013, Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation, a
Dassault Systèmes S.A. company, 175 Wyman Street, Waltham,
Mass. 02451 USA. All Rights Reserved.
The information and the software discussed in this document are
subject to change without notice and are not commitments by
Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation (DS SolidWorks).
No material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronically or manually, for any purpose without
the express written permission of DS SolidWorks.
The software discussed in this document is furnished under a
license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the
terms of the license. All warranties given by DS SolidWorks as
to the software and documentation are set forth in the license
agreement, and nothing stated in, or implied by, this document or
its contents shall be considered or deemed a modification or
amendment of any terms, including warranties, in the license
agreement.
Patent Notices
SolidWorks® 3D mechanical CAD software is protected by U.S.
Patents 5,815,154; 6,219,049; 6,219,055; 6,611,725; 6,844,877;
6,898,560; 6,906,712; 7,079,990; 7,477,262; 7,558,705;
7,571,079; 7,590,497; 7,643,027; 7,672,822; 7,688,318;
7,694,238; 7,853,940; 8,305,376; 8,581,902 and foreign patents,
(e.g., EP 1,116,190 B1 and JP 3,517,643).
eDrawings® software is protected by U.S. Patent 7,184,044; U.S.
Patent 7,502,027; and Canadian Patent 2,318,706.
U.S. and foreign patents pending.
Trademarks and Product Names for SolidWorks Products
and Services
SolidWorks, 3D ContentCentral, 3D PartStream.NET,
eDrawings, and the eDrawings logo are registered trademarks
and FeatureManager is a jointly owned registered trademark of
DS SolidWorks.
CircuitWorks, FloXpress, PhotoView 360, and TolAnalyst, are
trademarks of DS SolidWorks.
FeatureWorks is a registered trademark of Geometric Ltd.
SolidWorks 2014, SolidWorks Enterprise PDM,
SolidWorks Workgroup PDM, SolidWorks Simulation,
SolidWorks Flow Simulation, eDrawings,
eDrawings Professional, SolidWorks Sustainability,
SolidWorks Plastics, SolidWorks Electrical, and
SolidWorks Composer are product names of DS SolidWorks.
Other brand or product names are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective holders.
COMMERCIAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE - PROPRIETARY
The Software is a "commercial item" as that term is defined at 48
C.F.R. 2.101 (OCT 1995), consisting of "commercial computer
software" and "commercial software documentation" as such
terms are used in 48 C.F.R. 12.212 (SEPT 1995) and is provided
to the U.S. Government (a) for acquisition by or on behalf of
civilian agencies, consistent with the policy set forth in 48 C.F.R.
12.212; or (b) for acquisition by or on behalf of units of the
department of Defense, consistent with the policies set forth in
48 C.F.R. 227.7202-1 (JUN 1995) and 227.7202-4 (JUN 1995).
In the event that you receive a request from any agency of the
U.S. government to provide Software with rights beyond those
set forth above, you will notify DS SolidWorks of the scope of
the request and DS SolidWorks will have five (5) business days
to, in its sole discretion, accept or reject such request. Contractor/
Manufacturer: Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation, 175
Wyman Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451 USA.
Copyright Notices for SolidWorks Standard, Premium,
Professional, and Education Products
Portions of this software © 1986-2013 Siemens Product
Lifecycle Management Software Inc. All rights reserved.
This work contains the following software owned by Siemens
Industry Software Limited:
D-Cubed™ 2D DCM © 2013. Siemens Industry Software
Limited. All Rights Reserved.
D-Cubed™ 3D DCM © 2013. Siemens Industry Software
Limited. All Rights Reserved.
D-Cubed™ PGM © 2013. Siemens Industry Software
Limited. All Rights Reserved.
D-Cubed™ CDM © 2013. Siemens Industry Software
Limited. All Rights Reserved.
D-Cubed™ AEM © 2013. Siemens Industry Software
Limited. All Rights Reserved.
Portions of this software © 1998-2013 Geometric Ltd.
Portions of this software incorporate PhysX™ by NVIDIA 2006-
2010.
Portions of this software © 2001-2013 Luxology, LLC. All rights
reserved, patents pending.
Portions of this software © 2007-2013 DriveWorks Ltd.
Copyright 1984-2010 Adobe Systems Inc. and its licensors. All
rights reserved. Protected by U.S. Patents 5,929,866; 5,943,063;
6,289,364; 6,563,502; 6,639,593; 6,754,382; Patents Pending.
Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Adobe PDF logo, Distiller
and Reader are registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe
Systems Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
For more DS SolidWorks copyright information, see Help >
About SolidWorks.
Copyright Notices for SolidWorks Simulation Products
Portions of this software © 2008 Solversoft Corporation.
PCGLSS © 1992-2013 Computational Applications and System
Integration, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright Notices for SolidWorks Enterprise PDM
Product
Outside In® Viewer Technology, © 1992-2012 Oracle © 2011,
Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Copyright Notices for eDrawings Products
Portions of this software © 2000-2013 Tech Soft 3D.
Portions of this software © 1995-1998 Jean-Loup Gailly and
Mark Adler.
Portions of this software © 1998-2001 3Dconnexion.
Portions of this software © 1998-2013 Open Design Alliance.
All rights reserved.
Portions of this software © 1995-2012 Spatial Corporation.
The eDrawings® for Windows® software is based in part on the
work of the Independent JPEG Group.
Portions of eDrawings® for iPad® copyright © 1996-1999
Silicon Graphics Systems, Inc.
Portions of eDrawings® for iPad® copyright © 2003-2005 Apple
Computer Inc.
Document Number: PMT1447-ENG
SolidWorks 2014

Contents

Lesson 1:
Introduction to HVAC
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
HVAC Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Case Study: Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Stages in the Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Default Outer Wall Thermal Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Radiation Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Radiation Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Blackbody Spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Radiative Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Comfort Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Draft Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Draft Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

i
 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
I Properly apply radiation boundary conditions.
I Properly apply absorptive properties to solids.
I Understand the comfort parameters and their application.

1
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

HVAC Module HVAC module brings you advanced tools and libraries to simulate
environmental conditions and their effect on humans. One of the tools
of the HVAC module is an advanced radiation model that allows for
spectral radiation. Additionally, post-processing parameters dealing
with radiation and comfort level have been introduced. Finally, the
engineering database has been enhanced with more materials, fans, etc.
Case Study: In this lesson, we will introduce some of the features of the HVAC
Office module in Flow Simulation. We will learn about the enhanced radiation
model and how to properly set this up in Flow Simulation. We will also
learn about some of the enhanced post processing options, including
the comfort parameters that will allow us to make judgements on the
design of our room.
It is recommended to refer to the Flow Simulation documentation for
further details on the theory behind the solver.
Project An office is located in a building
Description kept at an ambient temperature
of 20°C. Outside of the building,
the temperature is 0°C. To keep
the employee warm, a radiator is
located in the room that
generates 1500 W of heat. To
prevent someone from
mistakenly touching the radiator,
it is covered by a glass cover. At
the top of the room, air flows in
at ambient temperature and 0.01
m^3/s to maintain some circulation. Additionally, the door to the room
is open to the hallway.
We will study the comfort of a person sitting at the desk in the office.

2
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

Stages in the I Create the project.

Process The project will be created using the Wizard.
I Apply boundary conditions.
Proper boundary conditions will be applied to simulate the air
circulation within the room. Additionally, a wall condition will be
used to simulation the heat loss due to convection to the outside.
I Heat loads.
The heat loads will be applied.
I Radiation sources.
The radiation source will be applied to the radiator.
I Run the analysis.

I Post-process the results.

The traditional post-processing methods and the comfort
parameters will be used to determine the comfort of the person in
the room.

1 Open an assembly file.

Open Large Office from the Case Study\Office folder.
2 Create a project.
Create a new study using the Wizard with the following settings:

Configuration Use Current:

name “default”
Project name “Office”
Unit system SI (m-kg-s)
Change the units for Temperature to °C.
Analysis Type Internal
Physical Features Select Exclude cavities without flow conditions.

Select the Heat conduction in Solids check box.

Select the Radiation check box. Under Radiation model, select
Discrete Ordinates.
Keep 20.05 °C as the Environment temperature.
Select Absorption in solids.
Under Special characteristics, enter 3 as the Number of bands. Enter
800nm and 1800nm as Band edge 1 and Band edge 2 respectively.
Keep Blackbody Spectrum as your Environment radiation
characteristic.
Select the Gravity box.
The Y-Component -9.81 m/s^2 is the correct direction and value for this
analysis.

3
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

Database of In the Fluids list, under Gases, double-click Air to add it to the Project
Fluids Fluids.
Solids Default solid should be set to Hardboard (medium) under the Building
Materials, Boards, Sheets, and Deckings list.
Wall conditions Select Heat transfer coefficient as the Default outer wall thermal
condition. Enter 10 W/m^2/K and 20.05°C as the Heat transfer
coefficient and Temperature of external fluid, respectively.
Leave the Default wall radiative surface and the Default outer wall
radiative surface as Blackbody wall.
The default Roughness value of 0 micro meter is acceptable for this
analysis.
Initial conditions Default conditions
Results & Set the Result resolution to 3.
Geometry
Resolution

Radiation In the Wizard, we selected Environment radiation, Absorption in

solids, and Spectrum. When Radiation is selected, surface-to-surface
radiation is enabled for the analysis.
Environment Environment radiation is selected when radiation from the far-field
Radiation boundaries is considered. You can specify the temperature of the
environment boundaries as well as the radiation spectrum. Note that
this does not include solar radiation, only radiation due to the
temperature of the boundaries.
Solar Radiation You can also include additional Solar Radiation by defining the
location and direction of the sun.
Absorption in Solids You can define how much radiation is absorbed by a solid material.
With this option selected, the solid materials can have radiation
properties on how much heat is transferred dependent on the
wavelength.
Spectrum Radiation properties are dependent on the wavelength. The Spectrum
defines the radiation spectrum in the analysis by specifying spectrum
bands. The Number of Bands is specified along with the Band Edges
that define the boundaries between the bands. The wavelength-
dependent material properties of solid materials are averaged over
spectrum bands.

4
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

Default Outer Wall In this lesson, we specified a Default Outer Wall Thermal Condition
Thermal Condition as a convection coefficient and ambient temperature. This defines the
thermal condition in the rest of the building. The office is surrounded
by the hallway (ambient temperature) on the wall of the door.
Additionally, it is neighbored by other offices on either side of the
radiator. We will define an outer wall thermal boundary condition to
define the heat lost to the cold outside (0°C).

3 Apply materials.
Under Input Data, right-click Solid
Materials and select Insert Solid Material.
Select Steel (Mild) under Alloys and apply it
to the radiator component.
Under Radiation Transparency, select
Opaque. Click OK.

Radiation If radiation is included in the analysis, the Radiation Transparency

Transparency dialog is available when defining the material. You can define the
material as Opaque, Transparent, or Absorptive.
Opaque A material that is defined as Opaque to radiation means that the
material is not considered transparent to any type of radiation in the
model.
Transparent When a material is defined as Transparent, it is fully transparent to any
radiation. Radiation is neither absorbed or reflected by a transparent
material. With this option selected, you can specify the types of
radiation that the material is transparent to; i.e., Thermal only, Solar
only or Thermal and Solar.
Absorptive The Absorptive to radiation option is only available if the material has
an absorption coefficient specified in the solid material definition of the
Engineering Database. Additionally, the Absorption in solids check
box must be selected. Absorptive material is only available with the
HVAC module of Flow Simulation.

5
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

4 Apply materials.
Under Input Data, right-click Solid
Materials and select Insert Solid Material.
Select Quartz glass under Glasses and
Minerals.
Select the five window panes in the room.
Also select the radiator cover.
Under Radiation Transparency, select
Absorptive. Leave the default settings.
Click OK.

The absorptive properties of the glass will be used to determine how

much radiation is absorbed by the solid.

Note The rest of the materials were defined in the Wizard.

6
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

Absorption In the Wizard, we defined Absorption in Solids. By doing this, we are

specifying that radiation can be absorbed in the solids depending on the
wavelength. These properties are defined in the Engineering Database
for the Solids. As said before, the wavelength-dependent material
properties of solid materials are averaged over the spectrum bands
defined in the Wizard or General Settings.

When the simulation is run, the wavelength of the radiation will

determine how much radiation is absorbed by the absorptive solid.

7
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

5 Wall boundary condition.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree,
right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and
select Insert Boundary Condition.
Select all of the outside faces of the office on the
wall with three windows.
Select Wall as the boundary condition Type.
Select Outer Wall.
Enter 10 W/m^2/K as the Heat Transfer
Coefficient and 0°C as the External Fluid
Temperature.
Click OK.

Note The rest of the wall conditions were specified in the Wizard (10 W/
m^2/K and 20.05°C as the Heat transfer coefficient and
Temperature of external fluid). Only this wall touches the outside.
The rest of the walls interact only with the surroundings of the building
itself.

8
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

6 Inlet boundary condition.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree,
right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and
select Insert Boundary Condition.
Select the inside face of the inlet at the top of the
office.
Under Type, click the Flow Openings button.
Select Inlet Volume Flow and specify 0.01m^3/s
flow Normal to Face.
Click OK.

7 Outlet boundary condition.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree,
right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and
select Insert Boundary Condition.
Select the inside face of the lid that covers the
door.
Under Type, click the Pressure Openings button.
Select Environment Pressure and accept the
default conditions.
Click OK.

9
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

8 Insert heat source.

Under Input Data, right-click Heat Sources and
select Insert Volume Source.
Select the radiator component.
Apply 1500 W as the Heat Generation Rate.
Click OK.

9 Insert heat source.

Under Input Data, right-click Heat Sources and
select Insert Volume Source.
Select the body component.
Apply 30 W as the Heat Generation Rate.
Click OK.

10
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

Radiation A radiation source considers the heating of the component radiating to

Source the surroundings. It is specified as a heat Power, Intensity, or
Temperature. The selected body can emit heat as a blackbody or with
respect to some defined Spectrum from the Engineering Database.

Blackbody The blackbody spectrum is the intensity of radiation as a function of

Spectrum wavelength. Because the body is an ideal absorber, it is also an ideal
emitter of radiation. At higher temperatures, the blackbody is capable
of emitting higher intensity radiation.
Radiative In SolidWorks Flow Simulation, a Radiative Surface can also be
Surface specified. As was said previously, when Radiation is considered in the
analysis, each solid body with some temperature radiates heat into its
surroundings. Surfaces of the bodies might emit different amounts of
radiation, and this can be taken into account by using Radiative
Surfaces and specifying the emissivity of the surface (often with
respect to the surface temperature.).

Note An absorptive or transparent material cannot be specified as a

Radiative Surface.

11
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

10 Radiative surface.
Under Input Data, right-click Radiative
Surfaces and select Insert Radiative
Surface.
Select the four faces on the radiator
component that contact the surrounding
air.
Under Type, select Predefined, Real
Surfaces, Iron, cast, turned and
heated.
Click OK.

Note The total radiation emitted by the radiator is going to be a summation

of the radiation it sees from the rest of the model and the radiation from
the temperature it achieves from the volume heat source. We assume
that the surface of this radiator is untreated. However, surfaces are
often coated or painted to enhance their radiative properties.
11 Global goals.
Under Input Data, right-click Goals and select Insert Global Goal.
Select Av and Max for Temperature (Fluid) and Temperature (Solid).
Click OK.
12 Surface goal.
Under Input Data, right-click Goals and
select Insert Surface Goal.
Select the outer surfaces of the radiator
cover.
Select Max for Temperature (Solid).
Click OK.

12
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

13 Calculation control options.

Right-click the Input Data folder and select Calculation Control
Options.
Under the Advanced tab, select Calculate Comfort Parameters.

Click OK.

Note This step is required before solving the project if you wish to evaluate
the comfort parameters. These will be described later in the lesson.
14 Solve.
Flow the Flow Simulation menu, click: Solve, Run.
Make sure Load results is checked.
Click Run.

Note The solve time could take up to an hour.

Discussion Prior to fully solving the model, we should check the quality of the
mesh. In this model with thin walls, especially in the radiator cover, we
would want to insure that there are enough cells to accurately describe
the heat transfer and flow fields. Local initial mesh techniques could be
used to improve the mesh in these regions. Additionally, manual
meshing techniques discussed in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation
training manual could be used. The accuracy of the results will directly
depend on the quality of the mesh, and in this case, the default mesh
settings may not be satisfactory to accurately resolve the geometry.

13
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

15 Temperature cut plot.

Under Results, right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert.
In the Section plane or Planar face box, select the Front Plane.
Enter -0.4 m as the Offset.
In the Display dialog, click Contours.
Select Temperature as the Parameter and enter 100 as the Number of
Levels.
Reset the legend limits to the plot maximum and minimum.
Click OK.

It can be seen that as expected, the temperature around the radiator is

warmer and there is a plume of heat coming off.
Hide the cut plot when you are finished.

14
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

16 Temperature surface plot.

Under Results, right-click the Surface Plots icon and select Insert.
Select the inside surfaces against the back wall of the office as shown in
the figure.
In the Display dialog, click Contours.
Select Temperature (Solid) as the Parameter and enter 100 as the
Number of Levels.
Reset the legend limits to the plot maximum and minimum.
Click OK.

We can see that as expected, the temperature of the windows is much

colder than the rest of the room. This is due to the outer wall convection
boundary condition on that face.
Hide the surface plot when you are finished.

Comfort There exists standard criteria called comfort parameters to calculate the
Parameters performance of ventilations systems. Comfort parameters are used to
evaluate the comfort and air quality for people residing in the room that
is analyzed. SolidWorks Flow Simulation can calculate various comfort
parameters.
Predicted Mean The seven point thermal sensation scale is used to evaluate a person’s
Vote (PMV) comfort. A vote of -3 would indicate the person is cold. A vote of 3
would indicate the person is hot. A vote of 0 would indicate a neutral
temperature feeling. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is the average
thermal sensation rating of a group of people.

15
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

Predicted Percent The Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD) provides information on

Dissatisfied (PPD) the percentage of people that would be dissatisfied with the thermal
conditions in a given environment.
Draft Temperature The Draft Temperature is the difference in temperature between any
point in the occupied zone and the control condition which is defined as
ideal conditions. Draft is defined as any localized feeling of coolness or
warmth of any portion of the body due to both air movement and air
temperature. Humidity and radiation are considered constant.
Draft Rate The Draft Rate represents the percentage of people feeling discomfort
by draught (ISO 7730).
Air Diffusion The Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) is the percentage of
Performance Index space in the fluid volume in which the air speed is less than 0.35m/s
(ADPI) and the Draft Temperature falls between -1.7°C and 1.1°C.

Note Please refer to the help menu for further information on the comfort
parameters.

17 PMV plot.
Edit the definition of the cut plot.
Select PMV as the Parameter.
Reset the legend limits to the plot maximum and minimum.
Click OK.

It seems that most people would feel comfortable with the temperature
of the room in these conditions.

Important! The comfort parameters are only calculated if the setting is turned on in
the Calculation Control Options.

16
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

18 PPD plot.
Edit the definition of the cut plot to show PPD as the Parameter.

Reset the legend limits to the plot maximum and minimum.

Again, it can be seen that, unless sitting very near the radiator, most
people would be comfortable with the temperature of the room.
19 Draft temperature plot.
Edit the definition of the cut plot to show Draft Temperature as the
Parameter.
Make sure that the legend limits are set to the plot maximum and
minimum.

This plot leads to similar conclusions. Unless near the radiator, most
people would feel comfortable in the room.

17
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

20 Draught rate plot.

Edit the definition of the cut plot to show Draught Rate as the
Parameter.
Make sure that the legend limits are set to the plot maximum and
minimum.

21 Result summary.
Right-click the Results folder and select Summary.
Scroll to the bottom to see the report of the ADPI.

The ADPI is 58.2%, and most of this region has been seen to be
surrounding the worker.

18
SolidWorks 2014 Lesson 1
Introduction to HVAC

22 Flow trajectory.
Right-click Flow Trajectories and select Insert.
Select the Environment Pressure 1 boundary condition and select
Temperature as the Parameter.
Reset the legend limits to the plot maximum and minimum.
Click OK.

You can see how the air moves around the room.
23 Surface parameters.
Right-Click Surface Parameters and select Insert.
Select the outer faces of the radiator cover.
Select All and click Show.
The Maximum Temperature (Solid) is almost 70°C.

19
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2014
Introduction to HVAC

Conclusions In this lesson, we evaluated an office room in the winter time. We

learned how to properly apply absorptive radiation properties to solids.
We also learned about the comfort parameters and how to evaluate the
comfort of a person sitting in the room.
The radiator provided some amount of heat to the room through
radiation. The surface temperature of the radiator cover was monitored
and evaluated. If you evaluate the surface temperature of the radiator,
you will see that it is much hotter (178° C). This would certainly be
unsafe to the room.
Further analyses with different sized radiators could potentially better
optimize the room. Additionally, the outside temperature could be
varied to evaluate the different seasons. Further analysis could include
radiation from the sun.

20