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(Top) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 34°26′03″N 70°26′52″E

History
Toggle History subsection
For other uses, see Jalalabad (disambiguation).
Ancient and medieval

Modern Jalalabad (/dʒəˈlæləˌbæd/; !"$%# 'ٓ ()*$+# ) is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan. It has a population of about Jalalabad
!"$%# 'ٓ ()*$+#
[3]
356,274, and serves as the capital of Nangarhar Province in the eastern part of the country, about
Demographics
Toggle Demographics subsection 130 kilometres (80 mi) from the capital Kabul. Jalalabad is located at the junction of the Kabul River
Land use
and the Kunar River in a plateau to the south of the Hindu Kush mountains.[4] It is linked by the City
Climate Kabul-Jalalabad Road to the west and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to the east
Flora and fauna through Torkham and the Khyber Pass.

Transportation Jalalabad is a leading center of social and trade activity because of its proximity with the Torkham
border checkpoint and border crossing, 65 km (40 mi) away.[5] Major industries include papermaking,
General places of interest
as well as agricultural products including oranges, lemon, rice, and sugarcane, helped by its warm
Sports climate.[6] It hosts Afghanistan's second largest educational institute, Nangarhar University. For
International sister cities centuries the city has been favored by Afghan kings[7] and it has a cultural significance in Afghan
Notable people poetry.[4] During Timur Shah's reign of the Durrani Empire, Jalalabad served as the Afghan winter
capital.[8]
See also

References
History [ edit ]
Further reading
Toggle Further reading subsection Further information: History of Afghanistan
Published in the 19th century

Published in the 20th century Ancient and medieval [ edit ]

External links Known at the time by names such as Nagarhara and Adinapur, Jalalabad was a major center of
Greco-Buddhist culture during the late 1st millennium BCE, focused on sites such as Ahin Posh.

The first surviving references to the city are in early 1st millennium CE accounts by visiting Chinese
Buddhist monks. In or about 400 CE, Faxian visited "Nagarhara" and worshiped at sacred Buddhist From top left to right: A panoramic view of a section of
sites, such as the "Cave of the Buddha's Shadow” (佛影窟). [9]
In 630 CE, Xuan Zang, visited Jalalabad; Jalalabad Bridge; Jalalabad Cricket Stadium;
Pashtunistan Square; Mosque in Jalalabad; Governor's
"Adinapur" and other locations nearby. House in Jalalabad; Building on a main road.

The Buddhist era began to end after the region was conquered by Muslim forces during the late 1st
Millennium. However, conversions to Islam evidently did not occur quickly. In Hudud-al-Alam, written
in 982 CE, there is reference to a village near Jalalabad where the local king had Muslim, Buddhist
and Hindu wives.[10]
Jalalabad
The region became part of the Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century. Sabuktigin annexed the land all
the way west of the Neelum River in Kashmir. "The Afghans and Khiljies who resided among the
mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Sabuktigin, many of them were enlisted in his army,
after which he returned in triumph to Ghazni."[11] The Ghurids succeeded the Ghaznavids and
expanded the Islamic empire further into Hindustan. The region around Jalalabad later became part
of the Khalji territory, followed by that of the Timurids.[12]
Location in Afghanistan
Show map of Afghanistan
Modern [ edit ] Show map of Hindu-Kush
Show all
It is said that the original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur.[13] Jalalabad was named in honour of Coordinates: 34°26′03″N 70°26′52″E
Mughal ruler Jalal-uddin in the last decade of the sixteenth century, the grandson of Babur. The Country Afghanistan
modern city gained prominence during the reign of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. Babur had Province Nangarhar Province
chosen the site for this city which was built by his grandson Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar in 1560.[14] Founded 1570
Government
It remained part of the Mughal Empire until around 1738 when Nader Shah and his Afsharid forces
 • Mayor Qari Ehsanullah Sajid[1]
began defeating the Mughals. Nader Shah's forces were accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah
Area
Durrani and his 4,000-strong Afghan army from southern Afghanistan. In 1747, he founded the
 • Land 122 km2 (47 sq mi)
Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) after re-conquering the area. The Afghan army has long used the
Elevation 575 m (1,886 ft)
city while going back and forth during their military campaigns into the Indian-subcontinent.
Population (2021)[2]
The British-Indian forces invaded Jalalabad in 1838, during the First Anglo-Afghan War. In the 1842  • Total 280,685
  [2]
Battle of Jellalabad, Akbar Khan besieged the British troops on their way to Jalalabad. In 1878, during
the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the British again invaded and set up camps in Jalalabad but withdrew Time zone UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Standard Time)
two years later.[15] Climate BWh

Jalalabad is considered one of the most important cities of the

Part of a series on the
Pashtun culture. Seraj-ul-Emarat, the residence of Amir Habibullah
History of Afghanistan
and King Amanullah was destroyed in 1929 when Habibullah
Kalakani rose to power; the other sanctuaries however, retain
vestiges of the past. The mausoleum of both rulers is enclosed by a
garden facing Seraj-ul-Emart. The Sulemankhils, a Pashtun family
famous for their scientific research, is from Jalalabad. Other
The Bagh-e Shahi palace and celebrated Pashtun families originate from the villages near
gardens, c. 1920.
Jalalabad too.

In the 1960s and 1970s, construction started on a new planned city Timeline
[16]
called Reg-e Shamshad Khan. Ancient [show]

From 1978 to early 1990s, the city served as a strategic location for Medieval [show]
the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In March Modern [show]
1989, two Mujahideen rebel factions backed by Pakistan and the [show]
Related historical regions
U.S. assaulted the city during the Battle of Jalalabad. However
Related topics [show]
government forces managed to drive them out within two months,
Category
which was a major setback to the resistance fighters and the ISI.[17]
 Afghanistan portal
The city was heavily bombarded and hundreds of civilians were
V·T·E
The Emir's gardens, pictured in the killed. Many buildings, such as schools, hospitals and public
19th century.
buildings were destroyed during the 2-month battle.[18]

After the resignation of President Najibullah, Jalalabad quickly fell to

mujahideen rebels of Yunus Khalis on April 19, 1992.[19] On September 12, 1996, the Taliban took control of the
city until they were toppled by the US-backed Afghan forces in late 2001. Al-Qaeda had been building terrorist
training camps in Jalalabad. The city returned to Afghan government control under Hamid Karzai.

The economy of Jalalabad gradually increased in the last decade. Many of the city's population began joining the
Afghan National Security Forces. Construction has also increased. The Jalalabad Airport has long served as a
military base for the NATO forces. In 2011, the U.S. Embassy in Kabul announced that it plans to establish a
consulate in Jalalabad.[20] In March 2007, US marines murdered 19 unarmed civilians and wounded 50 near Aerial view of Jalalabad in 2012

Jalalabad, in an incident compared by the New York Times to the Haditha massacre. None of those responsible
received any serious punishment.[21] Many suicide attacks by jihadist insurgents have taken place, including in August 2013, April 2015, January 2018,
July 2018, September 2018, October 2019 and August 2020. The groups responsible for the attacks include the Taliban, Haqqani Network, al-Qaeda, and
ISIS (Daesh).

On August 15, 2021, the Taliban again took control of the city.[22][23] Its capture cut off the last highway from Kabul to the outside world, and the city fell
later the same day. Three days later on August 18, protestors took down the Afghan Taliban flag and replaced it with a tricolor flag of the previous Afghan
government.

Demographics [ edit ]

Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan

The city population is estimated to be 280,685 in year 2021.[2] It has six districts and a total land area of 12,796 hectares (31,620 acres). The total number
of dwellings in this city is 39,586.[24]

Nearly all residents of Jalalabad are Muslim, followers of Sunni Islam. Jalalabad is also a center of the country's Sikhs, although the community has
dwindled in the city (and nationwide) since the wars began.[25][26] Similarly it is also has a Hindu minority.[27]

Land use [ edit ]

Jalalabad is the regional hub in eastern Afghanistan, close to the border with Pakistan. Agriculture is the predominant land use at 44%, higher density of
dwellings is found in Districts 1–5 and vacant plots are largely clustered in District 6. Districts 1–6 all have a grid network of roads.[24]

Climate [ edit ]

Jalalabad's climate is hot desert (Köppen: BWh), and it is one of the hottest localities in Afghanistan.[28] The city's
climate has close resemblance to that of Arizona in the United States.[29] It receives six to eight inches (152 to
203 mm) of rainfall per annum which are limited to winter and the months of spring. Frosts are not common, and
during the summer, the temperature can reach a maximum of 120 °F (49 °C).[30]

The north and southwestern parts of the city which has lower elevation are welcoming places to winds from the
north and west cooling the parts in summer months. Jalalabad has the highest relative humidity in summer
compared to other Afghan cities. However the moderate temperatures of winter has led to various people down
the history establishing their settlements in the city.[30] Because of its warm temperature relative to most of
View of the Spin Ghar range from the
Afghanistan, Jalalabad (alongside Peshawar) was often the "winter capital" of various Afghan rulers of the past
city of Jalalabad
centuries,[8][31] while rich people would relocate to villas in Jalalabad to avoid the freezing temperatures in Kabul.
[32]

View towards the city from the Kabul

River banks to the north

Climate data for Jalalabad [hide]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
25.0 28.8 34.5 40.5 45.4 47.5 44.7 42.4 41.2 38.2 32.4 25.4 47.5
Record high °C (°F)
(77.0) (83.8) (94.1) (104.9) (113.7) (117.5) (112.5) (108.3) (106.2) (100.8) (90.3) (77.7) (117.5)
15.9 17.9 22.5 28.3 34.7 40.4 39.3 38.0 35.2 30.5 23.3 17.5 28.6
Average high °C (°F)
(60.6) (64.2) (72.5) (82.9) (94.5) (104.7) (102.7) (100.4) (95.4) (86.9) (73.9) (63.5) (83.5)
8.5 10.9 16.3 21.9 27.7 32.7 32.8 31.9 28.1 22.2 14.9 9.5 21.5
Daily mean °C (°F)
(47.3) (51.6) (61.3) (71.4) (81.9) (90.9) (91.0) (89.4) (82.6) (72.0) (58.8) (49.1) (70.6)
2.9 5.6 10.5 15.3 19.8 24.7 26.7 26.2 21.4 14.4 6.9 3.5 14.8
Average low °C (°F)
(37.2) (42.1) (50.9) (59.5) (67.6) (76.5) (80.1) (79.2) (70.5) (57.9) (44.4) (38.3) (58.7)
−14.1 −9.5 −1.0 6.1 10.6 13.5 19.0 17.5 11.0 2.7 −4.5 −5.5 −14.1
Record low °C (°F)
(6.6) (14.9) (30.2) (43.0) (51.1) (56.3) (66.2) (63.5) (51.8) (36.9) (23.9) (22.1) (6.6)
18.1 24.3 39.2 36.4 16.0 1.4 6.9 7.7 8.3 3.2 8.3 12.1 181.9
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(0.71) (0.96) (1.54) (1.43) (0.63) (0.06) (0.27) (0.30) (0.33) (0.13) (0.33) (0.48) (7.17)
Average rainy days 4 5 8 8 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 39
Average relative humidity (%) 61 60 62 59 47 40 52 58 56 55 58 63 56
Mean monthly sunshine hours 180.9 182.7 207.1 227.8 304.8 339.6 325.9 299.7 293.6 277.6 231.0 185.6 3,056.3
Source: NOAA (1964–1983) [33]

Flora and fauna [ edit ]

Jalalabad is home to a large number of fruits. Various types of citrus fruits like orange, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon, lime grow in gardens as well as in
orchards.[30] The orange trees yield a crop only once in three years. The narindj variety of orange is the most common one which has yellow skin and its
taste is a combination of orange and grapefruit. The grapefruits grown here have a diameter of eight or nine inches. Per year 1800 tonnes of
pomegranates, 334 tonnes of grapes, and 7750 tonnes of mulberries are produced in Jalalabad.[34] The fruits are either sold in local markets or transported
to Kabul markets from where they are exported. The second most common crop is local vatani variety of sugarcane. It contains 15% sugar by weight.[35]
Jalalabad also has the largest date farm in Afghanistan.[36]

Transportation [ edit ]

Further information: Transport in Afghanistan

The Jalalabad Airport (also known as Nangarhar Airport) is located roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast from the
city's center. It is a domestic airport for civilian use.[37] It serves the population of Nangarhar and neighboring
provinces.

There are proposals for the establishment of Afghanistan's rail network linking Jalalabad with Pakistan Railways,
allowing for increased trade of goods, people and commerce between the two countries.[38]

Jalalabad is connected by main roads with the Afghan capital of Kabul, the city of Peshawar in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and several nearby Afghan cities and towns. All trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan Auto rickshaws in Jalalabad
passes through this city. The highway between Jalalabad and Kabul was resurfaced in 2006, reducing the transit
time between these two important cities. This highway is considered to be one of the most dangerous in the world
because of the large number of accidents.[39] An improvement in the road networks between Jalalabad and Peshawar has also been proposed,[by whom?]
with the intention of widening the existing road and improving security to attract more tourists and allow for safer passage of goods between to the two
countries.

General places of interest [ edit ]

Further information: Tourism in Afghanistan

The Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is next to the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town, which is about 15 miles (24 km) of driving distance
southeast of Jalalabad. The people of Jalalabad go there not only for sports purposes but also for enjoyment and relaxation. This is especially during
holidays or when they receive visiting family or friends from another place. It is also a popular hangout for those with cars.

Hotels
Spinghar Hotel
Sultan Hotel and Restaurant
White House Hotel
Mosques
Akhunzada Mosque
Spin Mosque
Parks Mausoleum of King Amanullah Khan
inside the Siraj-ul-Emarat Park
Abdul Haq Park (located next to the city's main stadiums)
Amir Habibullah Khan Park (across the street from Siraj-ul-Emarat Park)
Aryan Park (located in the southwestern section of the city)
Farm Hada Park (located in southern part of the city)
Siraj-ul-Emarat Park (located next next to House of Governor)
Mausoleums
Mausoleum of King Amanullah Khan (Siraj-ul-Emarat Park)
Mausoleum of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan A shopping area next to Siraj-ul-
Mausoleum of Mohammad Gul Khan Momand Emarat Park

Hospitals
Al Shifa Modern Hospital
Bakhtar Hospital
Baidara Hospital
Hassanzai Curative Hospital
Jalalabad Regional Hospital
Jalalabad Medical Complex
Khair-un-Nisa Medical Complex
Spingha Momand Hospital
Malalai Curative Hospital
Nangarhar Teaching Hospital
Naseri Hospital
Rokhan Hospital
Universities
Alfalah University
Ariana University
Khurasan University
Nangarhar University
Spinghar Higher Education Centre
Shopping centers
Hejaz Super Market
Jada Super Store
Nakamura Super Store

Sports [ edit ]

Further information: Sport in Afghanistan

The province is represented in domestic cricket competitions by the Nangarhar province cricket team. National
team member Hamid Hasan was born in the province and he currently represents Afghanistan in international
cricket. The Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is the first international standard cricket stadium in
Afghanistan. It is located in the Ghazi Amanullah Town, a modern suburb on the southeastern fringe of Jalalabad
in Nangarhar Province. Construction on the stadium began in March 2010 when the foundation stone was laid by
Minister of Finance and president of the Afghanistan Cricket Board, Omar Zakhilwal. The project, which was
developed on 30 acres of land donated by the developer constructing the Ghazi Amanullah Town, cost up the first
phase of construction $1.8 million. The first phase, which took one year to complete, included the completion of Nangarhar Football Stadium (during
the stadium itself. The remainder of the phases will see the construction of a pavilion, accommodation for players construction in 2011)
and administrative buildings. The stadium, which has a capacity of 14,000, was completed before the national
team and under-19 team left for Canada and the Under-19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Ireland respectively. The
two sides inaugurated the stadium in a Twenty20 match. It is hoped that the stadium will be able to attract international teams to play Afghanistan, who
currently have One Day International status until at least 2013.

Professional sports teams from Jalalabad

Club League Sport Venue Established

Nangarhar Leopards Afghanistan Premier League Cricket Sharjah Cricket Stadium 2018

Speenghar Tigers Shpageeza Cricket League Cricket Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium 2013

De Spin Ghar Bazan F.C. Afghan Premier League Football Nangarhar Football Stadium 2012

Stadiums

Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium (around 15 miles (24 km) southeast from Jalalabad, next to Ghazi Amanullah Town)
Nangarhar Football Stadium (next to Abdul Haq Park and House of Governor)
Behsud Cricket Stadium (next to Abdul Haq Park and House of Governor)

International sister cities [ edit ]

San Diego, California, United States[40]

Notable people [ edit ]

Rashid Khan, cricketer

Amanullah Khan, Emir and King of Afghanistan (1919–1929), buried in the city
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, buried in the city
Mohammad Gul Khan Momand, buried in the city
Tetsu Nakamura, lived and died in the city

See also [ edit ]

List of cities in Afghanistan

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Zarifi, Yousaf (18 August 2021). "Control food prices, Nangarharis urge
Taliban" .
abc
2. ^ "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021–22"
Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived from the
original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
3. ^ "The State of Afghan Cities report2015" . Archived from the original
on 2015-10-31.
4. ^ a b "Afghan poets dream of peace in Pashtun Jalalabad | Arts & Ent,
Culture | THE DAILY STAR" . The Daily Star. Archived from the original
on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
5. ^ "Jalālābād" . Britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
6. ^ "CLIMATE OF AFGHANISTAN – Afghanistan photos" . Archived from
the original on 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
7. ^ Burns, John F.; Times, Special To the New York (1989-05-11). "Inside
Jalalabad: A Sad, Crumbling Shel (Published 1989)" . The New York
Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-03.
8. ^ a b Wright, Colin. "Jellalabad, the bastion where General Elphinstone and
others were buried during the seige [sic] 1841–42" . www.bl.uk. Retrieved
2020-12-03.
9. ^ Kuwayama, Shoshin (2012). "The Hephthalites in Tokharistan and
Northwest India". In Liu, Xinru (ed.). India and Central Asia. Permanent
Black. p. 240. ISBN 978-8178243474.
10. ^ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans . Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18.
ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3.
11. ^ "AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN" . Ferishta, History of
the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard
Humanities Institute. Archived from the original
2012-12-31.
12. ^ Hewitt, Cooper. "Afghanistan | Countries | Collection of Cooper Hewitt,
Smithsonian Design Museum" . collection.cooperhewitt.org. Retrieved
26 January 2021.
13. ^ Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897–98 Page 55
14. ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011). Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and
the Middle East : Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press.
p. 264. ISBN 9780810878150.
15. ^ "Jalālābād | Afghanistan" . Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
2019-02-18.
16. ^ "Afghanistan, through a lifetime with Hashmat Ghani: Part 2" . 6 July
2020.
17. ^ Rupert, James (8 July 1989). "AFGHANISTAN REBELS LOSE KEY
BATTLE" . Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
18. ^ "3Afghan" .
19. ^ "Afghan rebels capture Jalalabad" . UPI.com. Retrieved 28 January
2018.
(PDF). National
on 2013-05-14. Retrieved
20. ^ Naadem, Bashir Ahmad (February 24, 2011). "US to open consulates in
more provinces" . Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on
2011-09-10. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
21. ^ Fintan O'Toole, 'Our Hypocrisy on War Crimes,' New York Review of
Books 26 May 2022 pp.10–13,p.12
22. ^ "Taliban sweep into Afghan capital after government collapses" . ABC
News.
23. ^ "Taliban capture Afghanistan's Jalalabad, cut off Kabul from east" . Al
Jazeera. 15 August 2021.
24. ^ a b "The State of Afghan Cities report 2015" . Archived from the
original on 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
25. ^ Najibullah, Farangis. " 'When Are You Going Back?' Afghanistan's Sikhs,
Strangers In Their Own Land" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
Retrieved 2020-12-03.
26. ^ Kumar, Ruchi. "The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh
communities" . www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
27. ^ Bearak, Barry (2001-05-23). "Taliban Propose an Identity Label for the
'Protection' of Hindus (Published 2001)" . The New York Times.
ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-03.
28. ^ "Afghanistan – Drainage" . Britannica.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
29. ^ Michel, p. 29
30. ^ a b c Michel, p. 30
31. ^ Latifi, Ali M. "Afghanistan halts independence festivities after wedding
massacre" . www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
32. ^ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-det
[dead link]
ails&code_title=144825
33. ^ "Jalal Abad Climate Normals 1964–1983" . National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
34. ^ Michel, p.32
35. ^ Michel, p.33
36. ^ "Nangarhar to produce 15 tonnes of dates this year" . Pajhwok Afghan
News. September 9, 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
37. ^ "Civilian Flights Resume at Nangarhar Airport" . TOLOnews. June 18,
2022. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
38. ^ "Work on Jalalabad railways station launched" . Pajhwok Afghan News.
3 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
39. ^ Filkins, Dexter (7 February 2010). "A Highway in Afghanistan Presents
Scenes of Beauty and Death" . The New York Times. Archived from the
original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
40. ^ "San Diego Jalalabad Sister Cities" . San Diego Jalalabad Sister Cities.
Retrieved 28 January 2018.

Further reading [ edit ]

Published in the 19th century [ edit ]

Edward Balfour (1885), "Jalalabad" , Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch

Published in the 20th century [ edit ]

"Jalalabad"  . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 130.

External links [ edit ]

Jalal Abad on YouTube Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Jalalabad.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide

for Jalalabad.

Wikisource has the text of the

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
article "Jalalabad".

V·T·E Eighteen largest cities in Afghanistan by population [show]

V·T·E Nangarhar Province [show]

Authority control [show]

Categories: Jalalabad Populated places in Nangarhar Province Populated places along the Silk Road Buddhism in Afghanistan
History of Nangarhar Province Populated places established in 1570 Provincial capitals in Afghanistan

This page was last edited on 14 May 2023, at 14:36 (UTC).

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