Final

Ch 8
What ‘Good argument’ does not mean
• ‘Good Argument’ does not mean ‘Agree with my views’
• ‘Good Argument’ does not mean ‘Persuasive Argument’
• ‘Good Argument’ does not mean ‘Well written or Well-spoken argument’

Evaluating Arguments: Some general guidelines

• Are premises all true?
• Is reasoning correct?
• Does the arguer commit any logical fallacies.
• Are the premises relevant to the claim.
• Are the arguer claims logically consistent.
• Is the argument complete.
• Is the argument fair.

* Page 205 // arguments first paragraph pint 1 &2 //

Ch 11
• Inductive argument- isomer in which the premises are intended to provide support but
not conclusive evidence for the conclusion.
• An inductive argument is strong when its premises provide evidence that conclusion is
more likely to be true than false.
• An inductive argument is weak when its premise do not provide evidence that its
conclusion is more likely to be true than false.

Inductive Generalisation
• Argument that relies on characteristic of a sample population to make a claim about the
population as a whole.
• Opinion polls determine what a large population thinks or believes about a certain issue
(With examples)

Statistical Argument
• Argues from premises regarding a percentage of a population to a conclusion about an
individual member of that population or some part of population. (With examples)

Reference class
Group to which statistic applies.
More specific the reference class is more better the argument. (with examples)

* Page 309
Coincidence Two events happen by chance.
 Correlations Describe the degree to which two different
sets of events are aligned

Causes Causal explanations are desirable because

they enable us to explain, predict, and
control parts of the natural world.

* Page 328

Ch 12

Directional sources with exp for each point

• Bibliography
• Index and database
• Internet search engines, guides and directories
(read > finding sources> memorize 4)//
* Page 344&345 of sources ex for each)

Informational Sources with exp

• Encylopedia
• Dictionaries
• References collection/Databases
• Almanac, Yearbook, Fact books, Handbook, Manuals
* Page 346 &349 examples very import

Human Sources with exp &explain

• Expert advices
• Opinions
• Observations

Evaluating Informational: Sources (no need explanation)

Ø What is authors background?
Ø What are authors bias and purpose?
Ø What is authors sources?
Ø Who is the publisher and sponsor?

Audience
• Who is the intended audience?
• How has the audience responded?

* Page 360, 363 - read it and prepare a small paragraph// (evaluating not sources)
 When conducting research online, it's important to evaluate internet sources carefully.
Directional sources like databases and search engines lead to reliable scholarly
sources. However, assessing information from web pages, social media, and
individual organizations requires extra vigilance due to lack of rigorous review.
Asking questions about content, author, and credibility is crucial. Recognized
organizations, institutions, and noncommercial sites are preferred. URL suffixes
(.edu, .gov, .org, etc.) can provide insights about the site's sponsor.

Ch13
Questions writers ask before working on presentation
• Who am I, as author?
• Who is the intended audience? What do they believe and value?
• What is the purpose and what are the circumstances of my communication?
• How should my case be developed and be presented?

Writing a successful argument

• What you do before you begin writing.
• What you do when writing the first draft.
• What you do after you have completed your draft.
* Page 387 - any 2 points explanation. writing and re writing)

Organise and developing the presentation

• Pre-writing
• Know yourself
• Know your audience
• Chose and narrow your topic
• Write a sentence that express your claim
• Gather ideas
• Brainstorm and research
• Organise your ideas

Writing

Introduction
Developing the body of essay
Conclusion

Re-writing
• Editing
• Grammar and spelling
• Peer review
 • Read what you have written and revise
• Consider what]] you have not written and revise
• Show your work

Ch 14

Mass media and social media (read it)

• Mass media includes
• broadcast,
• print ,
• movie and recording industry,
• outdoor advertising,
• digital forms of communication including Internet and mobile phones.
• Novels
• Textbooks
• News
• Pop music

* Page (421&422 the differences between both) imp

* Page (425...2 types of news)
* Page (427-any points with explanations) write summary explain >critically
analyzing news > 4 points
* Page (432- social media and fake news)
* Page (435 ... 2 strategies with explanations)
* Page (451 advertising definitions - compare between 2 adv and 2 disadvantages -
453,454)

Ch15

•What exactly is science?

Science is a method of inquiry that seeks to describe, explain, and predict
occurrences in the physical or natural world by means of careful observation and
rigorous experiment

Basic Patterns of Scientific Reasoning

•1. Identify the problem
•2. Gather relevant data
•3. Formulate hypotheses to explain the data
 •4. Test the hypotheses by observation or experiment
Identifying the Problem
•Self explanatory
•A majority of reflective thought begins with problem identification
•Problem solving thinking
o 478 - 4 points without explanation
o 476 pseudoscience
o 484 differences between science and pseudoscience (strongly talk about it in
paragraph)
o 485 examples of pseudoscience
o 486

 ‫ادعوا ألختكم زينب بالتوفيق‬