MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Introduction to Mechatronics (Meng 5271)

2015 EC

Chapter 6
Microprocessor And microcontroller

Compiled by Genaye M.
 INTRODUCTION
What is comuter?
• A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores
and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful
format.
Microprocessor
is an electronic computer component crafted from
miniature sized transistors & some other circuitry elements on a
solitary semi‐conductor IC(integrated circuit) or micro chip.
• Microprocessor is a single IC package in which several functions are
integrated
• The abbreviated of microprocessor is µP or uP.
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND BASIC OPERATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR

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ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
• The component that performs the arithmetic and logical operations
• the most important components in a microprocessor, and is typically the
part of the processor that is designed first.
• able to perform the basic logical operations (AND, OR), including the
addition operation.
• The inclusion of inverters on the inputs enables the same ALU hardware
to perform the subtraction operation (adding an inverted operand), and
the operations NAND and NOR.

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CONTROL UNIT
• The circuitry that controls the flow of information through the
processor, and coordinates the activities of the other units within it.
• In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what
happens inside the processor, which in turn controls the rest of the
PC.
• On a regular processor, the control unit performs the tasks of
fetching, decoding, managing execution and then storing results.
• Registers are temporary storage locations inside the CPU that
hold data and addresses. The register file is the component that
contains all the general
purpose registers of the microprocessor.

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CATEGORIES OF MICROPROCESSORS
Microprocessors can be categorized into three types as per there architecture
as under: –
RISC – Reduced Instruction Set Computer – Simplification of instruction set for
computers to reduce execution time. Examples are Power PC: 601, 604, 615,
620, DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066, 21068, 21164 etc
CISC – Complex Instruction Set Computer – Reduction in number of instructions
irrespective of number of cycles per instructions. Examples are IBM 370/168,
VAX 11/780, Intel 80486 etc.
Special Processors – is a third category which is made to perform special
functions such as Maths Coprocessor, Input/output processor, and Transistor
computer.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessors work at very high speed.
They are smaller in size.
Microprocessors are programmable.
Microprocessors are low costs due to integrated circuit technology.
Power usage is very less due to usage of metal oxide semiconductor
technology.
Reliable, failure rate is very low.
Lower heat generation as semiconductor devices emit very less heat.

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DATA SIZE

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MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller’s history is dated back to 1960s. The invention of MOSFET (metal-
oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) also known by term “MOS transistor’. It
was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It is a small
system or computer on a single metal oxide semiconductor IC (Integrated Chip). It
contains a CPU, memory, and Input/Output peripherals.
Another name for Microcontroller is ‘On-Chip microcomputer’
It is also known as embedded controller or microcontroller unit (MCU) – they are
found in vehicles, Home appliances, medical devices, vending machines and so on.
These are miniaturized personal computers made to control small functions of
larger components.
If you look around you will find microcontrollers are functioning all around you such
as microwave oven microcontroller sense door closure before popping popcorns, at
traffic light signal to turn on / off lights at specified intervals etc.

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MPU
•Essentially the brain of the microcomputer, this component is a microprocessor which controls and
monitors all the processes taking place inside the MCU
 Responsible for the reading and execution of all logical/mathematical functions being performed

Memory
•RAM (Random access memory)
 Temporary storage used only when powered on, for helping to run and calculate the programs the
MCU is told to execute
 Continually overwritten while in use
ROM (read-only memory)
 Pre-written ‘permanent’ memory that persists even without power
 Essentially instructs the MCU on how to execute its programs when asked

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 TIMER
 This component functions as the microcontroller’s core clock, and controls the execution rhythms
of its internal processes
 Much like any other sort of timer, they keep track of time as it elapses during a given process,
and help the MCU to begin and end specific functions at specified intervals

I/O (input/output) ports

 One or more communications ports, typically in the form of connective pins
 These allow the MCU to be linked to other components and circuits for flow of input/output
data signals and power supply
Peripheral controller chips (other optional accessories and components)
 Dependent on the task the MCU is required to perform
 These can be anything from various additional timers and counters to pulse width modulation
(PWM) nodes, Analog-to-Digital Converters, Digital-to-Analog Converters, numerous data
capture modules, further I/O options, and much more besides

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROCONTROLLER
•Slow speed of operation.
•Uses a micro CPU using lower frequency.
•Peripherals (Timers, counters etc.) are embedded
in chip.
•Suitable for bit wise operations.
•Less expensive.
•Boolean operations supported.
•Majority used in real time applications.
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PROS & CONS OF MICROCONTROLLER
Good for small and dedicated applications.
One time programmable.
Ease of application development.
Ease of design and deployment.
Can’t withstand high voltage.
Not suited for parallel tasks.
Complex architecture.
Limited RAM.

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USAGE OF MICROCONTROLLER

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 Function Microcontroller Microprocessor

It is a small system or computer on a single metal A computer processor is a programmable device

oxide semiconductor IC (Integrated Chip). They are having ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) ,Control unit on
Definition
used to handle tasks that control one or more a single integrated circuit . Also known as Logic
external events or systems. chip
Cost is high as compared to Microcontroller,
Smaller circuit, ideal for compact systems, lower Memory and I/O components are externally
Features cost , less power consumption, high clock speed, 8- connected, power consumption is high, don’t have
bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit power saving feature, low clock speed, 32-bit, or
64-bit
Comprises of a chip with embedded inside it –
Comprises of Central Processing Unit (CPU), Bus
Architecture Flash memory Timer, I/O port, and serial bus
and Memory (RAM & ROM) connected externally
interface
Microprocessor are used in Computers,
Microcontrollers are used in calculators, Gaming
Smartphones , transportation industry,
Applications machine, Traffic light control, Military applications ,
instrumentation, Office automation and
Home appliances etc.
communication etc.
Can’t interface with high power devices, complex
Drawbacks/ Limited data size, don’t support floating point
structure, can do limited executions parallelly, used
Limitations instructions, heats up easily,
in micro equipment’s 16
-END-

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