CHAPTER THREE

3.0DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

3.1 DESIGN
3.2 CONSTRUCTION

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.

i. Draw a block diagram.

ii. Test for continuity of components and devices,
iii. Design of the system was carried out.
iv. Studying of various component used in circuit.
v. Construct a automatic street light circuit.
vi. Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

3.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMF

Circuit Diagram of an automatic street light fig 1.0

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3.2.3 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
Before carrying out any project, the block diagram must be drawn and fully understood. Block
diagram gives a pictorial understanding of any work. The block diagram of the system is as below.

LED
Resistor Transistor
light
Power supply

Resistor LDR

3.4 CIRCUIT OPERATION

This circuit is an automatic street light controller. Sensors used to detect changes in light is LDR
(Light dependent resist.or), the working principle of Light dependent resistor is exposed to light
when the resistance value of LDR great, but if not exposed to light or dark then the resistance value
of LDR.

LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is
falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only
about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.

When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase of the voltage
at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input
voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd then output
is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive
voltage at output of pin 3 to drive relay.

Automatic Street Light Control System.(Sensor using LDR & Transistor BC 547.)

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3.5 IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED IN THIS
CIRCUIT:

LDR: LDR is a device whose sensitivity depends upon the intensity of light falling on it. When
the strength of the light falling on LDR increases the LDR resistance decreases, while if the
strength of the light falls on LDR is decreased resistance increased. In the time of darkness or when
there is no light, the resistance of LDR is in the range of mega ohms, while in the presence of light
or in brightness in decrease by few hundred ohms.

Testing of LDR- Before mounting any component in the circuit it is a good practice to check
whether a component works properly or not so that you can avoid consumption of time in
troubleshooting. For testing LDR set the range of multi meter in resistance measurement. After
that put the lids on the legs of LDR (as LDR have no polarity so you can connect any lid with
leg). Measure the resistance of LDR in the light or brightness, resistance must be low. Now cover
LDR properly so that no light beam fall in it, again measure the resistance it must be high. If you
got the same result means that LDR is good.

Resistor: It is a passive component having two terminals that are used to manage the current flow
in the circuit. A current that flows via a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage that appeared
into the resistor.

Transistor : Is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in

addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch gate for them.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

TEST AND RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 TESTING

Testing is one of the important stages in the development of any new product or repair of existing
ones. Because it is very difficult to trace a fault in a finished work, especially when the work to be
tested is too complex. For the purpose of this project, two stages of testing are involved
i. Pre-implementation testing

ii. Post-implementation testing.

4.1.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

It is carried out on the components before they are soldered to the overboard. This is to ensure that
each component is in good working condition before they are finally soldered to the board. The
components used in this design are grouped into two.

- Discrete components e.g. resistors, light emitting diodes, capacitors, transistors. Etc.

- Integrated circuit components.

The discrete components are tested with a millimeter by switching the meter to the required value
and range corresponding to each discrete component to check for continuity.

4.1.2 POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

After implementing the circuit on a project board, the different sections of the complete system
were tested to ensure that they were in good operating condition. The continuity test carried out is
to ensure that the circuit or components are properly linked together. This test was carried out
before power was supplied to the circuit. Finally, after troubleshooting has been done on the whole
circuit, power was supplied to the circuit. Visual troubleshooting was also carried out at this stage
to ensure that the components do not burn out.

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The circuit was tested in the day time, for that reason, a dark object was allow to pass through the
sensor (LDR) and the lamp was seem powered and when the black object was removed the lamp
was seen gone OFF

4.2 RESULT

The results obtained during the construction states after necessary troubleshooting were
satisfactory. The system was able to respond to its operation.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed in the road for the illumination of such road
or is an electrical device used to create artificial light by use of an electric lamp that is used in the
road. All street light fixtures have a fixture body and a light socket to hold the lamp and allow for
its replacement.

Street lighting can illuminate your road; it can help you to see who is calling at night and deter
criminals from lurking; it can allow you to make the most of a patio during warm summer nights;
and it can create dramatic visual effects of light and shadow among the plants.

Major advantages of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies
have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those
involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in
daylight. External lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in our road where the need for illumination is needed. And
should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel. Working on this topic as my project is a
good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be
given to other students both in higher and lower class.

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