SCIENCE MODULE 4, QUARTER 3

PRETEST
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. B

ACTIVITY 1
1. DNA CODING STRAND: CCC TCA ATC GAG AAA GGT
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: GGG AGT TAG CTC TTT CCA
mRNA: CCC UCA AUC GAG AAA GGU
2. DNA CODING STRAND: ATG GCC TGG ACT TCA GGT
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: TAC CGG ACC TGA AGT CCA
mRNA: AUG GCC UGG ACU UCA GGU
3. DNA CODING STRAND: GGG TGA GCT TTC CCG TTA
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: CCC ACT CGA AAG GGC AAT
mRNA: GGG UGA GCU UUC CCG UUA
4. DNA CODING STRAND: TAC TAT GCC TTA ACC CAT
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: ATG ATA CGG AAT TGG GTA
mRNA: UAC UAU GCC UUA ACC CAU
5. DNA CODING STRAND: TAC ACC GTT ATC GGG CTA
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: ATG TGG CAA TAG CCC GAT
mRNA: UAC ACC GUU AUC GGG CUA

ACTIVITY 2
1. DNA CODING STRAND: CCC TCA ATC GAG AAA GGT
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: GGG AGT TAG CTC TTT CCA
mRNA: CCC UCA AUC GAG AAA GGU
PROTEIN PROLINE, SERINE, ISOLEUCINE, GLUTAMIC
ACID, LYSINE, GLYCINE
2. DNA CODING STRAND: ATG GCC TGG ACT TCA GGT
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: TAC CGG ACC TGA AGT CCA
mRNA: AUG GCC UGG ACU UCA GGU
PROTEIN METHIONINE, ALANINE, TRYPTOPHAN,
THREONINE, SERINE, GLYCINE
3. DNA CODING STRAND: GGG TGA GCT TTC CCG TTA
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: CCC ACT CGA AAG GGC AAT
mRNA: GGG UGA GCU UUC CCG UUA
PROTEIN GLYCINE, STOP, ALANINE, PHENYLALANINE,
PROLINE, LEUCINE
4. DNA CODING STRAND: TAC TAT GCC TTA ACC CAT
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: ATG ATA CGG AAT TGG GTA
mRNA: UAC UAU GCC UUA ACC CAU
PROTEIN TYROSINE, TYROSINE, ALANINE, LEUCINE,
THREONINE, HISTIDINE
5. DNA CODING STRAND: TAC ACC GTT ATC GGG CTA
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND: ATG TGG CAA TAG CCC GAT
mRNA: UAC ACC GUU AUC GGG CUA
PROTEIN TYROSINE, THREONINE, VALINE, ISOLEUCINE,
GLYCINE, LEUCINE

ACTIVITY 3
1. The twenty third pair of chromosomes contains the sex chromosomes.
2. Since it is an XY chromosome, the organism carrying the chromosome is a male.
3. There is a normal amount of chromosome in the karyotypes, supposedly there are 23
pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes.
1. The individual’s karyotype is different because it is missing a chromosome in the sex pair
chromosome. Sex chromosomes are determinant whether the owner of the karyotype is a
male or female.
2. Chromosome pairs 1-22 are called autosomes.

ACTIVITY 4
1. A female typically has two sex chromosomes, XX, however when a female lacks a sex
chromosome, it would result to Turner’s syndrome. Turner syndrome (TS), also known
as congenital ovarian hypoplasia syndrome, is a hereditary condition. It is the most
prevalent sex chromosomal defect in females and males. It's an issue with one of the two
X chromosomes, which are the thread-like structures inside cells consisting of
DNA. There are 3 types of Turner Syndrome, it depends on the problem with the X
chromosome.
 Monosomy X: Each cell has only one X chromosome instead of two. About 45%
of people with TS have this type. It comes from the mother’s egg or the father’s
 sperm randomly forming without an X chromosome. After fertilization, the
baby’s cells also contain this defect.
 Mosaic Turner syndrome: Also called 45, X mosaicism, this type makes up about
30% of Turner syndrome cases. Some of the baby’s cells have a pair of X
chromosomes, while other cells only have one. It happens randomly during cell
division early in pregnancy.
 Inherited Turner syndrome: In rare cases, babies may have inherited TS, meaning
their parent (or parents) were born with it and passed it on. This type usually
happens because of a missing part of the X chromosome.
The most typical symptom of Turner syndrome is stunted height, which appears around
the age of five. It is also quite typical to experience an early loss of ovarian function
(ovarian hypofunction or premature ovarian failure). The ovaries initially grow correctly,
but egg cells (oocytes) frequently die prematurely, and most ovarian tissue degenerates
before delivery. Many afflicted females do not reach puberty unless they are given
hormone treatment, and the majority of them are unable to conceive (infertile). A tiny
fraction of Turner syndrome girls preserves normal ovarian function until young
adulthood. About 30% of Turner syndrome females have additional folds of skin on the
neck (webbed neck), a low hairline at the back of the neck, puffiness or swelling
(lymphedema) of the hands and feet, kidney problems, and skeletal abnormalities. One
third to one half of individuals with Turner syndrome are born with a heart defect, such
as a narrowing of the large artery leaving the heart (coarctation of the aorta) or
abnormalities of the valve that connects the aorta with the heart (the aortic valve).
Complications associated with these heart defects can be life-threatening. Most girls and
women with Turner syndrome have normal intelligence. Developmental delays,
nonverbal learning disabilities, and behavioral problems are possible, although these
characteristics vary among affected individuals.

2. Mutation in food crops is beneficial in order for people to sustain with the desired traits.
These mutations aid in the isolation, identification, and cloning of genes, which will
ultimately aid in the development of crops with enhanced yield, increased stress
tolerance, longer shelf-life, and lower agronomic inputs. Genetically modified crops have
been recorded to reduce environmental and ecological impacts, leading to increases in
species diversity. It is therefore unsurprising that GM crops have been commended by
agricultural scientists, growers, and most environmentalists worldwide. Nevertheless,
advancements in GM crops have raised significant questions of their safety and efficacy.
The GM seed industry has been plagued with problems related to human health and
insect resistance which have seriously undermined their beneficial effects. Moreover,
poor science communication by seed companies, a significant lack of safety studies and
current mistrust regarding GMOs have only compounded problems. Although it would
solve economic and agricultural problems, there are still some security issues with
genetically modified objects especially the safety for human consumption.
 3. I want to be mutated if there's a chance that I would be. I would like to be mutated just
like how captain marvel became a mutate and possess her power by having a superhuman
strength, speed, flight, and energy manipulation. Humans, and other intellectual
creatures are born with the ability to envision. That is, we imagine a desirable objective
and then build a dream in which we achieve it. Humans desire goods for themselves and
others near to them, as well as the praise of their peers as social creatures. Having
attributes that make us better at what we do — such as increased strength, stronger skin,
and so on — is one way we might achieve those desirable results.

PERFORMANCE TASK
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare, hereditary neurological ailment characterized by
neurological issues caused by the loss of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord
(central nervous system). Tay-Sachs disease is caused by mutations in a gene on
chromosome 15 that codes for the enzyme Hex-A synthesis so in the absence of Hex-A, a
fatty substance or lipid known as GM2 ganglioside accumulates improperly in cells,
particularly in brain nerve cells, potentially causing cell damage. It is an autosomal
recessive disorder that has three types- the infantile which begins showing symptoms at the
age of 3 to 6 months, the juvenile which happens in the beginning of childhood, and the late
onset form which would happen in the late childhood to adulthood. The severity of the
signs and symptoms of this disorder varies however the life expectancy of the patients
would depend on its form having the infantile form to have a few years to live, the juvenile
could live up to their teenage lives, and the late onset form does not impact the life
expectancy. Infants with this condition develop an exaggerated startle reaction to loud
noises and as the disease progresses, children with Tay-Sachs disease experience
involuntary muscle twitches (myoclonic jerks), seizures, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia),
vision and hearing loss, and intellectual disability. An eye abnormality called a cherry-red
spot, which is identified by eye examination, is characteristic of this disorder, and the signs
of juvenile and onset form includes muscle weakness, loss of muscle coordination (ataxia),
speech problems, and psychiatric symptoms.

POST TEST
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
6-10. The first step is transcription, which involves replicating the sequence of one gene in
an RNA molecule. An enzyme called DNA polymerase "reads" the DNA and produces a
single-stranded chain of the RNA molecule as a complementary, mirror-image sequence in
order to be expressed into an RNA molecule. RNA splicing is the process of removing
introns (non-coding regions) and reassembling the remaining segments - exons - into a single
chain. RNA splicing allows one gene to code for multiple related types of proteins because
alternative patterns of splicing may be controlled by different factors in the cell. The second
stage is translation, which uses the RNA molecule as a code to produce an amino-acid chain.
The translation process involves three forms of RNA: mRNA, which contains the genetic
code, rRNA, which assists in the construction of the ribosome, and tRNA, which transports
individual amino acids to the ribosome and translation is regulated by several enzymes that
recognize specific nucleotide sequences.