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    6 views11 pages

    Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    Vivek Patil

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11
    ———:thapter=3 S Genaral Design Consideration, . LIntioduction — The development of. complete plant design involves. considéiaLior |___.. different topics The various {functions tinvolves.tn.complete plant. —-——.ake health Safety 1105s prevention and environmental.consideratfar. -——-—|-brie{ly noted items are plant location-plant_layouts plant operttiar | Ubilibies. starage,structural, design, Paterial.handling epatenis'% Nee eee eee uae | Heath and Safety haxards. iin |) Safety haraids, =1#15 highly taxic oF bone toxic mater! idiot injury. - any ca .b) Health 4 hygiene harotd= The material uhichaif fects only, | ___!'sure ak low cancenttation.i5 considered as_heclth ¢ | supimalea | —__\c) Environmental softwares - Vausous infarmatian onafect of | __|cals and physical agents is accessible thtough computer dotabs | -htlp-of softwares aaa | ___.eq: MepLARstoxt7Ne ; Ps | as 10, Chethal dase) = Tacity of materials mensueed byt yrdnidh |_______iimals_. LDso_means the lethal dose at which So: of-thetest ai soals dan urvive » a ? a = |_____.e) Tv ¢ Threshold limit value)- Tt shows the permissible. iE concen: ——_HH1on of for long-teem exposure of humans.ta toxic materials ———f).0SHA Caccupational’ Safety.and health agency) - Publish becommendec [-————Hhuce’of ewposye ~~ +11) Inhalation = 14 is mast-camman Saurce of exposure ta chemicals_and re difficult to control Understanding. of. Sources of contarinats_which {5 ree nm anel control 0 : osed 15 important for recognition» evaluation of horay,\ vapours fn ati Vapours abe formed by allowing Iq -to evaporate to aly IH Laboratory - Gases are Stored oF processed thclosed systems and contamination of ait with such gas occuks from_emission-ot from venting All closed vessels leak 40 Some degree -High value and very toe materials we usually Very tightly. controlled 4p venting ~ Exposures takes place during loading 4 Unloocling y Purnps and valves ~ These are measur: major source of fugitive eri- Sions thats why monitering & maintenance efforts are focused an Se Sources — 6) Solicl handling ~ 1tprowides expesure to contaminants whenever operatior} -[15 performed. tn open atmosphere . Ie ssatintenance ~ Maintenance of any closed system can couse hazardous Exposure Problem.I4 ts performed when plant isn operation here not J 1Oystcalshaxaids presents but also. local. contaminats healeased hose § thermal radiation tepar-ing - Equipment that must. be repatred 44st. should first = uned +0 Fecluce exposure before System 1s opened f units axe Shut. downsSome exposure HSkS cre avatdled Ey sure evaluation SS ~ 4A. estimate of tonicity or hazards (5 need ed 1 for each material identi - = ie inventory -This information for Many-chemicals.tn form of | Material Safety data sheet CMsns) 16 required by the OSHA hazard | |. Communicatron standard 2 = i Exposure hozard conttol Exposure of hazardous sources is takes place. during trans portations — Some. general_conttol principles utilized in reducing exposure of worker ie health bazard is source control;transmissian barrier § personal ee eae ARNT a ale Protection equipments CPPE) sEtve and explosion hazard JLis most clangerous haxrard_occurinchemical plant These tno hara ds. Account for the major loss of 1if.cand property tn. chemical 4. petroleum industry + ee Fo five to occursthere must be fel oxtdirersnd anignitit nsorlrces.. Che minimum cone: of fuel inatr kequired. fob tgnition.at ambiént terape ure-is.Knousnas ‘lowe flammable limit (LFL)". the mixture below.the'Lt ' Lis 400 lean toburo-The conc: abave which ignition will not-oceur 1st _| upper glammable.timit CUFL)!-And the canc-.of oxidirerthak.must —_l present for exposure ignition called. as ‘limiting. oxygeninder.chol)’. best example for fire protection.15_useof_tnsulatting-t material for sie __||Loss_prevent ian ____________- | lose prevention tncludes_t osS.of production 1 praperty-cind bol \y Joss_prevention in_proces s_design.can_be summeti ted_as_follou aaait ln) Tdemtification_- It gives type of lass. |b) Assessment - By this we can_measure major harak, Le) conttol_of-barards = By. an ce Substitution &, cnt ila. e-g: Alarms. Rupture disks. _-id)-Control by.using Special. _techniques_Such a5. “fepattingum’ jtenances ___}e) Some_harard-assessment techniques are Hazard and op-The -- hydrogenation of organics to produce fuels QMIncineration The.contralled oxidotion_of solic liquid and gaseous combustible — Waste to finial Product of carbon dioxide water &ash.rs known 45 iineineration ._ “yt Provides certain advantages when land disposal sites are not avai~ | joule OF 400 Femote for €conamic hauling Incineration notonly reduce. |— = —-jor: tkoting cost_but alsa save pollution=contrel equipment | 4 “Pyrolysis = ot Eo ~ ass i. ~Thi's_ may be.most_ acceptable Foute to. Lseegeling -wastein future In_.|— ieee llp volysi's, -wastes are heated_in air fee chambers oktemp.as highas. {— --— 4|300 226 C16 50°C)—__-——__-__—-_- 7 eee - | 24 provides severaladvantages over incineration i-¢.fewer cir —(|pallutiun. preblems. provide thelr awn fuel degrade ‘burnable praduct § have potential for recovering chemicals or synthesis gas + iy Landfill= : Eee ede eee eee a i hd J : | ~This.15. Simple technique that involves spreading 4 compacting sol wastes inte cells hat ave covered. each doy with soils - Thermal pollution control Temperature agpects Nearly-every physical property af concern inwate Quality management Including density rviscosity s vapour pressur ergas Solubitity & gas diffusion the design engineers has investigar.¢ various S{ESt-com cooling system te handle thermal discharges.from processet Plants. Cooling Lowers ate mast often considered forthis Service follawec sby-caaling pands 4 -Sptaypondss a + Cooling towers may beclassifurd.onthehasis of fluid used for beat-tians Pe dry § wet Coalingtower § mechanical § natural daft cooling toure- ° —+iCooling Ponts.abe. generally only used for heat removetlwhen Susi ve — —fis. Qvailable at reasonable price when land costs. abe toa bigh,s proy_por ——+tan-beused -—-LNoise-contro) = —— — ~The design_enginecr should thelud e noise studces inclesign stages.” = -Lattain efficients effective. practical noise control. itis necessary to.utne | +Stand the tnchividual equipment or process noise Sources stheikacoustic _ — 7 -Propesties 4. cbatackeristics 4 how.they interact to create over’ noise Teuatibns. _ i +Some.typical_process design equipments used are compressors, elect; Motors, Aitcaolers eke. 7 | Th. €-geographical location of final plant have Strong. ing luence on succe: | lof dntindustrai venture. The plant Should_be located where the minimur | )C0St.of_ptoduction 4 distribution can be abtained_. The follows ing-factors Should _be considered in selecting plant site ee 4)Ra: uimaterial availability = This {s_mast_importont factor because lor Afon.neas. tau. material source gives considerable keduction tin :ranspo- Hatton 4 storage chasrges.. —+2) Market. ~The location of maiket affects the cost of-Product el istribati! ony and (ime vequiked for shipping Energy aynilability- Power & steam Fequivernents are high th most Wheusti ies ¢ fuct is required to supply these utilities The Cleckrolytre i Processes requires cheap source of- electricity & plant using thi's are often| “scated neartarge hydroclectric Installation and it gives.moke economic | operatron : 4) chimate~ Excessive humidity or extremes of hot oF colld wather can have serious affects on ecomic operation of plant 4 these factors IE Should be examined when selecting plant site ~ > Transportation fascilities - Waters tailraads 4 highways.are.cammon |_ Ways of transportation used for major industrial concern -I¢ possible ithe plant site Should have access to.all three types cratleast two. 7 jtupes Shatild beavailable - 4 10 Water Supply - The process industries Uselarg e quantitres of water | Hor cooling .Steam generation 4.05. arawmaterial therefore plant must be located where dependable Supply.of water-is available. A large river |. ‘ovlake.is preferable, although deep wells are satisfactory. : |s3-waste disposal ~In recent. years» many legal restrictfons have been SsJaced_on methods for disposing of waste materials from process_tndu~ Isuvies -The site selected for plant Should hove adequate capacity and | [te cilrtves for-correct waste disposal». — \8) abour Supply=The type 4 Supply.of-labour ovailability tin vicinity of ‘0. Frnposed_plant site must be examined - a L __|9)Taxction &.1egal restriction ~ state § local tax rates_an property fncom| unemployment thnsurance & similar items vary from one location to lomother. Similarly, local regulations on Xonting /building.codes_and |nuisance aspects Can have major influence on final choice ofa plant: Ihep Site characteristics ~The topography of the track of land 4the | soil Structure must be considered.they pr both may have pronounced |— effect on construction costs = = | Hood and five pretection~ Many industrial plants.arc located slong there are risks of food arburrreanedamag * Before Selecting a.plant site +the kegrnal_histary of natural. events.s be examined 4. consequence of suchoccurrences considered +,:¢! ~12). community factors The chatacter & facilities of- communtig: quiteeffectantocation of plant. cultural facilities of commubity o 1 Sees fe oad Grou tene es 5 Plant Layout, |—___s this Jayout-can_play.2n important part in determining construction ie Manufacturing costs 4 thus must be planned cavefully tiith aticstc' Qtven.ta future problems that may arise: The fotlawing factors Should. -fonsidered before developing plant Iayout ~~ 0 New site development or addition to previously developed site. 2 Typeand quantity of products tobe produced us) Type of process 6 product control _i-¢ DCs. | _#?operational:-conveniences 4. accessibility | ____|s) Econamical distribution of services |.6Typeof_bulilelings 4 building ~code +equirements (Blue ee | 3) Health 4 Safety considerations —_ p____ 2) Waste-dispasal requirements i.e ETP : | —_9) Aunuillary equipment 10) Space available § space required ___ WRacds 4 tailrands: 2dPessible future expansion HIVE¥S Ok meay water Source, tan. EE Preparation ofthe layout —— ~D Elementary layouts are deve oped fixet this inckades. ceetle dau ramings po Completetwith elevabion_indications_and shows. relationship between Stora ~-Spoce4.cfletating equipments — =— — lateness spep gins primary inyout posed ee materials, unit Operations. Storage 4 future expansion_with consideration. of-the safe

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