20-0):23 Friday The eynabian oF continnity C Derive) a a BS Ss BY Wher @ region oF Fluid Conon heikhey Sources Noy SinicS, chat 1S LO Soy Wher here ATL Ne InJerS OY oUt)ekS Lhrough Which fluid Can PHkey oy JEWREML VOI|on, tthe amouk OF Fwid wikhinkhe vedjon IS Conserved IA AccoFAanle Wikh he Principle of ConSemvarsen oF Macken Lek DS be A CloSed SUTFace ATawh inche Fluid And catcen Fixed in SPace. SUPPESe IL Cont tins AvVolume DV oF Khe Fiuid and lee P= PCmwt,4) be Khe Fluid | density ak ahy Point C2902) oF Khe Fiwid in BY Uk AHY Kime &- SUPPESe Dis the Nik ovkward ~drawh Normal AE any su7Face Pos le. chat Lhe Fiutd Pressuve 15 a Minimum ab a constriction: This result is rather Surpaising Intuitively: eteer CeTtaInly Wr The vesule must mean [hat When a One -dimensichal Flow is | censtyicteds the Prescure whersy of Ehe | | Siwid js moscly converted into Icineeic Lhergy. Is hI5S the difference of meniscus | fevers inthe mertury:manomecer and o the | “densicy oF mercy» then fs i pPeeogh PO | Ss that @ abd ®@ Shable yito be Sourd . The mass SF Hawid sroWihg through che lun constricted Part ofthe Pipe Perianit | Jaime ts Chen Parsis i) oBouts oS NEE VK Uni Sox: Sevearn af POUR P) oy "4 - The above diagram Shows a derbleé OF Vector moment P= AS GIN aw hi sor” SETaM’ Whese Velocity inkhe absence OF Lhe doubier, would 62 = Ui WE first Find khe Velocity potential G/B) OF Khe Fed Poiht P in ehe Fwid havihs sphevical Folor | coordinates CH M9) TF pmis &he perpendicn | ‘hen Khe SP OK and jf oM=*% al at P dueto * qhat due te che a ois Cpces ere 0 Lhat the total Vole d&9 | Potential at PS Ger, 8) = LOTth® ponehks ob Pare | Khe Streamtine | pUblet at © -}o% From P ok jee Toe | is Ux=OF cost -2) cose. @O This&he velecity Com Were eee oy 0 2K) a >® ey 08 7 Yge=o-l 2 =o FSinB® From C2), we see that Yao, Whenever Cidcosezo, io, S= Ls Les! Cite C2p/up Y3 write a= Cen 3, S50 that P=hua? bua? Theh It Follows Khat herve is no Saw | over the suxface Of he seve vea- Thr fact for F 2a, wWIkKh AHL V0? sub sbieute | iw @ swe obtain Precisely the Same Velocity Potentfal AS was obtained | Sow Uhl form Fjow Past A Stationary | sphere of radius XK. Thus) for-the Yegioh | Tea, theanalysis of KAS SPheve Problem iS the Same AS that OF Khe difele being ; in&khe Aivection oF i+Sources, SinleS Bhd Dowbl ees Suppose AL A Poiht Olma Fluid the Frow is such chat iis divected | | Padiatiy OVvkWards from Oo jh all directions | ‘ " | Akd inna Symm e&rica) Mahner Theh Fiaid | [eh ters the, system byough O Which js stemmed a Simple source. If at © the volume Leheering Per Unit Lime is Gsem, Where LM iSa Constant sthenthe Strength oF | he source 7s defined ko bem. ¥CO EO Ts Fiaid Fovleves she Souf 1S such hoe Wd is ayyec pe Wected yadiaty inwards 0 7 n \Vrect; ie W Al rections jn a symmetrical ahh . ae RT then Fluid leaves the system obo [WAYch is Levmed a simPle sinie A Sink OF SATOH! \ Sth Mis a source of Strensth~M The above diagram shows a SIMP/S Source of styehgth m at oin a Frid Which JS Presumed 0 contain tho other Sources OF Sines And which Weald otherwise be at FESE- Sis Khe Suvface OF Lhe srhere centre O and radius T AhAP ISA Fieidoh 5 SUCH Lhok OP Ht thenche Fuid Verecity Oe F }is % along GP ard the magnicvde vy is everywhere constant OVET S: The volume oF | Fluid Crossing S Pee apie dime 15 £hUS GTN: | chat emitted from o Per whic Kime is GFM: | since the Fwid iS Incompressiele ; hese Wo are 2Vual FrOM consi devotions oF Copmtinunity - Ths | N= D> yen. 20 ee Tis easily Shows Khat CWIV=O CexcePt at ¥=9) So hak Khe Flow is OF Lhe potentia) kind, Let be the velocity Pokehtial ak Ps From Cohsidevoklobs. of Symmetry» P= PCV) And Fhars, wg = glCntThus, B! Cv) mene ~ andse, FCM= Myx >@ Now, SAPPose we have Simple. Sources OF Strengths —mMat oand mato! Im asivid, Where Oo'=ss. Lee P be any | Ofher Font inthe Flurd sick that OPS, o! o'P =P). TA the Soljowihg we Shall) use 101, T!=I)0'), 8S =) 8s]-AlSo Jee p=mss. Now SuPpose that mses, Ss oe ih Such a Way chat pr Temoalns Sinpee and Conscant. Theh ih the limit he two Sources £m, of IBFIniLelY great. magnitude ahd coincident ALO, NYE Saidto be Cons +)4Ute] a Khyee — Aimensional doublet ox dipole at o- The VUahdicy PIS termed Khe mement of i obo ee oF the doublet. The Wantity | Ww Spa ue & side Unik Veckeeinehe | ] Ajrection Gor WS Called the Vectox mement | OF the cloubset- iEe Also Khe divection of & is that oF the AXTS OF Khe dourblet: Let Us how find Khe vepociey reer! ALP duets Lhe doublet ato: FoF Lhe | SOhFi guration Shasn, ASSumih 9 Khe Fyow +° | Be shtively due to —m ato and Mort a | . | The velocity 'Ppocential oft Pis, G= OD -m =mes-) iy av aoe cere = mest) vr! Coat") = mcr!) craved al Cra ld | = mss. (ver) | yr) Cr4) | =p cred | er! Cran | Now, KeePo Fixed, aha 12 ol>o | Sothat TST Staying conscart: The in | she vimit we have | ge crn? 2@ | wich Leea! =, other euivalent Sows | for Pave oa Cwedov” = py cose >@ the last fooms Shows hat %=PsCr)/0) Sothat the axis of Khe doublet is ah AXIS OF SymmetTY ASIS Phy sicany ObVioWs-Taleing PO have sppevicrl Polar cootdiag CBP) VeFferved Lo Khe axis IF che Aoublet aS Thikial fe, che Velocity i Pokential oe P being Pore) = CH CoSQ)/7?, ak P We Find the velocity com Parents ave Veo 26 2ncese 2 x2 VQ=-1 2g '_ psine ie 2 Wy = a1 ab co ¥SINe ay OF Khe Streamlines OVE Ya conse is THA SiKG Thus the Stveamlhes: jie ih Planes PASSING LhToUSh Khe Gis OF Khe dourb)et- They ave symmetrical het only WiKK res Pect to OX bUt also akeut the Plane @= 1. The above diadsram Shows | (A St Sieekch OF Khem.The Sorm $618) = Cpcose)/¥ | Shows that Drak Points other whan ov Must SOeissy Che axiahy symmetrical SPherical folay Form of Laplace's eyuaticnUNTT —Ws Viscous FULrD SEMESS COMPoHeNnkS IN A Real Fiuid z aan a SFr ay Lee $s bea smati rigid Plane aren . : : a Insereed aL A Point PIN aA VISCOWS Fi okes Crest) Are vederred Cavtesian Coordin Reo Seu eu ehicced ihsces -OROY foe, > Si ace khac SEn is the force e2certed by the moving FiniA on One side OF 8S, Khe Unik Vecte?™ being tatcen £o specify Khe nowmal KE F £055 MHEhIS Side. WE Ichow chat In-che Case oF Bh inviscid Fruid, SEN IS ALigHeA WIKH bh. FOOT A NMiscous Fluid, however» Fvictiohal Sorces Ave cated into Play between Khe Fluid and the suvface so that SFA WII Also have a ComPohent £anIeNLIAl Lo S5.WER SAPPose the CavsteSian ComPonents OF SFHtkO be CSFnacy SFry.SFnz).Se Lhat BFH=SFnx 3 + SFayo +S Fos Then the ComPoNentsS oF Stress Parallel to the axes ave defined to be Phy: PeWhere Pox = lien e- 7 ates : BSBo Pry = lira (Gas SF ldarl S20 $s AS foe = (IM pene = dfx. %S Do As Frche comfohents Phos Pry Tre: he Fiost SusFice H denotes the disectioh zhe nowmal to the elemental Plane $s: Khe Second Sugfise xsy,08 2%, Aenctes the (AE CkIon In Which che ComPenent is measured | TS we idenciey Win curh wikhLhe anit Veckots 73. in 5%, O99 S* CUlhi ch is achieved ky Suitable FL~ovientkakihg $8), WR obLaAIN Lhe following thwee Sets OF BLVESS Components, Pax.» Pry- Pxzi Py, Pus. Pex 5 Press Preys Pee { The Ajagona) Riemehtes Poa Pyy | Por of his AVTAY At Called hormal or | direct stresses, The vermaining sic elemenks Ate called Shearin® Stresses. For an inviscid Fluid, Pro = Pus =Pevs-Ps Puy © Prt oie 0here, We regard the Aivect Stvesses AS PoSicive When they ave Lensije and om Wheh Compressive) So that Pis the hy d tos eoceic Pressure. | | The matricc Pao Puy PRL Pyx Psy Pat Pex Pry Pte is caved the stvess morvix Ienowledse OF }€S CemPonehkS Shables us to Calculake he oka) For ceS OH AHY ABCA AK AHY Chosen Poink The GrontkiGi€S Pjj Cisjc Soy ave catied the ComPohents OF Khe Skvess kenSox Whose maxrix iS OF the above form. Cleayly Fis IS A Second- ordes tensor:GQ) The COEFFI cient OF VISCOCILY Ahd Laminoy Law NG Leek pte PU PLU ay r LiL. Lilt As Zz 7 Y Fixed PlaneThe diagarm Shows Lwo Paratiel Planes Zoo, Z=h ASMaN distance h a Pare, khe space between CONEAIHING A Chin Fi1m oF Viscous Fuld. The Plane veo is held Fisced Whilst ‘he UPpey Plane is Iveh A Constant Velocicy Vi9Fhk-wWards OF amounk Vj- Theh Provided Nis hot erccessively Javges Khe jayers OF Vi~nid im contact With 7=0 AYeA atk FES Whilst those ik contact With T=h Are Moving Wikh Velocity Nj oie kheve iS ho SIiP bekWeen Suid and either sutFace A Velocity gradient IS Sek UP inthe Fiuta becween ‘Khe Planes, AL Some Pojht PCxsYzZ) ih between Khe Planes khe fiurd Velocity will be Vj -wheve oévey AhA Vis IndePendeht of WY: THUS When z is Fixed, Nis Fixed: j-e-) Khe Fluid moves in Jayess Parallel co -khe twe Planes. Such Flow iS Sezmed Jaminer. Due Lo Khe VISCOSILY OF dhe fiuid khewe i$ Friction between Lhese Pasalie\ layers Eocperimental Worle Shaws hat the Shearing stress onthe moving Plane is PV oPfostiona) ko V/h Whe his sussicienely SMAI. Thus We waitt khis stress inthe FFom. WA U/_ whewe Wis a constant Called “he coesFicjene of Visociey.Now SufPese hdo . Then Khe StVESS OW Lhe Fiaced Ploahe is 2 wtim (L) =e AL 20 Puy ie i) Bm aT Tn Khe equation We Put W=s) W=0 VevC1), chon We Obtain Pry= ACAV/AL, Fave ov Pyx =? 2@ The ewation 0, @, abeve Clearly Shows hak, : p=p >@o }-@ the Constant WK OF IS Lhe Coesficient oF Vis viscogity. From O above we yeadily Find cho Aimensions oF f&» Thus Cyj= Cre L (met 4) /* =mc'+1o@ Cav/dz Cor) et Wheve MU SISHIFY mass, yengLK and Lime In AeVOdYHaAMiIcs ,a rather move IPSILON PVraneicy is £he Icinemakic Coe FFicient oF Viscosity v definedky = hr oo Thus, Ov = 12 771 36 Fox most Fluids, w defends on khe Pressure And temperature: foo Yases, | ACcording to the icineric theory, Wis independent of She Pressure but decreases lwikh the temPevoture: iiiThe First Law of Thermo &Yhamics. The Sirsk Law oF A hermod Yhamics ASSeTKS Khe nakuTa)\ RYWViv ayer Ce bexkween | Keak AHA MEeChANIC AI worls: Thrs heotk iS Held Le bea gorm oF RAL7AY AHA ih Sack tventises onkhe \cibexic Rnergy OF gases jRdicake Khotk heat anergy iS mechanical She79y oh Ache Molecular SCAle.— a. = — orieing Substance F | oe —l> su We FJovmulate &he SiTSt law mathemati Cais: To ahs hd Consider the model AePicked ih Above Siguye Showihg a LIGht- Firting Piston JAA CYCHnATICA) VNC)OSING A COMPYESSIBIC MALETIA) , OF | Wotlcih9 SabSe AAR } bStance as ik is uSually CaledT ; he apPayacus is thermally insuiaced [Stem jks swrrommdings - SafFese schat a Anonticy 54 oF heat Cineasare dr in Mechpical wniks) 7S applied &6 the Wom leing Subse SC2 540M oueside: A force F IS applied so *! ed WI) produce he pisteoh. | dcher che WeO* SPP we effecks* Cte Wil increase Lhe Inkerha) energy oF she wotleihg Substance by aN amount Sv | | Ci) Te wil) Perform VSeFe) 2fretha] | Worle Bul againss «he applied Sore F- | TA viveue of &he PITSk 1% | sehermod yhomics jx Follows chat w oF gazevesw 20 ov in diggerenkial Sor™ daqzedvordy > @ Equation © isthe rarkhorn acct Col Formulacion Shot is usually Jiver oF Khe First |aw- The extretnal Force Fis | gw= F St gu = PASX = PEN Cov? dw=pav > ; SubsSeituking ® in @, we ge / dasdurP ow0323 fidos O_o Tneesnay BWergy of A Gas The inkey hal energy oF @ IAS may i ZL LRPVESSEd IK keTMs of Khe Measurable — Woy j HEUES PLP, T.since chese HhYee FJ woncia’ MONEIATRS Ove Yelated Khrough 4he | iS i Yuatlon of state, Lhe internal “QANVWaY May be Vsepyessed ASA FuNnckich OF AhY £we of Khe hye Yrancicies. | LEE US SUPPose Eat UIs VacPvessed | AS W Function oF vo T Where V= YP, Lhe Notume of unit mass OF 9as Then | I When changes SviST AVE Madejn VT, | | Aeia atkehdant Change ih VIS Sus ae) By (es $T. ov ds at)w Where Covsavjr means Khe 7 \s leepk Constant in Khe A sFFe ventiatin, beece. we describe AHex PeriMent due to Joure which Indicates Khat For MAhY IJASeS Cavusavyis Se Very Smart ws Ee he hea yi gible. Low high order oF we Can shen jngserehor Ih such Cases, Approx imaki sh, = UCT). | The above diagram shows the APPATALUS used bY Joule: vessel AIS connected so Vessel 3B KhYOUDH A SLOP COCle and PoTAS PLUg. A CohtaihS See IAS at hish Pressure and BIS VSvacuted. When Khe | StoPceck IS opened gas Fows From vA | [nto ByThe @heive apparatus is Lherymany IAsulated Ana ho Lemp wave Change con be deletted aga vesule OF Khe PASSAGE OF YAS Fram ALO B.IS VSUCNITI. Chen Latcing STs, Following fhe escpevimencal -evidence () Shaws hot ‘ SU = (BON BY OS = ee 9 AC) 3 Porous PlUd : Now ho heat is suPhiied Fram outside AKA he VrxkeTHal Wort Is ddhe So Khae BUto. Ths’ @ BWerg hal ay iv mk St OS Since Suto. © shaws that Cov/avor=0 And hence Chat Veuve. ' With ackual gases, However, a Smatl CemPeracave vise Canbe detected With SUFFP cent Accuvacy/ oF Measuvement The Velation Yous is Rocactly rve for, a Perfect IAs but Not for AhY other. A CLUAIY. Khe IHAR HY! SHLTSy V OF A given oF Ja5 MAY be WTIELEN In £ be foun NSE+TZ,a Where 15 the Kkinekic eberdy due-ko Ehe “Toh Slatory Meklen oF the JaS Molecules ond T'S the ererey ascribabie-ke ar other causes SUCH AS Molecutar yo Laken ahd VibTatigh , ond 415° | ae Po&ential ehergy of the molecules due to thar THERYMaIeC UlaY attraction §. FOr A perfect gag che ™Meecules ave deemed to hove he Size and hence no TeeALIONA) OF Wibratiohal QBHersy ahd Homutunl) BERTACKI ons and hehCe V=ESECTIZIN accordance wists the 5 shed F 1 however L=TCvI+9" ee Peviment described: Forge! Sasesai Discu SS AHe Stow Sor which wot? Sols _ ; Lee, We ptiy Ta x+iy we1r Cgaiy) =Cxutiy” Priy =werwy +i 2g Eyuacing Veal AHA THNATINAS PANS Bo xeyr D RMIT = Consent’ Y =r |S Dy = Consk ank The KWo Farires oF ewYVeSs CUE Lack OFKVT oTKhSIhALNYDISCUSS Khe PFjowW ANS’ Lo KANFTM lhe doerb) et ak o OF skvenseh ® Per Whit th AG AFIS SLLIKD Heh OX ' Jeng Soll The compler Porerriar WF PEXI8DIS bee al ut Cet, we 6 71% Textiy 2 + _ wed aw ae ae oak evi Ce S| = a Sty = wei? p 0% 3) aye rp =:Go por ™, PRs shy A, oe —_—__ wT gaee 3 Sinc® Fis conse D> PE = const Ry = Bt —xr*y% Cons& : =D xtey? = 1 Wipeve, 1) = abe Const SstHce Y JS Const Con Se = — PY Kaye pegs Ss OA Wek zleey | Conss, . : 1 Wheve, ekki = Cons The JITSe Farsly Have Cebtves Lhe Second CeHerves Chere) AAA Arad) Icy" Coylee) ARA vad)i Ico’ f Ke aDtwe Famsjes NVe mukAally ‘A o rkhe gon)