CHAPTER FIVE

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
5.0 Introduction

Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. It helps in studying the problem where
solutions are to be derived fully or partly from the facts. Research is a process of investigation
and an examination of a subject from different points of view. It is a hunt for the truth. It is
getting to know a subject by reading up on it, reflecting, playing with the ideas, choosing the
areas that have interest and following up on them. A research design is a plan of action. It is a
plan for collecting and analysing data in an economic, efficient and relevant manner. According
to Bernard Philips, it is a „blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.‟
According to Kerlinger, „Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation
conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variance.‟ „Research is
considered to be the more formal, systematic and intensive process of carrying on the scientific
method of analysis. It involves a more systematic structure of investigation usually resulting in
some sort of formal record of procedure and a report of results in conclusion.‟ „Research is an
honest, exhaustive, smart look for facts and their meanings or implications close to a given
trouble. It is the method of arriving at dependable answers to problems thru deliberate and
systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of records. The great search is that which is
reliable, verifiable and exhaustive, so that it provides statistics in which we believe.‟

Study‟s methodology is a way to systematically clear up the research hassle. It could be

understood as a science of studying how studies are accomplished scientifically. In it we have a
look at the numerous steps which are usually adopted by using a researcher in studying his
research hassle along with the logic behind them. Its miles vital for the researcher to recognise
no longer simplest the studies techniques/strategies but also the methodology. researchers not
simplest want to recognise a way to broaden certain indices or tests, a way to calculate the imply,
the mode, the median or the standard deviation or chi-square, the way to apply precise studies
techniques, however in addition they need to recognize which of these strategies or strategies, are
relevant and which aren't, and what could they mean and imply and why. Researchers
additionally want to recognize the assumptions underlying numerous techniques and they need to
understand the standards via which they could determine that certain techniques and procedures
could be relevant to certain troubles and others will no longer. All which means it's far important
for the researcher to design his methodology for his problem because the equal may additionally
fluctuate from trouble to problem. as an example, an architect, who designs a building, has to
consciously compare the premise of his choices, i.e., he has to assess why and on what
foundation he selects precise size, variety and vicinity of doors, windows and ventilators, makes
use of precise materials and now not others and the like. In addition, in research the scientist has
to reveal the studies choices to evaluation earlier than they're carried out. He has to specify very
simply and exactly what choices he selects and why he selects them so they may be evaluated by
others also. From what has been said above, we can say that research method has many
dimensions and research techniques do represent part of the study‟s methodology. The scope of
studies method is wider than that of studies methods. accordingly, while we communicate of
studies technique we no longer most effective speak of the studies methods but also don't forget
the logic behind the methods we use inside the context of our research study and explain why
we're using a specific approach or technique and why we aren't using others so that studies
consequences are able to being evaluated both via the researcher himself or by using others. why
a studies observe has been undertaken, how the research hassle has been defined, in what way
and why the speculation has been formulated, what facts were gathered and what precise
approach has been adopted, why particular technique of analysing statistics has been used and a
bunch of similar different questions are usually answered while we speak of research technique
concerning a studies hassle or examine.

5.1Targets of Studies

The cause of research is to find out solutions to questions thru the software of scientific
techniques. The primary goal of research is to discover the fact that is hidden and which has not
been determined as but even though each study take a look at has its personal specific motive, we
may think of research targets as falling into some of following broad groupings:

1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to acquire new insights into it (research with this
item in view are termed as exploratory or formative studies);

2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular man or woman, scenario or a group

(research with this object in view are called descriptive studies research);

3.To decide the frequency with which something occurs or with which it's far related to
something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
4. To check a speculation of a causal courting among variables (such studies are known as
speculation-checking out studies research).

5.2 Forms of Studies

The basic forms of research are as follows:

(i) Descriptive vs. Analytical:Descriptive studies consists of surveys and fact-finding enquiries
of various kinds. The important purpose of descriptive studies is description of the scenario
because it exists at gift. in social science and commercial enterprise studies we pretty often use
the time period ex publish facto research for descriptive research studies. The primary
characteristic of this approach is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can
simplest document what has happened or what's going on. Most ex submit facto studies projects
are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to degree such items as, as an
example, frequency of shopping, possibilities of humans, or comparable facts. Ex-submit facto
studies additionally consist of attempts via researchers to find out causes even when they cannot
manage the variables. The strategies of research utilized in descriptive studies are survey
techniques of all kinds, consisting of comparative and correlational methods. In analytical
research, on the other hand, the researcher has to apply statistics or facts already to be had, and
examine those to make a essential assessment of the cloth.

(ii) Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can both be applied (or action) research or fundamental
(to fundamental or pure) studies. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate
trouble dealing with a society or an industrial/commercial enterprise employer, whereas essential
research is in particular concerned with generalisations and with the formula of a concept.
“Amassing information for knows-how‟s sake is called „natural‟ or „basic‟ research.”four studies
concerning a few natural phenomena or referring to pure arithmetic are examples of essential
research. further, research, regarding human behaviour carried on to be able to make
generalisations approximately human behaviour, are also examples of fundamental studies, but
research aimed toward positive conclusions (say, an answer) going through a concrete social or
commercial enterprise trouble is an example of applied research.

Research to identify social, financial or political trends which can have an effect on a particular
group or the copy studies (research to find out whether or not sure communications might be
read and understood) or the advertising studies or assessment research are examples of applied
research. as a result, the critical intention of implemented studies is to find out an answer for a
few pressing realistic troubles, whereas fundamental research is directed closer to locating
information that has a huge base of packages and as a result, provides to the already present
organized frame of medical knowledge.

(iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative:Quantitative research is based on the measurement of amount

or amount. It is relevant to phenomena that may be expressed in phrases of amount. Qualitative
research, then again, is worried with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena regarding or
involving first-class or type. For example, when we're inquisitive about investigating the motives
for human behaviour (i.e., why humans assume or do positive things), we quite regularly
communicate of „motivation studies‟, an essential form of qualitative research. This form of
studies goals at discovering the underlying motives and goals, using intensive interviews for the
cause. Other strategies of such studies are word affiliation exams, sentence of entirety exams,
tale completion exams and similar other projective strategies. Attitude or opinion research i.e.,
studies designed to discover how human beings experience or what they consider a particular
situation or institution is likewise qualitative studies. A qualitative study is specifically essential
inside the behavioural sciences where the intention is to discover the underlying reasons of
human behaviour. Through such studies we will analyse the various factors which inspire human
beings to act in a selected manner or which make people like or dislike a selected issue. it is able
to be stated, however, that to use qualitative research in practice is exceptionally a difficult task
and consequently, whilst doing such research, one need to are searching for steering from
experimental psychologists.

(iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual studies is that related to a few abstract idea(s) or
theory. It is normally utilized by philosophers and thinkers to expand new principles or to
reinterpret existing ones. Alternatively, empirical research is predicated on enjoy or statement on
my own, frequently without due regard for device and principle. It is statistics-based totally
studies, developing with conclusions which are capable of being confirmed by using
commentary or experiment. We also can call it as experimental sort of research. In one of these
studies it is necessary to get at records first-hand, at their supply, and actively to go
approximately doing sure things to stimulate the manufacturing of desired information. In this
kind of studies, the researcher must first provide himself with a working speculation or wager as
to the in all likelihood results. He then works to get enough statistics (data) to prove or disprove
his speculation. He then sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manage the
individuals or the substances concerned with the intention to bring forth the favoured data. Such
studies is thus characterized by way of the experimenter‟s manage over the variables beneath
observe and his deliberate manipulation of one among them to examine its outcomes.

Empirical studies are appropriate when evidence is sought that positive variables have an effect
on different variables in a few way. Proof accumulated through experiments or empirical studies
is today taken into consideration to be the maximum effective support feasible for a given
hypothesis.

(v) Some different kinds of studies: all different varieties of research are versions of one or
more of the above stated procedures, primarily based on both the motive of research, or the time
required to perform studies, at the environment in which studies is done, or on the basis of some
other similar thing. shape the factor of view of time, we are able to think about studies either as
one-time studies or longitudinal studies. In the former case the studies is constrained to a
unmarried time-duration, while in the latter case the studies is carried on over several time-
intervals. Studies can be area-setting studies or laboratory studies or simulation research,
depending upon the environment wherein it is to be carried out. Studies can as nicely be
understood as scientific or diagnostic studies. Suchresearch observes case-examine strategies or
in-intensity techniques to attain the primary causal members of the family. Such studies
commonly go deep into the causes of things or activities that interest us, using very small
samples and really deep probing records accumulating gadgets. The studies can be exploratory or
it can be formalized.

The goal of exploratory studies is the development of hypotheses instead of their trying out,
whereas formalized studies are those with massive structure and with unique hypotheses to be
examined. Ancient research is that which utilizes historic assets like documents, remains, and so
on.

To observe events or thoughts of the past, which include the philosophy of individuals and
agencies at any far-off factor of time?Studies can also be classified as end-oriented and decision-
orientated. At the same time as doing end orientated research, a researcher is unfastened to
choose up a hassle, redecorate the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he
desires. Decision-orientated research is constantly for the want of a choice maker and the
researcher in this case isn't always loose to embark upon studies consistent with his personal
inclination. operations studies is an instance of choice oriented research in view that it's miles a
scientific technique of providing executive departments with a quantitative foundation for
decisions regarding operations under their manipulate.

5.3 Research Strategies

The above description of the styles of studies brings to mind the truth that there are two
fundamental tactics to investigate, viz., quantitative method and the qualitative method. The
previous entails the generation of facts in quantitative form which can be subjected to rigorous
quantitative evaluation in a proper and inflexible style. This approach can be in addition sub-
categorised into inferential, experimental and simulation procedures to research. the cause of
inferential technique to investigate is to shape a statistics base from which to deduce traits or
relationships of populace. This commonly means survey studies where a sample of populace is
studied (wondered or discovered) to decide its characteristics, and it is then inferred that the
population has the same traits. Experimental technique is characterised by an awful lot extra
manipulate over the studies surroundings and in this situation some variables are manipulated to
have a look at their effect on other variables. Simulation approach entails the development of an
artificial environment inside which applicable statistics and facts can be generated.

This permits an observation of the dynamic behaviour of a system (or its sub-device) underneath
managed situations. The term „simulation‟ within the context of commercial enterprise and social
sciences programs refers to “the operation of a numerical model that represents the structure of a
dynamic manner given the values of preliminary situations, parameters and exogenous variables,
a simulation is administered to represent the conduct of the process over time.” simulation
method also can be useful in building fashions for information destiny situations. Qualitative
approach to analyze is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, reviews and behaviour.
Research in any such state of affairs is a feature of researcher‟s insights and impressions. Such a
method to investigate generates results both in non-quantitative form and inside the form which
are not subjected to rigorous quantitative evaluation. Normally, the strategies of consciousness
institution interviews, projective techniques and depth interviews are used. a majority of these
are explained at period in chapters that follow.
Thereare predominant tactics in educational studies. The primary is a fundamental technique.
This method is also referred to as an academic research approach. The second approach is carried
out research or a settlement research method. Both of those techniques have exceptional
purposes which have an impact on the nature of the respective studies.

5.3.1Primary method

Fundamental or academic research makes a speciality of the look for reality or the improvement
of educational theory. Researchers with this background "layout studies that may take a look at,
refine, modify, or develop theories". Generally, those researchers are affiliated with an academic
institution and are performing this research as a part of their graduate or doctoral paintings.

5.3.2Implemented technique

The pursuit of statistics that can be immediately implemented to exercise is aptly referred to as
carried out or contractual research. Researchers in this subject are attempting to find answers to
existing academic problems. The method is an awful lot greater utilitarian as it strives to discover
information in order to without delay has an impact on exercise. Implemented researchers are
commissioned by using a sponsor and are answerable for addressing the needs provided with the
aid of this agency. The aim of this research is "to decide the applicability of instructional theory
and concepts with the aid of checking out hypotheses inside particular settings".An exploratory
method of research is adopted to carry out the research work because the investigator wants to
find out the level of performance of selected management institutes by analysing their
performance and comparing it with the standard laid down by the NAAC. The criterion
prescribed by NAAC and NBA. Are described and they are taken as base for measuring the
performance of selected management institutes.

In the present study a mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analysing and
'mixing' both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or a series of studies to
understand a research problem. The basic assumption is that the uses of both quantitative and
qualitative methods, in combination, provide a better understanding of the research problem and
question than either it. Since the present study was to evaluate quality assurance in higher
education institutions, the „programme evaluation‟ frame of reference was kept in mind while
planning and executing this research.
The programme evaluation is based on qualitative data, being different from traditional research
methods as Patton (1990) explains: qualitative methods consist of three kinds of data collection:
(i) in-depth open-ended interviews; (ii) direct observations and (iii) written documents. In the
present study, qualitative method was used in terms of documentary analysis of NAAC reports
and other relevant research material along with responses to open-ended questions recipients (i.e.
students) in higher education institutions. Also structured questions along with fixed responses
categorized were used in interview schedule to have quantitative data.

Questionnaire Design
The questionnaire has been constructed into two sections. First section is framed in such a
manner to gather the necessary information regarding the personal profile of the respondents.
Second section constitutes information about the various factors/variables which affects the
student‟s choice behaviour and the awareness level of students about the accreditation/rating
agencies.

The questions in second section have been framed with the help of Likert‟s 10-point scale (from
1 (least) to 10 (most)) in question no. one, to find out the factors/variables which affects their
choice behaviour at the time of selecting management colleges. It also measures the awareness
level of students about the accreditation/rating agencies and the rating or grading of their present
institution with the national & international rating agencies and it also measures the satisfaction
level of the students with the present institution with the help of Likert‟s 10 point scale (from 1
(least) to 10 (most)) in question no. 03 while in question no. 04 it measure the rate of image of
Institution with the help of Likert‟s 05 point scale (from 5 very good, 4 good, 3 average, 2 bad, 1
very bad).
314 properly filled questionnaires were received from the respondents after explaining to them
the purpose of the study and taken for data analysis.

The present study is a blending of two types of mixed methods research design: exploratory
sequential design that involves qualitative data collection and analysis – to explore the
phenomenon – that leads to quantitative data collection and analysis interpretation; and
multiphase mixed methods design occurs when researchers or a team of researchers examine a
problem or topic through a series of phases or separate studies. The groups of phases or studies
are considered to be a mixed method design and the intent of the design is to address a set of
incremental research questions that all advance one programmatic research objective.

PHASE I: DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS AND TOOL DEVELOPMENT

In first phase two aspects of research were dealt with:

i) Documentary analysis concerning National Assessment and International Rating

Agencies.
ii) Tool development to study views and perceptions of students with regard to concerns in
higher education institutions (HEIs).
1. Documentary Analysis of Manual of (NAAC), Manual of NBA and other manuals of
two International Rating Agencies (AACSB) & (AMBA) and Content analysis was
employed to select out the key issues, statements in these manuals reflecting on quality
issues. Further only the key issues were taken up from reports to bring out academic and
administrative areas where institutions are doing 'well' and 'how well' along with the
issues that pose a 'threat of quality' to education in higher education institutions.
The key words and statements were brought out to document the strengths and
weaknesses of the system. Also, the challenges and opportunities for the colleges and
universities in order to enhance quality of higher education were identified.

2. This hypothesis (H03)would be tested with the help of closed ended structured
questionnaire which would be administered to a sample size of 314 students from
different governmental and non-governmental management institutions of Jhansi district.
This hypothesis would be tested using test of significance(conditional/situational). For
this purpose, the primary and secondary data both will be used.

Primary data will be collected through structured questionnaire. This would offer the
benefits of being low in cost and would be free from the bias as answers would be the
respondents own views, so the results can be made more dependable and reliable. This
would help to find out the student’s perception about rating of colleges in choosing
management colleges/institutions.
 For data analysis researcher used a self-made questionnaire on student‟s perception‟s
which consists 6 general Information questions and 07 Students Choice Behaviour related
questions. Question 02 and 03 rated on 10-point scale and question 04 rated on 5-point
linker type scale. Tool Development Since one of the objectives of the evaluative study
was to gauge views and perceptions of students on three main functions of higher
education institutions – branding,Image and extension – two schedules were constructed
and standardized: It was decided to use three point scale for response pattern to seek
„agreement or disagreement‟ of students.
In the present study, the researcher desired to make use tool in the form of rating scale.
There are two parts of tool to use for this study. This tool has two types of
characteristics:-
(1) The Respondents’ Personal Information, (Section--A)
(2) Students Choice Behaviour,(Section--B)
This is the tool to enquire about the respondents‟ gender, educational qualification,
category etc. This scale was constructed by the researcher. The process of constructing
the scale started by the researcher studied the aspects of the choice behaviour of students
with reference to variousvariables like image of the institution, teaching quality, fees,
physical facilities, research facilities, entry requirements, placements, location etc. and
accreditation status of the Institution.

The scale consisted of 13 statements. Each item has 10 levels of opinion regarding the choice
behaviour of students. The scale is what was important for you when choosing the academic
institution in which you are studying? (Rate on a scale of 1 to 10, where 10 stands for most
important and 1 stands for least important).

Variables
Scale
a. Teaching
Quality Not at all Most
important 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Important
b. Rating of Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
the institution important Important
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
c. Course fee important Important
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d. Provision
Not at all Most
ofaccommodation important Important
e. Image of Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
the institution important Important
f. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Accommodation Not at all Most
cost important Important
g. Entry
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
requirement important Important
h. Physical
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
Facilities important Important
i. Research
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
facilities important Important
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
j. Placements important Important
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
k. Location important Important
l. Friends are Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
studying here important Important
m. Teaching & Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Most
Learning Process important Important

Steps to Construct the Scale:

There are two parts of tool to use for this study. The Likert‟s method is always widely used
method in education has been used. For constructing the scale, method of constructing the
present scale is devised by Likert in 1932. According to this method, the following steps were to
be observed for constructing the scale: -

1. The first step of constructing the tool, the researcher was to study and procure the tools
available in the market. The researcher collected the large number of items depicting the
different aspects of leadership styles form the past research studies and the documents. Then the
researcher started to construct many items as possible that would measure the leadership style.

2. The second step was the screening of the items and scaling the items in 10 points:

3. Prepared the preparation-form of the scale and evaluated the statements in preparation form of
the scale by the help of guide.
4. Selected the statements for the inclusion in the pilot study.

5. Administration of the pilot scale for the purpose of analysing the statements.

6. Determining the validity, discrimination and reliability of the scale.

Selection of the sample for final form of the scale.

After preparing the pilot form of the scale, the researcher administered the scale to the sample.
The sample was hand-picked in such the simplest way that it ought to have the illustration of the
overall population. Hence, it absolutely wasset to follow a random methodology of seeking the
sample.

Scoring of responses on Items

After administering the scale, the next task was to score the scale according to the predetermined
scoring key. The key for scoring the scale the scale is as under. In case of the Items which depict
a positive opinion, while in case of the Items depicting negative opinion the scoring was done in
a reverse order core in this way, the Items which were depicting positive opinion would score 10
to 1 and the negative opinion scored 1 to 10. This data was utilized for the purpose of item
analysis.

Reliability of the Tool

Its means should be established; no matter how carefully the scale was planned and prepared. It
is therefore necessary that this step be performed, to check and its‟ results be reported to users of
the test to enable them to evaluate better. In short, a scale must show sufficient evidences of its
reliability. A scale without the items of its reliability would be of a little value.

For the method of estimating reliability there are different methods of establishing the reliability
of the scale. These are following: - (1) Equivalent Method, (2) Test-retest, (3) Split-half, (4)
Rulon, (5) Analysis of Variance (6) Flanagan.

In the present study, the researcher decided to use the test-retest method of estimating the
reliability and the consistency of the measurement was checked. The reliability by test-retest
method is the simplest obvious method of obtaining repeated measures for the same individuals
of the same ability is to give the same test twice.

Researcher has selected a sample of 314 students from Bundelkhand University, SRGI and BIET
Jhansi and retest was administered after 15 days interval. Two sets of scores test and retest were
obtained and coefficient of correlation was computed between two measurements for each
component of leadership style scale and total score results of test - retest reliability.

Validity of the Scale

A test is expected to prove its worth. If the test does not fulfil its worth, it is not worth anything.
Rose and Stanley, (1970) have rightly pointed out: “Although high reliability is no guarantee that
the test is good, low reliability does not to indicate that it is poor. Validity is always the first to
be sought in a test and granted that reliability is a valuable auxiliary”. In the process of scale
construction and standardization, proof justification of purpose is known as the scale validation,
consequently, validation of a test score is always important and significant step in the process of
standardization of any scales. The validity is an important characteristic of the scale. It depends
upon the efficiency with which it measures that it attempts to measure. In other words it is
defined as the accuracy with which the scale measures what it claims to measure. The term
validity and purpose of the test are very closely associated with each other. A scale, which fulfils
the purpose for which it is designed, is called a valid scale. This led to say that a scale to measure
the choice behaviour of students should measure.

“The validity of the test or of any measuring instrument depends upon the validity with which it
measures what it purposes to measure”. And validity index as: “An index of validity shows the
degree to which a test measure what it purposes to measure, when compared with accepted
criteria.” Freeman suggested that for validating the test, it must be compared with some accepted
standards or other criteria, which are regarded by experts as the evidence of the traits of ability to
be measured by the scale. Consequently, the selection of validation criteria is of prime
importance in the process of a scale validation. The scale constructors often speak of operational
validity and functional validity. Some constructors speak of empirical and rational validity. All
these types of the scales are primarily concerned with the relationship between performance on
the scale and other independently observable facts about the behaviour characteristic under
consideration. There are number of techniques that are described as various techniques. “The
validity technique recommendations have classified these procedures under four categories,
designed as content, predictive, concurrent and construct validity”. Out of these four categories
of validity the two namely contents and constructs or concepts validity are described under the
headings of rational validity, by many authors, statistical techniques. For this, the set of scores on
the present scale is correlated with the set of criteria of a similar measure. It means it is
correlated with some available well-known powerful scale of similar nature. The correlation of
the new scale with the existing scale would show to what extent the two scales measure the scale
behaviour characteristics. If the correlation coefficient is very high between these two sets, it is
inferred that the new scale is valid. Since it measures what the criterion scale is supposed to
measure. The type of evidence just proposed is somewhat circular for this condition is that the
criterion test must be fully valid otherwise the correlation between two scales would not be often
dependable and this type of validity would be misleading.

For the present scale, the construct validity was employed to estimate the validity index by the
statistical techniques. In the case of determining the construct validity the first task is to define
that measure. In the present scale, the choice should be defining. Thorndike & Hagen, (1957)
have rightly explained what the phrase „Construct‟ really means: “Again we are thrown back on
rational analysis, but this time we are trying to analyse concept and see what is implied by it,
rather than to make a catalogue of content”. For establishing the construct validity of the present
scale, the concept of self-development translated into different aspects. It was analysed in the
behaviour of aspects. It was against this analysis the researcher should check his own scale to see
the construct validity. Thorndike & Hagen, (1957) have rightly put: “The analysis and the
evaluation are now concerned not with content or subject matter acted upon but with the function
of process that are applied to some content.”

PHASE II: CONDUCT OF FIELD SURVEY

Sample and Sampling Technique:

All of the items underneath consideration in any discipline of inquiry represent a „universe‟ or
„populace‟. An entire enumeration of all of the objects in the „populace‟ is called a census
inquiry. It is able to be presumed that during such an inquiry when all the items are blanketed no
detail of risk is left and highest accuracy is received but in practice this may now not be proper
even the slightest detail of bias in such an inquiry gets larger and large as the number of
observations will increase. Furthermore, there may be no manner of checking the detail of bias or
its extent except through a resurvey or use of pattern tests. Except, this sort of inquiry involves
an extraordinary deal of time, cash and electricity. Now not simplest this, census inquiry is not
feasible in practice beneath many occasions. For example, blood checking out is done most
effective on sample basis. For this reason, pretty frequently we pick just a few gadgets from the
universe for our look at purposes. The gadgets so selected constitute what's technically called a
sample. The researcher must decide the way of selecting a pattern or what's popularly referred to
as the pattern design. In different phrases, a pattern design is a exact plan decided before any
facts are sincerely accumulated for acquiring a sample from a given populace.

Sampling is taking any part of a populace or universe as a consultant of populace or universe.

Sampling is the process which lets in the researcher to draw conclusions for the populace
through analysing the statistics. In different phrases, sampling enables the selection of a sub-
organization from a massive group and uses the sub-organization as the premise for making the
judgment about the big group.

There are unique sampling methods:

a. Simple random sample

b. Stratified random sample.

c. Cluster sampling

d. Proportionate stratified sampling

e. Unintentional sampling

f. Quota sampling

g. Purposive sampling.

In Bundelkhandregion (Jhansi) we found only 01 NAACAccredited ManagementInstitutes out of

the available 03 Institutes. All 03 Institutes were selected by following convenience sampling
method. These sample units are as follows:

Structure of Sample Design

 Table 5.3

Bundelkhand University

No. of No. of
4th Semester 2nd Semester
Students Students

MBA (FM) 31 MBA (FM) 51

MBA MBA
5 8
(Tourism) (Tourism)

MBA 34 MBA 54

70 113

SRGroup of Institutions (SRGI)

No. of 2nd No. of

4th Semester
Students Semester Students

MBA 28 MBA 11

28 11

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering Technology

(BIET)
 4th No. of 2nd No. of
Semester Students Semester Students

MBA 41 MBA 51

41 51

Total = 314 Students

Collection of Data

In handling any actual life hassle it's far regularly determined that statistics to hand are
insufficient, and hence, it turns into essential to collect facts which can be suitable. There are
numerous approaches of amassing the best statistics which range drastically in context of cash
prices, time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher. Primary facts can be amassed
both through experiment and through survey. If the researcher conducts a test, he observes a few
quantitative measurements, or the information, with the assist of which he examines the fact
contained in his hypothesis. But within the case of a survey, information can be amassed by
using any one or greater of the following methods:

(i) By means of statement: this technique implies the collection of statistics by way of
investigator‟s very own commentary, without interviewing the respondents. The statistics
obtained relates to what's currently happening and isn't always complex by using both the past
behaviour or destiny intentions or attitudes of respondents. This approach is not any doubt a
luxurious technique and the records furnished through this technique is also very constrained. As
such this approach isn't appropriate in inquiries in which big samples are concerned.

(ii) Through private interview: the investigator follows a rigid process and seeks solutions to a
fixed of pre-conceived questions via private interviews. This method of gathering data is usually
executed in a dependent manner in which output depends upon the ability of the interviewer to a
large quantity.

(iii) Through smartphone interviews: this technique of amassing statistics entails contacting
the respondents on phone itself. This isn't always a totally widely used method however it plays a
critical role in commercial surveys in evolved areas, specifically, whilst the survey must be
completed in a very constrained time.

(iv)With the aid of mailing of questionnaires: the researcher and the respondents do come in
contact with each different if this approach of survey is followed. Questionnaires are mailed to
the respondents with a request to return after finishing the identical. It‟s far the most appreciably
used technique in diverse financial and business surveys. Earlier than making use of this method,
normally a pilot look at for trying out the questionnaire is conduced which famous the
weaknesses, if any, of the questionnaire? Questionnaire to be used have to be organized very
cautiously in order that it may show to be powerful in gathering the relevant records.

(v) Through schedules: under this approach the enumerators are appointed and given education.
They are supplied with schedules containing relevant questions. These enumerators visit
respondents with those schedules. Data are accumulated by means of filling up the schedules
with the aid of enumerators on the premise of replies given through respondents. a whole lot
relies upon the functionality of enumerators to date as this approach is worried. A few occasional
discipline exams on the paintings of the enumerators may additionally make certain honest
paintings.

5.4 Evaluation of facts

After the statistics have been accrued, the researcher turns to the undertaking of analysing them.
The analysis of records requires a number of carefully associated operations which include
establishment of categories, the software of those classes to uncooked facts via coding,
tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. The unwieldy facts must necessarily be
condensed into a few workable businesses and tables for further analysis. As a result, researcher
must classify the raw data into a few functional and usable classes.

Coding operation is normally executed at this level through which the kinds of facts are
transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Enhancing is the technique that
improves the first-rate of the facts for coding. With coding the degree is ready for tabulation.

Tabulation is a part of the technical process in which the labelled statistics are positioned in the
shape of tables. The mechanical devices can be made use of at this juncture. a fantastic deal of
records, especially in huge inquiries, is tabulated by computer systems. Computers not most
effective keep time however additionally make it feasible to study big wide variety of variables
affecting a hassle simultaneously.

Evaluation work after tabulation is usually primarily based at the computation of various
chances, coefficients, etc., through applying diverse properly defined statistical formulae. Within
the procedure of analysis, relationships or variations helping or conflicting with unique or new
hypotheses should be subjected to exams of significance to determine with what validity
information may be said to suggest any end(s). As an example, if there are two samples of
weekly wages, every sample being drawn from factories in exceptional components of the same
town, giving two distinctive mean values, then our trouble can be whether the two suggest values
are extensively exclusive or the distinction is only a matter of risk. Through the use of statistical
exams we will set up whether or not any such difference is a real one or is the end result of
random fluctuations. if the difference takes place to be actual, the inference will be that the two
samplecome from distinct universes and if the difference is because of hazard, the realization
would be that the 2 samples belong to the same universe. Similarly, the approach of evaluation of
variance can assist us in analysing whether three or greater varieties of seeds grown on sure
fields yield substantially exclusive consequences or now not. In short, the researcher can
examine the accumulated facts with the assist of various statistical measures.

5.4.1 Techniques for information evaluation

As stated in advance, through evaluation we imply the computation of sure indices or measures
alongside looking for patterns of courting that exist some of the facts companies. Analysis,
especially in case of survey or experimental statistics, involves estimating the values of unknown
parameters of the population and checking out of hypotheses for drawing inferences. Evaluation
may, consequently, be categorized as descriptive evaluation and inferential evaluation
(inferential evaluation is often referred to as statistical analysis). “Descriptive analysis is largely
the take a look at of distributions of one variable. This study affords us with profiles of
companies, paintings agencies, men and women and different topics on any of a couple of
characteristics which includes size. Composition, performance, alternatives, and many others.”
this sort of analysis may be in appreciate of one variable (defined as one-dimensional
evaluation), or in respect of variables (described as bivariate analysis) or in appreciate of more
than two variables (described as multivariate evaluation).
In this context we exercise session various measures that show the dimensions and form of a
distribution(s) at the side of the have a look at of measuring relationships among two or extra
variables. We can also as well communicate of correlation evaluation and causal analysis.

Correlation analysis studies the joint variant of or extra variables for determining the amount of
correlation between two or extra variables.

Causal evaluation is worried with examine of how one or more variables have an effect on
changes in every other variable. It‟s far therefore a have a look at of practical relationships
present between or greater variables. This evaluation can be termed as regression evaluation.
Causal evaluation is taken into consideration quite more critical in experimental researches,
while in most social and business researches our hobby lies in know-how and controlling
relationships between variables then with determining causes in keeping with se and as such we
recollect correlation evaluation as relatively extra essential. In modern times, with the
availability of laptop facilities, there has been a rapid improvement of multivariate analysis
which may be defined as “all statistical methods which simultaneously examine greater than
variables on a pattern of observations”.

Generally the following analyses are worried whilst we make a reference of multivariate
analysis:-

(a) Multiple regression evaluation: this evaluation is adopted when the researcher has one
established variable that's presumed to be a function of or greater independent variables. The
objective of this analysis is to make a prediction about the based variable based totally on its
covariance with all of the concerned unbiased variables.

(b) A couple of discriminant evaluation: this evaluation is appropriate whilst the researcher has
a single dependent variable that cannot be measured, however may be categorized into or extra
companies on the premise of a few characteristic. the item of this analysis takes place to be to
predict an entity‟s opportunity of belonging to a particular group based on several predictor
variables.

(c) Multivariate evaluation of variance (or multi-anova): this evaluation is an extension of

twowayanova, in which the ratio of among organization variance to within group variance is
worked out on a hard and fast of variables.
(d) Canonical evaluation: this analysis can be used in case of both measurable and non-
measurable variables for the reason of simultaneously predicting a hard and fast of dependent
variables from their joint covariance with a set of impartial variables.

5.4.1.1 Mean:The mean value or score of a certain set of data is equal to the sum of all the
values in the data set divided by the total number of values. A mean is the same as an average.

For example, if a certain data set consists of the numbers 2, 5, 5, 8 and 10, the sum of the
numbers is 30. Since there are five total numbers in the data set, the mean of the set is equal to 6
because 30 divided by 5 equals 6.

5.4.1.2 StandardDeviation: The S.D is a statistical measurement of the variation in a set of data.
Standard deviation indicates how much the values of a certain data set differ from the mean on
average. In a normal distribution -- where data is roughly equally distributed -- about 68 percent
of data points lie within one standard deviation of the mean and 95 percent of values lie within
two standard deviations of the mean.

For example, if the mean score on a certain standardized test is 1,200 and the standard deviation
of scores is 100, you would expect 95 percent of test takers to get a score within two standard
deviations of the mean, or between 1,000 and 1,400.

5.4.1.3 ‘T’ test - A t-test is an analysis of two population’s means through the use of statistical
examination; a t-test with two samples is commonly used with small sample sizes, testing the
difference between the samples when the variances of two normal distributions are not known.

5.5 Variables of the Study

Variables are the conditions or characteristics that the experimenter manipulates, controls and
observes. There are mainly three types of variables, namely, independent, dependent and
intervening.

 The Independent variables are those variables which do not change on the manipulation
by the experimenter.
 The Dependent variables are those variables which change on the manipulation by the
experimenter.
 The Intervening variables are those variables which are dependent on both e.g.,
dependent and independent variables.
For the present study, the following dependent and independent variables are chosento find out
whether there is any difference in the choice behaviour of the students at the time of choosing
management colleges:-

1. Gender: Gender refers to male and female students.

2. Course: Management education has Different dimensions like MBA, MBA

(FM) MBA (Tourism)etc.

3.Economics Status: Income status at different level.

5.6 Data Processing and Coding:

Sometimes the data may be quite verbose or qualitative in details. The use of codes is one of the
ways of presenting data in a concise form especially when the data is proposed to be processed
on a computer or other data processing system. According to Nahmias and Nachmias (1981):
“Data processing is the link between data collection and data analysis. It involves the
transformation of the observations gathered in the field into a system of categories and the
translation of these categories into codes amenable to qualitative analysis.” Coding is, thus,
necessary where the help of processing the data through computers is sought. Defining it C.R.
Kothari (1989) writes: “Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols to
answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes. Such classes
should be appropriate to the research problems under consideration. They must also possess the
characteristic of exhaustiveness (i.e. there must be a class for every data item) and also that of
mutual exclusivity which means that a specific answer can be placed in one and only one cell in
a given category set. Another rule to be observed is that of unidimensional by which is meant
that every class is defined in terms on only one concept”. Keeping in view the above principles
of coding and also the demand of computer, a proper codebook and code sheets were prepared
bearing distinct code numbers in numerical form. Thereafter, the data was given for statistical
analysis through computer.