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Trapped Liquid
Trapped Liquid
We Learned About Trapping
Liquid After It Was Too Late
Avoiding Common Mistakes That Can
Lead To A Hydrostatic Situation
Don Tragethon – Western Precooling
What Is Hydrostatic Pressure?
• Pressure is a force applied over an area.
• Force is expressed in pounds
Area is expressed in square inches
• Typical pressure readings are expressed in
“Gauge” terms. 0 PSIG is the standard
pressure of the atmosphere at sea level at
standard temperature and pressure (PSIG)
Refrigeration Pressures
• Boiling pressure: 33 psig evaporator
pressure will boil at 20°F.
181 psig condenser pressure will condense
liquid at 95°F
• Boiling and Condensing is heat transferring at
“Saturated” refrigerant conditions.
• Saturated Liquid and Saturated Gas have specific
properties of Temperature, Volume, and Pressure
Refrigerant Pressures
Liquid Ammonia
Temperature / Density
TEMPERATURE °F POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT
‐40° 43.08
‐20° 42.22
0 41.34
20 40.43
40 39.49
60 38.50
80 37.48
100 36.40
120 35.26
125 34.96
Saturated Liquid Ammonia Swells As It
Is Warmed And The Pressure Increases
• One Cubic Foot of ‐40°F Liquid Ammonia Weighs
43.08 Pounds and Will “Swell” up to 1.19 Cubic
Feet of Volume and the Saturated Pressure will
Increase From 8.7”Hg (‐4.3 psig) to 293 psig.
[ 34.96 / 43.08 = 0.812 or 81% ]
• This is the basis for the ‘do not fill beyond 80%
rule’.
• If One Cubic Foot of ‐40°F Liquid Ammonia Is Put
In A One Cubic Foot Box, sealed AND Warmed
Up, The PRESSURE Of The Liquid Will Rise To
MUCH MORE THAN 293 psig.
How High Will The Pressure Raise?
• “WAY HIGH” ‐ This is HYDROSTATIC Pressure
Exerted By The Liquid And Is NOT In
Agreement With The Values In The Saturation
Tables.
• The Force Is Enormous. The Hydrostatic Force
Increases Approximately 150 psig for EACH
One Degree F Rise In Temperature.
• ‐40° ‐ 125°F = 165°F Temperature Rise
165 x 150 = 24,750 psig Potential.
Proving The Rule of Thumb
Proving The Rule of Thumb
Possible Liquid Trapping Spots
• Pumped Liquid Header Lines – This is a location
where cold liquid can be confined between a
discharge check valve from a pump and the
closed solenoid valves of the evaporators.
• Happens as a matter of design – is significant
when there is a power failure
• Protected by an over‐pressure device such as a
relieving regulator that exhausts to the
recirculator vessel.
Typical Automatic Protection
Another Type Of Liquid Pumping
Device – “Pumper Drum”
• Check valves prevent reverse flow into the
drum that is filling while the other is
discharging.
• When pumping down to dismantle a tube
with a pumper drum, it is very important to
follow procedure to not trap liquid between
the check valves and the header downstream
isolation valve
Common Liquid Trapping Spots
Service Related
Common Liquid Trapping Spots –
Service Related
• Evaporator liquid feed valve stations are made
up of an upstream isolation valve, strainer,
positive shut‐off solenoid valve, and a down
stream isolation valve.
• Liquid solenoid valves seal tightly in the
forward direction – but will un‐seat and allow
reverse flow when the pressure is but a few
psi higher downstream than upstream.
Typical Valve Station
What Can Happen?
Common Liquid Trapping Spots
Service Related
• Evaporative Condenser Coils
• Inadvertent back‐filling of coils has happened
• Condenser is “Pumped Down” incorrectly –
Fans and pumps are run while compressors
are off. Inlet and Outlet isolation valves are
closed. Coils warm up and liquid expands
within them.
• Ends up in a rupture of the coil – usually the
head
Other Force of Liquid Problems
• Liquid Hammer: The shock and shudder
that the pipes and valves experience when
liquid is moving quickly and comes to a
sudden change in direction or stop
• Can happen when a liquid solenoid valve on a
high pressure receiver has closed because of a
low level and the evaporators have been
calling for liquid – the pressure in the pipe
downstream of the solenoid valve is “Low”.
Other Force of Liquid Problems
• The large solenoid valve opens quickly.
• The liquid screams down the liquid line filling
the pipe as it goes forward. The liquid is
moving faster than the design intentions
(Feet‐Per‐Minute more than planned for)
• The pipes can “Hammer” when the liquid
decelerates at its destination, which may be
the expansion valves, etc.
Vapor Propelled Liquid Slugs
• Vapor propelled liquid in a low temperature wet‐
suction or dry‐suction pipe that has a “Bullet” of
liquid rapidly moving through it.
• Many times happens at manual termination of
evaporator defrost.
• Evaporator has liquid and vapor in it at defrost
pressure and an impatient operator ‘strobes’
through the defrost steps to end it.
• The wave of liquid fills the cross section of the
pipe and becomes moving plug of liquid acting
like a “Piston”.
Vapor Propelled Liquid Slugs
• As the plug moves along the cold pipe the vapor
ahead of it is compressed.
• The raising of the vapor pressure ahead of the
moving plug causes the vapor to condense into
liquid.
• The void left by the condensed vapor causes the
plug to accelerate
• The plug comes to a dead end or elbow – The
kinetic force plus the gas force slams into the cap
and sometimes tears it off the pipe
Final Exam
• Is it always safe to close
the KING Valve in a
release situation?
• What do you need to
know in order to take
the best action?
Conclusions
• Be On The Watch – for liquid trapping
situations
• When doing service – Follow written
procedures that have been validated
• Be EXTREMELY cautious when stepping
through a hot gas defrost circuit
• When in doubt – seek help and input from
experienced persons
Conclusions
• Things are NOT supposed to go BANG in the
pipes.
• The Pressures Developed in a Hydrostatic
Lock‐up Do Not Follow The Normal
Pressure/Temperature Saturation Curve.
• For Ammonia – The Pressure On
Hydrostatically Trapped Liquid Will RISE
Approximately 150 PSIG for EACH 1°F Rise
Questions?
• A Very Special Thank You To Jake and Arlie Farley
of Farley’s Fridgeration for the
Pressure/Temperature data, photos, and the
HYDROSTATIC display