SECTION B.

LEXICO – GRAMMAR (20 points)

Part 1. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. Write A, B, C or D in
the corresponding numbered boxes.
1. You need a passport to cross the _________between Mexico and the United States.
A. edge B. line C. border D. rim
2. When you _______ your destination, your tour guide will meet you at the airport.
A. arrive B. get C. reach D. achieve
3. Rachel is mad ______ the Eurovision.
A. about B. for C. from D. against
4. If you hadn’t taken the money, you _____ in prison now.
A. wouldn’t be B. wouldn’t have been C. haven’t been D. hadn’t been.
5. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _______ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
6. Fiona can’t _______ about the meeting. I reminded her this morning!
A. forget B. have forgotten C. be forgetting D. have been forgetting
7. The doctor _______the cut on my knee and said it had completely healed up.
A. examined B. investigated C. researched D. looked into
8. I glanced at the newspaper and saw that the _______ said “President Resigns”
A. headline B. heading C. subtitle D. chapter
9. She applied for paid leave but her boss rejected her application__________.
A. in hand B. on hand C. at hand D. out of hand
Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
10. Keep it under your hat, but Elizabeth is pregnant and going to have a baby at the end of this
year.
A. Reveal it B. Keep it secret C. Refuse it D. Underestimate it
Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
11. My family is the base from which we can go into the world with confidence.
A. embarrassment B. anxiety C. excitement D. amazement
Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the
following exchanges
12. Jane: “Would you rather go to the beach or to the mountains?” Kim: “_______________”
A. That’s very nice of you C. I’d love to go
B. Thanks for the mountains D. The beach definitely
Your answers:
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11.
2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12.

Part 2. Read the passage below, which contains 8 mistakes. Identify the mistakes and write the
corrections in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Example: Line 1: 0. On  in
Line 1 It is very difficult to succeed on the music business; nine out of ten bands that

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Line 2 release the first record fail to produce the second. Surviving in the music industry
Line 3 requires luck and patience, but most of all it requires intricate knowledge of how a
Line 4 record company is functioned. The process begins when a presenter of a company’s
Line 5 Artist and Repertoire (A&R) department visits bars and night clubs, scouting for
Line 6 young, talented bands. After the representative identifies a promised band, he or
Line 7 she will work to negotiate a contract with that band. The signature of this recording
Line 8 contract is a slow process. A company will spend a long time to investigate the
Line 9 band itself as well as current trends for popular music. During this period, it is
Line 10 important that a band reciprocates with an investigation of its own, learning as
Line 11 much as possible about the record company and making personnel connections
Line 12 within the different departments that will handle their recordings.

Your answers:
Line Mistake Correction Line Mistake Correction
13 17.
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14 18.
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15 19.
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16 20.
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SECTION C. READING (70 points)

Part 1. Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap.
Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. ( 15pts)
Promoting children’s self-esteem seems to be one of the aims of modern childcare and education. It goes
(1) _______ with a culture in which children are (2) _______ for the most minor achievements. While
this promotion of self-esteem is, rightly, a reaction against sterner times (3) _______ children weren’t
praised enough, it also seems to be (4) _______ a fear of how failure will affect children: a fear that if
they don’t succeed at a task, they will somehow be (5) _______.
However, the opposite may well be true. Many scientists spend years (6) _______ continual failure in
the lab until they make a breakthrough. They know that ultimately this process advances scientific
knowledge. (7) _______, children need to experience failure to learn and grow. If children have been
praised for everything they’ve done, (8) ______ of how good it is, then failure in adult life will be all
the more painful.
Life is full of stumbling blocks and there is no (9) _______ in trying to protect children from the
disappointments that (10) _______ them. Parents and educators shouldn’t be afraid of picking up on
children’s mistakes, (11) ______ they also praise them when they do well. (12) ______ , the heroes
children try to (13) _______ the pop stars and footballers, have all reached the top (14) _______ruthless

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competition. Like them, children need to learn how to cope with failure and turn it to (15) ______
advantage.
1. A. cap in hand B. hand in hand C. to show D. without saying
2. A. devote B. devotedly C. devoting D. devotion
3. A. whenever B. why C. which D. when
4. A. consequent upon B. owing to C. culminated in D. resulted from
5. A. destroyed B. damaged C. eliminated D. deleted
6. A. overcoming B. causing C. repairing D. experiencing
7. A. All the same B. By the same token C. In like manner D. In similar fashion
8. A. regardless B. instead C. in spite D. out
9. A. need B. choice C. difficulty D. point
10. A. put great store by B. lie in wait for C. hold in store for D. wait up for
11. A. whereas B. as well as C. as long as D. otherwise
12. A. After all B. Last C. Ultimately D. In the end
13. A. duplicate B. imitate C. admire D. stimulate
14. A. in the face of B. in the teeth of C. irrespective of D. without regard to
15. A. his B. many C. their D. whose
Your answers:
1. 4. 7. 10. 13.
2. 5. 8. 11. 14.
3. 6. 9. 12. 15.

Part 2. Fill in the gap with ONE suitable word. Write the answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes. ( 15pts)
Causes of conflict between adolescents and their parents
Some interesting discoveries have been made by psychologists studying conflicts (16)_________
adolescents and their parents. One notable feature is that they seldom argue about such major topics
(17)________sex, drugs, or politics. This is surprising, given that great differences often exist between
the attitudes of parents and adolescents (18) _________ on such issues. Researchers suggest the
explanation may be that such topics (19) ___________ not usually relate to day-to-day family
interaction and are (20)________discussed as they are not directly relevant (21)__________family life.
Instead, parents and children tend to (22)___________out over everyday family matters such as
housework.
Despite the changed that have (23)__________ place over the past fifty years, adolescents appear to
have (24)__________ same kinds of arguments with their parents as their parents had
(25)___________they themselves were young. It seems to come down to the conflict between the
adolescent’s desire for independence (26)_________the parents’ authority. Teenagers spoke of
(27)_________ right to be free of restrictions, while parents were equally sure of their right to exert
control, backing this up (28)__________referring to the needs of the family as (29)__________ whole.
Interestingly, both groups could see the other’s (30)_________of view even though they disagreed with
it.

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Your answers:

16. 19. 22. 25. 28.

17. 20. 23 26. 29.
18. 21. 24. 27. 30.

Part 3. Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions. Write
your answers A, B, C or D in the corresponding numbered boxes.( 20pts)
Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Earth. On the solid portions
of the planet, the second most prominent features are flat plains, elevated plateaus, and large mountain
ranges. In geography, the term "continent" refers to the surface of continuous landmasses that together
comprise about 29.2% of the planet's surface. On the other hand, another definition is prevalent in the
general use of the term that deals with extensive mainlands, such as Europe or Asia that actually
represent one very large landmass. Although all continents are bounded by water bodies or high
mountain ranges, isolated mainlands, such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called
subcontinents. In some circles, the distinction between continents and large islands lies almost
exclusively in the size of a particular landmass.
The analysis of compression and tension in the earth's crust has determined that continental
structures are composed of layers that underlie continental shelves. A great deal of disagreement among
geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their
distinctive mineral and chemical composition. It is also quite possible that the ocean floor rests on the
top of unknown continents that have not yet been explored. The continental crust is believed to have
been formed by means of a chemical reaction when, lighter materials separated from heavier ones, thus
settling at various levels within the crust. Assisted by the measurements of the specifics within crust
formations by means of monitoring earthquakes, geologists can speculate that a chemical split occurred
to form the atmosphere, sea water, and the crust before it solidified many centuries ago.
Although each continent has its special features, all consist of various combinations of components
that include shields, mountain belts, intracratonic basins, margins, volcanic plateaus, and block vaulted
belts. The basic differences among continents lie in the proportion and the composition of these features
relative to the continent size. Climatic zones have a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the
surface features, soil erosion, soil deposition, land formation, vegetation, and human activities.
Mountain belts are elongated narrow zones that have a characteristic folded sedimentary organization
of layers. They are typically produced during substantial crustal movements, which generate faulting
and mountain building. When continental margins collide, the rise of a marginal edge leads to the
formation of large mountain ranges, as explained by the plate tectonic theory. This process also
accounts for the occurrence of mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence for the ongoing
continental plate evolution.
31. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Continental drift and division B. Various' definitions of the term "continent"
C. Continental structure and crust D. Scientific analyses of continental crusts
32. According to the passage, how do scientists define continents?
A. As masses of land without divisions B. As extensive bodies of land

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 C. As the largest identifiable features D. As surficial compositions and ranges
33. In the passage, the word "bounded" is closest in meaning to
A. covered B. convened C. delimited D. dominated
34. The author of the passage implies that the disagreement among scientists is based on the fact that
A. each continent has several planes and shelves
B. continents have various underlying layers of crust
C. continents undergo compression and experience tension
D. continents have different chemical makeup
35. The word "specifics" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. specialties B. speculations C. exact details D. precise movements
36. The word "it" in the passage refers to
A. a chemical split B. the crust C. the atmosphere D. sea water
37. The author of the passage implies that
A. it is not known exactly how the continental crust was formed
B. geologists have neglected the exploration of the ocean floor
C. scientists have concentrated on monitoring earthquakes ,
D. the earth's atmosphere split into water and solids
38. According to the passage, what are the differences in the structure of continents?
A. The proportional size of continents to one another
B. Ratios of major components and their comparative size
C. The distinctive features of their elements
D. Climatic zones and their effect' on the surface features
39. In the passage, the phrase "This process" refers to
A. continental collision B. mountain ranges C. the rise of margins D. plate tectonic theory
40. The author of the passage implies that
A. the process of mountain formation has not been accounted for
B. mountain ranges on the ocean floor lead to surface mountain building.
C. faulting and continental margins are parts of plate edges
D. the process of continent formation has not been completed
Your answers:
31. 33. 35. 37. 39.
32. 34. 36. 38. 40.
Part 4. The reading passage below has SIX paragraphs, A-F. Reading the passage and do the tasks
below. (20pts)
Acquiring the principles of mathematics and science
A. It has been pointed out that learning mathematics and science is not so much learning facts as
learning ways of thinking. It has also been emphasised that in order to learn science people often
have to change the way they think in ordinary situations. For example, in order to understand even
simple concepts such as heat and temperature, ways of thinking of temperature as a measure of
heat must be abandoned and a distinction between ‘temperature’ and ‘heat’ must be learned. These

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 changes in ways of thinking are often referred to as conceptual changes! But now do conceptual
changes happen? How do young people change their ways of thinking as they develop and as they
learn in school?
B. Traditional instruction based on telling students how modem scientists think does not seem to be
very successful. Students may learn the definitions, the formulae, the terminology, and yet still
maintain their previous conceptions. This difficulty has been illustrated many times, for example,
when instructed students are interviewed about heat and temperature. It is often identified by
teachers as a difficulty in applying the concepts learned in the classroom; students may be able to
repeat a formula but fail to use the concept represented by the formula when they explain observed
events.
C. The psychologist Piaget suggested an interesting hypothesis relating to the process of cognitive
change in children. Cognitive change was expected to result from the pupils’ own intellectual
activity. When confronted with a result that challenges their thinking - that is, when faced with
conflict — pupils realise that they need to think again about their own ways of solving problems,
regardless of whether the problem is one in mathematics or in science. He hypothesised that
conflict brings about disequilibrium, and then triggers equilibration processes that ultimately
produce cognitive change. For this reason, according to Piaget and his colleagues, in order for
pupils to progress in their thinking they need to be actively engaged in solving problems that will
challenge their current mode of reasoning. However, Piaget also pointed out that young children
do not always discard their ideas in the face of contradictory evidence. They may actually discard
the evidence and keep their theory.
D. Piaget’s hypothesis about how cognitive change occurs was later translated into an educational
approach which is now termed ‘discovery learning’. Discovery learning initially took what is now
considered the ‘lone learner’ route. The role of the teacher was to select situations that challenged
the pupils’ reasoning; and the pupils’ peers had no real role in this process. However, it was
subsequently proposed that interpersonal conflict, especially with peers, might play an important
role in promoting cognitive change. This hypothesis, originally advanced by Perret-Clermont
(1980) and Doise and Mugny (1984), has been investigated in many recent studies of science
teaching and learning.
E. Christine Howe and her colleagues, for example, have compared children’s progress in
understanding several types of science concepts when they are given the opportunity to observe
relevant events. In one study, Howe compared the progress of 8 to 12-year-old children in
understanding what influences motion down a slope. In order to ascertain the role of conflict in
group work, they created two kinds of groups according to a pre-test: one in which the children
had dissimilar views, and a second in which the children had similar views. They found support
for the idea that children in the groups with dissimilar views progressed more after their training
sessions than those who had been placed in groups with similar views. However, they found no
evidence to support the idea that the children worked out their new conceptions during their group
discussions because progress was not actually observed in a post-test immediately after the
sessions of group work, but rather in a second test given around four weeks after the group work.
F. In another study, Howe set out to investigate whether the progress obtained through pair work
could be a function of the exchange of ideas. They investigated the progress made by 12-15-year-
old pupils in understanding the path of falling objects, a topic that usually involves conceptual
difficulties. In order to create pairs of pupils with varying levels of dissimilarity in their initial

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 conceptions the pupils’ predictions and explanations of the path of falling objects were assessed
before they were engaged in pair work. The work sessions involved solving computer-presented
problems, again about predicting and explaining the paths of falling objects. A post-test, given to
individuals, assessed the progress made by pupils in their conceptions of what influenced the path
of falling objects.
For questions 41 - 46, choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings
below Write the correct number, i-ix.

List of Headings
i. A suggested modification to a theory about learning.
ii. The problem of superficial understanding.
iii. The relationship between scientific understanding and age.
iv. The rejection of a widely held theory.
v. The need to develop new concepts in daily life.
vi. The claim that a perceived contradiction can assist mental development.
vii. Implications for the training of science teachers.
viii. Evidence for the delayed benefits of disagreement between pupils.
ix.An experiment to assess the benefits of exchanging views with a partner.
Your answers:

41. Paragraph A______ 43. Paragraph C ______ 45. Paragraph E ______

42. Paragraph B ______ 44. Paragraph D______ 46. Paragraph F ______

For questions 47-50, complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
How children learn
Piaget proposed that learning takes place when children are (47)……… ……. ideas that do not
correspond to their current beliefs. The application of this theory gave rise to a teaching method known
as (48)………… …….. . At first, this approach only focused on the relationship between individual
pupils and their (49)………… ……… . Later, researchers such as Perret-Clermont became interested in
the role that interaction with (50)………… ……. might also play in a pupil’s development.
Your answers:

47. ……………….. 48. ……………….. 49. ……………….. 50. ………………..

SECTION D. WRITING (60 points)

Part 1. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. Use the
word given in capital letters and the word mustn’t be altered in any way. ( 10pts)
1. Is there any chance of his coming to the party? (likely)
- Is he ________________________________________________________?
2. I’m sure it wasn’t Jim who did it. (have)
- It ________________________________________________________

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3. He promised me he would be back before midnight. (word)
- He _________________________________________________________
4. He prefers cycling to walking. (prefer)
- He would _____________________________________________________.
5. That dress is a third of the cost of the blue one. (much)
- The blue dress is _______________________________________________
Part 2.

Part 3: Write an essay of about 250 words on the following topic. ( 30pts)
Some people believe living in a traditional family of three or four generations has advantages, others
think it has disadvantages. Discuss both view and give your own opinion
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______ THE END ______

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